Chemosphere 303 (2022) 135202
Available online 3 June 2022
0045-6535/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Differential pulse voltammetry determination of salbutamol using disulfite tungsten/activated carbon modified glassy carbon electrode
Do Mai Nguyen
a, Thanh Tam Toan Tran
b, Manh Dung Doan
c, Van Thuan Le
d,e,*, Quang Khieu Dinh
a,**aUniversity of Sciences, Hue University, 530000, Viet Nam
bInstitute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, 75000, Viet Nam
cInstitute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, 630000, Viet Nam
dCenter for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam
eThe Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000, Viet Nam
H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T
•The disulfide WS2/AC derived from Eichhornia crassipes was synthesized.
•WS2/AC was employed for modifying the working electrode and detecting Salbutamol.
•WS2/AC showed superior electro- chemical properties and good electrical conductivity.
•WS2/AC exhibited excellent sensitivity for salbutamol with a LOD of 0.51 μM.
A R T I C L E I N F O Handling Editor: Derek Muir Keywords:
Eichhornia crassipes WS2/activated carbon Differential pulse voltammetry Salbutamol
A B S T R A C T
In the present article, the disulfide tungsten/activated carbon derived from Eichhornia crassipes (WS2/AC) was synthesized by the hydrothermal process. The received materials were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray – mapping, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The morphology of WS2/AC was tailored to have a micro/meso/macro structure that facilized large electric con- ductivity and quick ion diffusion. The WS2/AC sample was used as an electrode modifier for developing an electrochemical sensor for salbutamol detection. WS2/AC exhibited excellent oxidation toward salbutamol.
Through some optimized conditions, the electrochemical signal of the proposed sensor varied linearly to the salbutamol concentration ranging from 1 to 210 μM with a low LOD (detection limit) of 0.52 μM. The developed sensor showed several merits: easy producing, convenient usage, fabulous selectivity, and good repeatability as well as reproducibility. Finally, the suggested technique can be applied to determine salbutamol in people’s biological fluid with satisfactory recoveries of 98.5–104.4% and without statistics different from standard HPLC.
* Corresponding author. Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 55000. Viet Nam.
** Corresponding author. University of Sciences, Hue University, 530000, Viet Nam.
E-mail addresses: levanthuan3@duytan.edu.vn (V.T. Le), dqkhieu@hueuni.edu.vn (Q.K. Dinh).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemosphere
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135202
Received 21 April 2022; Received in revised form 24 May 2022; Accepted 31 May 2022
1. Introduction
Salbutamol (SAL, C13H21NO3), as known as a member of a β2- adrenergic receptor agonist, is commonly indicated in the clinical treatment of bronchial asthma, bronchoconstriction, chronic obstructive pulmonary and allergic respiratory diseases (Tantucci, 2013). Since SAL could enhance creature growth and promote feeding effectiveness by cutting cholesterol deposition and increasing protein accretion, it is frequently abused in livestock production. Ingestion of SAL contami- nated foods comes up with possibly acute toxic responses in humans, such as elevated blood sugar level, cardiac palpitation, and low blood potassium (Dickens et al., 1994; Huupponen and Pihlajam¨aki, 1986).
However, owing to money interests, illegal abuse of SAL as a boost-increasing reagent seems to continue. To ensure food safety, therefore, it is necessary to advance an easy, quick, and cheap analyzed technique for monitoring SAL at modest concentrations pairing high accurately and precisely.
Tungsten disulfide (WS2), as an atypical layered transition metal disulfide (Moradpur-Tari et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2022), in recent years, has great interest for its unusual combination properties and extensive applications in catalysis (Luo et al., 2021), adsorption (Dang et al., 2019; Nugraha et al., 2021; Peng et al., 2021;
Saleem et al., 2022; Sivaranjanee et al., 2022), hydrogen evolution re- action (Nguyen et al., 2020), humidity, biosensor and gas sensor (Chen et al., 2018, 2020; Domi et al., 2021; Radhakrishnan and Kumar, 2022;
Shakeel et al., 2022; Thangamani and Pasha, 2021; Wu et al., 2022), lubricant activities (Zhang et al., 2016), and electrode materials for high-energy batteries (Sengupta and Kundu, 2020). However, the low conductivity of WS2 restricts its application in electrochemical analysis.
