The Worldview International Foundation (WIF) used video camera and playback facilities to:
strengthen com
munication between the local government offices and the village of Ramghat in Nepal;
strengthen communication between Ramghat and Kathmandu, the capital city and; develop educational materials for village use. Twelve women from Ramghat initially participated in the training session. The women learnt how to assemble two camcorders, perform simple maintenance and conduct interviews. They also learnt how to list and prioritize their needs, draw up practical solutions and discuss how best to use video to convey the message.
In the first video the group produced, the participants spoke directly to the camera about their concerns regarding a government scheme on income generation. As the women were
illiterate, the video was shot without a formal script. However the objective of the video was first discussed before shooting. The narration and editing was done in Kathmandu. This taped videoletter was then sent to the project sponsors, which had an immediate result .
In the second video, the women recorded a series of interviews with women who had been mistreated by their husbands or wanted to get divorced and needed legal advice. The video was then sent to the Women's Legal Services Project in Kathmandu. They returned taped solutions .
The video letters were also shown to the larger community during Saturday night movie screenings. The women later produced videoletters on deforestation, health, irrigation and also a series of short films on educational topics such as fertilizing methods and livestock feeding. These letters and films were screened on Saturday night and also at smaller screenings organized by the women at the various wards within the village .
The project's initial aim was met. Two−way communication had been established between villages and the central government and between villages and the local government. The women also developed confidence in themselves after their video letters began getting the required responses. Eight months after the project was initiated, the women went to Kathmandu to discuss directly with the officials concerned their issues of concern .
Moreover video cassette tapes can be sent over mail and played back in other parts of the region or the country.
Duplication: Video cassette tapes are easy and comparatively inexpensive to duplicate and hence provide for wide dissemination of tapes from a single recording.
Disadvantages of Video
Relatively high initial expense and the need for technical maintenance.
Fragility: though today's equipment is robust and portable, bumpy roads and rough or inexperienced handling can cause breakdowns.break
Maintenance and repair facilities are not always easily accessible in developing countries, especially in remote areas.
Power supply can be a problem, as batteries have to be kept constantly charged and sources of power are not dependable. Running the video cassette playback on batteries can be a severe drain of power. Use of generators,
Disadvantages of Video 86
while helpful, could increase the cost of operation and operation becomes more complicated.
Editing: there is a tendency to shoot too much material which, if editing facilities are not available, can produce boring and tedious viewing for audiences.
Compatibility problems between connectors, cassette formats, video standards and broadcasting norms have also to be taken into consideration.
Equipment & Costs
1. Production
video camera, e.g., camcorder: $1000 and up video tape: $5 ư 10
rechargeable batteries: $75
microphone (if not included in the camera) editing equipment (preferable)
2. Play
VCR: $250 ư 1,000 television
electricity source of battery
Bringing Video Within Everyone's Reach
Video TiersưMonde, a Montreal based NGO, has developed a training kit designed for people in developing countries who want to familiarize themselves with video or perfect their technique. Entitled "Portable Video Production", the kit consists of three volumes and a video cassette with a running time of about 45 minutes and is available in French, English, Spanish and Italian .
The video document is clear, simple and accessible. It takes the viewer point by point through the basic rules of producing an effective documentary. 600 copies of the kit are in circulation in several countries in Africa, Latin America and Europe and North America. The kit sells for about $250 in developed countries and $75 for orders from developing countries .
Putting Video to Use
Video has been used for different purposes by groups, communities and individuals to enhance communication flow. Where centralized media fail to help, video has offered the potential for horizontal communication and bottomưup communication. Video is also used as a tool for training and for publicity.
Equipment & Costs 87
Tanzania Interviews with Tanzanian farmers were recorded on videotape and played back for government officials to reduce the communication gap between the two groups.break
Ghana Video was used to help train managers in rural areas. The tapes helped spark interest and participation, enhanced discussions and inspired managers to take action after seeing the success of their peers on video in other areas.
India Rickshaw drivers in an Indian village were taped explaining why they felt that they met a bank's loan criteria and should be allocated loans. The tape was shown to bank managers and their responses were further recorded on tape and shown to the villagers. End result was the rickshaw drivers got the loans which they eventually paid back.
Philippines A community facing trouble getting the government to reưchannel a river which flooded once a year, used video to tape their efforts in building a rock dyke over eight weekends. The tape shown to the government officials resulted in the government contributing heavy equipment to finish the project. This tape was further used to show other communities what organized communities can do on their own.
Zimbabwe Video was used to record people on a public speaking course before and after the course. By playing back the initial tape, trainees were able to identify by themselves or with help from the trainer any faults in presentation. This helped to take corrective steps. The final tape which was produced at the end of the course also provided an objective assessment of the improvements made during the course through a comparison of the before and after tapes.break
Selected Bibliography
Burkert, C., 'Videoletters' , Development Communication Report , 1989, Vol.1, p13 . Mechin, Bernard. 1981. "Videotapes for Teaching Farmers', from IDRC Reports , January 1981, vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 22 ư 25 .
Sources of Information
Video TersưMonde , 3575 SaintưLaurent, Suite 608, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2X 2T7 (fax: 514 982 2408)
Radio nederland Training Center , Witte Kruislaan 55, P.O.Box 222, 1200 JG Hilversum, The Netherlands (Fax: 035 724532)