UNIT 4: SCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM LANGUAGE FOCUS
PASSIVE VOICE
Ex: Nguyen Du wrote Kieu Story
Kieu Story was written by Nguyen Du.
Form :
S + V + O
à S + be + V3/ed + adv of place + by O + adv of time.
Notes:
- Bỏ “BY + O”(mơ hồ, không rõ) By +him/ her/them/us/someone/somebody/ anyone/anybody/
everyone/everybody/everything/ no one/ nobody/people ex: People speak English all over the world.
à English is spoken all over the world.
- By no one/ by nobody/ nothing/ no + noun: bỏ nhưng phải thêm NOT vào sau động từ của câu bị động.
- Trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách đặt giữa BE và V3/ed.
ex. The boss has treated them badly.à They have been badly treated by the boss.
- Câu có hai tân ngữ:
ex. He sent me a postcard.
S V O1 O2
à I was sent a postcard by him./à A postcard was sent to me by him.
Active tenses and their passive equivalents.
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
1.Simple present S + Vo/s/es S + am / is are + V3/ed
2. Present continuous S + am /is /are + V-ing S + am /is /are + being+ V3/ed 3. Present perfect S + have /has + V3/ed S + have /has + been + V3/ed 4. Simple past S + V2/ed S + was / were + V3/ed 5. Past continuous S + was /were + Ving S + was /were + being + V3/ed 6. Past perfect S + had + V3/ed S + had + been + V3/ed
7. Simple future S + will + Vo S + will + be + V3/ed
8.modal verbs(can, will,..) S + modal verb + Vo S + modal verb + be + V3/ed 9. be going to S + be going to + Vo S + be going to + be + V3/ed Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences using the passive voice.
1. They built this school in 1997.
2. They first published this dictionary in 1870.
3. The students in my class are going to organize a surprise party tomorrow evening.
4. They are painting the kitchen now.
5. Shakespeare wrote “ Romeo and Juliet” in 1605.
Exercise 2. Choose the sentence that is similar in meaning to the given one.
1.
Somebody cleans the room every day.A. The room everyday is cleaned. B. The room is every day cleaned.
C. The room is cleaned every day. D. The room is cleaned by somebody every day.
2.
People don’t use this road very often.A. This road is not used very often. B. Not very often this road is not used.
C. This road very often is not used. D. This road not very often is used.
3.
How do people learn languages?A. How are languages learned? B. How are languages learned by people?
C. How languages are learned? D. Languages are learned how?
4.
Tom bought that book yesterday.A. That book was bought by Tom yesterday. B. That book was bought yesterday by Tom.
C. That book yesterday was bought by Tom D. That book was bought yesterday.
KEY:
Exercise 1.
1. This school was built in 1997.
2. This dictionary was first published in 1970.
3. A surprise party is going to be organized by the students in my class tomorrow evening.
4. The kitchen is being painted now.
5. “Romeo ans Juliet” was written by Shakespeare in 1605.
Exercise 2. 1C-2A-3A-4A
UNIT 5: HIGHER EDUCATION LANGUAGE FOCUS CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Ex:
If she invites me, I’ll come to the party.
If she invited me, I would/could/might come to the party.
If she had invited me, I would have come to the party.
LOẠI IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSES
1. Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở tương lai
If + S + V (hiện tại đơn) , (Vo, s, es/ am/is/are)
S + can/ will/shall … + Vo
2. Điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
If + S + V (quá khứ đơn) , (V2, ed/ were)
S + would /should / might… + Vo
3. Điều kiện không có thật
ở quá khứ If + S + had + V3/ ed , S + would/should/ might… + have + V3/ed
Note: Unless = If…not
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If John had passed GCSE examination, he __________ (be) allowed to take the entrance examination to the university.
2. If you had sent the application on time, they might __________ (call) you for an interview. I can’t understand why you didn’t.
3. If John __________ (install) an alarm, the thieves wouldn’t have broken into his house.
4. I __________ (make) a film with him if he had been a famous director, but I was not.
5. If you had told me earlier, I __________ (give) it to you.
6. We would have sent you a Christmas card if we __________ (have) your address.
Exercise. 2. Express these situations using conditional sentence type II.
1.She doesn’t have a car. She doesn’t go out in the evening.
à If____________________________________________________________.
2.Sarah doesn’t study very hard. She hates school.
à If____________________________________________________________.
3. I can’t do the test. It’s too difficult.
à If____________________________________________________________.
4. Peter doesn’t read a lot. He can’t find the time.
à If____________________________________________________________.
5. I can’t translate this. I don’t speak Korean.
à If____________________________________________________________.
6. They don’t travel far a lot. They are afraid of flying.
à If____________________________________________________________.
KEY;
Exercise 1.
1. would have been 2. have called 3. had installed 4. would have made 5. would have given 6. had had
Exercise. 2.