Activated carbon (AC) derived from carbonaceous biomasses is investigated for electrochemical applications owing to its low cost, high surface area, ease of production, and hierarchical porosity, conductivity (Surya and Michael, 2021). The combination of AC with WS2 is expected to form the WS2/AC composite with unique properties compared to its pristine counterparts. Nevertheless, the slow kinetic diffusion of adsor- bents into the inner micropores of hierarchical porous activated carbons limits surface area utilization inside the pores (Wang et al., 2012). It is found that the electrochemical performance of AC is enhanced by tailoring the porous structure to acquire a balanced ratio of micro, meso, and macropores (Dubey et al., 2020). Several carbonaceous supplements available in natural are employed to create AC such as lemon peel (Surya and Michael, 2021), rice husks (He et al., 2021), lacquer wood (Hu et al., 2021), However, the choosing of the carbonaceous precursor is depen- dent on its cost, availability, fresh, fabricating procedure and expected applicability. Eichhornia crassipes which is commonly known as common water hyacinth and is ubiquitous in ponds and streams in massive quantities over the world is a readily available source for AC prepara- tion. According to our best knowledge, the using WS2/AC composite in the electrochemical analysis is few.
In this work, the AC is prepared through carbonaceous Eichhornia crassipes at 700 ◦C, followed by the sodium alkaline activation at 700 ◦C.
The WS2/AC composite was synthesized from AC and thiourea and tungsten salt by the hydrothermal process. The obtained WS2/AC exhibited excellent electrochemical behavior toward SAL. The applica- tion of the developed WS2/AC modified electrode for analyzing the real samples of human urine were addressed.
2. Material and instrument 2.1. Material
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥97%), nitric acid (HNO3, ≥99%), acetic acid (CH3COOH, ≥99%), boric acid (H3BO3, ≥97%), phosphoric acid (H3PO4, ≥99%), potassium hydroxide (KOH, ≥ 97%) were received from Merck company (Germany). Sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4.2H2O, ≥ 99.5%, Xilong, China), thiourea (CH4N2S, 99%,
Shanghai, China), hydroxylammonium chloride (HONH3Cl, ≥98.5%, Xilong, China), N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide or CTAB (C19H42BrN, 99%, HiMEDIA, India). Britton-Robinson buffer solutions (BRBS) were obtained by 0.501 M CH3COOH, 0.512 M H3BO3, and 0.505 M H3PO4. The wanted buffer pH 7 was changed by employing 1 M KOH or 1 M H3PO4 solutions. SAL was received from Merck (Germany).
2.2. Instrument
X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were executed on a D8 Advance X-ray powder diffractometer (Bruker, Germany) with CuKα radiation (λ = 0.1514 nm). Raman spectra were delivered applying XploRA, HORIBA (Japan), 532 nm YAG Laser. Scanning electron mi- croscopy (SEM) images were obtained using SEM JMS-5300LV (Japan).
The particular surface zone of samples was collected employing the Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET) model on a Micromeritics-ASAP 2020 instrument. EDX-elemental mapping was conducted in an analyzer Horiba (EMAX ENERGY EX-400, Japan).
Voltammetric measurements were examined by applying a CPA-HH5 Potenstiostat with the 3-electrode system included a glassy carbon electrode (GCE or a working device), an Ag/AgCl reference electrode (Model RE-5, BAS), and a platinum wire auxiliary electrode.
The Thermos Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system was employed to examine and monitor the analytes compounds. The machine tempera- ture was placed at 45.2 ±1 ◦C with a 2.0 mL min−1 flow rate, a 10 μL injection volume, and a UV detector set at λ =275 nm. For quantitative analysis (i.e., the calculations), an external standardization that exam- ined peak zones in the chromatograms were applied.
2.3. Production of AC
The Eichhornia crassipes were obtained from Canal extended from Huong River in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. The roots of the plant were removed while the leaves were washed various times with DW and dried in an oven at 100.5 ◦C about 60 h, then the dried leaves were ground and calcined at 700 ◦C for 1 h to acquire biochar. The next step is that the biochar was soaked in order by 1 M HNO3 (24 h) and 1 M NaOH (24 h) to remove any metal ions adsorbed in biochar. After that, the biochar was washed with DW various times and dried in an oven with 100 ◦C for one day. Before being activated, the biochar was mixed with NaOH at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) and calcined at 700 ◦C for 60 min. The obtained product was washed with DW many times (pH =7), sonicated for 40 min, and dried at 100 ◦C overnight.
