Social Science. 2017, Vol. 62, Iss. 11, pp. 209-216 This paper is available online at hllp //sldb hnue.edu.vn
T R I T H l T C B A N D I A T R O N G C A N H T A C L U A N U O C
CUA DAN TOC THAI TINH SON LA
Dang Thi Nhuan
Khoa St^f - Dia, Tntdng Dgi hgc Tdy BdcTom tat. Bai bao irinh bay kel qua nghien cflu tri ihflc ban dia trong canh lac Iiia nudc cua dan tgc Thai lai mgi so dia ban cU iru iruyen thdng ihuoc linh Sdn I,a. Vitn dung phUcing phap dieu tra, phong van, iham van IrUc tiep cong dong cil dan nong nghiep trdng liia, nghien cflu nay nhan dien kT ihuai canh lac liia nU6c, cac bien phap kT ihuai iruyen thdng id phan loai rudng nUdc den cac khau litm dai, gieo trong, cham sdc, ihu hoach va bao quan lua sau thu hoach. Ket quii nghien cflu chi ra nhflng Uu diem ciia kien thflc ban dia Irong canh tac lua nudc. Ddla; nang cao nang suit va san 1 tiOng IUdng ihUc, sfl dung hdp tf ngudn lai nguyen dat, nudc, ddng thdi gop phan bao ve he smh thai nong nghiep Iruyen thong lai dia pbUdng.
Tif khda: Tri thflc ban dia, lua nUdc, dan ldc Thai, Sdn La
1.
MGId§u
Tri thflc ban dia (hay cdn dUdc goi la kien thflc iruyen thong) la he Ihong kiln thflc cua cac dan tdc ban dja hoac cua mdt cdng dong lai mgt khu vflc cti the nao dd, dUdc hinh thiinh qua qua trinh trai nghiem vii due kel cua mdi dan tdc, qua sU chgn loc trong qua trinh van dong cua cudc sdng, hudng d6n sU thich nghi vdi dac diem van hda, xa hgi vii mdi trUdng ndi ho sinh sdng va san xuit.
NgUcfi Thai vung Tay Bac noi chung va tinh Sdn La ndi rieng cU tru chu yeu tai cac khu vUc thung lung, chan nui gin cite ngudn nUdc. Hoat dgng sinh ke cd ban cua hg dUa viio san xuit ndng nghiep, trong dd trdng lua va canh tac rudng nudc la boat ddng kinh te chu dao. Do vay, cdng ddng ngudi Thai tfch luy dUdc nhflng tri thflc ban dia trong qua trinh canh tac lua nfldc mang lai hieu qua cao trong san xuat.
Tfl irUdc tdi nay, cac nghien cflu ve dan loc Thai tren nhieu ITnh vUc da dfldc cac nha nghien cflu quan tam. Tiic gia Cam Trgng da nghien cflu ve tdc Thai vdi nhflng dac IrUng ve cac loai^inb kinh te, che do rudng dat vii ban mudng diin tgc Thai d Tay Bac [7]. Tac gia Trin Binh da de cap den tSp quan hoat dgng kinh te cua dan tgc Thai [2] Tac gia Ngd Xuan Sag nghien cflu ve tri thflc ban dja trong canh tac Ida nUdng truyen thdng ctia ngUdi Thai d cac xa mien nui phia lay Thanh Hda [4]. Tac gia Mai Van Tdng vdi nghien cflu ve tri thflc ban dia cua ngUdi Thai trong canh lac rugng nfldc va canh lac nfldng ray [5]... Nhflng cdng Irinh nghten cflu tren da cd nhflng phan tich,
Ngay nhan bai. 15/3/2017. Ngay sfla hai IO/E/2017, Ngay nhan dang; 20/9/2017 Lien he Dang Thi Nliu^n, e-mail nhiian4899@gmail,com
Dang Thi Nhuan
phan anh ve tri Ihflc ban dia trong san xuil nong nghiep cua dan tgc Thai ndi chung. Tuy nhien, chua cd mgt cdng trinh nao tim hieu ve In thflc ban dia trong kT thuat canh tac lua nUdc ciia dan tgc Thai d tinh Sdn La - mgt tinh mien nui phia bac vdi dan tgc Thai chiem tdi 54,71 % dan so cua tinh, trong san xuit nong nghiep viec canh tac Ilia nudc gifl vai tro quan trong ddi vdi dan toe nay.
