THlTC TIEN PHAP LUAT
HOAN THIEfV QUY D M ! VE THU TUC GIAM DOC T H A M TRONG PHAP LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU
N g u y e n T r u n g K i e n *
*ThS.Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao
Thong tin bai viet;
Tir khoa: Bo luat To tung hinh sir nam 2015; giam doc tham; khang nghi giam doc tham; hpi dong giam doc tham.
Lich sir bdi viet:
Nhanbai : 10/07/2019 Bientap : 16/08/2019 Duyetbai : 21/08/2019
Article Infomation:
Keywords- the Criminal Procedure Code of 2015; cassation, reviews ofthe cassation; cassation review panel.
Article History:
Received : 10 Jul, 2019 Edited . 16 Aug. 2019 Approved : 21 Aug. 2019
Tom tat:
Bp luat To tung hinh sir nam 2015 da sira doi, bo sung mpt so quy djnh ve giam doc tham trong Bp luat To tung hinh sir nam 2003.
Tuy nhien, mpt so quy dinh ciiaBp luat To tung hinh su nam 2015 ve giam doc tham lien quan den doi tupng, can cii khang nghi giam doc tham va tham quyen ctia hpi dong giam doc tham van con CO nhung han che nhat dinh. Do do, de dap img dupc yeu cau thuc tien dat ra, viec sua doi, bo sung mpt so quy dinh ciia phap luat to tung hinh su ve thii tuc giam doc tham la can thiet.
Abstract
The Criminal Procedure Code of 2015 made improvements to a number of provisions on cassation formerly in the Criminal Procedure Code of 2003. However, some provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2015 on cassation related to the subjects, the grounds for reviews of the cassation and the jurisdiction of the cassation review panel still have certain shortcomings. Therefore, to meet the practical requirements, it is are necessary for the amendment of a number of provisions ofthe criminal procedure law on cassation.
1. Nhihig han che, bat cap trong quy dinh cua Bo luat To tung hinh su nam 2015 ve thu tuc giam doc tham
1.1 Doi twang cda gidm doc thdm trong to tung hinh sw
Viec xac dinh dting doi tugng giam doc tham se dam bao cho hoat dgng giam doc tham dugc chinh xac, hieu qua va co gia tri. Bg luat To tung hinh su nam 2015 (Bg
luat TTHS 2015) khdng co dieu luat cu the ve doi tugng cua thu tuc giam doc tham ma chi quy dinh chung ve tinh chat ciia giam ddc tham: "giam ddc tham la xet lai ban an, quyet dinh cua Toa an da co hieu lire phap luat..."'.
Theo quy dinh ciia Bp iuat TTHS va cac van ban hudng dan thi cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia Toa an da cd hieu lire phap luat bao gom:
42 ir
Dieu 370 Bp luat TTHS nam 2015.
NOHieN CUV
AD DUAD / S6l6f392)T8/2019
THirC TIEN PHAP LUAT - Ban an, quyet dinh va nhiing phan
ciia ban an, quy^t dinh sa tham ciia Toa an khong bi khang cao, khan§ nghi thi co hieu luc phap Iuat kh tu ngay het thdi han khang cao, khang nghp;
- Toan bg ban an, quyet djnh so tham bi khang cao, khang nghi nhung nguoi khang cao va Vien kiem sat khang nghi nit toan bg khang cao, khang nghi va Toa an cap phiic thim (Tham phan trudc khi ma phien toa, Hpi dong xet xii tai phien toa) ra quyet dinh dinh chi xet xu phiic thain, thi ban an sa thdm cd hieu luc phap luat ke tir ngay Toa an cap phiic tham ra quyet dinh dinh chi xet xii phiic tham';
- Trong trudng hgp ngudi khang cao riit mpt phan trong khang cao ciia minh hoac CO nhieu ngudi khang cao, nhung co ngudi nit khang cao, cd ngudi khong nit khang cao, Vien kiem sat nit mpt phan khang nghi trong khang nghi cua minh, neu Toa an cap phiic tham khdng xem xet cac phan cd khang cao, khang nghi da bi nit; thi nhiing phan eua ban an, quyet dinh so tham ed hieu luc phap luat ke tir ngay het thdi han khang cao, khang nghi'';
- Ban an phiic tham, quyet dinh phiic tham cd hieu lire phap luat ke tir ngay tuyen an, ra quyet djnh';
Ddi vdi cac quyet dinh ciia Tda an da cd hieu lire phap luat, Bg luat TTHS va cac van ban hudng dan chua cd quy djnh cu the nhiing quyet dinh nao la ddi tugng cua thu tuc giam ddc tham.