2.4. Preparation of WS2 and WS2/AC
A mixture including 1.65 g sodium tungstate (or Na2WO4.2H2O), 1.52 g of thiourea (CH4N2S) and 0.69 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl) was added into 30.02 mL of DW under the stirring. Then, 0.2403 g surfactant (CTAB) was poured into the resulting mixture, and stirred for 60 min. A white-color precipitate appeared, and the solution pH was measured at 6.2. In the next stage, a suitable amount of AC was added to the solution and stirred for 1 h. The obtained solution was poured into a 50.05 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and placed in an oven at 180.5 ◦C for one day. Afterward, the autoclave was left to cold down with ambient conditions. The product in the autoclave was filtered and washed with DW and then allowed to dry at 80 ◦C for 24 h (For the WS2
synthesis, the AC was not added).
2.5. The process of preparing and modifying electrode
For preparing and modifying electrodes, a 0.0623 cm2 electrode with a diameter of 2.82 ±0.11 mm was employed. At the beginning stage of modifying process, the electrode surface was polished using alumina with a micron size of 0.05 μm and then washed with ethanol. The WS2/ AC suspension was prepared by the WS2/AC dispersion in the water (C
=1 mg/mL) that was sonicated for 120 min. The changed electrode was then received by dropping 5.2 μL of WS2/AC solution onto GCE’s surface zone, where it was dried at room temperature.
2.6. Preparing urine sample
Urine models gathered by volunteer young athletes (n =6) were saved and stored at 4 ◦C for 3 h. Then, these were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min to take out the solid phase, also known as the color precipitate. Each of the samples was filtered employing a 0.2212 μm filter (twice), and the content was then moved into a vial and saved in the refrigerator (4 ◦C) for the next analysis.
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Characterization
The XRD patterns are presented in Fig. 1 for WS2, AC, and WS2/AC.
From the XRD spectra of WS2, the characteristic peaks at 2Ɵ of 14.39◦, 28.15◦, 38.32◦, 50.61◦, 59.4, and 65.27◦ correspond to (002), (100), (103), (105), (110), and (114) planes for the hexagonal phase of WS2
(JCPDS No. 08–0237) were detected. The broad peak at 2Ɵ of 25 ◦C is assigned to the amorphous crystal structure of AC (Senthilkumar et al., 2012). The XRD pattern of WS2/AC exhibits the characteristic peaks of WS2 with low magnitudes due to the presence of an amorphous phase of AC. The results suggest the formation of the WS2/AC composite. The crystallite size of WS2 and WS2/AC was obtained using the Scherrer formula (Bharani et al., 2012) and it was 67.07 nm and 38.41 nm, respectively.
The morphology of WS2, AC, and WS2/AC was investigated by SEM and presented in Fig. 2. As shown in the Fig. 2a-b, the obtained AC il- lustrates a sponge-like porous structure with pores of several sizes (micro/meso/macropores). The hierarchical porosity is beneficial for great electrical conductivity and fast ion diffusion. The synthesized WS2
sample has a two-dimensional structure, as observed in Fig. 2c. Mean- while, the morphology of WS2/AC consists of stacked layer structures with diverse lateral sizes ranging from 100 to 400 nm (Fig. 2d).
Fig. 3a presents the Raman spectra for AC and WS2/AC recorded in the 100–2000 cm−1 scope. Two pronounced bands observed in both spectra at about 1585 and 1349 cm−1 are assigned to the characteristic D and G bands of AC. The peak at about ~1606 cm−1 contributes to the D band, which indicates the breathing mode vibration of A1g, related to disordered carbon. The observed G band at ~1299 cm−1 assigns to the
in-plane stretching vibration mode of E2g in sp2 carbons (Cheng et al., 2018; Glonek et al., 2017). The ratio of ID/IG represents the disorder of graphitic structures. The ID/IG of AC and WS2/AC are 1.17 and 1.23, indicating that the introduction of WS2 into AC leads to a disorder of the graphitic structure. These results reconfirm the formation of composite between WS2 and AC.