Hien nay, hoat dong siin xuit Ida nUdc cua ngudi Thai d Sdn La cd nhieu ihay doi. Vi vay, xem xet va danh gia nhflng diem ti'ch cUc cua tri thflc ban dja dUdc ap dung trong san xuat lUdng thuc cua cong ddng diin toe Thai gin vdi qua Irinh sfl dung hdp If cac nguon liii nguyen la hUdng nghien cflu can thiel dap flng yeu cau phat tnen ndng nghiep ben vflng d tinh Sdn I-a hien nay.
Dua tren nhflng ngudn IU lieu nghien cflu ve dan tgc Thai va viec sfl dung phUdng phap nghien cflu thuc dia* khao sat, phdng vin sau (ddi IUdng phdng van chu yeu lii cac giii lang, trfldng ban) va tham vin cdng ddng dan tdc Thai tai cac huyen Thuan Chiiu. Mudng La, Quynh Nhai, trong khudn khd biii viel lite gia tap trung viio cac van de sau.
- Gidi thieu va trinh bay he Ihdng tri thflc ban dia cua ngudi Thai iip dung trong canh tac Ilia nUdc tai linh Sdn La.
- Danh gia viec van dung Iri Ihflc ban dja trong kT thuat canh tac lua nUdc va chl ra nhflng Uu diem cua nd trong viec nang cao hieu qua san xuat va gdp phan quan Irong dot vdi viec sfl dung ben vflng tai nguyen thien nhien.
Nhflng ket qua nghien cflu tren hUdng tdi viec gidi thieu dac trUng van hda san xuit ciia dan tgc Thai d Sdn La, mat khac pho bien tri thflc, kinh nghiem qui bau doi vdi phat trien nong nghiep mien nui theo hfldng ben vflng
2. Noi dung nghien cu'u
2.1. Khai quat ve dan toe Thai ct tinh Sdn La
Sdn La, tinh mien nui phfa Tay Bac V i e t N a m , cd toa dp dia If tfl 20" 3 1 ' den 22" 02' vT do bac va tfl 103"l 1' den 105° 02' kinh dd ddng [8]. Sdn La giap tinh Yen Bai d phfa bac, phfa ddng nam giap C H D C N D Lao va llnh Thanh Hoa, phia ddng giap cac llnh Phu Tho, Hda Binh, phfa Tay B i c giap tinh Dien Bien, Lai Chau.
Bdng 1. Phdn hd ddn tdc Thdi theo cdc huyen d linh Sdn IM [IJ STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
Huyen Song Ma Mai Sdn Moc Chau Tliuan Chau Phil Yen Thanh pho Bac Yen Van Ho Sop Cop Mudng La Yen Chau Quynh Nhai Tong cong
So dan (NgirtJi) S5 399 88 709 33 385 127.062 ,33..570 50.061 21.021 25.047 26.509 62.900 41.159 51.709 646.531
Tile(%) 13,20.
13,72 .5,16 19,65 5,19 7,74 3,25 3,87 4,10 9,72 6,36 7,99 100
Sdn L a c d 12 dan tdc sinh song, long dan sd nam 2016 lii 1.199.468 ngfldi. Trong sd 12 dan
tdc kd' tren, ngudi Thai cd sd dan ddng nhat: 646.531 ngUdi (chiam 54,71%), phan bd hau khap cac huyen, nhUng tap trung dong d cac huyen Thuan Chau, Sdng Ma, Mai Sdn, Mudng La, Quynh Nhai. Dan toe nay cd ddi sdng van hda dac sac, lieu bieu cho ban sac van hda vung Tay Bac Viel N a m [ ! ] .
