Dinh hirong phat trien d l Viet Nam
tro* thanh quoc gia thinh vwong den nam 2030 va tam nhin d§n nam 2045
Bui Tat Thang"
Tom tat: Chiin luge Phdt triin kinh ti - xd hgi 10 ndm (2011-2020) cua Viet Nam dang ddn di din nhiing ndm cudi vdi d\c kien dgt dugc nhiiu thdnh tuu quan trgng, ki thica vd phdt huy tdt nhimg thdnh qud ndi bdt cua thdi ky trudc, do la vugt qua tinh trgng nude ngheo de chinh thuc trd thdnh nude cd mice thu nhap trung binh. Tuy vdn cdn d mice thu nhap trung binh thdp, nhung nin kinh ti Viet Nam dang budc vdo thdi ky Chiin luoc mdi (2021-2030) vdi nhimg co hgi mdi vd tdm thi mdi di vuon tdi khdt vong vugt qua bdy thu nhdp trung binh, trd thdnh qudc gia thinh vugng vd cd miic thu nhap trung binh cao vdo nam 2030. Bdi viit bdn vi mdt sd dinh hudng phdt triin Idn, bao gdm cdc yiu to vi thi chi, ve md hinh tdng trudng. ve cdc ngudn luc, ddng luc di hudng tdi viec hien thuc hda muc tieu khdt vgng neu tren.
Tir khoa: Chien lucre phat trien, Qudc gia thinh vuong. The ch8, Md hinh tang trudng, Nguon lire phat trien, Ddng lire phat trien
Abstract: The 10-year socio-economic development strategy for the period of 2011- 2020 is gradually coming to the final years with the expected achievements. That is the inheritance and promotion of outstanding achievements of the previous period, overcoming poverty to officially become a middle-income country. Although still at a low average income level. Vietnam's economy is entering a new Strategy period (2021-2030) with new opportunities and new minds to reach the aspiration of overcoming the middle income trap to become a prosperous country and have a high average income country by 2030 This paper discusses a number of major development directions, including factors of institution, growth model, resources and incentives to realize the aspirational goals mentioned above.
Keywords: Development strategy. Prosperous nation. Institution, Growth model.
Development Resources, Motivation for development
Md dau san Viet Nam; den nam 2045, ky niem lan Vao thdi dilm nam 2030, Viet Nam ky thu 100 nam ngay thanh lap nude Viet Nam niem 100 nam ngay thanh lap Dang Cong Dan chu Cong hda, nay la Cong hda xa hoi
chu nghia Viet Nam.
n D/-CTC ,/•- 7Z^- 7 k-f , •' RA k-i E^ay la hai dau mdc vd ciing quan ' ' PGSTS., Vi?n Chien Iiroc phat tnen. Bo Ke J ^ . *?
hoach va Diu tu; Email: thangbt.vids@mpi.gov.vn trpng tren buoc duong xay dung dat nuoc
Inung nn miua iiyb AU I.
phdn vinh, thinh vuong cua lich su Viet Nam hien dai.
Nam 2016, ben thSm Dai hoi XII cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Bo K% hoach va DSu tu va Ngan hang Tha gidi (WB) da phat hanh tai lieu "Viet Nam 2035 - Hudng tdi Thinh vugng. Sang tao, Cdng b4ng va Dan chu". Tai lieu da chi ra khat vong chung cua dan tdc Viet Nam ve mdt quoc gia thinh vuong, trudc het la sir thinh vucmg v^ kinh te, la mdt xa hdi "thudc nhdm cd thu rihap d muc trung binh cao... Cac thg ch§ thi trudng manh me va hien dai, dam bao canh tranh cdng bang va tu do, dam bao tat ca cac hinh thuc sd hiiu tu nhan, thi trudng vdn va dat dai canh tranh va minh bach..."
(Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, Ngan hang The gidi, 2016: 47). Su thinh vugng ve kinh te (di ddi vdi ben vimg ve mdi trudng) cd muc tieu xac dinh la "dan giau, nude manh", ciing da dugc neu trong cac ban Hien phap Viet Nam nam 1992 va 2013, ciing nhu trong cac van kien ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam va Chinh phu Viet Nam.
Bao cao "Viet Nam 2035" ciong dua ra nhimg tinh toan chi tiet ve kich ban tang trudng va chi ra rang: neu GDP binh quan dau ngudi tang d miic 6%/nam thi den nam 2035 se tiSn tdi mdc 18.000 USD (tinh theo sire mua tuong duong bang USD nam 2011). Neu dat miic tang trudng tren 7%/nam, GDP theo dau ngudi se dat xap xi 22.200 USD, tuong duong vdi miic thu nhap cua Han Qudc nam 2002 hoac cua Malaysia nam 2013. Cdn neu dat tdc do tang tmdng cao hon, dieu dd se giiip Viet Nam duoi kip Indonesia va co the vugt Philippines vao nam 2035 neu hai nude nay tiep tuc duy tri tang tmdng nhu hien nay (xem Hinh 1).