The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of AC, WS2, and WS2/ AC samples are presented in Fig. 3b. As seen in Fig. 3b, the IV-type isotherm paired with the H4 hysteresis loop observed for AC demon- strates its hierarchical porosity with the existence of micro/meso/mac- ropores. The BET specific surface area of WS2/AC nanocomposite is about 14.4 m2 g−1, which is higher than that of pure WS2 (10.1 m2 g−1) and the WS2/AC average pore diameter is 13.8 nm. Furthermore, as microporous materials, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of AC has a significant specific surface area of 835 m2 g−1. The presence of mesopores and macropores in the WS2/AC is advantageous for trans- ferring ion. In addition, the large surface area could provide many active sites for faradaic reactions.
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) elemental mapping of C, S, and W, which are characteristic elements of WS2 and AC (Fig. 4a, c), respectively, clearly confirms the uniform coupling of WS2 with AC (Fig. 4d–f). The atomic ratio of S to W as 2.19:1 calculated by EDX is close to the stoichiometry of 2 for WS2 (Fig. 4b).
3.2. Electrochemical determination of SAL using WS2/AC modified glassy carbon electrode
3.2.1. Cyclic voltammetry behavior of WS2/AC modified glassy carbon electrode
The cyclic voltammetry technology was used to examine the elec- trochemical properties of several changed electrodes, as displayed in Fig. 5a. The bare GCE presents broaden peak potential without a current response to SAL determination. While the GCE changed with WS2 or AC shows peak potentials at 5.5 eV and 4.1 eV, characteristic for the oxidation toward SAL. Impressively, the GCE modified with WS2/AC exhibits peak current at a lower potential of 4 eV with a magnitude 4 times greater than that of AC/GCE and WS2/GCE, indicating that the AC/WS2-GCE modified electrode has the electrochemical behavior suitable for determining SAL.
Fig. 5b depicts the potential of SAL oxidation as a function of pH. The peak potential decreases with increasing pH from 4 to 9, suggesting that the SAL oxidation is involved in proton concentration. Fig. 5c indicates the anodic peak current against the various pH solutions between 4.0 and 9.0. The SAL oxidation peak current increases with a growth in pH and peaks at pH 7 then gradually decrease with further growing pH value between 7.0 and 9.0. Thus, the pH 7.0 BRBS was chosen for further experiments.
Fig. 5d reveals the linear regression equation with a high determi- nation coefficient (R2 = 0.976) of Ep vs pH, which is expressed as follows:
Ep= (0.94±0.03) + (− 0.062±0.004)pH R2=0.976 (1) The regression line’s slope value of 0.062 is quite close to the Nernstian theoretical value of 0.0599, demonstrating the equal number of electrons and protons involved in the SAL oxidation process.
Since the WS2/AC-GCE screened great electrochemical activity to- ward SAL, it was analyzed with various scan rates between 20 and 200 mV/s. The reaction kinetics of the suggested electrode was studied by changing the scan rates to the SAL oxidation on WS2/AC-GCE and are presented in Fig. 6a. The corresponding calibration plot of the square root of the scan rate versus the peak is shown in Fig. 6b. The great linearity with a great correlation coefficient value of 0.9906 is determined.
The electron transferred coefficient (α) of the SAL oxidation process could be estimated through the linear relationship of peak potential, Ep, Fig. 1. XRD patterns of WS2, AC, and WS2/AC.
and the natural logarithm of scan rate ln(v), as expressed by the Lavir- on’s equation (E., 1979):
Ep=E0− RT
(1− α)nFln RTKs
(1− α)nF+ RT
(1− α)nFlnv (2)
where Eo is the standard redox potential (V); T =298.01 K; R =8.31423 J mol. K−1 and F =96,48021 C mol−1, Ks is the electronic rate constant; n is the quantity of electrons changed; α is known as the charge transfer coefficient; and v is known as the scan rate (V.s−1).
The regression equation of Ep against lnv is established as follows:
Ep=E(0.594±0.005) + (0.057±0.004)lnv R=0.977 (3) (1-α)n = 0.45, for an irreversible system the electron transferred coefficient is considered to be 0.5, hence n is 0.9 or close to 1.0 for SAL
oxidation. Based on the analysis of the pH and scan rate effect on elec- trochemical responses the equal number of electrons and protons is 1.
The proposed mechanism for the electron transfer process using WS2/ AC-GCE towards SAL is represented in Scheme 1.