Dja ban cU iru chu yeu cua dan Idc Thai thudc cac dang dia hinh thung lung cao, biin thung liing hoac chan ddi gan cac sdng, sudi Ihuan ldi canh tac ndng nghiep. Trong dd, trdng lua nUdc la boat dgng sinh ke cd biin cua ho. Vi ihg, cdng ddng dan tgc Thiii due rut dUdc nhieu kinh nghiem quy bau trong canb tac lua nUdc, dat dUdc nhflng thanh tUu nhit djnh trong viec dam bao nang suit dap flng nhu cau lUdng thflc dn djnh ddi sdng
2.2. Tri thiJc ban dia ap dung trong kT thuat canh tac liia nUdc 2.2.1. Phan Ioai ruong nudc
Nudc la nhan to quan trong hang d i u de diim bao cuoc sdng on dinh d cac ban mUdng dan tgc Thai Viec lUa chgn dia ban cU tru, canh lac gan vdi ngudn nUdc co vai tro quan trong hang dau, vi the, ngUdi Thai cd cau- "Mi nam chang mi mUdng, Mi mudng ching mi tao" ( Cd nUdc mdi cd mUdng, Cd mUdng mdi cd tao) [7].
Bdn tfl Nudc - M u d n g - Mudng - Tao da mo hinh khai quat mdi quan he tUdng tac gifla con ngfldi vdi tu nhien. Nudc da sinh ra id chflc xa hgi mang ten Mfldng, Mudng xUa cd ngudi dflng dau ten goi la Tao, Tao lai trd Ihanh phap nhan dflng ra to chflc xii hoi, liic ddng vii bidn lU nhien thanh rudng lua, cung cap cho con ngUdi ihdc gao.
Qua kmh nghiem thUc tiln canh lac rudng nUdc, ngfldi Thai dii due ket rang, rudng nudc la nguon cung cap lUdng thuc hdn ban so vdi viec canh tac iren nUdng ray, qua cau tuc ngfl "Hiiy lim ta, bau pdn nil hdi noi" ( Ray bao la khong bang rugng nha mgt thfla).
Tuy theo loai rugng nUdc, mil bien phap kT thuat cd khac nhau d moi loai rudng niiy. NgUdi Thai cd 3 each phan loai rudng rugng nudc nhu sau: Phan loai ruong theo dia binh, theo ngudn nudc, theo linh chat dat.
Cdch thit nhdt, phdn loat rugng nifflc theo dia hinh.
Cdng dong ngUdi Thai thudng canh lac d dia hinh thung lung Idng chao hay cao nguyen.
Dd la nhflng ndi thudng cd cac khoang d i t bang, cao thip ndi tiep nhau, va nlu cd ngudn nUdc thi deu cd the bien thanh rudng de trdng Ida. Ho chia rugng nfldc thiinh hai loai. Loai rudng nUdc d nhflng ndi bang phang ggi la "na tdng". loat rugng d cac ndi eo hep men theo trien nui hoac tren sUdn nui ggi la "na hon". Cd the hieu "na tong", "na hon" la nhflng canh dong dUdc tag bdi cac bac tfl thap Ien cao. Trong thflc te, neu mudn bien dia hinh khdng bang phang d mien mil thanh
"na tong", "na h o n " thi cdng ddng dan cfl phai dau tfl sflc lao ddng vao khau tao cac bd ngan nfldc.
