bao chi cach mang trong nhu'ng nam chong

NHLFNG V A N 0 ^ CHUNG V^ LICH SU' O A N G

f r

BAO CHI CACH MANG TRONG NHU'NG NAM CHONG

t

CHIEN TRANH PHA HOAI 0 MI^N BAG (1965-1968)

TS TRINH THI HONG HANH

B

"chien tranh eye bg", dua quan

vien chinh My vao tham chien ^ " ^ ^ ^ i ^ fren quy mo Icm a mien Nam, diy

manh chien tranh phi hoai bing bii quin va kb6ng quan d6i vcVi mien Bic.

Phat huy nhung kinh nghiem diu tranh vi lanh dao c6ng tic bao chi, Ding ta da huong bio

cbi phyc vy nhiem vy tuyen truyen, van dgng toin din hing hii tham gia sin xuat va chien diu. kien quyet dinh bai cuoc chien franh phi hoai de bio ve vung chic mien Bic XHCN.

dgng vien sire nguoi. sire cua a mire cao nhit de chi vien cho cuoc chien franh giai phong mien Nam.

Truoc N'eu ciu. nhiem vu frong tinh hinh moi. Trung uong Ding d i ban binh nhieu cbi thi. nghi qii\ el lanh dao c6ng tic tu tuong. bio

* HiK vien CT-HC Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh

Phonf! vien dang hogt dgng nghiep xu Igi can cuhoa luc Tan Lam (Bdc Quang Tri, J-I972I

cbi. Ngiy 2-4-1965, Ban Bi thu ra Chi thi s6 94-CT/TW Vi cong tdc tu tuong trong tinh hinh tnroc mat, neu ro nhiem 'vy: Lim cho loin Ding, loan quan, loan dan ta frong mgi hnh the deu tin tuong vung chic vao duong 16i. chu truong d6i noi, d6i ngoai; co y chi quyet chien, quyet thing de qu6c My xam luge; ra sire lam t6t nhit mgi c6ng tic trong sin xuit v i frong chien diu..., phit huy cao do vai fro cua cin bg, ding vien va cac luc lugng nong c6t frong quin chimg. tang cuong su nhit tri trong Ding, su doin ket irong cac

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ting lop nhin din, vi su gin bo giira quan vi din, tao ra mot cao trio cich mang soi n6i vi lien tyc trong sin xuit vi chien diu.

Chu tich H6 Cbi Minh chi ro: Bio chi cua ta phii phyc vy nhin din lao dgng. phyc \ai chu nghia xa hgi, phyc vu cho diu franh thuc hien th6ng nhit nuoc nhi, cho hoi binh the gicM. Do viy, "D6i voi nhung nguoi viet bio chiing ta, cay but la via khi sic ben, bii bio li to bich cich mang"'. Tinh chien diu kh6ng cbi nham tien cong vao ke thii cua each mang, ma con bieu duong nhung tim guong tieu bieu trong chien diu va lao dgng de c6 vii tuih than hang hii tham gia cich mang.

Ban Bi thu yeu ciu c6ng tic tu tucmg phii kit hap chdt che bg mat: "tuyen truyen giio dye ve tinh hinh, nhiem vy vi duong 16i chu truong cua Dang trong hoan cinh mcM; nang cao trinh do hieu biet ve quan ly kinh te va ky thuat; ve chien tranh nhin dan va qu6c phong loan dan; b6i duong phong cich vi dao dire cich mang cua giai cip v6 sin"^.

Quin triet siu sic su chi dao ciia Tnmg uong Ding. Bdo chi cdch mgng a miin Bdc nhirng ndm 1965-1968, Hip tue phdt triin cd vi so luong vd chdt luong, tgo ra mot dien mgo moi.

Vi CO cdu, he tb6ng bio cbi tir trung uong den dia phuong tiep tuc phat frien. Tir thing 12-1965, Tong cue Thong tin va he th6ng th6ng tin cac cap ra doi, dugc xic dinh la mot mat frin quan trgng frong cong tie tu tuong ciia Ding. He tb6ng phin xa ciia Viet Nam Thong tdn xd vi dgi ngii phong vien thuong tni cua cic to bio tnmg uong tren tuyen lira dugc hinh thanh, bao dim cho hoat dgng thong tin dai chung kip thoi va th6ng suot. 0

cic Khu vi Quan khu, mot s6 to bio dugc xuit bin phyc vu true tiep cho luc lugng vii frang cua dia phuong. C) cac dia phuong, den nim 1965, 25 hnh, thanh da xuat ban bio.

Mot s6 to bio moi dugc thanh lap hoac dugc hgp nhit. Bio, tap chi chuyen nganh phat triin nhanh. Mot so tap chi nghien cim chuyen nganh ra doi. Bio cua cac to chuc xa hgi, quin chung ra doi tao dien mao moi frong ling bio chi cich mang.