3.2.2. Linear range, repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity The electrocatalytic reaction of WS2/AC-GCE towards SAL was per- formed using Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques (Fig. 7a).
The DPVs were measured with different addition of SAL from 1 μM to 210 μM in 0.1 M BRBS (pH 7.0). It is found that the anodic peak current increases monotonously with the adding of SAL employing the WS2/AC changed GCE (Fig. 7b). The highly linear plot of oxidation peak current against concentrations of SAL is observed and a corresponding linear regression equation ranging between 1 and 210 μM with a LOD equals Fig. 2.SEM images of AC (a,b), WS2 (c), and WS2/AC (d).
Fig. 3.(a) Raman spectra of AC and WS2/AC, (b) Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of WS2, AC, and WS2/AC.
Fig. 4. (a) SEM images, (b) EDX spectrum and (c–f) the corresponding elemental mapping of C, W, S, and O elements in WS2/AC.
Fig. 5. (a) Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of 10−3 M SAL in 0.1 M BRBS, pH 7 for bare GCE, WS2/GCE, AC/GCE, WS2/AC-GCE, and WS2/AC-GCE without SAL; (b) CVs of 10−3 M SAL at WS2-AC/GCE in different using BRBS; (c) the effect of pH on the peak currents; (d) the linear plot of peak current vs. pH.
0.52 μM (S/N =3) is described as Eq. (4).
Ip= (1.0±0.5) + (0.182±0.005)CSAL R2=0.995 (4) Moreover, the WS2/AC-GCE exhibits a great sensitivity of 0.005 μA μM−1cm−2. A fabulous determination ability of the proposed electro- chemical electrode toward SAL was examined by the modest LOD of 0.52 μM (S/N =3). Comparatively, the analytical merit of WS2/AC-GCE is agreed by the great sensitivity and LOD of the electrode with the ar- ticles reported previously (Table 1).
To estimate the selectivity of the WS2/AC device towards SAL, the interference examination was conducted with several possible interfer- ents, as presented in Fig. 8a. The DPV method was employed during this examination. The experiment was performed in the existence of 10 μM SAL with 40-70-fold concentration of paracetamol, uric acid, and ascorbic acid or with 90-150-fold concentration of potassium carbonate,
ammonium nitrate, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate and calcium chloride. The change in the magnitude of peak currents do not exceed 5% compared with no interference (Fig. 8b and c). This good selectivity may arise from a stronger affinity to SAL, which is ascribed to the spe- cific binding sites by π-π, n-π interaction and hydrogen bonding formed among the functional group of carbon matrix and disulfide tungsten. The result DPV responses greatly suggest the great selectivity of WS2/AC- GCE.
Repeatability and reproducibility are the important requirements in electrochemical electrodes, paving their practicality in in situ detecting.
The repeatability was performed by the DPV method using the single WS2/AC-GCE for fifteen consecutive times. It is found that the DPV performance of WS2/AC-GCE is observed the same and SAL’s oxidation peaks have not deteriorated in anyway with an RSD of 3.8%. Meanwhile, the reproducibility was examined by evaluating 10 μM SAL solution in Fig. 6.(a) Effect of scan rate on electrochemical signals and the linear plot of I against the square root of scan rate; (b) the linear plot of Ep against the natural logarithm of scan rate (CSAL=10−3 M in 0.1 M BRBS pH 7).
Scheme 1.The suggested mechanism of SAL oxidation.
Fig. 7. (a) DPV curves for the various adding (1–210 μM) of SAL in 0.1 M BR-buffer solution pH 7; (b) The linear plot of the [SAL]/μM against peak current/μA.
0.1 M BRBS buffer (pH =7). The experiment consisted of recording DPV curves of SAL using 5 WS2/AC-GCE (5 times of modifying onto one bare GCE). The examination has proven the great reproducibility of the WS2/ AC-based electrode with a modest RSD value of 6.1%. The obtained results greatly suggest the great reproducibility and repeatability of WS2/AC-GCE for the detection of SAL.