Khau niiy co y nghTa rat Idn, bdi viec dap bd cho cac "na tdng hay "na hon" se diip flng dUdc yeu ciu diim bao cho viec din nfldc vao tflng thfla rudng bac thang va han che viec xdl mdn, rfla irdl ddi vdi nhflng khu vUc cd dd ddc ldn. Ngoiii ra, ca hai loai rudng tren mudn canh tac Ilia nUdc deu phai dap flng dUdc nhflng dieu kien sau: cd ngudn nfldc hoac cd the giiii quyel dUdc ngudn nUdc, tang d i t day { phai tfl > 60 cm trd len), dit cd tfnh gifl nfldc tdt,
Cdch thit hai, phdn logi rugng Iheo ngudn nitflc
Rudng nUdc mUa (na nam pha): phan bd chu yeu d nhflng vung dat cao chi dii nUdc cay mdt vu Viing dat ay phai dap flng yeu cau cd mgt lUdng mfla tdi da de d i t no nUdc, tfl dd tao nen nhflng mach nfldc khap ndi va con ngfldi cd ihe dieu khien nhflng mach dd viio rudng bang each khdi nhflng lach nhd de dan nudc v l . Ddi vdi loai rugng niiy, thdi gian cay ai vii cay thfldng la vao thang 5, thiing 6.
Dang Thi Nhuin
Rugng nudc ngam (na nam che), phan bd chu ylu d cac thung lung Idng chao. Rudng nUdc ngam lai dUdc chia thanh 3 loai' Ruong mUdng phai (rugng d vung Idng chao liy nUdc tfl cac sdng sudi thdng qua mUdng, phai); Rudng roc (rugng n i m trong cac khe sau. vUc t h i m hay thung lung hep, liy ngudn nUdc tfl cac khe lach lU nhien hoac mdl he thdng thuy ldi nhd bdn); Rugng dam lay (loai san nUdc mach ngay tai chd). Uu diem cua loai rugng nay lii con ngfldi lam chu dUdc ngudn nudc nen cd the chu ddng dUdc thdi vu va cac khau kT ihuat khac. NgUdi Thai cd cau: "ruong bun lii ngudn thdc lua" (Na pong d bd khau) de ndi len flu the hdn ban cua loai rugng nUdc ngam so vdi ciic loai khac. NgUdc Iai, rudng nUdc mUa phai chd nUdc cua Irdi, khdng chu ddng dUdc ngudn nudc nen bao gid thdi gian gieo cay cung cham hdn rugng nUdc ngam Do dd, nang suit lua d rugng nudc mUa thudng thap hdn d ruong nUdc ngam.
Cdch thit ba, phdn loai rudng theo chdf lifdng ddt dUdc chung toi md phdng theo bang sau:
Bdng 2. Phdn logi ruong theo hang tot, xau theo tri thifc bdn dia Loai ruong
Rugng tot Rugng trungbinh Ruong xiu
Phiin bo Nam sat ban (na ha ban).
Ke mieng mUOng (na pa mUdng).
Nim d gifla ruong idi va ruong xSu hay con goi rugng giiia (na xao cang) Rugng ke ben cai, cudi niUong (na kho sai pai nam)
Dac diein Rugng nhieu miin Do mun vfla phai Dii il mun
Cac giong Ilia duoc trong chii yeu Trong cac giong nep Tan
Thudng Irdng cac gidng Bong, La, Pe.
Thudng trdng liJa le.
(Ngiti : Tit heu dieu Ira thife dta) Trong canh lac lua nUdc day cua dan loc Thai thi viec phan loai rudng theo hang tdt xau khdng han nham muc dfch tac ddng vao khau kT thuat canh lac hoac sU dung phan bdn cho cac chan rugng xau, ma chinh la de dat gidng lua sao cho thfch hdp nham mang lai hieu qua nang suit cao ddi vdi tflng loai rugng khac nhau.
2.2.2. Lam dat va dan nu'dc vao r u o n g
- Lam dit: Khau lam d i t ciia ngUdi Thai phd b i l n la theo ldi "hda canh thuy nau". Nd dUdc thuc hien vdi each thflc sau: tien hanh phat cay cd d rugng va neu trong rudng cd rdm ra thi trai rdm, ra cho deu ihfla ru6ng, kht thay cd trong ruong da bi heo, kho thi tien hanh dot. Vtec liim nay giup cho lUdng tro bun dUdc hda deu viio cii thfla ruong lam tang do miiu cho rugng. Sau dd, dai dUdc chuan bi de canh lac liep tuc qua cac khau cay, phdi, ai, bfla.