1. If she had a car, she would go out in the evening.
2. Sarah would study very hard if she liked /didn’t hate school.
3. If it were not too difficult, I could do the test.
4. If Peter read a lot, he could find the time.
5. If I spoke Korean, I could translate this.
6. If they weren’t afraid of flying, they would travel far a lot.
UNIT 6: FUTURE JOBS LANGUAGE FOCUS GRAMMAR : RELATIVE CLAUSES
N.người who V. He is the man who works in the ABC
company.
N người whom S + V. He is the man whom I saw yesterday
N vật which V.
N which S + V. The chair which is made of wood is durable.
English is an important language which we have to master
That = who, whom, which.
Tuy nhiên có một số trường hợp khác Bắt buộc dùng that:
- Sau so sánh nhất
She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever met - Sau the first, last, only,…
He was the first person that left the burning house - Sau chủ từ chỉ người và vật
The man and the dog that passed my house made much noise.
Không được dùng that:
- - Sau dấu phẩy (tên riêng; tính từ sở hữu:
my, your..; this, that, these, those) Nguyen Du,who is a famous
poet, wrote Kieu’s Story.
- Sau giới từ:
The dog to which I gave a bone is very angry.
N whose N The man whose land I bought is a farmer.
Ntime when S + V.
at/on which I can’t forget the time when I first earn
money on my own.
Nplace where S + V.
in/at which This is the house where I was born.
This is the house which I was born in The reason why S + V.
for which
I don’t know the reason why she is absent from class today.
the reason for which Nngười/vật who/which/that Vthì…
=> Nngười/vật Ving… The man who spoke to John is my son.
The man speaking to John is my son.
Nngười/vậtwho/which/thatbeV3/ed
=> Nngười/vật V3/ed…
They live in a house that was built in 1890 They live in a house built in 1890.
The first/the last/the second/
the only +N + to V0
Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.
Gagarin was the first man to fly into space Prepositions + whom/which I come back to the house. I was born in it.
I come back to the house in which I was born.
Exercise 1: Add who, whoever, whose, whom or which to complete the following sentences.
1. There is one person to______ I owe more than I can say.
2. It was the kind of accident for________nobody was really to blame.
3. __________leaves last should turn off the lights.
4. Mary was late yesterday, ________was unusual for her.
5. At 6.00 pm,________ was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended.
6. I don’t know________told you that, but they were wrong.
7. Mrs Brown was the first owner_________dog won three prizes in th e same show.
8. I’ve just spoken to Sally, _________sends you her love.
9. On Sunday, _______was my birthday, we went out for a meal.
10. The success of a shared holiday depends on __________you share it with.
Exercise 2: use relative clauses to join the following sentences into one.
1. I read a book. It was written by a friend of mine.
________________________________________________________________________
2. A man got on the bus. He was carrying a lot of money in a box.
________________________________________________________________________
3. In the street there were several people. They were waiting for the shop to open.
________________________________________________________________________
4.Britain imports many cars. They were made in Japan.
________________________________________________________________________
5.There are a lot of people in your office. They want to talk to you.
________________________________________________________________________
6. The cowboy fell off his horse. He had been wounded by an arrow.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Most of the people recovered quickly. They were injured in the crash.
________________________________________________________________________
8. John looked anxiously at his watch. He wished he hadn’t come to the party
________________________________________________________________________
9. The children were playing football in the schoolyard. They were my students.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Vietnam exports a lot of rice. It is grown mainly in the south of country.
________________________________________________________________________
KEY:
Exercise 1:
1. whom 2. which 3. Whoever 4. which 5. which 6. who
7. whose 8. who 9. which 10. whom Exercise 2:
1. I read a book that was written by a friend of mine.
2. A man who was carrying a lot of money in a box got on the bus.
3. In the street there were several people who were waiting for the shop to open.
4. Britain imports many cars which/that were made in Japan.
5. There are a lot of people in your office who want to talk to you.
6. The cowboy who had been wounded by an arrow fell off his horse.
7. Most of the people who were injured in the crash recovered quickly.
8. John, who wished he hadn’t come to the party, looked anxiously at his watch.
9. The children who were playing football in the schoolyard were my students.
10. Vietnam exports a lot of rice which is grown mainly in the south of country.
UNIT 8: LIFE IN THE FUTURE LANGUAGE FOCUS A. PREPOSITIONS
1/ PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:
On
On Sunday (morning) / 25th April / New Year’s Day
On holiday / business / duty / a trip / an excursion / fire / sale / a diet
In
In April / 1980
In summer / spring / autumn / winter In five minutes / a few days / two years In the morning / afternoon / evening
At
At 8 o’clock / the weekend / night / Christmas At the end of ... / at the age of
From...to...