Trong q^ua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su, tu thdi diem nhan ho sa vu an, ban cao trang va thu ly vu an, Tda an ra nhieu quyet dinh to tung khac nhau, chang han, trong giai doan chuan bi xet xir la cac quyet dinh
phan cdng hoac thay ddi Th4m phan, Hdi th4m, Tham tra vien, Thu ky; quy8t dinh tam giam; quyet djnh bat, tam giam; quyit dinh thay ddi bien phap ngan chan; quySt djnh ap dung, dinh chi bien phap bat budc chiia benh; quyet dinh ap dung thu tuc nit ggn, quyet dinh tnmg cau giam dinh; quy^t dinh dua vu an ra xet xu so tham, quyet dinh tra hd so de dieu tra bd sung; quyet dinh tra ho so vu an (de truy td theo tham quyen);
quyet dinh dinh chi vu an; quyet dinh phuc hdi vu an; quyet dinh gia han thdi han chuan bi xet xu, trong qua trinh xet xu so tham, phuc tham la quyet dinh hoan phien tda;
quyet dinh dua vu an ra xet xir phiic tham;
quyet dinh tam dinh chi vu an; quyet dinh dinh chi vu an; quyet dinh phuc hdi vu an;
quyet dinh hoan phien tda; quyet dinh giai quyet viec khang cao, khang nghi ddi vdi quyet dinh tam dinh chi hoac dinh chi vu an; quyet dinh ve viec giai quyet khang cao qua han;... sau khi xet xir so tham hoac phiic thim, Tda an cd the ra quyet dinh khang nghi giam ddc tham, tai tham; quyet dinh giam ddc thim, tai tham. Nhirng quyet dinh nay do nhigu chit the khac nhau ban hanh, cd the la Thim phan, Phd Chanh an, Chanh an, Hgi ddng xet xir, Hdi ddng giam ddc tham, tai thim... nhung dhu la nhirng quyet dinh cd hieu lire phap Iuat. Vi vay, trong cac nghien ciru vh giam ddc tham trong TTHS cdn cd nhi^u quan diem khac nhau ve viec xac dinh quygt dinh nao la ddi tugng cua thii tuc giam ddc thim. Qua thuc tien cdng tac giam ddc thim, mdt so Ki6m sat vien, Thim phan khi bao cao hoac trao ddi nghiep vu da cho rang, tit ca cac quySt dinh cd hieu lire phap luat do Tda an ban hanh dhu la ddi tugng cua thu tuc giam ddc tham.
Dieu 343 Bp luat TTHS nam 2015 , . .
Khoan 1 Dilu 348 Bp luat TTHS; huong din tai difim a tilu muc 7.2 rauc 7 Phan I Nghj quyet so 05/2005/NQ-HDTP ciia Hpi d6ng Thdm phan TAND t6i cao huong din thi hanh mot so quy dmh trong phan "xet xir pbiic tham" cua Bg lu^t TTHS.
Huong din t?i difim b tiSu myc 7.2 myc 7 Phkn I Nghi quy^t so 05/2005/NQ-HDTP cua Hoi dong Than, phan TAND t6i cao huong din thi hanh m^t s6 quy djnh trong phdn "xet xu phuc tham" cua Bp luat TTHS.
Khoan 2 Di6u 355; khoan 2 Diku 361 Bp luat TTHS nam 2015.
, NGHIEN CUU sa 16(392)78/2019 V L A P P H A P
as
THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT
Tuy nhien, viec coi tit ca cac quyet dinh ciia Tda an deu la ddi tugng cua giam ddc tham cd the dan den tinh trang khang nghi tran Ian, khdng phii hgp vdi ban chat va muc dich ciia thu tuc giam ddc tham. Bdi vi, trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh sir, trong pham vi nhiem vu, quyen ban cua minh, cae ca quan tien hanh td tung gdm ca Tda an ban hanh nhieu quyet dinh td tung khac nhau de xac dinh su that vu an. Cd nhiing quyet dinh ma tinh chat, hieu lire khdng khac gi nhau, mac di] dugc ban hanh bdi cac co quan tien hanh td tung khac nhau, chang han cac quyet dinh phan cdng, quyet dinh ap dung, thay ddi, hiiy bd cac bien phap ngan chan... Cac quyet dinh nay neu tach rieng le thi ban than timg quyet dinh khong the giai quyet triet de vu an ma chi cd y nghTa trong viec dam bao hoat dgng chimg minh cua cac co quan tien hanh td tung, ngudi tien hanh td tung diing phap luat, khach quan, toan dien, day dii va xac dinh tdi pham, xir ly ngudi pham tdi, phap nhan pham tdi. Cac quyet dinh nay chi la doi tugng cua boat ddng kien nghi, khieu nai ma khdng the la doi tugng khang cao, khang nghi trong hoat dpng xet xir.