+ Ciiy vd dit, diing trau ciiy, ldp dit ciiy sau khong qua 10-15 cm. Vtec cay dit va phdi dit ai dtfdc ap dung tfl xa xUa theo nguyen tac: "lam nUdng cay u, lam ruong tbi cay ai" (del hay bom cha, del na bdm phan).
+ Phdi dit ai ihudng keo dai Irong khoang 1 thang, sau do liim bd, thao nUdc vao bfla.
+ Bfla: Khau nay dfldc ngudi Thai thtJc bien vdi tieu chf "ban nudn" (bfla kT), irudc day cd ndi bfla den 10 lUdt mdi ciy. Chiec bfla cd truyen la dung cu liim bang rang go hoac tre. Lf do ma dan tdc nay dung cac loai rang bfla Iren lii vi bfla riing gd lien ldi hdn bfla sal, ngdai liim rudng nd cdn dUdc dung litm nfldng; ben canh dd. khi v i p phai dii neu giy rang bfla niig cd the thay thi ngay, hdn the nfla diin tdc nay khdng cd truyen thdng kinh nghiem trong viec che tac cac cdng cu lao ddng bang kim khf nen hp khdng chii ddng trong viec ren due cdng cu theo chat lieu nay nhfl ngudi Mong.
- Dan nfldc vao rudng: Vdi dia ban cfl tru d chiin cac day nui, ben canh cac con suoi ldn nho tren nhflng reo d i i phiJ sa nhd hep, dan Idc Thai da tan dung tdi da dien tfch dit ven sudi de lam 212
rugng nudc. Va vi le dd, dat dai trong canh tac ndng nghiep chu yeu la ruong bac thang ndi chdng nhau. De dam bao ngudn nUdc phuc vti lUdi tieu, ngUdi Thai da tao ra he thdng "mUdng - phai - lai - tin" trong vice canh lac lua nudc [7].
Viec "dan thuy nhap dien" de cung cap ngudn nUdc cho cac rugng nUdc dUdc thUe hien
£
he thdng "mUdng - phai - lai - Iin". " MUdng" la dudng de dan nUdc vao ruong, Trong qua h dao cac mUdng d i n nUdc, thudng cd ba loai mUdng. mUdng chim (mUdng dao), mUOng noi (mUdng d i p ) vit mUdng nfla ndi nfla chim (vfla dao vfla dap), tuy vao dia hinh cua tflng loai rudng ma dao cac loai mUdng phij hdp de din nUdc tdi ciic chan rudng cao thip khac nhau. Ngudn nUdc d mfldng bat dau dUdc din ve bdi cac phai. "Phai" lii cac con dap chan ngang ddng sudi dUdc xay dung tfl nguon nguyen lieu san c6 nhU dat, da, gd, tre... Cd hai loai phai la phai dii vii phai cay, phai quyet djnh lUdng nUdc irong mUdng Phai vflng thi mUdng cd nUdc tUdl cho rudng vii miia vu dam bao nang sual tdt. NgUdc lai, pbai vd thi miia mang that bat. Bdi vay, k h i n g dinh tim quan trgng ciia phai, ngUdi Thai cd cau tuc ngfl "Po tai pang; po nhang phai min" (phai v5 nhu cha chel, phai vflng nhu cha con). De bao ve cho mUdng vflng chac, nhat la nhflng loai mUdng diip ndi, ngudi ta them nhflng ke phu, ggi la "lai". Trong trUdng hdp dia hinh phflc tap khdng the dao mUdng hoac dap mUdng dai lien tuc dUdc thi ngUdi ta lam miing din de thay the, ggi ta "lin" Trung trUdng hdp do rudng nUdc can tUdi d d6 cao, sau khi dap phai nfldc da dang len cao mil chUa du do cao de chay vao rugng thi ngudi Thai lUa chgn giai phap lam "cgn" de dUa nUdc len cao. Cach lam "con" la nhd vao sflc manh cua ddng nUdc, tac dong vao canh chan de quay banh xe, cac dng nudc d banh xe se muc nudc va dUa len cao do xudng mang, tfl dd nudc theo ong mang chay viio ruong. Viec xac djnh vj trf de xay dUng cac cgn nUdc dUdc ti'nh toan chi tiet sao cho cac banh quay cua con nUdc boat ddng du de dUa nudc len cac mang dan de dUa nUdc viio rugng He thong "mUdng - phai - lai - lin" va cgn nudc la phfldng thflc khai thac till nguyen nUdc mdt each khon kheo va Iinh boat cua cac dan tgc sdng 6 vung nui trong canb tac rugng nudc ma trong dd dien binh la dan tgc ThaiDoi vdi ngUdi Thai, thuy ldi la van de quan irong hang diu trong qui trinh gieo trdng ciiy Ilia nUdc can sU hdp sflc cua cdng ddng, bdi vi mot ca the hay mpt gia dinh khong the lam dUOc.