Cho den nay, Viet Nam da trai qua gan 35 nam thuc hien chinh sach ddi mdi nen kinh te, xay dung nen kinh te thi tmdng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia. Theo danh gia chung ciia nhieu chuyen gia va td chiic qudc te, Viet Nam dugc xem la mdt trong nhung dien hinh ve phat trien thanh cdng. Chi trong vdng mot the he, tii mdt
Hinh 1. Cac kich ban tSng trirdng thu nhap cho Viet Nam vao nam 2035 ,000 r— - - - -
" V ^ N a m (6H lang trucmg bqflieo daimgjcn) - • W i t N a m p ^ H a i bq tfwo d ^ u n p n ) Ngudn: Bp K6 hoach va D^u tu, Ngan hang The giai (2016: 15).
nude trong nhdm ngheo nh4t the gidi khi bat dau ddi mdi, Viet Nam da vuon len trd thanh mot nude cd thu nhap trung binh va dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu v^ xa hdi tuong duong vdi cac qudc gia cd muc thu nhap cao hon. Ngirdi Viet Nam xem nhiing ket qua cua cac chinh sach ddi mdi neu tren la
"nhimg thanh tuu to Idn, cd y nghTa lich sii"
ciia minh.
Theo udc tinh, giai doan 10 nam 2011- 2020 tang tmdng GDP se dat khoang 6,35%/
nam, thudc nhdm cac nude tang tmdng cao trong khu virc va tren the gidi. Quy md GDP tang gap 2,5 i k , tu 116 ty USD nam 2010 len khoang 290 ty USD nam 2020. GDP binh quan dau ngudi tang tir 1.332 USD nam 2010 len hon 3.000 USD nam 2020.
Mdt chi tieu kinh te quan trgng khac la kim ngach xuat nhap khau da tang 3,5 lan, tir 157,1 ty USD nam 2010 len khoang 548 ty USD nam 2020, tuong duong 190% GDP;
trong dd, kim ngach xuat khau - mdt dgng lire quan trgng cho tang trudng kinh te trong nhieu nam qua, da tang tir 72,2 ty USD nam 2010 len khoang 275 ty USD nam 2020, tang binh quan 14,2%)/nam. Nhd vay, can can thuong mai da chuyen tir muc tham hut 12,6 ty USD nam 2010 sang can bang va bat dau cd thang du trong nhung nam gan day.
Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi nam 2018 so vdi nam 2010 tang 2,7 lan. Ty le hd ngheo (theo chuan ngheo da chi^u) da giam tir 9,2% nam 2016 xudng cdn 6,8% nam 2018 (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2018).
Ki, thira nhiing ket qua dat dugc ciia Doi mdi, Viet Nam ngay nay dang hudng tdi muc tieu trd thanh nude cdng nghiep, cd miic thu nhap tmpg binh cao; co the che kinh t6 ddy du theo cac tieu chuan phd bi6n cua nen kinh te thi trudng hien dai va hpi nhap quoc ti; cd nang suat Iao ddng va siic canh tranh cao, dam bao hai hoa giua tang trudng kinh te vdi phat trien van
hda, phat trien eon ngudi, thyc hien tiln bd, cdng bang xa hpi, bao dam an sinh xa hdi, bao ve mdi tmdng, phat trien xa hpi ben vimg. "Cac muc tieu do phan anh khat vong ve mdt cuoc sdng cd trdi xanh, nude sach, khdng ngimg cai thien ve diSu kien vat chat; mdt xa hdi lanh manh, dan chu va cong bang, cd trinh dp van hoa cao; mot nha nude hieu qua va cd trach nhiem giai trinh" (Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu, Ngan hang Thg gidi, 2016).
CJ thdi diem hien nay, Viet Nam dang khan tmong trien khai nghien ciiu xay dung Chien luge phat trien kinh t8 - xa hpi 10 nam 2021-2030 va K6 hoach Phat triin kinh te - xa hpi 5 nam 2021-2025 phuc vu Dai hdi XIII cua Dang, du kien tien hanh vao quy 1/2021.
Nham thyc hien nhimg muc tieu the hien y ehl, khat vgng va siic manh vuon len cua dan tdc, cac dinh hudng phat trien trong thdi ky tdi phai ket hgp nhuan nhuyen giiJa ke thira va phat trien, ddi mdi, sang tao;
giua ly luan va thyc tien; thu hiit tdi da tri tue, cac y kien ddng gdp cua cac co quan, td chire qudc te, cac tang Idp nhan dan, cac nha quan ly, doanh nhan, hgc gia trong va ngoai nude.
