NHlTNG DIEM B A T HOfP LY TRONG QUY DINH CUA HOA KY VE K l £ M TRA DOI VOl CA DA TRON VA KHA NANG
K H d l KIEN CUA VIET NAM
Tran Vang Phu*
Tom tii: Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich cdc quy dinh cua Hoa Ky lien quan den chuang trinh kiem tra doi vdi mat hdng cd da tron, don^ thai so sdnh vai quy dinh cua WTO ve cdc bien phdp kiem dich ve sinh an todn dich te doi vai dgng, thuc vat. Tir do.
chung minh cdc quy dinh noi tren cua Hoa Ky Id khong phu h^rp voi quy dinh cua WTO.
Abstract: This article analyses US laws and regulations on catfish control and compare them with WTO rules on sanitary and phytosanitary measures. It proves that those US laws and regulations are inconsistent with WTO rules
1. Dat van de
Tranh chap chinh sach thucmg mai Hen quan den mat bang ea da tron giiia Viet Nam va Hoa Ky xay ra tren ba phuong dien:
(i) Quy dinh hen quan den rao can ky thuat trong thuang mai (nhan hieu va viec sir dung thuat ngir "catfish" ddi vdi mat hang ca da tran); (ii) Thue chdng ban pha gia cua Hoa Ky ddi vdi mat hang ca da tron phi-lg ddng lanh tir Viet Nam; va (iii) Quy djnh ve ve sinh an toan va djch tl (chuong trinh kigm tra cua Hoa Ky ddi vdi mat hang ca da tran). Bai viet chi tap trung vao eac vin dg lien quan den quy dinh mdi ciia Hoa Ky ap dung cho tat ca san pham ea da tran tii' ngay 01/3/2016.
Thang 1/1994, Hoa Ky gd bo lenh cim van kinh tg ddi vdi Viet Nam', gdp phin thiic day viec binh thudng boa quan he giiia hai qudc gia va md ra canh ciia mdi cho hang boa eiia Viet Nam tham nhap vao thi
Khoa Luat - Dai hgc Cin Tho.
' Vietnam usembassy, Chronology of Key Events in
^-S Vietnam Relations, http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/chronology.html. truy cap ngay 21/7/2015,
trudng khd tinh nhung day tigm nang nay.
Viet Nam bat dau xuat khau ea Tra va Basa (sau day gpi chung la ea da tran) vao Hoa Ky tii nam 1996, vdi san lugng khdng ngung tang trong cac nam tigp theo, dat mdc gan 8.000 tan vao nam 2001 va ban 1,1 trieu tan nam 2013^. Tuy nhign, nganh cdng nghiep ea da tran ciing la mdt nganh san xuat quan trpng tai cac tigu bang d mign Nam Hoa Ky nhu Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama... Vao thdi diem nay, cae nha san xuat ca da tron cua Hoa Ky phai ddi mat vdi khd khan la thien tai va gia nguyen lieu phuc vu viec nudi va chg bien ca da tron tang gap nhieu lan; ddng thdi, mdt lugng Idn ca da tran nhap khau vdi gia re, nhung chat lugng tuang duang vdi mat hang ndi dia da budc eac nha san xuat ca da tran Hoa Ky phai cat giam san lugng san xuit ciing
National Marine Fisheries Statistics, https://www.st.nmfs.noaa gov/pIs/webpls/tradej)rdc t c n t r y i n d results''qtype-IMP&qyearfrom=1997&q yearto=2015&qprod_name=C ATFISH&qcountry=5 520&qsort=COUNTRY&qoutput=TABLE, truy cap ngay 6/12/2015.
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NHtTNG DliM BAT HQP Lf ..
nhu gia thanh^ Trudc tinh binh dd, Hiep hgi cac nha nudi ca da tron Hoa Ky (CFA) da hanh dgng de bao ve thi trudng cua hg.
CFA thyc hien chien dich quang cao vdi muc dich tuygn truyen ca da tron nhap khau, dac biet tir Viet Nam chiia nhigu chat hoa hgc nguy higm, du lugng chat khang sinh cao, dugc nudi dudi mdi tradng d nhigm vdi thiic an bin... Thang 12/2002, mdt phai doan ciia Hoa Ky gdm Bd Thuang mai Hoa Ky (DOC) va CFA da dgn Viet Nam vdi myc dich tim bang chiing chimg minh ca da tran cua Viet Nam khdng an toan cho siic khoe cua ngudi tieu dung Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, ket qua da khdng nhu nhirng gi hg mong dgi.