Do vay, trong xa hdi truyen thdng cua ngUdi Thai da sdm hinh Ihanh y thflc cgng ddng. Tfl lao ddng da tao ra sU lien ket sflc manh cdng ddng. Sflc manh ay cd cdi ngudn tfl nhu cau tao ra nhieu Ilia gao de dap flng nhu cau cua con ngfldi
2.2.3. C h o n gidng, l a m m a va gieo t r o n g
- Chon gidng: I-ua lam gidng phai la hat may deu. Liia giong dUdc chon ngay tfl luc thu hoach, lua chgn lam gidng phai d nhflng dam rugng tdt nhat, chfn gia nhiit. Khi thu hat chl lay bdng me chac hat va chfn deu, cat tflng bdng lua buoc lai thanh bd (cum), khi phdi lua gidng phai de ca cum, phdi that khd rot cat Ida giong chd vu gieo hat niim sau. Sdng vdi nghe trdng lua nep, ngudi Thai da chgn dUdc nhieu loai gidng lua thfch nghi ddi vdi tflng loai rudng Nhflng ndi rugng cd dat lot thi thfldng trdng cac giong lua nep lan (ian Ngan, lan Lanh, lan LUdng, tan Nhe), cdn d nhflng rugng trung binh thudng trdng cac gidng (Nhoi, Bong, La). Mdl sd gidng lua ban dia cua dan tgc Thai d cac dia phUdng dUdc thong ke qua Bang 3.
- L a m ma va gieo trdng: Qua trinh Iam ma, ngUdi Thai thudng ngiim thdc gidng trong chum 2 ngiiy, u thdc gidng 2 ngay 2 dem trong la mung (trong qua trinh ngam thdc gidng cfl 20 kg thdc gidng Iai hda 1 lang mudi cho vao cung). Sau dd gieo ma 40 ngiiy, dam ma 50 ngay thi dem cay.
- Cay Ilia: I-ii khau quan trgng nhat de dam bao .sU phat trien cua cay lua nfldc Kinh nghiem cay cd truyen cua ngudi Thai phai thuc hien hai Ian: giiim ma ggi la "xam", nhd ma "dam", di cay that goi la "dam", nd dUdc tdng kit trong thitnh ngfl Thai "pu xam, dam ca" {nghia la. dam ma, cay ma).
Dang Thi Nhuan
STT
1 2 3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 Giong lija
Tan Nhe Tan Lanh Tan Ngin Tan LUdng Tan Hin Bong Ludng Bong Chon Bong Dam Lo Chiln
M a H d Ma Khua May Lay
Lai Nhen
Bdng 3. Ten gidng Ida hdn d Tieng Thai
Khau lan nhe Khau tan lanh Khau ian ngan Khau Ian lUdng Khau lan bin Khau bong lUdng Khau bong chon Khau bong dam Khau lo chien Khau ma hd Khau ma khua Khau may lay Khau lai nhen
Thbi gian tur luc gieo ma den iuc duac thu hoach
(ngay) Tren 180 ngay Tren 180 ngay Tren 180 ngiiy
Tren 160 ng^y Tren 160 ngay Tren 160 ngay
Tren 180 ngay
Tren 180 ngay
Tren 120 ngay
Tren 180 ngay
Tren 180 ngay
Tren 180 ngay
Khoiing 150 ngay
a cua ngudi Thdi Sdn La Cau tao hat thdc
Hat be, iron, gao trang.
thdm.