Vi sd luong phdt hdnh, cac bao trung uong CO s6 lugng phit hinh tir gin 2 van den bon 10 van bin la: Bio Nhdn Ddn, Tap chi Hoe tdp, Bao Qudn doi nhdn ddn, Tap chi Tuyen hudn, Bio Khoa hoe thuong thirc. Bio Vdn nghi,...

Cic bao cua dia phuong co so lugng phit hinh khoing tir 3.400 to/ky (Hoa Binh) din toi 16.000 to/ky (Thanh Hoa).

Trong nhiing nim 1965-1968, hiu bet cic bio deu tang them frang, so lugng phit hanh:

tir 64,5 trieu to (nam 1965) len 105,5 hieu to (nim 1967). Cic loai hinh bio chi ciing xuat hien ngay cing phong phii: tuin bio, nguyet san, bin nguyet san,...

Cung voi bao in, he th6ng truyen thanh ting tir 721 Ien 919 he th6ng, loa phat thanh tir 214 len 265 cii, chieu dai duong truyen din tir 13.278 km Ien 17.128 km, may thu thanh hr 137 Ien 210 cai^ Ddi Tiing noi Viet Nam (thanh lap nam 1945) phit hr 13 din 15 gio moi ngay fren 5 he th6ng, phyc vy nhan din va phit ra nuoc ngoii voi 11 ng6n ngir tren the gicM. Viet Nam Thong tdn xd mo\ ngay phit hon 10 loai tin, tai lieu d6i noi. d6i ngoai bing 6 thir tieng fren the gich; lip dugc cac phin xa tai cic tinh thinh trong nuoc vi hang

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chyc phin xi o nuoc ngoii*. Mang \u6i truyen thanh 6 cac dia phuong, co so hinh thanh va c6 buoc phat trien manh me, gop phin ph6 bien kip thoi, sau rgng chu truong, duong I6i, chi dao cua Ding vi Nhi nuoc ta. C) cic thinh ph6. thi xa, cic co so kinh te, mot s6 tinh, mang luoi truyen thanh da xu6ng tc3i tan co so, voi be tb6ng loa c6ng cong ngiy cang nhieu. 6 mot s6 tinh, mang luoi truyen thanh da toi xu6ng toi xa. Hang trieu nguoi thuong xuyen dugc nghe dii, nghe chuong trinh phat thanh dia phuong. Dai phit thanh da dua c6ng tic tuyen truyen len mot buoc, pham vi tuyen truyen dugc mo rgng, tb6ng tin pb6 cap nhanh den mgi vung mien, g6p phin c6 vii phong frio each mang ciia ci nuac.

Trong dieu kien chien tranh ic liet, boat dgng ciia bio cbi, dii phat thanh, thong tin xa dugc tang cuong. M6i don vi deu co phuong in dim bio boat dgng trong thoi chien, ke ci frong nhiing luc kho khin nhit. Mang luoi cic phan xa cua Viet Ngm Thong tdn xd va phong vien thuong tni eiia cic bao trung uong 6 cic dia phuong, nhit li cic friyen lira dugc hinh thanh, bio dim boat dgng th6ng tin dai chiing, Iu6n dimg 6 miii nhgn sin xuit va chien diu.

Cac doan the quin chung ciing ra bio lam cong cy tuyen truyen, van dgng hgi vien.

Do de qu6c My lien hanh dinh phi miln Bic du" dgi, nen bio dia phuong gap rit nhieu kho khan, loa soan bio cua nhieu tinh lien tyc phii di chuyen de dim bio an loan, nhieu tinh chu yeu pbil hinh bin tin phyc vy cho nhiem vy luyen fruyen. 21/25 linh mien Bic ra dugc bao, mot s6 tinh do sip nhap nen cac to bio ciing th6ng nhat lam mot, do do so lugng to

bio bi thu hep. Bin tin cua mot s6 dia phuong ra kh6ng deu ky-, s6 lugng chua nhieu. Din din, cic dia phuong phit trien ban tin frianh bio chinh thiic ciia ding bg.

Bdo chi miin Bdc gop phdn vgch ro dm muu ke thii, xdy dimg vd cung ed quyet tdm thdng My.

Pliin irih hien thuc vira chien diu vira sin xuit cua quin va din mien Bic, bio chi mien Bic tip frung truyen tmyen, co dgng cho viec thuc hien nhiem vy xiy dyng kinh te. hau phuong vung manh, phin inh, c6 •vii nhiing nhin t6 dien hinh frong phong frio thi dua yeu nuoc.

Cic to bao, dai phit thanh trung uong, th6ng tin xa pb6i hgp, lim c6ng tic phat dgng, th6ng tin ve nhieu phong trio rgng 1cm.