Ndi dung chinh cua cac dinh hudng va tam nhin phat trien de Viet Nam trd thanh mot qu6c gia thinh vupng trong 10-25 nam tdi ve CO ban van la viec xac dinh 4ung dan va thuc hien tdt nhiing dot pha chien luge; cac chinh sach Idn lien quan den tim kiSm nhiing ddng luc tang tmdng, nang cao nang suat Iao ddng va nang lyc canh tranh;
viec thyc hien co hieu qua nhat cac cam ket qu6c te ve hpi nhap cung nhu cac Muc tieu toan cau ve phat trien ben viing (SDGs) cua Lien Hgp Qudc den nam 2030.
Vdi tinh than nhu vay, bai viet neu mot s6 dinh hudng phat trien Idn dang dupe quan tam.
Thdng Hn Khoa hoc xa hpi. so ii.zuis 1. Nang cao ch^t lurmig the che kinh te thi
trumig dinh hirdng xa hpi chu nghia, giai quyet tot hon quan he giira Nha nirdc, thi tru-dng va xa hpi
Mac dii da trai qua gan 35 nam chuyin sang nen kinh te thi tmdng vdi rat nhieu cai each ve the che, den nay nhirng yeu td va cae quan he thi tmdng da phii khap moi hoat ddng cua nen kinh te; nhung chat lugng thyc hien the che kinh te thi trudng van cdn thap va chua ddng deu d cac nganh nghe, ITnh virc; the che kinh te thi tmdng chua ddng bg, d4y dii de bao dam thi tmdng van hanh thdng sudt theo nguyen tac thi trudng.
Thi trudng chua thuc sy la co sd, can cu de huy ddng va phan bd cac ngudn lyc phat trien. Chat lugng cua mdt sd van ban phap ly chua cao, chua du rd rang, minh bach va cdn chdng cheo. Viec thuc thi phap luat cdn nhieu vudng mac khien cho mdi tmdng dau tu kinh doanh chua thyc sy thdng thoang, an toan, lanh manh va nhat quan. Cai each hanh chinh tuy rat tich eye nhimg khong ddng deu, bd may hanh chinh chua dap iing dugc nhu cau quan ly sy van hanh cua nen kinh te thi tmdng; che do phdi hgp, phan cap, phan quyen, liy quyen chua rd rang, ranh mach d&i den cdng viec khdng trdi chay.
Vi vay, nhiem vu dat ra tmdc mat la phai nhanh chdng hoan tat qua trinh chuyen ddi sang kinh te thi tmdng hien dai, hdi nhap theo thdng le qudc te. Theo dd, tiep tuc thyc hien mgt trong ba dot pha chien luge "hoan thien the che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghTa" dupe neu trong Chien luge Phat trien kinh te - xa hdi 10 nam 2011-2020, nhung khong phai trgng tam chi la "tao lap mdi trudng canh tranh binh dang va cai each hanh chinh", ma cdn phai bao quat mgt pham vi rgng hon, vdi trgng tam chinh la:
- Xay dung bd may nha nude cd cau triic va phuong thiic boat ddng phii hgp.
hieu lye va hieu qua theo tinh thin Nha nude phap quyen, kien tao phat trien, cung cap dich vu cdng day dii, kip thdi cho ngudi dan va doanh nghiep. Nhimg nhiem vu cu the cd the la tiep tuc cai each mdt each thuc chat cac thii tyc hanh chinh, bai bd cac rao can han che quyen ty do kinh doanh theo tinh than ciia Dieu 33 Hien phap 2013:
"Mgi ngudi cd quyen ty do kinh doanh trong nhiing nganh nghe ma phap luat khdng cam". Che do edng vy phai la che dp chiic nghiep thyc tai, dugc danh gia bang sy hai long cua ngudi dan va doanh nghiep.
Ddi mdi manh me che dp phan cap, phan quyen, uy quyen va nang cao hieu qua phdi hgp trong lanh dao, chi dao dieu hanh theo hudng cd quy dinh che do trach nhiem rd rang, minh bach.
- Nang cao chat lugng mdi trudng kinh doanh, bao dam canh tranh binh dang thuc sy va phat trien day dii, ddng bd cac loai thi tmdng, dac biet la thi tmdng bat ddng san. Ap dung nguyen tac thi trudng doi vdi cac don vi sy nghiep cdng lap. Xay dung va hoan thien khung kho phap ly cho cac loai hinh kinh doanh mdi xuat hien. Viec quan ly va bao ve mdi trudng phai tuan theo nguyen tac thi tmdng.
