G I A O DUC NUDC N G O A I
V A I N E T V E G I A O D U C M A M N O N ti I N D O N E S I A
O TS. TRAN THI NGOC TRAM*
G
iao dye mdm non (GDMN) a Indonesia cho ire 0-6 tudi da bdt dau nhqn duqc sy quan tam dqc biet cua chinh phu tu nam 2002.Tu do, giao dye (GD) cho tre 0-6 tudi duqc phat trien rpng khdp qudc gia. Nha sy huang ung nhiet tinh cua cong ddng, dqc biet sy tham gia cua cha me tre, sd luqng tre dudi 6 tudi duqc tham gia vdo GDMN tdng nhanh vd den ndm 2009, dqt ti le 53,6%. Hien nay, GDMN d Indonesia dang duqc phdt trien thdnh phong trao todn ddn. GDMN dd vd dang trd thdnh chu de thdi sy trong cdc cdng ddng, the hien sy quan tdm den the he tre trong tuang lai.
1. GDMN d Indonesia gdm 4 loqi hinh:
vudn tre duqc goi Id Taman Kanak - Kanak (TK);
nhdm chai hay Kelompok Bermain (KB); trung tdm chdm sdc tre hdng ngdy hay Taman Penitipan Anak; tuang ty vdi nhdm chai cho tre nhd/tuang ty cdc ca sd GDMN.
He thong thyc hien GDMN: Viec thyc hien GDMN d Indonesia duqc hieu Id «todn dien va tich hqp". GDMN d Indonesia thyc hien he thdng, todn dien, kich thich tiem ndng tri tue cua tre bdng con dudng tdng hqp vd chdm sdc tre. Phdt trien tri rue bao phu bdn tiem ndng tri tue: tri tue nhdn thuc, tri tue tinh cdm, tri tue thdm mT, tri rue xd hdi.
Ngodi bdn loqi tri tue duqc de cap d tren, tre cdn duqc hoc each phdt trien
dien, tich hqp vd dang tim each DT GV de ddp ung yeu cdu cua chuang trinh, phdn ddu GVMN dqt bdng cu nhdn GDMN. Cdc trudng dqi hoc cd khoa MN se tham gia DT GVMN. Cdc Bd dang chung sue de thyc hien chuang trinh GDMN phdt trien todn dien, tich hqp d tre.
2. Nhung thach thuc cua GDMN d Indonesia Cho den nay, nhung van de duqc coi Id thach thuc thyc sy md GDMN d Indonesia can phdi ddi mat vd vuqt qua Id: - Sd luqng Idn tre can duqc tham gia GDMN; - Cdc ca sd GD vd ca sd hq tdng vdn cdn hqn che, chu yeu Id do sy sdng tqo hqn che cua GV mdm non (MN) de tqo ra vd phdt trien cdc phuang phdp gidng dqy, cdc nguon tdi nguyen hoc tap bdng viec su dyng cdc nguon lyc ty nhien vd vdn hda d xung quanh; - Phdn Idn GV mdm non cdn thieu ndng lyc vi khdng duqc DT ca bdn ve GDMN hodc khdng cd ca hdi theo hoc cdc khoa DT lien quan tdi kien thuc vd thyc hdnh GDMN; - Sy chenh lech ve ti le tre tham gia GDMN giua thdnh thj vd ndng thdn cdn Idn.
3. Thanh tyu vd trien vong GDMN Indonesia So tre tham gia GDMN ndm 2004 Id 12,7 trieu (27%), ndm 2008 Id 15,1 trieu (50,6%) vd dd vuan tdi con so 15,3 trieu (53,6%) vdo ndm 2009.
Tren ca sd dieu kien hien cd, chinh phu dd ddt ra myc tieu 22,1 trieu tre tham gia GDMN (72,6%) trong ke hoqch phdt trien 5 ndm (xem bang).
Bdng chi tieu ve GDMN d Indonesia (ndm 2010-2014) tiem ndng tinh than cua
bdn thdn cung nhu sue khoe, dinh dudng vd khd ndng bdo ve qua tiep can cdc hoqt ddng tinh than, tinh cdm, the chdt. DT cung nhdm ndng cao kien thuc vd kT ndng ve sue khoe vd dinh dudng cua GV vd ngudi hoc.
Hien nay, d Indonesia
dang thyc hien thi diem chuang trinh GD tre todn * Vien Khoa hoc giao due Viet Nam
Ndi dung Nam
Ndi dung 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Du bao so tre duoi
6 tuoi 30,18 trieu 30,2 trieu 30,3 trieu 30,35 trieu 30,4 trieu Chi tieu so tre tham
gia GDMN (chinh quy va khong chinh quy)
17,4 trieu
57,8% 18,7 trieu
61,8% 19,9 trieu
65,7% 21 trieu
69,3% 22,1 trieu 72,6%
Chi tieu GDMN
chinh quy 5,8 trieu
19,3% 5,85 trieu
19,37% 5,9 trieu
19,5% 5,95 trieu
19,6% 6 trieu 19,7%
Chi tieu GDMN khong
chinh quy 11,6 trieu
38,5% 12,85 trieu
42,43% 14 trieu
46,2% 15,05 trieu
49,7% 16,1 trieu 52,9%
Tap chi Giao due so 2 3 4 (k. a . 3/201o>
Sy gia tang cua sd lugng tre tham gia GDMN chju anh huang bai dan sdcua moi tinh, nghTa Id ddn sd' cdng lan thi sd' tre tham gia GDMN cdng nhieu. Ti le tre tham gia GDMN Idn cdn chiu dnh hudng bdi trinh do nhdn thuc cua chinh quyen dia phuang vd su quan tdm ciia cdng dong ve tam quan trqng ciia GDMN cho tuang lai cua tre.