Nhung cuoc van dgng trong cuoc chien diu loan dan, toin dien voi khi the anh hiing frong toin xa hgi fro thanh bien tugng hiem co frong lich sir. Nhieu tam guong anh himg, nhieu phong frao each mang ciia nhin dan dugc bao phat hien. c6 via, fro thanh phong frao rgng IcDn frong ci nuoc, co tic dyng c6 vu, dgng vien to Ion nhin din ci nuoc hy sinh, phin diu vi su nghiep th6ng nhit dit nuoc.

Khong khi bao hung frong cic phong frao thi dua lao dgng sin xuit: phong trio Ba sdn sdng cua thanh nien, Ba ddm dang ciia phy nil, Ba nhdt frong cac luc lugng vu frang...

deu dugc ding tii tren cac bao voi nhung dong binh luan, nhirng bii xa luan chay bong long nhiet hnh each mang.

Bio chi ciing tip trung cho viec gicM thieu khuyen khich nhirng guong lao dgng gi6i.

guong nguoi t6t viec t6t. thing thin phe binh nhung thoi xiu nhu luoi bieng, tham 6, lang phi,

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quan lieu. Chinh su c6 vii khich le cua bio chi da tao nen lan s6ng thi dua s6i noi, rgng khip frong c6ng cuoc lao dgng xiy dyng CNXH, thiic diy cic phong trio thi dua ngay cing mo rgng.

Cic bio ra hang ngiy phin inh kip thoi va sinh dgng cuoc chien diu ciia quin vi dan mien Bic. Khiu hieu "Tit ci cho tien tuyen, tit ci de dinh thing giac My xim luge" tro thanh quyet tim. hinh dgng cua m6i nguoi din, m6i gia dinh, m6i dia phuong fren mien Bic. Ci mien Bic ra quin vc3i tinh thin "Thoc kh6ng thieu mot cin, quin kh6ng thieu mot nguoi". ngiy dem d6n sire tang vien cho mien Nam dinh My.

Voi su chu dgng, linh boat cua cic loa soan, dgi ngii ph6ng vien cic bio Icm, kh6ng khi chien diu, sin xuit s6i dgng tren ci bai mien Nam - Bic dugc cic bio phin inh khi phong phu vi hip din.

Trong khoing thoi gian tir diu nim 1967 den diu nim 1968, de qu6c My diy cuoc chien franh phi hoai lin thir nhit len den dinh cao, cic bio deu ding bai xa luan Ion quin triet siu sac y cbi sit di cua loin Ding va c6 vii manh me toin din, toin quan ci hai mien Nam - Bic quyet tim dinh thing giac My. Nhan cac su kien n6i bit 6 mien Bic nhu bin roi chiec miy bay thir 1.500 vi 1.600, nim 1966 cic bio Icm deu ra s6 die biet chio mimg su kien nay, voi nhieu bii, inh, bin d6, s6 lieu tb6ng ke cy the s6 lugng miy bay bi bin roi 6 timg tinh. Diy la dip Uiyen tmyen sau rgng vi dim net ve thing lgi cua quan vi din mien Bic, c6 vii quin din mien Nam diu franh.

De kip thoi phin anh vi dua tin ve cuoc song chien diu cua quan va dan mien Bic

frong cuoc chiin franh phi hoai cua de quoc My, cic phong vien da toa di cic dia phuong, din timg don vi bg dgi phong khong, kb6ng quin, din quin tu ve, den ci benh vien - noi cic chiin si dang dieu tri vet thuong de gap go. trao d6i. nim tuih hinh de viet bii tuyen truyin. Bio Qudn doi nhdn ddn, ngay 2-6-

1966. dua hn vi bai phan anh khi cy the. chi hit vl Dai hgi thanh nien quyet thing cua cic luc lugng vii frang mien Bac.

Thuc hien nhiem vu gan cong cuoc xdy dimg CNXH a miin Bdc vd cuoc ddu tranh d tiin tiiyin Ion ciia dong bdo miin Ngm, bdo chi miin Bde phdn dnh cuoc ddu tranh anh diing ciia qudn ddn mien Nam, co tdc dung quan trong CO vii phong trao ddu tranh tren cd nude.

Viec tuyen truyen vao Nam (chu yeu qua Dai phat thanh) li vach ro im muu va hanh dgng tgi ic ciia dich; tuyen truyen tinh hinh mien Bic de dgng vien vi c6 vii mien Nam, ting cuong chien diu, phin inh khi the each mang.

hing say lao dgng, tich cue ung hg mien Nam;

neu cao nhung thing lgi ve mgi mat cua mien Nam; ting cuong tuyen truyen phong trio each mang cua nhin din the gicM nhat la phong frao img bg cich mang mien Nam.