Do chat lugng ca cua Viet Nam khdng thua kem ca npi dia va gia thanh thap ban rat nhigu, ciing vdi viec CFA khong thg dua ra cac bang chiing ro rang dg chiing minh cho lap luan cua hp vg miic do khdng an toan cua ca da tran nhap khau, vi vay, CFA da van ddng hanh lang (lobbying) nghj sT cua Hoa Ky nham ap dat mdt chuang trinh kiem duyet gat gao ban ddi vdi mat hang ea da tran.
2. Quy dinh cua Hoa Ky vg kiem dinh ddi voi mat hang ca da tron (Siluriformes)
Ngay 18/6/2008, Ha vien Hoa Ky thdng qua Dao luat vg Thyc pham, Bao tdn va Nang lugng nam 2008, thudng dugc gpi ia Luat Nong trai nam 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill), Digu 11016(b) ciia Luat Nong trai nam 2008 sira ddi Dieu 601(w) cua Dao luat Lien bang ve kiem tra ddi vdi mat hang thjt (The Federal Meat Inspection Act), theo dd,
thuat ngii "catfish" se dugc djnh nghTa lai bdi Bd trudng Bg Nong nghiep Hoa Ky, va Chuong trinh kiem tra ddi vdi ca da tron (hg Ictaluridae)'' se dugc chuygn tir Ca quan quan Iy thuc pham va dugc pham (FDA) sang Bd Nong nghiep (USDA), cy thg la se giao cho Ban quan ly thyc pham an toan va djch vy kigm soat (FSIS) thyc hien. Ben canh dd, Digu 606(b) cua Dao luat thii 21 Hoa Ky (21 U.S.C. 606) duoc bd sung quy dinh, ma theo dd Chuang trinh kiem tra ciia USDA ddi vdi mat hang ca da tron (Ictaluriadae fish) se xem xet ca quy trinh nudi trdng va che bien^. Do muc dich that sy ciia quy djnh nay la tao them rao can cho ca da tron nhap khau, dac biet la tir Viet Nam, nhung theo Luat Ndng trai nam 2002, ca Tra va Basa cua Viet Nam khdng dugc xem la "catfish"^ Vi vay, nhiing quy djnh trgn Luat Ndng trai nam 2008 da khdng ap dung ddi vdi Viet Nam, bdi Chuang trinh kigm dinh nay dugc trien khai thi chi ap dung eho ca da tron npi dja cua Hoa Ky va cac san pham ca da tran nhap khau thudc nhdm ea Ictaluridae. Vi ly do nay, CFA tiep tuc van ddng hanh lang va tuyen truyen rang ngudi tieu diing Hoa Ky dang rat lo ngai vg mdi nguy higm do vi khuan Salmonella tren ea da tron, ngn can thigt phai ap dyng mpt chuong trinh kiem djch gat gao hon eho tat ea cac loai ca thupc bp Siluriformes. Ha vien ciia Hoa Ky tiep tye thdng qua Luat Ndng trai nam 2014 (the
' Kchar Singh and Madan Mohan Dey, International Competitiveness of Catfish in the U.S. Market, a Constant Market Share Analysis, Aquacullure Economics & Management, so 15(2011), tr. 17,
Van de hen quan den quy dinh cua Hoa Ky ve viec SLT dung thuat ngir "catfish" cho dong goi hang hoa va quang cao se duoc phan tich trong mot nghien ciru khac ve tranh chap lien quan den rao can ky thuat ' B\h\i 606(b) cua Dao luat 21 U S,C. 606, hnps://ww^.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2014- til!e2 l/html/USCODE-20 l4-title21 -chap 12- subchapl-sec608.htm, truy cap ngay 11 /2/2016,
^ Digu 10806(a) Luat Nong trai nam 2002
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NHA NlfOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2016
2014 Farm Bill), va Biiu 12106(a) cua Luat nay da thay the thuat ngu "catfish" bang thuat ngir "toan bp ca thupc bp Siluriformes - all fish of the order Siluriformes". Nhu vay, khi Luat Nong trai nam 2014 co hieu luc thi Chuong trinh kilm tra ciia USDA se dupe ap dung cho tat ca cac loai ca thupc bp Siluriformes, bao gom ca ca Tra va Basa.