- Viec huy ddng, phan bd va sii dyng cac ngudn lyc phat trien trong xa hdi phai theo nguyen tac thi tmdng. Trong dd, ddi vdi khu vyc kinh te nha nude, can danh gia va cd ke hoach su dung het siic hieu qua tai san cdng; day nhanh viec thyc hien cai each khu vyc doanh nghiep nha nude. Ddi vdi khu vyc kinh te tu nhan hong nude: thiic day qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien bang he thdng cac chinh sach phu hgp. Ddi vdi khu vyc dau tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI), trien khai thyc hien ngay Nghi quyet sd 50- NQ/TW ngay 20/8/2019 cua Bp Chinh yi vk dinh hudng hoan thien the che, chinh sach, nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua hgp tac dau
tu nude ngoai den nam 2030, vdi tinh than thu hiit FDI mdt each chgn Igc, chii trgng vao cac tap doan hang dau the gidi, cd edng nghe cao, than thien vdi mdi tmdng, lien kit vdi cac doanh nghiep trong nude.
- Giai quyet tdt mdi quan he giiia Nha nude - thi tmdng - xa hdi, trong dd Nha nude thyc hien tdt chijc nang xay dyng chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach, phan bd ngudn lyc phat trien theo co che thi trudng;
bao ve quyen sd hiiu tai san hgp phap va quyen ty do kinh doanh, thyc thi hgp ddng ciia ngudi dan, doanh nghiep theo quy dinh cua phap luat. Nha nude sir dung the che, cac ngudn lye, cdng cu dieu tiet, co che, chinh sach phan phdi va phan phdi lai de phat trien van hda, thyc hien tien bg, cdng bang xa hdi, bao dam an sinh, nang cao phuc Igi xa hpi va bao ve mdi tmdng. Phat huy vai trd ciia ngudi dan, doanh nghiep, cac to chiic chinh tri - xa hdi, nghe nghiep va cdng ddng trong tham gia xay dyng, phan bien va giam sat thuc hien chinh sach, phap luat.
2. Tiep tuc day manh co" cau lai nen kinh te mot each thyc chat de nhanh chong dinh hinh mo hmh tang t r u d n g kinh te mdi
Qua trinh co cau lai nen kinh te tir cho liic dau chi tap tmng vao ba linh vyc', den nay da md rdng ra toan bg nen kinh te va gan vdi qua trinh ddi mdi md hinh tang trudng - nang cao nang suat, chat lugng va hieu qua. Van kien Dai hdi XII neu rd:
"Mo hinh tang tmdng trong thdi gian tdi ket hgp cd hieu qua phat trien chieu rdng vdi chieu sau, chii trgng phat trien chieu ' Tai cau true dau tu vai trong tam la dau tu cong;
CO ciu Jai thj fruang tai chinh vol trong tam la t^i cau true he thong ngan hang thuong mai va cac to chiic tai chinh; tai cau tnic doanh nghiep nha nudrc ma trgng tam la cac tap doan kinh te va tong cong ty nha nuoc" (Ket lugn Hgi nghi lan thii ba Ban Chdp hanh Trung uang khoa XI. thdng 10/201!)
sau, nang cao chat lugng tang tmdng va siic canh tranh tren co sd nang cao nang suat Iao ddng, iing dyng tien bd khoa hpc - cdng nghe, ddi mdi va sang tao, nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc, phat huy Igi the so sanh va chii ddng hgi nhap qudc t i , phat trien nhanh va ben vung (hudng tdi cac myc tieu phat trien ben vung din nam 2030 ciia Lien Hgp Qudc); giai quyet hai hda giiia myc tieu trudc mat va lau dai, giua phat trien kinh te vdi bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh, gifta tang hudng kinh t i va phat trien van hda, thuc hien tien bd va cdng bang xa hdi, bao ve mdi tmdng, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than ciia nhan dan" (Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, 2016: 30- 31). Thyc hien chii truong nay, nhirng nam qua Viet Nam da dat dugc nhieu ket qua nhat dinh nhung viec "gan vdi doi mdi md hinh tang trudng" thi chua thyc sy rd net.
Mot mo hinh tang tmdng mdi dua tren tang nang suat Iao dpng, trinh dp cdng nghe - ky thuat san xuat cao chua dupe hinh thanh.
Vi the, trong thdi gian tdi, nhirng nhiem vy trgng tam nen hudng vao gdm:
- Ddi vdi ndng nghiep: Dam bao san xuit ra nong pham sach de cung cap thyc ph^m an toan cho xa hdi; phat hien nen ndng nghiep thuong pham da dang, cdng nghe canh tac hien dai, hinh thanh cac vung chuyen canh hang hda chat lugng cao. Day manh phong trao xay dyng ndng thon mdi.