4. Mot so' kinh nghiem cua GDMN d Indonesia 1) Su phat then kha nhanh chong cua GDMN Indonesia. GDMN Indonesia mdi bdt dau thu hut duqc su quan tdm Idn cua chinh phu tu ndm 2002 vd tu dd GDMN mdi bdt ddu duqc trdi rdng khdp ddt nude. Sd luqng tre dudi 6 tudi duqc tham gia vdo GDMN ru dd duqc tdng nhanh, den ndm 2009 dqt ti le 53,6%. Su phdt trien nhanh chdng cua GDMN Indonesia do: - Su quan tdm den GDMN cua chinh phu (GDMN ngdy cdng duqc cdng nhdn tdm quan trqng, chinh phu Indonesia nhdn ra tdm quan trqng dd vd cd Chinh sach qudc gia ve GDMN); - Cd su ket hqp giua cdc Bd vd Ban dieu phdi Uy ban ke hoqch hda gia dinh mdc du luc ddu viec ket hqp ndy khdng de ddng. Cd phdn djnh rd vai trd cdc Bd; - Su ddng gdp cua cdc Dy dn cua Ngdn hdng the gidi (WB) ve phdt trien GDMN, ddc biet Id md hinh GDMN dya vdo cdng ddng (chinh phu ddng y vay tien ddu tu cho GDMN vd dy dn theo hudng phdt trien GDMN dya vdo cdng ddng dang duqc trien khai cd hieu qua); - Sy hudng ung nhiet tinh d cdng ddng, dqc biet sy tham gia cua cha me tre cd y nghTa quan trqng Idm tdng so luqng tre dudi 6 tudi duqc tham gia vdo GDMN.
2) GDMN Indonesia tuy non tre nhung da tiep can xu hudng tien tien cua GDMN hien nay: - GDMN bdt ddu tu khi cdc bd me mang thai. Coi trqng viec chdm sdc GD tre dudi hai tudi: cd chuang trinh chdm sdc dinh dudng vd an ninh luang thyc cho tre dudi 2 tudi; chuang trinh GD cha me sau khi tre sinh ra duqc ddnh gid Id rdt quan trqng de tap trung phdt trien tre dudi 2 tudi, tiep den Id phdt trien tre 2-6 tudi; - Tiep can phdt trien todn dien vd tich hqp trong GDMN vdi muc tieu «Thyc hien he thdng GDMN todn dien vd tich hqp de phdt trien da tri tue vd chudn bj cho tre sdn sdng budc vdo GD tieu hoc"; - Sy da dang ve cdc djch vy GDMN: trudng
MN, nhdm chai, trung tdm chdm sdc, nhdm tre gia dinh... khdng chi hinh thuc chinh quy md tdn dyng cd hinh thuc khdng chinh quy, cdc trudng Idp tdn gido nhdm giup tre dudi 6 tudi duqc tham gia GDMN, ddng thdi phdt trien each thuc giup tre em d nhung dieu kien, khd ndng khdc nhau co the tiep can duqc cdc djch vy ndy;
- Vai trd GD cua phy huynh duqc ddnh gid rdt quan trqng - gia dinh Id ca sd quan trqng nhdt trong GDMN cho tre. Do dd, cdng tdc truyen thdng kien thuc ve vai trd cua chdm sdc, GD tre MN vd each thuc chdm sdc, GD tre cho cdc bd me duqc quan tdm; - Bq GD qudc gia Indonesia dua ra chudn MN tdi thieu nhung khdng cung nhac vd dja phuang cd the bd sung cho phu hqp. Chudn MN bao gdm: chudn nqi dung dqy tre; chudn ndng lyc tre (chudn qua trinh); chudn qudn li; chudn ddnh gid vd chudn tdi chinh; - Ca sd GDMN thudc chinh quyen dja phuang qudn li nhung he thdng quan li chdt luqng co vai trd trung uang vd dia phuang. Ngdn sach Nhd nude cho GDMN chiem ti le thdp nhung dja phuang ddnh nhieu sy ddu tu cho GDMN.
3) Kinh nghiem Idm dy an vdi sy giup da WB de phdt Men GDMN. Vdi myc tieu «Thuc day sy phdt trien cua tre em ngheo vd chudn bi cho tre sdn sdng di hoc tieu hoc", each Idm dy an d 4 tinh cua Indonesia rut ra nhung bdi hoc kinh nghiem sau day:
De phat trien GDMN, can: - Dya vdo cdng ddng: 50 huyen duqc chon vdo dy dn theo tieu chi: ti le nhdp hoc MN thdp; ti le ddi ngheo cao; cam ket cua dja phuang (cd ddi ung);
hudng den tre 0-6 tudi; cdc gia dinh khdng co khd ndng cho tre di hoc MN,... - Ndng cao nhdn thuc cho cha me tre vd cdng ddng ve vai trd cua GDMN, huy ddng sy tham gia cua cha me vd cdng ddng hd trq thyc hien cdc djch vy GDMN; - Xdy dyng chuang trinh DT cho cdt cdn ve GDMN qudc gia vd chuyen gia phdt trien cdng ddng, hud'n luyen vien; - Sy cam ket cua cdng ddng tham gia dy dn; GV tiep can cdc gia dinh khdng cd dieu kien gui tre den trudng; - Cdng nhqn cdc trung tdm GDMN mdu vd se nhqn duqc tdi trq tqo ra sy canh tranh, phdn dd'u cua cdc trung tdm.
De dam bdo chdt lugng GDMN, can:
chuang trinh phdt triln GDMN; DT GVMN; the Tap chi Giao due so 234 a - 3/201 o)