Van de can luu y a day la, cac mat hang thuc pham khac van tiep tuc duoc kiem duyet bai FDA, trir ca da tron, thit va tnjng se bi kiSm tra boi USDA. Ngay 02/12/2015, USDA ban hanh quy dinh 80 FR 75589 ii cu the hoa cac quy dinh lien quan d^n chuong trinh kiem dinh d6i vcri ca da tron trong Luat Nong trai nam 2014, Dao luat Lien bang vi kiim tra d6i vcri mat hang thit va cac quy dinh khac co hen quan.
Tom lai, quy dinh ciia Hoa Ky lien quan den ca da tron co bon diem cin liru y:
Thii nhdt, kg tir ngay 01/3/2016, toan bp ca va cac mat hang lien quan dSn ca thuoc bp Siluriformes se bj kidm tra bai USDA, thay vi FDA nhu tnroc day. Vjn ii quan trpng la, FDA se vin tiep tuc kidm dinh cac mat hang thuc phim khac nhu rau qua, thuy hai san khac...
Thu hai, ki tu ngay 01/3/2016, dd tidp tuc dupe chip nhan xujt khju mat hang ca da tran vao Hoa Ky, cac nuoc xuSt khiu phiii nop tai lieu theo yeu ciu ciia FSIS dd Hoa Ky danh gia viec quan ly ddi vpi hoat dpng nuoi va chd bien ca da tron co "tuong dong" yoi Hoa Ky hay khong. D6ng thai, cac qudc gia xuit khiu cung phai nop danh sach cac doanh nghiep se tidp tuc xuit khiu ca da tron vao Hoa Ky trong thoi gian toi.
Neu trong thai gian 18 thang ciia giai doan chuyen tidp, tinh tir ngay 01/3/2016, qudc gia xuat khiu khong nop cac tai heu thi mat
hang ca da tron tu qudc gia do se hi tu choi nhap khau vao Hoa Ky.
Thii ba, ki tir ngay 01/9/2017, dd dupe chap nhan xuat khau mat hang ca da tron vao Hoa K^, he thdng kiem tra va quan ly tir khau nuoi ddn chd bien thanh pham ciia quoc gia xuat khau phai duac cong nhan tuong duang vai he thdng cua Hoa Ky, neu khong san pham ca da tron ciia quoc gia do se hi tir choi nhap vao thi truang Hoa Ky.
Thii tu, thay vi kiem tra chat lupng cua san pham thanh pham, USDA se kiem tra luon ca quy trinh nuoi va che bien ca da tran tai quoc gia xuat khau. Tir ngay 1/3/2016, it nhat mpt phan tu cac 16 hang va kd tir ngay 1/9/2017, toan bp cac 16 hang ca da tran se bi kiem dinh khi nhap vao Hoa Ky.
3, Danh gia su- tirffng thich ciia chu-ong trinh kiem dinh ca da tron ciia Hoa Ky vffi quy dinh cua Hiep dmh WTO ve cac bien phap kidm dich dpng, thirc vat
3.1. Cac quy dinh chinh ciia Hiep dinh ve cac bien phdp kiem dich dpng, thirc vat ciia WTO
Hiep dinh ve cac bien phap kidm dich dpng, thuc vat (Hiep djnh SPS) cho phep cac qudc gia thanh vien cua WTO dupe ap dung bat ky cac bien phap nao lien quan ddn kiem dich dpng, thuc vat dd bap ve sire khoe hay dai sdng ciia con nguoi, dpng vat hoac thuc vat trong pham vi lanh thd qudc gia thanh vien do'. Tuy nhien, Didu 2.2 cua Hiep dinh SPS quy djnh ring, ndu mpt qudc gia thanh vien mudn ap dat mpt bien phap SPS nao do len mat hang xuit khiu, thi nhirng bien phap do phai dua tren nhimg bang chiing khoa hoc diy du (sufficient
Dicu 2.1 Hiep dmli SPS.