Thyc hien chuong trinh trdng rimg nhim muc tieu dai han la bao ve mdi trudng, ling pho vdi biin doi khi hau. Hudng giai phap Idn la chinh sach hop ly ve tich ty dat;
khuyin khich phat trien kinh t i trang trai va doanh nghiep ndng nghiep; md rdng thi trudng; dam bao ngudn gidng tdt, thiic an chan nuoi va phan bdn hiru co...
- Ddi vdi edng nghiep: Hai trpng tam Idn la xac dinh nhdm nganh cdng nghiep uu tien va phan bd khong gian phat trien
Thong Hn Khoa hoc x& hoi. so 11.2013 cdng nghiep hgp ly, nham muc tieu tryc
dien la thuc day tien trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, dua Viet Nam trd thanh nude cdng nghiep. Nhiing nganh cdng nghiep can uu tien nen gdm: (i) nhdm nganh cdng nghiep nen tang dap iing nhu cau ve tu lieu san xuat co ban cua nen kinh te nhu cdng nghiep nang lugng, khai khoang, luyen kim, hda chat, phan bdn, vat lieu, co khi;
va (ii) nhdm nganh cdng nghiep cdng nghe cao: cdng nghe thdng tin va vien thdng, cdng nghiep dien tu, cdng nghiep san xuat robot, d td, thiet bi tich hgp van hanh ty ddng, dieu khien tir xa, cdng nghiep san xuat phan mem, san pham sd, cdng nghiep an toan thdng tin, cdng nghiep dugc pham, san xuat ehe pham sinh hgc, cdng nghiep mdi trudng, cdng nghiep nang lugng sach, nang lugng tai tao, nang lugng thdng minh, cdng nghiep che bien, che tao phuc vu ndng nghiep va vat lieu mdi di ddi vdi ap dung cdng nghe tiet kiem nang lugng, nguyen lieu... Viec bd tri khdng gian lanh thd can tinh tdi thyc te la dien tich dat han hep, yeu cau chdng d nhiem, bao ve mdi tmdng ngay cang cao. Hudng giai phap Idn la chinh sach hgp ly ve chuyen dich CO cau npi ngaiJi cdng nghiep theo hudng tang cac nganh cdng nghiep cd gia tri gia tang cao va dich chuyen len cac cdng doan cd gia tri gia tang cao hon trong chudi gia tri cua timg nganh. Ban hanh cac tieu chuan cdng nghe, ky thuat san xuat theo hudng hien dai, phii hgp vdi thdng le qudc te. Phat trien cdng nghiep hd trg va hinh thanh cum nganh cdng nghiep trong mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep uu tien. Khuyen khich manh me sy phat trien ciia doanh nghiep tu nhan trong nude, tang cudng lien ket vdi khu vyc cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai. Khuyen khich ap dyng manh me cong nghe hien dai, nhdt la nhiing thanh tyu ciia Cach mang Cdng nghiep lan thu tu.
- Ddi vdi khu vuc dich vu: Nang cao toan dien chat lugng cac hoat ddng cua kinh te dich vy, trgng tam la: (i) Nang cao quy md va hieu qua hoat ddng ciia thi tmdng chiing khoan de trd thanh kenh cung cap chil yeu ngudn vdn cho dau tu phat trien; (ii) Ap dung chuan myc qudc te cho cac hoat ddng k i toan, k i i m toan, ngan hang thuang mai...; (iii) Cai thien can ban phuong thiic va chat lugng cung cap dich vu cdng.
3. Phat trien manh me khoa hpc, cong nghe va doi mdi sang tao lam dong lire chu yeu cua md hinh tang trirdng kinh te mdi
Muc tieu can ban va lau dai la nang cao trinh dp cdng nghe ciia nen kinh te, coi do la tieu chi danh gia hieu qua hoat ddng ciia khoa hgc va cdng nghe. Dinh hudng chinh sach Idn bao gdm:
- Ddi mdi manh me co che quan ly va tai chinh trong hoat dgng nghien ciiu khoa hgc, doi mdi sang tao, chuyen giao cong nghe phu hgp vdi co che thi tmdng. Cho phep thyc hien co ehe thu nghiem chinh sach mdi, chap nhan nii ro cho viec trien khai va irng dung edng nghe mdi, ddi mdi sang tao, md hinh kinh doanh mdi. Day manh nghien cuu khoa hgc, cdng nghe trong cac doanh nghiep, co sd dao tao gan vdi nhu cau thi tmdng. Khuyen khich doanh nghiep dau tu nude ngoai hinh thanh cac trung tam nghien ciiu va trien khai, ddi mdi sang tao tai Viet Nam.
- Lya chpn va tap trung hd trg trien khai nghien ciiu, iing dung phat trien cdng nghe cho mdt sd nganh va ITnh vyc then chdt.