Theo chung tdi, dieu kien can de mgt quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat cua Tda an trd thanh ddi tugng cua giam ddc tham trudc het la quyet dinh do phai cd tinh chat giai quyet vu an. Nhimg khdn^ phai quyet djnh nao cd tinh chat giai quyet vu an (tam thdi hoac diit diem) cung cd the coi la ddi tugng cua thu tuc giam ddc tham, chang han quyet dinh tam dinh chi vu an, quyet dinh dinh chi vu an ciia Tham phan chu tga phien tda; quyet dinh ap dung, dinh chi bien phap bat buoc chiia benh cua Chanh an, Phd Chanh an Tda an.
Khoan 2 Dieu 330 va khoan 2 Dieu 453 Bg luat TTHS 2015 quy dinh: quyit dinh tam dinh chi vu an, quyet dinh dinh chi vu an ciia Tham phan chii tpa phien tda la ddi tugng ciia khang cao, khang nghj phuc tham; viec khang cao, khang nghi quyet dinh ciia Tda an ve viec ap dung bien phap bat budc chiia benh dupc thuc hien nhu ddi vdi quyet dinh so tham. Nhu vay, neu cac
quyit dinh nay khdng bi khang cao, khang nghi phuc thim thi se trd thanh quyet djnh cua Tda an cd hieu lire phap luat. Tuy nhien, trong trudng hc^ chua cd quyet dinh dua vu an ra xet xir, ddi tugng cua cac quyet dinh nay deu la hi can. Trong cac quyen cua bi can quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 60 Bp luat TTHS 2015 thi bi can khdng cd quyin khang cao. Quy dinh nhu hien nay la cd sy mau thuan giua cac di8u luat, khdng phu hpp vdi cac nguyen tac ciia TTHS va ban chat cua xet xir. Vi vay, cac quyet dinh nay chi nen quy dinh la doi tugng cua khieu nai iihu cac quyet dinh tuong tu cua Co quan dieu tra va Vien kiem sat.
Do dd, dieu kien de cac quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat ciia Tda an trd thanh ddi tugng cua thii tuc giam ddc tham la:
- Phai dugc quyet dinh bdi Hdi ddng xet xir so tham, phiic tham, Hdi ddng giam ddc tham, tai tham.
- Cac quyet djnh nay phai giai quyit dinh npi dung thuc chat cua vu an.
- Phai la quyet dinh giai quyet cudi ciing, diit diem doi vdi vu an do.
- Phat sinh hieu luc phap luat.
Ve gidi han ddi tugng ciia thu tuc giam ddc tham, quy dinh cua Bd luat TTHS 2015 cd nhung diem gidng vdi Bg luat TTHS 1988, mac du khdng gidi han doi tupng cua khang nghi giam ddc tham nhung lai bi rang buoc bdi khoan 4 Dieu 22 Luat Td chiic Tda an nhan dan (TAND) nam 2014, "quyet dinh giam ddc tham, tai tham cua Hdi ddng Tham phan TAND tdi cao la quyet dinh cao nhat, khdng bi khang nghi". Quy dinh nay cua Luat Td chirc TAND nam 2014 khdng phii hgp vdi tinh than cua Bd luat TTHS 2015, nhat la khi Bd luat TTHS 2015 da danh mpt chuong XXVII de quy dinh thii tuc xem xet lai quyet dinh ciia Hpi ddng Tham phan TAND tdi cao. Vi vay, ddi tugng cua thii tuc giam ddc tham can bao gdm ca quyit dinh giam ddc tham va tai tham ciia Hdi ddng Thim phan TAND tdi cao, dac biet trong trudng hgp vi Igi ich phap luat, cin phai khang nghi theo thu tuc giam ddc thim dl
44
NGHICN euu . L A P P H A P ^ SO 16(392)18/2019THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT dam bao viec ap dung phap luat chinh xac,
thdng nhit hoac trudng hgp minh oan cho ngudi bi ket an.
1.2 Cdn ci^ khdng nghl t^^o thu tuc gidm Sc tham
Can cir khang nghi theo thu tuc giam ddc thSm dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 371 Bg luat TTHS 2015. Cac ban an, quyit dmh cua Tda an da cd hieu lire phap luat bi khang nghi theo thu tuc giam ddc tham khi cd mgt trong ba can cii sau:
Thii nhat, ket luan trong ban an, quyit dinh cua Tda an khdng phii hgp vdi nhiing tinh tiet khach quan cua vu an.
So sanh vdi quy dinh trudc day, Bg luat TTHS 2015 da quy dinh cu the chu the cua quyet djnh, ban an bi khang nghi giam ddc tham la Tda an. Quy dinh mdi khong lam thay ddi ca ban npi dung cua can cii ma chi cd tinh chat lam rd hon ddi tupng cua khang nghi giam ddc tham. Su bd sung nay la can thiSt dS xac djnh cu the ddi tugng ciia khang n^hi giam ddc tham phai la cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an.