Vo hat gao flng do, hai iron, gao Irang, thOm Vd hat vang, hat Iron, hat to hdn tan nhe, gao Irang, ft thdm
Vd hat vang flng, hat iron hdi det, hat trung binh, gao trang, deo va ft thdm Hat mau xam, nhd , iron Hat thdc vimg, nho, gao trang, deo Vd vang nhat, hat to va det, gao tring, it thdm, khdng deo lam.
Vd den, hat trdn to va hdi del, gao Iring, an deo va khong thdm.
Vd vang nhat, hat dai, gdc canh, gao trang, rat deo, it thdm Vd vang nhat, hat to hdi det, gao tring, ft thdm, ft deo
V6 vang nhat, b^t to hdi del, gao Irang, ft thdm, it deo
Vo hdi tim vang, hat to det, gao Irang, ft thdm, fl deo
Vd van den vang, bat Iron hoi del, gao tring, rit deo, rat thdm
(Nguon- Ttf
Dia diein thu thap
Xd Piing Tra TMng Tra Piing Tra Fung Tra Fung Tra PiJng Tra Chiing Bang Chiing Bang Chieng Bang Chieng Bing Chieng Bang Chieng Lao Chieng Lao ieu diiu t
Huyen Thuan Chau ThuSn ChSu ThuSn Chiu Thuan Chau Thuan Chau Thuan Chau Quynh Nhai Quynh Nhai Quynh Nhai Quynh Nhai Quynh Nhai Mudng La Mudng La n ihUc dia)
Tieu chuin kT thuat cua d i m ma, cay ma la "bdn mUdi ngay ma, nam mUdi ngay dam" (xf xfp ca, ha xip xam). Nhu vay, tuoi m^ dUdc dinh lit 90 ngay trong dd 40 ngay ciiy lua phat trien d rudng ma va 50 ngay sau lua se phat tnen d thdi ky "dam ma". Vdi phUdng phap cay 2 lan, cay lua nep moc rat tot, bien phap kT thuiit nay cd tac ddng rit !6n l6i nang suit cay lua, tuc ngfl Thiii cd cau: "lua lot bdi phan, ma tot bdi dam" (khau chan pfla ha, ca chan pfla xam).
2.2.4. Tao p h a n x a n h cho r u o n g
NgUdi Thai thuc hien each lao phan xanh nhU sau; theo hch mua vu thi vao thang 2, thang 3 dUdng lich, lam d i t phat cd mgc quanh bd rugng Sau dd, cay rugng vui xudng 16p dUdi dit de u nUdc, qua thdi gian cac loai ciiy cd phan buy lam chat miiu cho dat rudng Ngoai ra, ho cdn chat mot sd loai cay nhU. cay chd de (BaU bdng bd); la cay bat Irang (BaU long lay); la cay sdng (BaU rau), cac loai cay va la niiy dUdc hai vii chiit nhd u lai ngay lai rugng cho phan buy lao thanh phan, khi ciiy lan 2 hg se dem rai khap deu rugng, chi'nh la ngudn phan hflu cd rit idl cho dit.
2.2.5. Cham sdc, thu hoach va bao quan
- Cach cham sdc va bao ve: Sau khi ciy xong, ngUdi Thai de rugng khan (kho) khoang 10 ngay cho lua bam re viio biin, sau do hg thao nudc vao, lam cd 2 - 3 lan, ddi vdi nhflng chd liia xiu dung phan bd hoac phan Idn bdn them. Ddi vdi nhflng rudng phat hien cd sau benh, ngUdi ta lay cay sa nhan bam nhd va rai d rugng, mui cua cay sa nhan nhU mot thfl "thudc" dudi sau benh.