- Nang cao tiem lyc va trinh dp khoa hpc - cong nghe trong nude de cd the triin khai cac hudng nghien ciiu khoa hgc va phat trien cdng nghe mdi, ITnh vyc cong nghe uu tien, nhat la cdng nghe sd, thdng tin, sinh hgc, tri tue rihan tao, eo dien tu, ty ddng hda, dien tii y sinh, nang lugng, mdi trudng...
- Phat trien manh mang ludi cac td chiic dich vu trung gian mdi gidi, danh gia chuyen giao cdng nghe. Khuyen khich nhap khau, chuyen giao cdng nghe tien tiin ciia the gidi. Tang cudng cdng tac bao hg va thyc thi quyen sd hiru tri tue. Ap dung he thong tieu chuan, quy chuan hai hda vdi tieu chuan qudc te.
- Day manh hgp tac qudc te ve khoa hpc, cdng nghe, da dang hda ddi tac, lya chpn ddi tac chien luge la cac qudc gia cd nen khoa hgc, cdng nghe tien tien; gan ket giua hgp tac qudc te ve khoa hgc, cdng nghe vdi hgp tac qudc te ve kinh te.
- Xay dyng va thyc hien chuong trinh chuyen ddi sang nen kinh te sd.
4. Phat trien manh mang lu'di ket cau ha tang va he thong do thi
Phat trien ha tang ciing la mot trong ba ndi dung ciia dot pha trong Chien luge Phat trien giai doan 2011-2020, vdi ndi dung cy the la "xay dyng he thdng ket cau ha tang dong bp, vdi mdt sd cdng trinh hien dai, tap trung vao he thdng giao thdng va ha tdng do thi Idn". Thyc hien dot pha nay, thuc te cho thay, so vdi 10 nam trudc day, nang lyc he thong ket cau ha tang ndi chung va mang ludi giao thdng dudng bd ndi rieng dugc nang len dang ke. Tinh chung trong khoang 10 nam qua, Viet Nam da hoan thanh va dua vao khai thac, su dung gdn 970 km dudng cao tdc, 5.760 km quoc Id.
Cac tuyen cao tdc Ha Ngi - Hai Phdng, Ha Ngi - Lao Cai, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh - Long Thanh - Dau Giay, Da Nang - Quang Ngai...; cac cau dudng bp Idn, cac cang hang khdng va cang bien quan trgng dugc xdy mdi, nang cap, m d rdng. Cac co sd ha tang trong nhieu ITnh vyc nhu: nang lugng, thiiy Igi, thdng tin va truyen thdng, giao due va dao tao, khoa hpc va cdng nghe, y te, van hda, t h i thao, du lich... dugc xay dyng. Ha tang cua cac dd thi Idn nhu cac
tuyen dudng chinh ra vao thanh phd, cac dudng vanh dai dd thi, cac cdu Idn... dugc xdy dyng vdi quy md Idn.
Tuy vay, he thdng ket cdu ha tang vdn chua theo kip nhu cau phat triin kinh t i va ddi sdng. Tinh ddng bp, ket ndi, nhdt la ddi vdi cac loai hinh giao thdng chua ddng bp, tap tmng chii yeu vao giao thdng dudng bp.
Ha tang iing phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, cong nghe thdng tin chua hoan chinh va ddng deu d nhieu dia phuong, dac biet la vung niii cao. Ha tang dd thi khdng theo kip sy gia tang ddn sd va tdc dp do thi hda, mot sd cdng trinh chat lugng kem va khdng tuan thii nghiem theo quy hoach.
Vi vay, ben canh viec day manh tiep tuc thyc hien cac ndi dung da dugc xac dinh ciia dot pha phat trien ket cau ha tang
"tap trung vao he thdng giao thdng va ha tdng dd thi Idn", cac hudng tap trung uu tien cua thdi ky tdi nen bao gom:
- Hoan thanh diit diem cac cdng trinh dang xdy dyng nhu dudng bp cao toe Bac - Nam phia Ddng, day nhanh tien dp xdy dung cac tuyen dudng sat do thi tai Thu do Ha Ndi va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (tmdc nam 2025).
- Khdi cdng xdy dyng va dua vao sii dung hai cong trinh Idn: Cang Hang khdng qudc t i Long Thanh va giai doan 1 tuyen dudng sat cao tdc Bac - Nam.
- Xdy dung ha tdng sd va he thong co sd du lieu qudc gia.