"Ket luan trong ban an hoac quyet dinh cua Tda an khdng phu hgp vdi nhung tinh tiet khach quan cua vu an" la trudng hgp Hgi ddng xet xir dua ra nhimg ket luan khdng dling vdi nhimg gi cd that da xay ra va cac chiing ctr cd trong hd so vu an da dugc kiem tra tai phien tda. Tat ca ket luan ciia Tda an dupc the hien trong ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu luc phap luat. Cac ket luan nay bao gdm ngi dung vu an, quan diem, nhan dinh, danh gia ciia Tda an ve ndi dung vu an, cac chimg eii, tai lieu dugc sir dung de chiing minh tdi pham, quyet dinh ve tdi danh, hinh phat, miic bdi thudng, an phi...
Cac ket luan cua Tda an can cii vao chiing ciij tai lieu cd trong hd so vu an va dugc kiem tra tai phien tda. Kit ludn trong hdn dn hodc quyet dinh cita Tda dn khdng phit hap vol nhimg tinh tiet khdch quan cua vu dn co thi xuat phat tir y chi chu quan cua Hdi ddng xet xir. Dd la trudng hgp rnac dii cac chung cir dl ket tpi bi cao da day du, hpp phap nhung Hpi ddng xet xir danh gia khdng dling vl tdi danh, khung hinh phat... ddi vdi
bl eao. Cijng cd nhiing trudng hgp kit luan khdng phai ciia Tda an nhung Hdi ddng xet xu trich dan, sir dung trong ban an thi van phai coi la ket luan cua Tda an khdng phii hgp vdi cac tinh tiet khach quan ciia vu an.
Ching han trong qua trinh dilu tra, truy td, bj cao bi biic cung, nhuc hinh nen khai nhan tgi. Tda an su dung ldi khai nhan tdi nay lam chirng cii de budc tdi bj cao din din viec kit an khdng dung ngudi.
Ket luan khdng phu hgp vdi nhiing tinh tiet khach quan cua vu an cd the do loi chu quan hoac khach quan. Trudng hpp trong qua trinh xac dinh su that cua vu an, cac ca quan tien hanh td tung cd vi pham phap luat trong viec thu thap chirng cii de chimg minh tdi pham thi nhiing ket luan trong ban an, quyet djnh cua Tda an se khdng "phu hpp vdi cac tinh tiet khach quan" cua vu an vi cac can cii de di den ket luan da hi tac ddng bdi y thirc chu quan cua co quan tien hanh td tung, ngudi tien hanh td tung. Viec Tda an dua ra ket luan ma khdng du chiing cii hoac tren co sd sir dung nhiing chimg cii, tai lieu khdng bao dam tinh hgp phap, khong dugc thu thap theo trinh tu, thu tuc dupc quy dinh trong luat TTHS mdi la can cir de khang nghj giam doc tham. Ngugc lai, neu nhu Dilu tra vien, Kiem sat vien, Hdi ddng xet xu khdng biet dugc cac "tinh tiet khach quan" tron^ qua trinh chiing minh tgi pham dan din ket luan khdng diing su that khach quan ciia vu an thi lai la can cir de khang nghi tai thim. Vi vay, de phan biet giira can cii khang nghi giam ddc tham ya can cii khang nghi tai tham, nen thay ddi cum tir
"tinh tilt khach quan" bing "chimg cii cua vu an" thi phu hgp va rd rang han.
Ngoai ra, Bd luat TTHS hien hanh chua quy dinh cu the hoac hudng dan the nao la "khdng phu hgp vdi tinh tiet khach quan". Viec danh gia vi pham phap Iuat trong ban an, quyit dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat ciia Tda an mang tinh chu quan, phu thugc vao trinh dp, kinh nghiem cua cac chu the cd thim qu^ln. Day la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan dan den viec khang nghi giam ddc thim phai nit hoac khdng dugc chap nhan.
So 16(392)18/2019 ^
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T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT
Ty le khang nghi phai nit hoac khdng dugc Hdi ddng giam ddc tham chap nhan trong 10 nam, tu 2009 din 2018 chiem 10,2% tdng sd khang nghi giam ddc tham. Nghiern trpng hon, mdt sd quyet dinh giam ddc tham cua Hdi ddng giam ddc tham Tda an cap dudi bi Hdi ddng giam ddc tham TAND tdi cao huy de dieu tra lai (tir nam 2009 den nam 2018, cd 60/1472 quyet dinh giam ddc tham bj buy de dieu tra lai hoac xet xir lai^).