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NHiXNG BIEM BATH^Lf...
scioetific evidrai(%) va d ^ tren kgt qua danh gia riii ro (risk assessemnt) khi co nguon g6c tir h ^ g nhSp kfa^*. Nhung bi&i phap do phai bi do bd nlu IhiSu nhung bang chung khoa hoc hoac co mpt bien phap thay the khac dugc danh gia la it gay trd ngai dio boat dpng thuong mai so vdi bien phap dang duoc ap dung' Trong tnidmg hpp thieu nhung b&ig chung khoa hpc, quoc gia nhap khau co quyen ap dung mpt sd cac bioi phap SPS tam thdi de tranh hoac han die cac nguy hiem co the xay ra cho sue khoe hoac doi song ciia con nguoi, dpng vat hoac thuc vat. Nhung nhimg bien p h ^ tam tfaod do van phai dua tren cac thong tin lien quan co san, va phai thuc hien danh gia khach quan cac rui ro co nguon gdc tit hang nhap k h ^ xac dinh. Ben canh do, trong mot khoang thai gian hpp ly phai tiln hanh danh gia tai cac bien p h ^ SPS da ap dung"*
Mpt van de can luu y la, giiia cac bien I*ap SPS da dupe ap dung va kit qua danh gia rai ro phai co mfii Ken h6 hpp ly (reasonable Unk). Noi each khac, phai co teng diung ro rang tu n^ien cuu danh gia rui TO chi ra r&ig, viec ap dung cac bien p h ^ SPS hien tai la can thilt, phii hpp va hieu qua, tranh hoac han che nhimg nguy hiem cho sue khoe hoac tinh mang cua con nguoi, dpng vat hoac thuc vSt. NIU nhung bien phap SPS do khong dua tren cac bSng chimg khoa hpc hoac khoi^ dupe "h6 trp"
boi kit qua tu cac danh gia rui ro, fiii bi coi la da tao ra nhung tro ngai qua miic can thiet cho hoat dpng thuang mai quoc tl va Uai voi Hiep dinh SPS".
" Dieu 5.1 Hi?p dirfi SPS.
' © i i u 5.6 va chu thich so 3 cua Hiep dinh SPS.
'" B i ^ 5.7 Hiep dinh SPS.
" Giai thich cua Hoi dong giai quyet tranh chip vu kien EC - Hormones (1998), "WTO. Analytical
N ^ a i ra, H i ^ dinh SPS con yfiu can (bSt bupc) cac qu6c gia thanh vien phai dam bao rSng cac bien phap SPS duoc ap dung cr raiic dp bao ve phii hc^, se khdng gay ra su phan biet dfii xu hoac tro jngai bat hcq) ly doi voi thuong mai quoc te khi cac dieu kien gidng hoac tuang tu xay ra'^. H e o gjai thich cua Hpi ddng giai quylt tranh c h ^ trong vu kien Australia — Salmon (1998). flii sir "gidng hoac tuong tu" ve dieu kien d day la su gidng hoac tuong t\r ve mdi nguy hiem (similar of risk), khdng phai sir giong hay tuong tu ve hang hoa (similar of product) nhu trong nhung hiep dinh khac cua WTO'^.
Cy the, trong vu kien tren, Australia se vi pham Hiep dinh GATT 1994 va Hiep dinh SPS neu cd bSt ky sir phan biet ddi xir ddi vdi mat hang ca Hdi trong nude vdi hang nhap khau. Su vi pham. ciing se xay ra neu cd phan biet ddi xu giiia ca Hdi nhap khau voi bat ky mpt loai ca ndi dia khac khi cd cimg hoac tuong tu mdi de dpa.
3.2. Sir khong tuang thich giua quy dinh cua Hoa Ky lien quan din cd da ttffn vai Hiep dinh ve cdc bien phdp kiem dich dpngf thirc vat
USDA va nhung ngudi ung hp Chuong trinh kiem dinh nay cho rang, viec ap dung nhimg bien phap kiem dinh gdt gao hon ddi vdi mat hang ca da tron la cin ihilt vi ba ly do chinh: (i) Ca da tron nhap khau thudng chura du lupng thudc khang sinh cao va cac
Inthx: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures", https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anaiyti c_mdex_e/sps_02_e.htm, truy cap ngay 20/1/2016, doan 134.
'^ Di6u 2.3 Hiep dinh SPS.
Bao cao ciia Hoi dong giai quyet tranh chap vy kien Australia - Salmon (Article 21.5 - Canada), do^n. 7.112, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/
booksp_e/analytic_index_e/sps_01_e,htm, truy cap ngay 20/1/2016.