Phat triin manh he thdng do thi theo hudng hoan thien va nang cap chat lugng cac dd thi, tang cudng tinh Hen kit va lan toa ciia dd thi, lam cho cac dd thj trd thanh dgng lyc manh de phat trien kmh te xa hgi ciia cac vung. Hudng giai phap Idn la tap trung vao cac chinh sach quan ly quy hoach; ddt do thi, bat ddng sdn; tao viee lam; dam bao khdng gian dd thi xanh, sach, kiin true dep; can ddi giiia ha tdng
Thong Hn Khoa h^c xa h^i. so 11.2013
giao thdng, cung cdp nude, dien, y te, giao due... vdi quy md dan sd.
5. Phat trien con ngirdi va van hoa, xa hoi Mdt dot pha chien luge khac ciia giai doan Chiin luge Phat triin 2011-2020 la:
"Phat triSn nhanh ngudn nhan lyc, nhdt la ngudn nhan lyc chat lugng cao, tap trung vao viec ddi mdi can ban va toan dien nen giao due qudc dan; gan ket chat che phat trien ngudn nhan luc vdi phat triin va ung dung khoa hgc, cdng nghe". Hai ITnh vyc
"giao due - dao tao" va "khoa hpc va cdng nghe" dugc xem la "qudc sach hang ddu".
Mdt qudc gia thinh vugng khdng the khdng ndi tdi phat trien con ngudi vira vdi tu each la ngudi tham gia phat trien kinh te, vira vdi tu each la ngudi dugc se chia, thy hudng ket qua ciia phat trien.
Tren thyc te, 10 nam qua Viet Nam da ghi nhan nhieu ket qua ve phat trien con ngudi va van hda, xa hdi. Vdi quan diem phat trien bao trum, khdng de ai bi tut lai phia sau, Viet Nam dugc the gidi danh gia cao ve cdng tac xda ddi giam ngheo, y te, giao due. Den nay, nhieu muc tieu phat trien ben vimg den nam 2030 ma Viet Nam cam ket da thyc hien vugt ke hoach.
Chi sd phat trien con ngudi (HDI) ciia Viet Nam lien tuc dugc cai thien, thudc nhdm cac nude cd miic phat trien con ngudi trung binh cao cua the gidi. Tuy nhien, van cdn ton tai nhiing mat ban che cdn khac phuc de tao them dgng lyc phat trien xa hdi va kinh te nhu ket qua giam ngheo da chieu chua ben viing, nguy co tai ngheo cdn cao, khoang each phat trien giiia cac vimg cdn Idn, bat binh dang thu nhap dan cu cd xu hudng gia tang, te nan xa hdi nhieu nai dien bien phiic tap... Cd the noi, nhiing npi dung ve phat trien con ngudi va van hda, xa hdi ludn dugc xem la bieu hien tren be mat xa hpi cua sy thinh vugng quoe gia, va tren thyc t i , sy hai long va cam giac hanh
phiic cua con ngudi mdi la gia tri dich thyc cua sy thinh vugng. Vi the, dinh hudng giai phap ciia ITnh vyc nay nen bao gdm cac ndi dung chu yeu sau:
- Thyc hien nhat quan tu tudng v i taiig tmdng bao trum (inclusive growth), phan ddu sdm hoan thanh cac Muc tieu toan cau ve phat trien ben viing (SDGs) theo Chuong trinh nghi sy phat trien ben viing 2030 cua Lien Hgp Qudc.
- Xdy dyng con ngudi Viet Nam cd siic khde, cd y thiic trach nhiem edng dan cao, cd trinh dp chuyen mdn tdt, cd nang lyc hdi nhap va cd loi sdng dep - chdn thanh, tin nghia.
- Cai each tdng the, he thdng, ddng bd chinh sach tien luang theo hudng tudn thii nguyen tac phan phdi theo Iao ddng va quy luat khach quan cua kinh te thi trudng, lay tang nang suat Iao ddng la co sd de tang luang.
- Ap dyng che do chiic nghiep thyc tai trong ddi ngii can bg, cdng chite. Ddi mdi che dp tuyen dyng, sii dung, trpng dyng nhdn tai khoa hgc - cdng nghe va ddi mdi sang tao.
- Cd ke hoach chi tiet, cu the thyc hien Nghi quyit sd 29-NQ/TW (ngay 04/11/2013) cua Hdi nghi Trung uong 8 khda XI ve ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao dap iing yeu cau cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda trong dieu kien kinh t i thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa va hpi nhap qudc te.
- Xdy dyng chien luge viec lam thda dang (decent work) cho ngudi Iao ddng Viet Nam; Xdy dyng chien luge phat triin tre em Viet Nam.
6. Bao ve tot mdi trirdng, sir dung hieu qua tai nguyen va ung pho vdi bien d6i khi hau Su thinh vugng ben viing ve kinh t i dugc tao ra khdng phai dya tren "vay" tai san (tai nguyen) cua cac the he tuong lai.
ma la "cd the dap iing dugc nhung nhu cdu hien tai ma khdng anh hudng, tdn hai din nhung kha nang dap iing nhu cdu cua cac thi he tuong lai..." (Uy ban Mdi tmdng va Phat triin T h i gidi - WCED, 1987).