Thir hai, cd vi pham nghiem trpng thu tuc td tung trong dieu tra, truy td, xet xir dan den sai Iam nghiem trgng trong viec giai quyet vu an.
Theo Tir dien Tieng Viet, thCi tuc la
"nhimg viec cu the phai Iam theo mpt trat tu quy dinh de tien hanh mdt cdng viec cd tinh chinh thuc"^ Viec sir dung thuat ngii "thii tuc td tung" khdng bao ham het nhung vi pham phap luat TTHS trong qua trinh chimg minh tgi pham bdi vi ngoai thii tuc td tung, luat TTHS cdn quy djnh khac ve nhiing nguyen tac cua TTHS, nhiing quy dinh chung, tham quyen. Neu vi pham nghiem trgng cac quy dinh nay cijng cd the bi khang nghi giam ddc tham, chang han khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xir sai tham quyen; khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xu ddi vdi ngudi ma hanh vi cua hg da cd ban an cua Tda an da cd hieu luc phap luat (nguyen tac khdng ai bi ket an hai Ian vi mgt tpi pham)...
Mat khac, can cii nay chi gidi han trong viec dieu tra, truy td, xet xir la khdng day du. Hoat dpng khdi td vu an hinh sir neu cd vi pham cung cd the bi khang nghj giam ddc tham, chang han: khdi td vii an khdng cd can cif; khoi td vu an hinh su trong trudng hgp khdi td vu an hinh sy theo yeu cau cua bi hai hoac ngudi dai dien ciia bi hai quy dinh tai Dieu 155 Bd luat TTHS. Trudng hgp nay, mac dii Co quan dieu tra khdi td khdng dling nhung Vien kiem sat va Tda an khdng phat hien ra nen van truy td, xet xu; vi pham cac quy dinh cua Bp luat TTHS trong
boat ddng chimg minh tdi pham...
Bg lu|t TTHS 2015 quy ditih them m9t dilu kien dl khang nghi giam ddc tham ddi vdi cac ban an, quyit dinh cd hieu luc phap Iuat cua Tda an cd "vi pham nghiem trgng thu tuc td tung trong dilu tra, truy to, xet xu"
la nhung vi pham nay "phai dan den sai lam nghiem trpng trong viec giai quyet vu an".
Chiing tdi cho ring, quy djnh nay la khdng hgp ly, khdng diing vdi ban chat, y nghia va muc dich cua thu tuc giam ddc tham.
Can cii khang nghi giam ddc tham la vi pham phap luat nghiem trgng trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an, cdn can cu de khang nghi tai tham lien quan den viec xac dinh su that ciia vu an. Day la su khac nhau ca ban de phan biet giiia thii tuc giam ddc tham va thu tuc tai tham. Qua trinh xac dinh sy that cua vu an hinh sy la qua trinh tiep can chan ly. Khi tiep can dugc sy that, chan ly se dugc the hien trong ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lire phap luat cua Tda an. Trudc khi tuyen an bang ban an, Tda an phai giai quyet dugc hai van de chinh: (1) lam sang td nhiing tinh tiet ciia sy viec pham tdi tren co sd xem xet tat ca cac chiing cii, tai Heu can thiet cho viec chiing minh, danh gia miic do tin cay cua cac chiing cii, tai lieu nay va (2) ddi chieu nhung tinh tiet khach quan da dugc lam sang td vdi cac quy dinh ciia phap Iuat dS dua ra phan quyet ve trach nhiem cua bi cao. Phap Iuat TTHS dam bao cac chiing cir, tai lieu dugc thu thap de chiing minh tdi pham khach quan, tin cay.
Neu ngudi tien hanh td tung vi pham phap luat trong viec giai quyet vu an thi nhiing chiing cii, tai lieu thu thap dugc khdng cdn dam bao tinh khach quan. Cd the vi pham khdng lam anh hudng den ket qua giai quyet vu an nhung neu cd vi pham thi ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an ciing khdng xac dinh duac sy that khach quan cua vu an. Mat khac, neu vi pham khdng dugc khac phuc thi cung khdng the ket luan dugc vi pham dd cd anh hudng tdi ket qua giai quyet vu an hay khong, Vi du:
6 TAND toi cao, Bao cao tong ket nganh Toa an nhan dan rir nam 2009 den 2018. Nguon. Vu tong hgp TAND t6i c 7 Vien Ngon ngii hoc (2002), Tir diln Tigng Viet, Trung tam tit di6n hpc, Nxb. Da Ning. n-.885-886.