Bim sit tinh hinh, kip thoi phin anh nhifrig buoc phit trien cua cich mang mien Nam.

ngoii tm chien su bing ngay, nhung bii tuong thuat cic trin danh Ion, nhiing th6ng ke thit bai cua dich, nhiing thu nhin cua d6i phuong..., cac bao con nhieu bii binh luan sic sio, nhirng bai xa luan voi nhirng dinh gii, nhin dinh. nhirng chi dao sit thuc.

Bdo chi a miin Bdc phdn dnh phong trdo phdn doi chiin tranh xdm luge eiia di quoc

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My d cdc nude, tdng ciromg mgnh me cong tdc tuyen truyen doi ngogi, franh thu su d6ng linh va ung hg cua nhin din the gioi. chi ro cuoc diu tranh chinli nghia cua nhin din Viet Nam vcri myc tieu giii phong mien Nam, bio ve mien Bic, lh6ng nhit dat nuoc.

Cic bio duy tri deu din tin tire the gioi.

binh luan qu6c te. tim hieu cic nuoc anh em.

boat dgng cua cac phe phii, luc lugng tren truong qu6c te. N6i bit la phong frao cac nuoc ung bg cuoc khing chien ciia nhin din ta, ke ca nhin din My, phin inh nhirng "Tuin Viet Nam", "Tuin phin d6i chien tranh xim luge Viet Nam" dugc l6 chirc a cic nuoc.

Bio Nhin din co chuyen myc Nlidn ddn the gioi dong tinh, giup do vd cd vu chiing ta ding tii nhiing bai phin inh su ung bg cua cua nhin loai lien bg vi cic nuoc anh em d6i voi cuoc khing chien cua nhin din Viet Nam.

Bio cbi mien Bic frong nhung nim 1965- 1968 gop phin die luc vao thuc bien nhiem vy c6ng tic tu tuong, b6i duong y cbi qu>'et chien. quyet thing giac My xim luge, y cbi vi dcx lip. ly do vi CNXH, kien quyet chien dau den thing lgi hoin loin cua quin din la. D6ng thoi. boat dgng th6ng lin cua bio cbi con co tic dyng c6 vii. ning cao long lin tuong cua nhin din vio duong 16i, chinh sach vi su linh dao cua Dang, ning cao tinli thin lu hao dan tgc, lu tuong tu luc cinli sinh, giir \'ung duong 16i cich mang dgc lip ciia Dang, phe phan nhimg bieu hien cua lu tuong hiru khuynh, khic phyc cbii nghia quan lieu, diy manh cao trio cb6ng My, cim nuoc.

Tuy nhien, c6ng tic tuyen truyen giio dye frong thcri cian diu lam chua that siu sic va

chua tao ra dugc mot nhin thirc toin dien \ i CO bin. Trong viec vach trin im muu cua dich, con CO nhung thieu sot nhu chua lim n6i bit bin chit, su ngoan c6 cua de qu6c My.

chua lim ro tinh chit khin truong liu dai vi ngiy cang ic het cua cuoc diu franh ch6ng My, the bi dgng vi ch6 yeu cua dich. the lien c6ng vi ch6 manh cua ta,...

Duoi su chi dao kip thoi, chit che cua Ding, bio cbi da chinh d6n. u6n nan, bio dim kip thai thuc hien nhiem vy chinh tri cua c6ng tie tu tucmg. VcM nhifrig phuong tien vi hinh thirc bieu hien da dang, chu de tnmg tim ciia bio cbi frong su6l giai doan cich mang nay la y chi cb6ng My, cim nuoc. linh thin lien c6ng each mang. quyet chien quyet thing.

Bao chi nhirng nim 1965 - 1968 da bim sat nhung yeu ciu nhiem vy cua cuoc khang chien ch6ng My, cim nuoc. dim bio nguyen tic linh Ding, tinh khoa hgc va thai su. Bam sat chu truong, duong loi ciia Ding tren tit ci cic mat chinh tri. kinh le. vin boa, xa hgi. cic to bio kb6ng ngimg d6i moi ve noi dung va hinh thirc the hien, phin inh sinh dgng va kip thai cuoc chien diu anh hiing, phong frao thi dua sin xuit manh me cua quin vi dan la, co tic dung c6 vii, dgng vien quin va din 2 mien Nam - Bac gop phin tich cue vio thing lgi cua cuoc khang chien ch6ng My, cim nuoc.

1. Ho ChiMmh Tocm tap. CTQG, H, 19%, T. 11, tr.444 2. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang loan tap, CTQG, H, 2003, T. 26, fr.l28

3. Tong cue thong ke: .So lieu thong ke tinli liinJi pint trien kinh le vd van hoa mien Bdc ndm 1968 (so lieu sa boX H, 1 %9. tai lieu Vien Lich sir Dang, 113/101/23.3, tr 93

4. 55 ndm Hoi nhd hiio Viet Nam, H, 2005, tr.94.

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