- Thu hoach: Khi lua chfn dung dung cu tfl tao cam tay (ggi la hep) cat tflng bdng lua, sau nay dung liem de gat lua, rdi bd vao thanh tflng cum lua de phdi tren nhflng san bang tre. hoac nfla khoang tfl 3 - 4 ngiiy (tuy thdi tilt nang nhieu hay it). Ho tien banh dap lua ngay tai rugng va van chuyen ve nha.
- Bao quan: Khi cho lua vao bd chfla, ngUdi Thai IhUdng dung mgt s6 cay cd mui hie de ben canh de chong mgt nhu cay ngai cflu (co Ifnh 11), phdi kho de-gan bd thdc thudng khi de nhU vay thdc khdng bi mgt.
2.3. Danh gia viec van dung tri thii'c ban dja vao san xuat liia nitdc ben vrfng
Tri thflc ban dia ap dung trong viec phan chia cac loai rudng cd tac dung tim ra phUdng thflc canh tac phu hdp doi vdi tflng loai dat, Nhflng ndi rugng cd dat tot dung trdng cac giong lua nip tan (tan Ngan, tan Lanh, tan LUdng, tan Nhe), cdn d nhflng ruong trung binh ihudng trdng ciic gidng (Nhoi, Bong, La). Viec dat cac gidng lua sao cho phu hdp vdi tflng Ioai rugng cd ^ nghTa rat Idn tdi viec dam bao nang suit cua tflng gidng liia tren mdi loai rugng khac nhau.
Viec din nUdc, tao mat bang cho tflng thda rudng dUdc thflc hien vdi muc dfch dam bag ngudn nfldc va giam bdt qua irinh rfla troi de dam bao do phi cho dii. D i p bd rugng nUdc cua ngudi Thai dfldc thUc hien theo tieu chuan trdn, nhan tUa bdi diu (nam man, kan kieng) Tfl luc bat dau dap bd cho tdi khi lua cho thu hoach, rudng phai quang dang "sach bd tdt rudng" (pe can, chan khau). NgUdi Thai cho rang lam nhU vay se gifl dUdc nUdc d rudng va tranh dUdc chuot ldi lam d, pha hoai lua.
Ldi canh tac dung rang bfla tre, gd (khdng cin cay) cua dan tdc Thai trUdc day thfch hdp vdi tfnh chat dat dai d nhflng thfla rugng 6 vung nui, nlu dung bfla hay cay sau qua khi ldp dat mun rit x6p va mong chi cd d phfa tren se Iam xao Iron xudng dUdi sau, hieu qua canh tac giam sut
Lam m? ngam gidng vao nUdc am, cfl 20kg thdc gidng lai hda 1 lang mudi cho vao, khi hda mudi vao nfldc se giup cho nhflng hat thdc lep ndi len tren dfldc vdt bd, chi cd nhflng hat chic se d dudi. Dieu nay giup nhflng hat thdc dfldc ngSm Ihudc hat tdt nhat vdi cay ma khde manh,
Cach bao ve cay lua d rugng nudc, kht cd siiu benh dung bang cay sa nhan ciang dem lai nhflng hieu qua tdi Uu. Day la loai cay cay chfla chit dau nen nd cd tac dung xua duoi cdn trung va cac loai sau gay benh cho lua. Phfldng thflc dung cay sa nhSn thay thudc trfl sau la mgt trong nhflng each biio ve dUdc cay trdng khong gay anh hUdng din mdi trUdng sdng xung quanh, kinh nghiem nay cd tac dung tdt nham thfch nghi vdi dieu kien dia If sinh thiii. gdp phan dam bao nhu ciu ludng thUc tai cho, giiim thieu tac ddng tieu cUc va ton hai sU da dang sinh hoc trong he sinh
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