From 1977 to 1985
2/ PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE:
On
On a table / a wall / a bus / a train / a plane / the floor / a horse / television / the radio / the telephone
In
In a garden / a park / a town / the water / my office / hospital / a car In the middle of...
At
At home / work / school / university / the station / the airport / a concert / a party / a football match At 10 Pasteur Street
By
By car / bus / plane (on foot) By accident / chance
For
For a walk / a swim / a drink For breakfast / lunch / dinner 3/ VERB + PREPOSITIONS:
1. VERB + TO
- apologize to sb for sth - belong to
- happen to - introduce to - listen to
- speak / talk to sb - write to
- prefer ... to ...
- explain ... to ...
- invite ... to ...
2. VERB + FOR - apply for - care for - pay for - look for - wait for - blame ... for - leave ... for - search ... for - ask ... for
3. VERB + ABOUT - care about
- dream about sb / sth - think about
- hear about: be told about - warn ... about
4. VERB + ON
- concentrate on/focus on - depend on / rely on - live on
- congratulate ... on - spend ... on
5. VERB + OF - consist of - die of - take care of - accuse ... of - remind ... of
6. VERB + AT - laugh at / smile at - shout at
- look at/stare at/glance at - point at / aim at
7. VERB + IN - succeed in - arrive in / at
8. VERB + WITH - provide ... with - charge ... with
9. VERB + FROM - suffer ... from - borrow ... from
- protect / prevent ... from 4/ ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITIONS:
1. ADJ + TO - accustomed to - addicted to - harmful to
- similar to / agreeable to
2. ADJ + FOR - available for - responsible for - famous for - late for
3. ADJ + ABOUT - angry about - anxious about - worried about - excited about 4. ADJ + ON
- keen on - dependent on
5. ADJ + OF - afraid of / full of - aware of / tired of - ashamed of - capable of
6. ADJ + AT - surprised at - quick at - bad / good at - brilliant at 7. ADJ + IN
- confident in - successful in - interested in - rich in
8. ADJ + WITH - equipped with - bored with - busy with - acquainted with
9. ADJ + FROM - different from - absent from - safe from
B. ARTICLES
ARTICLES USES
A or AN
- When we are referring to one thing but it is not one in particular.
I’d like a banana.
- When we refer to something for the first time.
There’s a man at the door.
- In expressions for price, speed…
$2 a kilo, three times a day.
THE - When we are referring to a specific thing or things.
I’ll wear the dress I bought last week.
- When we refer to something for the second time.
There’s a man at the door. I think the man is from the garage.
- When there is only one.
The world, the sun…
- Before some collective nouns referring to a whole group of people.
The British, the police, the army, the government…
- Before some adjectives to refer to the group in general.
The poor, the unemployed…
- Before superlatives and ordinals.
The best film, the first time
- Before names of musical instruments when we talk about playing them.
Can you play the piano?
- Before names of seas, rivers, ships, newspapers, magazines, musical groups and a few names of countries.
The Atlantic Ocean, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the Philippines.
ZERO ARTICLE
- With meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner - With sports: football, volleyball
- With holidays: Christmas, Thanksgiving.
- With school, class, college, university, home, work, church, bed, hospital for their normal use.
She goes to school every day except Sunday - With By + item of transport.
Did you go by train?
Exercise 1: Choose the appropriate prepositions.
1. Luckily, you are in/on time for the meeting.
2. Many people are dying of/by various types of cancer.
3. I will not be here next week. I am going to be on/in business in Mexico.
4. At/In the end of the book, they get married and live happily ever after.
5. Thank you for everything you’ve done. You are a true friend of/to me.
6. I can’t believe in/to you. You always let me down.
7. I have warned you on/about the difficulties you have to face when applying for the job.
8. Britney Spears is famous by/for her beautiful face and sweet voice.
9. The bookshop is among/between the chemist’s and the butcher’s and across/opposite the library.
10. Next year, I am going to get married to/with John and we are going to move to Bristol.
Exercise 2: Put a/an, the or in each space to complete the following sentences.
1. We went by _________ train to the west of England.
2. ____ people who live in ____ Scotland are called _____ Scots.
3. _________ Columbus was one of _______ first people to cross ________ Atlantic.
4. Davis learned to play ____ violin when he was at _____university.
5. Did you read _______ book I lent you _________ last week?
6. Is that ________ present Bill gave you for ________ Christmas?
7. _________ computer has already changed _______ our lives dramatically.
8. There was ____ accident yesterday at _____ corner of ___ street.
9. I need ______ time to think about ______ offer you gave me.
10. _________ little knowledge is _______ dangerous thing.
KEY:
Exercise 1:
1. in 2. of 3. on 4. At 5. to 6. in 7. about 8. for
9. between /opposite 10. to/
Exercise 2:
1. 2. , , 3. , the, the 4. the, 5. the, 6. the, 7. the, 8. an, the, the 9. , the 10. , a