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NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT SO 7/2016
chat dgc hai khac; (ii) Sy nguy hiem tu vi khuan Salmonella tren ca da trcm; va (iii) Ca da trcm tir Viet Nam chiia du lircmg chat dgc boa hoc dioxin cao. Tuy nhien, nhiing bang chiing khoa hgc da chiing minh cac lap luan tren cua Hoa Ky la thieu ca sa khoa hoc va khong khach quan. Cu the:
Mot la, de tao hinh anh xau cho ca da tran nhap nhau, dac biet ia ca da tron cua Viet Nam, CFA da lap luan rang ca Tra va Basa cua Viet Nam khong an toan de tieu thu''' va vi vay, phai dp dat mgt chuang trinh kiem tra kho hon de bao ve sue khoe cua nguoi tieu dung Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, Hoa Ky khong the dua ra day dii bang chiing de chiing minh, Theo do, FDA da tien hanh kiem tra 98 mau ca da tran tu Viet Nam va chi phat hien 12 mau chiia thuoc cam su dung trong giai doan 2006 - 200?'^.
Nhung FDA da phat hien 7 trong s6 45 mau ca da tran ngi dia chiia du luang hoa chat, khang sinh vugt muc cho p h e p " ' . Trong nhieu chuang trinh ktem tra, FDA da ket luan rang du luang thudc khang smh, kim loai nang, chat dgc ., trong ca da tron noi dia thuong bang hoac cao han so vai ca da tran nhap khau'''
Theo mot nghien cuu, hg da phat hien 20 mau ca tra bat tu tu nhien, 5 mau ca tra nuoi trong ao va 5 mau thuc an cong nghiep
James Morclaiid, Vielname.'ic' Fish are Un.^ale for American Consumption, hut the WTO Won't Lei Us Protect Our.telves. htlp.//economyitn:ii3is.org/
coiilcnl/vietnamc.sc-fish-arc-un.safe-foi-amcrican- consumptioii-biit-the-wto-wont-let-us-protect- oursclves, truy cap ngay 11/12/2015,
" Exponent. Center for Chemical Regutatiou and Food Safely - Calfish Risli Profile http//www.safccairishcoin/wp-contcnt/uploads/.../
Calfish_Risk-_Rcpon.pdf. iruy cap ngay 20/1/2016.
"'Tldd.tr 14.
'M"kUi, tr I1-2.'?,
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tai ddng b§ng song Cuu Long cbiia chat o nhiem nhung a miic do thap - Ket qua nghien cuu cua Elena Orban tren san pham ca da tran ciia Viet Nam tai Italy cung chiiTig minh rang, ham lucrng chat ton du va kim loai nang trong ca da tron ctia Viet Nam la th^p han nhirng mau ca ciia cac qudc gia khac. Orban ciing dua ra ket luan r5ng, ham lucmg chat 6 nhiem trong ca da trcm Viet Nam c6 moi lien he vdi yeu to moi tru'dng nude'''
Hai la, CFA, USDA va nhiing ngudi ling hg Chuong trinh kiem dinh ca da tron ciia Hoa Ky deu nhan manh Hoa Ky can phai ap dung chuang trinh nay de han che mdi nguy hiem ciia vi khuan Salmonella den tu san pham ca da tran. Tuy nhien, trong tai lieu danh gia rui ro ve nguy hiem tiem an doi vdi sue khae con ngudi lien quan den ca da tran (ggi la Danh gia nii ro tren ca da trcm Risk Assessment of Silurifonnes fish) dugc thyc hien va cdng bd bdi FSIS vao thang 1/2015 da chi ra rang, vdi so lieu hien tai hg khdng the dua ra ket luan co mgt su nguy hiem tiem an ciia vi khuan Salmonella tu san pham ea da tran . Dang luu y ban, FSIS tuyen bd rdng,
Minli el dl (2006), Contamination hy polybrominated diphenyl ethers and persistent organochlorines in calfiah and feed jroin Mekong River Delta. Vietnam. http://onlinclibrary.wilcy, com/
doi/!0 1897/05-600R.l/full, truy cap ngay 26/1/2016.