4ei
' S6 16(392)78/2019T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT viec giam dinh lai khdng do ngudi giam djnh
khac tiln hanh. Muc dich ciia giam dinh lai la dl danh gia, so sanh ket qua giam dinh trudc va kit qua giam dinh sau. Neu giam dinh va giam dinh lai dugc thyc hien bdi cung mpt ngudi thi hai ket qua giam dinh nay khdng con dam bao tinh khach quan, khdng cd gia tri so sanh, danh gia bdi vi khi cd nghi ngd ve ket qua giam dinh trudc mdi yeu cau giam dinh lai. Viec cho rang ket qua giam dinh lai van phan anh dung thyc te la khdng cd can cii. Cung cd the sau khi dieu tra lai, viec giam dinh lai lan 2 dugc tien hanh bdi mdt ngudi khac, ket qua ciing khdng cd gi thay doi nhung neu khdng khang nghi giam ddc tham thi cung khdng the xac dinh dugc kit luan giam dinh chinh xac de giai quyet vu an.
Quan diem cho rang cd vi pham thu tuc to tung nhung neu vi pham dd khdng Iam anh hudng den ket qua giai quyet vu ail thi viec khang nghi theo thu tuc giam doc thSm cung khdng can thiet la da cd su nham lan giua muc dich cua giam ddc thira va muc dich cua tai tham. Muc dich cua thii tuc giam doc tham la kiem tra tinh hgp phap trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an, phat hien nhiing vi pham phap luat de khac phuc, bao dam tinh hgp phap cua cac ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat cua Toa an, nham tao ra su thdng nhat trong viec ap dung phap luat. Trong khi dd, thii tuc tai tham danh gia lai vu viec thuc te de xac dinh lai su that va ket qua giai quyet vu an, tu dd minh oan cho ngudi vd tdi, tien hanh bdi thudng (neu cd), ket an diing ngudi, dung tdi theo phap luat.
Ngoai ra, ciing cd y kien cho rang, neu khong quy dinh hau qua cua nhiing sai lam, vi pham la ddn den sai ldm nghiem trgng trong viec gidi quyet vu dn cd the xay ra tinh trang khang nghi tran lan. Tuy nhien, neu chi quan tam den hau qua cua nhiing vi pham se bd qua rit nhieu nhiing vi pham nghiem trpng trong qua trinh giai quyet vu an ma cd nhiing vi pham xam pham cac
quyen con ngudi co ban dupc Hiin phap, phap luat hinh sy, TTHS bao ve nhu hanh vi birc cung, nhuc hinh. Ngoai ra, niu tilp tuc quy djnh nhu tren, muc dich giai quyit vu an se dugc dat len tren viec tuan thu phap luat, khi dd phap luat se khdng dugc tdn trpng, chi ton tai hinh thirc.
Thu ba, cd sai lam trong viec ap dung phap luat.
Can cu "cd sai lam nghiem trpng trong viec ap dung phap luat" trong Bd luat TTHS 2015 da khac phuc dugc nhiing ban che cua Bd Iuat TTHS 2003. Tuy nhien, pham vi cua can cir nay la qua rdng vi "quy dinh cua phap luat" da bao ham tat ca cac quy dinh trong cac bd luat, cac luat, thdng tu, hudng dan... khac nhau, bao ham ca hai can cu khang nghi giam ddc tham neu tren va cac can cu khang nghi tai tham. "Can cii nay bao gdm tat ca nhiing sai lam trong viec xac dinh dung su viec thuc te da xay ra; sai lam trong viec lua chpn quy pham phap luat trong trudng hgp cu the; sai lam trong viec ra van ban ap dung phap luat;
sai lam trong viec td chuc thuc hien van ban ap dung phap luat ca ve ndi dung va hinh thirc, thu tuc td tung"^
1.3 Thdm quyin cua Hpi dong gidm ddc tham Theo quy dinh cua Bp luat TTHS 2015, thim quyin ciia Hdi ddng giam ddc thim da dugc md rdng hem so vdi Bd luat TTHS 2003. Cu thi, ngoai cac tham quyen:
khdng chip nhan kJiang nghi va giu nguyen ban an, quyit djnh da cd hieu lyc phap luat bi khang nghi; buy ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu lyc phap luat de dieu tra lai hoac xet xir lai; hiiy ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu lyc phap luat va dinh chi vu an, Hgi ddng giam ddc thim cdn cd quyen hiiy ban an, quyet djnh da cd hieu lyc phap luat va giir nguyen ban an, quyit dinh diing phapluat cua Tda an cip sa thim hoac Tda an cap phuc tham bj huy, sira khdng dung phap luat; sira ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat va dinh chi xet xir giam ddc tham. Mac du mdt
8 Phan Thi Thanh Mai (2017), Mot s6 y kien ve nhung digm mm trong quy dinh cua Bg luat TTHS 2015 ve giam doc thim, Tap chi Nghg luat (4), HaNoi, tr.48
— , NGHIEN GUU I Ml So 16(392)78/2019 V l A P P H A P ' ^ '
T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT
sd tham quyen mdi dupc quy dinh nhung da cd nhiing bat cap, cu the nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, tham quyen "buy ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu lyc phap luat dl dilu tra lai hoac xet xu lai".