Thyc te kinh nghiem phat trien kinh te nhanh cua mgt sd qudc gia thugc NICs, dac biet la thyc tien thyc hien Chien luge Phat triin giai doan 2011 -2020 tai Viet Nam cho thdy, con ngudi ngay cang nhdn ra rang, viec su dung hieu qua tai nguyen, bao ve mdi trudng ty nhien va da dang sinh hgc cd y nghia het siic to Idn ddi vdi cugc sdng ciia con ngudi va miic do ben vung ve kinh te.
Do vay, hudng giai phap Idn d day nen bao gom: (i) Ddy manh tuyen truyen, giao due y thiic bao ve mdi tmdng vdi triet ly con ngudi la mdt bd phan hiiu co ciia chinh mdi tmdng tu nhien minh dang sdng; (ii) Khuyen khich nhiing du an su dung cdng nghe sach, than thien vdi mdi tmdng; (iii) Cd chinh sach quy dinh ve loi sdng va tieu dimg xanh trong toan xa hdi; (iv) Thyc thi nghiem hie danh gia tac dpng mdi tmdng ciia timg dy an; (v) Thuc hien nguyen tic ddi tugng gdy d nhiem mdi tmdng phai tra chi phi de xii ly, khac phyc hau qua, cai tao va phyc hdi mdi tmdng; doi tugng dugc hudng Igi tir tai nguyen, mdi tmdng phai cd nghia vii ddng gdp de ddu tu trd lai cho bao ve mdi tmdng.
Ket luan
Su thinh vugng cua mot qudc gia, tmdc het la thinh vugng ve kinh te, khong chi la khat vgng ciia bdt cii qudc gia nao.
Viec hien thyc hda myc tieu nay can dya tren nhiing nen tang virng chac ve mot trinh do phat trien kinh te nhat dinh da dat dugc va quan trgng ban la mdt tam nhin xa rong, mdt dinh hudng diing dan vdi sy ddng thuan va siic manh chimg cua toan xa hpi.
Trong diiu kien Viet Nam hien nay, nhiem vu mang tirih chiin luge cua thdi gian tdi la phai vugt qua bdy thu nhap trung binh vdi
cac dinh hudng Idn, gdm: (1) Nang cao chdt lugng the chi kinh te thi tmdng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa, hoan tdt qua trmh chuyen ddi, giai quyet tdt hon quan he giua Nha nude, thi tmdng va xa hdi; (2) Ddy manh hon niia qua trinh ca cau lai nen kinh te mot each thyc chat de nhanh chdng dinh hinh md hinh tang tmdng kinh te mdi, chu yeu dua tren tang nang suat Iao ddng xa hdi; (3) Phat trien manh me khoa hgc, cdng nghe va ddi mdi sang tao, nhdt la thanh tyu ciia Cach mang Cdng nghiep lan thii tu, coi do la dpng lyc chu yeu cua md hinh tang trudng kinh te mdi; (4) Phat trien manh mang ludi ket cdu ha tang va he thong dd thi, lay sy phat trien do thi lam ddng lyc thiic ddy, loi keo sy phat trien cua mdi vimg; (5) Phat trien con ngudi va gia tri van hda Viet Nam, phat xa hpi ben vimg; va (6) Bao ve tdt mdi tmdng, sii dung hieu qua tai nguyen va chu ddng img phd vdi bien ddi khi hau trong bdi canh anh hudng cua chiing den ddi sdng kiiih te va xa hpi ngay phirc tap Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ban Tuyen giao Tmng uong. Ban Kinh t i Tmng uong (2014), Bdy thu nhdp trung binh - Bdi hgc cho Viit Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tri q u i c gia - Sy that. Ha Noi.
2. Bd K i hoach va Ddu tu, Ngdn hang The gidi (2016), Viet Nam 2035 - Huang tdi Thinh vugng. Sdng tgo. Cdng bdng vd Ddn chil, Nxb. Hdng Diic, Ha Ngi.
3. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2011), Vdn kien Dai hdi Dai bieu todn qudc lan thii XI, Nxb. Chinh tri q u i c gia. Ha Ndi.
4. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2016), Vdn kien Dgi hgi Dgi bieu todn quoc Idn thii XII, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, HaNgi.
5. Tdng cue T h i n g ke (2018), Bdo cdo Tinh hinh kinh ti - xd hgi ndm 2018.
6. Uy ban Mdi trudng va Phat triin the gidi - WCED (1987), Bdo cdo Brundtland.