'•' Elena Orban et al (2008), New trends in the .seafood market Siitchi catfish (Panga.^ius hypophthalmu.-;) fillets from Vietnam Nulnlional (pnility and safely a.spccls Food Chemistry Journal Vol 110 (2008). pp. 383-385, http://www.scicncedircct com/scicncc/articlc/nn/S03 08814608001787. truy cap ngay 26/1/2016
USDA Food Safely and ln,spection Service Assessment of the Potential Change m Human Health Risk associated with Applying Inspeaion lo Fish of the order Siluriformes, January 2015 n 9 http://www fsis.usda gov/wps/wcm/coiinccL/(i3387bc
NHITNG BIEM BATHQP if..
do thieu du lieu vS cac trudng hop phat hi?n vi khu4n Salmonella tt-en san pbkm ca da tran nhap khdu, nen mdi nguy hiem tiem nang tijr vi khu§n Salmonella tr^n ca da tran nhap khiu se dugrc danh gia la tuong duong vdi sd liSu duoc phat hien tren^ ca da tran ndi dia^'. FSIS cung, chi ra rang, do khdng cd kinh nghiem trong viec kiem tra ddi vdi ca da tron, nen FSIS se, ap dung chuong trinh, he thdng kiem tra ciia gia cam cho ca da tron^l
Theo cac thdng tin khoa hpc chinh thdng, vi khuan Salmonella dugc phat hien tren hau h^t cac loai thyc ph3m nhu thit, tning, rau qua, trai cay, thuy hai san, nude..."; va theo bao cao cua Cue thdng ke Lien bang Hoa Ky nam 2011, trong 20 nam qua tai Hoa Kychi duy nhSt mdt vu vi?c phat hien benh do vi khuan Salmonella gay ra cd ngudn gdc tir ca da trcm vao nam 1991^''. Nhu vay, vi$c Hoa Ky chi chuy6n viSc kiem dinh san pham ca thugc bd Siluriformes tii FDA sang USDA, trong khi nhung loai thuy hai san va thue phim khac cd nguy ca cao ve vi khuan Salmonella vin bj kiem dinh bdi FDA, la mdt sy phan biet ddi xu giiia san pham ca da tran vdi cac san pham khac, khi mdi nguy hi^m tir vi khuin Salmonella tren ca da tran la tuang duang hoac thap bon cac loai san pham do.
5-ca8e-442d-b047-ro31f29a8a47/Silurifonics- RA.pdf?MOD=AJPERES, truy cap ngay 11/2/2016.
-'Tldd, tr. 54-55.
-^Tldd,tr 55.
" Foodsafety, Salmonella http://www.foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteria viruses/salmonella/, truy cap ngay 28/2/2016.
" U S. Government Accountability Office, High Risk Series An Update. GAO-] 1-278, p.! 12.
http://www.gao.gov/assets/320/315725.pdf, truy cap ngay 26/2/2016.
Ba Id, Ha nghi sy Marion Berry tir Tieu bang Arkansas cho ring, ca Traya Basa cua Viet Nam la khdng an toan vi chiing chiia chit d^c dioxin do quan dpi Hoa Ky sir dung trong thdi ky chiln tranh tai Viet Nam^^. Tuy nhien. Ha nghi sy Berry va nhung ngudi ung hp dng ta da khdng the dua ra dvcgc bang ehirng khoa hpc de chiing minh. Ngyac lai, Giao su Arnold Schecter tai Trudng Dai hpc Texas, Hoa Ky, da thyc hien nhiSu nghien cihi va ehirng minh rang ham lupng dioxin trong ca Tra va Basa la thap ban nhieu so vdi miic cho phep tai cac qudc gia phat trien nhu Canada, Diic^^, tham chi con thap hem,trong san pham ca ndi dja cua Hoa Ky"
Giao su James Bacchus, cuu Thuang nghi sy bang Florida va la cuu Chu tich Ca quan phiic tham eiia WTO giai doan 2001 - 2003 da chi ra rang, nhung quy dinh ciia Luat Ndng trai 2014 lien quan den ca da tron khdng chi trai vdi quy djnh. ciia Hiep dinh GATT 1994, ma edn trai vdi quy dinh cua Hiep dinh SPS^^ Vdi nhirng quy dinh
New York Time, The Great Catfish War.
http://www.nytimes,com/2003/07/22/opinion/22TUE I.html, truy cap ngay 27/1/20.16.