Theo chiing tdi, khdng quy dinh viec huy ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat ciia Tda an de truy td lai la chua phii hgp. Cd y kien cho rang, truy td la phan ket thuc cua giai doan khdi td, dieu tra vu an hinh su nen quy djnh buy ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat de dieu tra lai da bao gdrn ca truy td lai. Tuy nhien, chung tdi cho rang, truy td la mpt giai doan dpc lap trong TTHS. Ve ban chat, qua trinh dieu tra de phuc vu cho viec truy td dung ngudi, dung tgi, diing phap luat. Giai doan nay vira kiem tra, danh gia tinh dung dan, hgp phap cua cac chimg cii, tai lieu thu thap dugc trong qua trinh dieu tra, vira quyit dinh cd truy td bi can ra trudc Tda an hay khdng. Vu an chi dupc dua ra xet xu khi Vien kiim sat quyet dinh truy td. Cao trang hay quyit dinh truy td bi can la co sd de Tda an dua vu an ra xet xu va ban hanh ban an, quyit dinh cd lieu lyc phap Iuat.
Tren thuc tl, cd nhirng trudng hgp, khang nghi giam ddc thim la do vi pham phap luat nghiem trgng trong giai doan truy td nhu truy td sai tham quyen nhung Tda an khdng phat hien ra, van xet xir va ra ban an, quyet dinh. Trudng hgp nay, mac dii quyet dinh hiiy ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an de dieu tra lai cung cd the dan den viec truy td lai (tni trudng hgp dinh chi dieu tra hoac dinh chi vu an) nhung viec quyet dinh dieu tra lai khdng xac dinh chinh xac giai doan cd vi pham, sai Iam nghiem trgng. Mat khac, thai ban dieu tra ludn dai ban thai han truy to.
Neu sai lam d giai doan truy td ma phai dieu tra lai se dan den viec keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vu an, co quan dieu tra phai thuc hien lai nhiing viec dang Ie khong can phai Iam.
Thir hai, tham quyen "sua ban an, quyit dinh da cd hieu luc phap Iuat".
Chung tdi cho rang, quy dinh Hdi
ddng giam ddc thim cd tham quyen sua ban an, quyit dinh cua Tda an da cd hieu luc phap Iuat la khdng hgp Iy, khdng dung vdi ban chit "pha an" cua giam ddc tham.
Bdi vi giam ddc thim khdng phai mgt cap xet xii. Ddi tugng cua giam ddc tham la cac ban an, quyit dinh da cd hieu luc phap iuat cua Tda an. Klii cd khang nghi, Hgi ddng giam ddc thim se xem xet, danh gia cac ban an, quyit dinh nay cd vi pham phap Iuat hay khdng, miic do vi pham nhu the nao de dua ra each thirc giai quyit. Viec khic phuc vi pham trong ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap Iuat cua Tda an cip dudi khdng phai la muc dich chinh cua giam ddc tham bdi VI cd nhiing trudng hgp sai lam cua Tda an cip dudi la khdng the khac phuc vi het thdi hieu. Ching han, trong ban an phiic thim cua Tda an cd hieu lyc phap luat, bi cao bi xir phat qua nhe va cho hudng an treo khong dung quy dinh; ngoai ra, Tda an cap phiic tham cdn sai lam trong viec xac dinh trach nhiem dan sy cita bi cao. Het thdi han 01 nam, nhung vi pham nay mdi bi phat hiSn.
Trudng hgp nay, vi pham ye ap dung hinh phat cua Tda an la khdng the khac phye.
Viec quy dinh Hdi ddng giam d6c thim cd thi sua ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu lyc phap luat, Tda an cd tham quyen giam ddc tham khdng chi kiem tra tinh hgp phap ciia cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an cip dudi ma cdn true tiep xet xu ve ndi dung vu an, bien giam ddc tham thanh mgt cap xet xu thu ba, cd nhung dac diem gan gidng nhu xet xu phuc tham. Bao cao danh gia tac dgng cua dy thao Bd luat TTHS sua ddi cua Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao cung cho rang quy dinh nay "khdng phu hgp vdi nguyen tac che do hai cap xet xu; tham chi, cd the se lam cho Hdi ddng giam ddc tham trd thanh cap xet xu thir ba. Nhu vay ia khdng phu hgp vdi tinh chat cua xet xir giam ddc tham"^.
Mat khac, Tda an cap phuc tham cd quyin siia ban an so tham bdi vi khi xet xir phuc tham, ban an so tham bi khang cao,
9 Vien ki€m sat nhan dan l6i cao (2015), Bao cao danh gia tac dgng du thao Bo luat TTHS (sCra doi), tr. 19.
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LAP P H A P ^ S6 16(392)78/2019T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT
khang nghi nen chua cd hieu lyc phap luat.