3.2.3. Analysis of a real sample of human urine
In the present study, to examine the great result and power of the WS2/AC sensor, the detection of SAL in human urine was presented. The WS2/AC modified based sensor was used to determine SAL in the human urine samples (by the standard addition method). The obtained real samples were analyzed with five samples of healthy humans and spiked models. The analysis information is listed in Table 2. In addition, the SAL recoveries were investigated. The SAL was not detected in fork urine based on the proposed electrochemical method and HPLC. All model solutions are examined with 5 (n =6) similar detections, and the SAL’s RSD is very modest. In final, the electrochemical performances illus- trated that the WS2/AC changed GCE-based electrode supplied a feasible determination of SAL in the various pork urine sample. The proposed DPV result of SAL determination in practical models, as well as the HPLC method, are performed. Statistical analysis using paired sample T-test of the data of SAL analysis obtained by the proposed method and the HPCL presents no significant difference between the performances of the two methods regarding accuracy and precision (t(5) =0.193, p(2-tailed) = 0.854).
4. Conclusions
In summary, we have proposed a WS2/AC derived from Eichhornia crassipes for the electrochemical determination of SAL. The WS2/AC modified GCE revealed the great electrocatalytic result due to the syn- ergic influence and electro-active surface zone of graphitic carbon nanosheets and WS2. Thus, WS2/AC changed electrode has possessed a broad examining scope (the linear range is 1–210 μM), low LOD (0.52 μM), and superior sensitivity by DPV and CV techniques to SAL detec- tion. Moreover, the resistance to interference, repeatability, reproduc- ibility, and long-time span storage stability of the electrode were investigated successfully. The received recovery rates were greatly satisfactory and suggest the supreme electrochemical result of WS2/AC- GCE for determining SAL exists in urine models (n =6).
Credit authorship contribution statement
Do Mai Nguyen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – orig- inal draft, Investigation. Tran Thanh Tam Toan: Resources, Investi- gation. Manh Dung Doan: Data curation, Methodology. Van Thuan Le:
Writing - review & editing, Software, Data curation. Quang Khieu Dinh: Writing - review & editing, Conceptualization.
Table 1
A comparison of the linear range, sensitivity, and LOD for determining SAL at WS2/AC-GCE with previously reported articles.
No. Electrode Technique LOD (μM)
Linear range (μM)
Ref.
1 NiFe2O4/GCE DPV 1.0 2–60 Luo et al.
(2014) 2 GP-PEDOT:
PSS SPCE CV 1.25 5–550 Karuwan et al.
(2012)
3 CPT-BDD ASV-DP 5.06 17.3–347 Talay Pinar
et al. (2018) 4 Poly taurine/
ZnO2
LSV 0.02 5–220 Rajkumar et al.
(2013)
5 SMWCNT-NF DPV 0.1 0–50 Lin et al.
(2013)
6 Bi2Te3 DPV 1.36 ×
10−3 0.01–892.5 Rajaji et al.
(2021)
7 WS2/AC-GCE DPV 0.52 1–210 This work
Note: GCE: glassy carbon electrode; GP-PEDOT: PSS SPCE: graphene-poly (3,4- ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrene-sulfonate) screen-printed carbon elec- trode; CPT-BDD: cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode;
SMWCNT-NF: single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube – Nafion; Bi2Te3: bismuth telluride.
Fig. 8.(a) DPV sensitive responses of WS2/AC-GCE towards 10 μM of SAL with interfering compounds. (b) DPV response of 10 μM SAL in 0.1 M B buffer so- lution 0.1 M (pH =7) with 15 consequent scans; (c) DPV responses of 10 μM SAL SAL in 0.1 M BR buffer solution (pH =7) with the modified electrode prepared the five times with the same procedure.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This study is funded by Vingroup Joint Stock Company and sup- ported by the Domestic Master/Ph.D. Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Vingroup Big Data Institute (VINBIGDATA) under the code VINIF.2021.ThS.96.
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Table 2
The performances of SAL examination through the suggested DPV and HPLC method.
Sample The proposed method HPLC
Original concentration (μM) Spiked (μM) Found (μM) Rev (%) Original concentration (μM) Found (mM)
Urine # 1 -a 5 4.93 98.5 - 4.95
Urine # 2 - 5 5.22 104.4 - 5.11
Urine # 3 - 5 4.98 99.6 - 4.96
Urine # 4 - 5 5.15 103.0 - 5.30
Urine # 5 - 5 4.96 99.3 - 5.09
Urine # 6 - 5 5.19 103.7 - 4.95
aUnder limited detection.