'^ Arnold Schecter, M. P., Rainer Malisch and John Jake Ryan, (2003), Are Vietnamese Food Exports Contaminated with Dioxin from Agent Orange, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 66:15-16, 139I-I404. doi:10,1080/
15287390306416. http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/
pubmed/12857631., truy cap ngay 2/11/2015,"
''' Arnold Schecter and ct al. (2001), fntake of dioxins and related compounds from food in the U S.
population. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part . A, 63'1-18, www.ejnet.org/djoxin/dioxininfood.pdf, truy cap ngay 2/11/2015.
Ben Dipietro, US. Lawmakers Squabble Over Faivi Bill's Catfish Pmvision, http://blogs.wsi com/
riskandcompliance/2015/05/20/u-s-lawmakers- squabblc-over-farm-bilis-catfish-provision/, truy cap ngay 27/1/2016.
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NHA NUdC VA PHAPLUATSd 7/2016
nhu vSy, Hoa Ky co th6 se bi ki$n bdi cac qudc gia bi anh hudng, va nhimg hang hoa khdc ciia Hoa Ky cd th^ gap phai "sy tra dua".
Tdm lai, tii nhimg quy dinh va ISp luan cua Hoa Ky lien quan dSn Chuang trinh ki6m dinh ddi vdi mat hang ca da tron cd thS ket luan ring, nhirng quy dinh nay la khdng phu hop vdi Hi$p dinh SPS. Ndi each khac, Dieu 12106 cua Luat Ndng trai nam 2014 va quy dinh 80 FR 75589 Id trai vdi Di§u 2.3 ciia Hiep dinh SPS va Didu I Hi6p dinh GATT 1994, do da tao ra sy phdn biet ddi xii bat hqp \<f ddi vdi mat hdng cd da tran. Ngodi ra, quy dinh tren ciia Hoa Ky cung trdi vdi quy dinh tai Digu 5.1 cua Hiep dinh SPS do Chuong trinh kiem tra ddi vdi cd da tran khdng dua tren ddnh gia rui ro (phai duptc thyc hien khdch quan) vd cdc bang chung khoa hpc. Vi vay, da tao nen nhirng trd ngai vuprt qua muc y6u ciu ddi vdi thuang m?i qu6c tS vd quy dinh ndy cung vi pham Dilu 5.6 cua Hi$p dinh SPS.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, trong trudng hap chpn phuang dn su dung co chi cua WTO de gidi quySt tranh chip, chdng ta cd thd tiep thu cd chpn Ipc mpt sd kinh nghiem hi Pern trong vu tranh chip EC ~ Sardines.
Theo dd, di giai quylt vin dl thilu ngudn nhan lye cd du trinh dp ve ngo^i ngir va phdp ly dl tham gia vu ki6n, thay vi phai bd ra mdt sd tiln rit Idn dl thue luat su nude ngoai, Peru chpn cdch ydu ciu tr^ giup phdp 1^ til Trung tam tu vin phdp ly ciia WTO (Advisory Centre on WTO Law)^' Vl co
Davis, C. L. (2006), Do WTO Rules Create a Level Playing F i l ^ Lessons from the Ej^rience of Peni and Vietnam. In J. S. Odell (Ed.), Negotiating Trde Developing Countries in the WTO and
ban, mpi sy tu vin, ho tra cua trung tam ndy ddnh cho cac nude thdnh vien vd cac hudc k6m phdt ttiln la midn phi; tuy nhien, neu vugt qiid sd gid duprc phep quy dinh bdi Hdi ddng qudn iy cua Trung tam ddi vdi tung vu vi^c cu thd (case-by-case), thi miic phi se dupfc tinh dya-trfin miic GDP cua nude thanh vien cd yeu ciu^*'. Lien quan den ca sd phdp ly vd chimg cd' dl khdi kien, cac nude xuat khau cd da tron vao Hoa Ky, dac bi^t la Viet Nam, hoan todn cd dii co sd de chung minh rang Chuong trinh kiem dinh cd da tron cua USDA Id thieu ca sd va gay trd ngai cho hoat ddng san xuit va xuit khiu cd da tran cua cac nude cd lien quan.
Vi^t Nam vd cdc qudc gia cd lien quan khdc cd the yen cau Co quan giai quylt tranh chip cua WTO (Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO) gidi quyet vy tranh chap ciing nhu yeu ciu Hoa Ky do bd nhimg quy dinh khdng hijrp ly ndy.
NAFTA, New York: Cambridge University Press tr 219-256.
Thong ti^t
http://www.acwLch/le^-advice/, truy CSD HMV
30/5/2016. ^^