Cac ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an dugc xem xet lai theo thu tuc giam ddc tham la cac ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an da cd hieu lyc phap Iuat. Cac ban an, quyet dinh nay mang tinh quyen luc Nha nudc sau sac, the hien true tiep thai do cua Nha nudc ddi vdi tpi pham va ngudi pham tdi. Ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an da cd hieu luc phap luat cd tinh bat budc ddi vdi cac ben cd lien quan va vdi mpi ca nhan, ca quan, td chiic trong xa hdi. Cac hanh vi cd y khong thi hanh an hay can trd viec thi hanh an cd the bi truy ctru trach nhiem hinh su. Viec quy dinh Hpi ddng giam ddc tham cd quyen sua ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an da cd hieu luc phap luat la trai vdi nguyen tac khdng ai bi k i t an hai Ian vi mdt tdi pham cua Bd Iuat TTHS va cac quy dinh ve bao dam hieu lyc cua cac ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an.
2. Kien nghi hoan thi^n quy dinh ciia Bo luat To tung^hinh su- n a m 2015 v l t h u tuc giam doc t h a m
2.1 Doi twang cua thd tuc gidm doc tham trong TTHS
Sira ddi Bp luat TTHS 2015 theo hudng bd sung quy dinh ve ddi tugng cua thu tuc giam ddc tham:
Thir nhdt, ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an da cd hieu luc phap luat, trong dd bao gdm:
- Ban an so tham khdng bi khang cao, khang nghi theo thu tuc phiic thim;
- Nhirng ban an phuc tham.
Thi^ hai, quyet dinh da cd hieu lyc phap luat, trong dd bao gdm:
- Quyet dinh dinh chi xet xu phuc tham ciia Tda an cap phiic tham;
- Quyet dinh giam ddc tham hoac tai tham cua TAND c i p cao;
- Quyet dinh giam doc tham hoac tai thara cua Hgi ddng T h i m phan TAND toi cao trong trudng hgp vi lgi ich phap luat hoac minh oan ngudi bi ket an.
2.2 Cdn cit khdng nghi theo thd tuc gidm doc thdm
Sira ddi D i l u 3 7 1 Bd Iuat TTHS 2015
ve can cii khang nghi giam ddc thim theo hudng ban an, quyit dinh da co hieu luc phap luat cua Tda an bi khang nghi Idii ed mpt trong cac can cir sau:
Tht} nhdt, ket luan trong ban an, quyit dinh cua Tda an khdng phu hpp vdi nhung chiing cir cua vu an, cu thi la:
- Ket luan cua Tda an khdng dugc khing dinh bang cac chung cii dugc xem xet tai phien tda;
- Hgi ddng xet xu da khdng can nhic den nhiing chimg cii cd anh hudng co ban den ket luan trong ban an, quyet dinh;
- Cdn tdn tai nhiing chung cii ddi lap nhau cd y nghTa quan trgng trong viec ra phan quyet nhung Tda an da chap nhan mpt trong cac chung cir ddi lap ma khdng neu ra nhiing can cii cua viec chap nhan nhirng chimg cu nay va bac bo chiing cu khac;
- Ket luan da dupc neu trong ban an cd nhirng mau thuan co ban va da anh hudng hoac cd the anh hudng den viec giai quyet van de cd tpi hoac khdng cd tpi cua ngudi bi ket an hoac ngudi dugc tuyen vd tdi, den viec ap dung dung phap luat hinh su hoac quyet dinh miic hinh phat.
Thu hai, cd vi pham nghiem trgng thu tuc td tung trong dieu tra, truy to, xet xii,
Thir ba, cd sai lim nghiem trpng trong viec ap dung cac quy dinh cua Bp luat Hinh su va Bd luat Dan su.
2.3 Thdm quyin eua Hoi Snggidm Sc thdm D I dam bao nguyen tac xet xir hai cap, dong thdi thi hien tinh chat dac biet cua thu tuc giam ddc thim trong TTHS, nen bd quy djnh tai khoan 5 Dilu 388 va Dilu 393 Bp luat TTHS 2015 v l thim quyin sua ban an, quyit dmh da cd hieu lyc phap luat cua Hdi ddng giam ddc thim.
Ddi vdi can cit de Hpi ddng giam ddc t h i m buy ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat d l dilu tra hoac xet xit lai, quy dinh tai'Dilu 391 Bg luat TTHS 2015 cin dugc bd sung theo hudng: buy ban an, quyet dinh da cd hieu luc phap luat de dieu tra lai, truy td lai hoac xet xir lai" •
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