H 6 CHl MINH VA CON WOHG CACH MANG VIET NAM
H 6 CHl MINH - TLF THLFC TIEN D6N TIF DUY LY LUAN
•
VE CHU NGHIA XA HOl 0 VIET NAM
PGS, TS NGUYEN TRONG PHUC*
K
hi cdn boat ddng trong Dang Cdng san Phap, Nguyen Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh da ehii trgng nghien cuu ly luan ciia chu nghia Mac, nghidn cuu ve Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, nhiing quan diem, tu tudng cua Lenin ve Qudc te Cdng san.Thang 5-1921, tren Tap cbi La Revue Communiste, Nguyen Ai Qudc viet bai "Phong trao Cdng san qudc te - Ddng Duong" va da dat van de "Che do edng san ed ap dung duge d chau A ndi ehung
va d Ddng Duong ndi ridng khdng?". Nguyen Ai Qudc cho rang mudn hidu van dd dd can phai xem xet tinh hinh d lue dia chau A vd lich sir, dia ly va "xet nhung ly do lich sir cho phep chu nghia cdng san tham nhap de dang vao chau A, de dang hon la d chau Au"'.
Ngay 25-5-1922, tiren bao L'Humanite, Nguyen Ai Qudc edng bd bai "Miy y ngbl ve van de thudc dia". Trong bai bao quan ti-gng nay, Ngudi ndu rd quan didm ein
• ^ ^
^T^r^"^^^^^
' Hoc vien CT - HC qudc gia H6 Chi Minh
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh diing thii may cay lua cai tien tai Trai thi nghiem trong iua So nong lam Ha Ngi (16-7-1960)
nhan thiic eho dung ve chu nghia bdnsdvieh tire la ehii nghia cdng san. Trudc con mat ngudi dan ban xir d cae thudc dia, chii nghia cdng san van ehi dugc hieu "ed nghia la:
hoac su pha hoai tat ea, hoac sir giai phdng khdi ach nudc ngoai. Nghia thii nhat gan eho danh tii ay lam eho quan ehiing vd hgc va nhiit nhat xa lanh chiing ta; nghia thir hai thi dan hg tdi chu nghia qudc gia. Ca hai dieu do deu nguy hiem ea. Chi ed mdt sd it ngudi trong nhan dan hieu dugc the nao la chu nghia cdng san"^.
Hai doan tiich din trdn day trong nhan thuc cua Nguydn Ai Qudc d budi dau ddn vdi ly luan vd chu nghia cdng san cho thay tam nhin va phuong phap tii duy khoa hge cua Ngudi. Dd ciing la sir du bao, du lieu vd qua trinh nhan thirc va van dung ly luan vd CNXH, chu ngbia cdng san d chau A va chau Au khdng thd hoan toan gidng nhau. Lich sir phat tiidn cua CNXH ti'ong thd ky XX khien ta khdng thd khdng suy ngam mdt each nghidm tuc vd nhirng dieu Nguydn Ai Qudc da ndu ra va du bao nam 1921, 1922.
Nguyen Ai Qudc den Lien Xd thang 6- 1923, tham gia nhidu boat ddng qudc td va du Dai hdi V Qudc td Cdng san thang 6 va thang 7-1924. Day la thdi gian Nguydn Ai Qudc ed dieu kidn true tiep chimg kidn va tim hieu edng cude xay dung CNXH d Lidn Xd. Dd la nhiing nam cdn thue hidn chrnh sach kinh te mdi cua Lenin. Cudi 1924 Nguyen Ai Qudc rdi Lidn Xd va tdi Quang Chau (Trung Qudc). Thang 6-1927, Nguydn Ai Qudc trd lai Lidn Xd va ehung kidn sir nghiep xay dung CNXH mdi d Lidn Xd vdi dudng ldi edng nghidp boa XHCN va tap thd boa ndng nghidp. Nam 1928, Ngudi rdi Lidn Xd sang Phap va mgt sd nudc chau Au va trd lai chau A, ddn Xidm (Thai Lan). Sau khi sang lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2-1930), Nguydn Ai Qudc boat ddng d Tmng Qudc, Hdng Kdng va bi ehinh quydn Hdng Kdng bat giam (6-6-1931). Ra khdi nha tu, nam
1934, Ngudi trd lai Lien Xd.
Nhimg nam 1934-1938, Nguydn Ai Qudc da thay rd thanh tiiu xay dung CNXH d Lidn Xd, nhat la qua trinh cdng nghidp hoa, xay
dung CO sd vat chit, ky thuat cua CNXH.
Nam 1938 rdi Lien Xd ti'd lai Trung Qudc trdn Id trinh trd vd Td qudc.
Trd vd Td qudc (ngay 28-1-1941), Nguydn Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh cung Tmng uong Dang phat tridn, hoan thidn dudng ldi each mang giai phdng dan tdc, dat nhidm vu giai phdng dan tdc len hang dau, td chuc phong trao each mang rdng Idn cua toan dan tdc dan tdi thing lgi cua Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945, nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng boa ra ddi. Song, thuc dan Phap da quay lai xam luge Viet Nam mdt lan niia, vi thd each mang Viet Nam phai tidp tuc sir nghidp giai phdng dan tdc, khang chien chdng thuc dan, de qudc gianh dgc lap.
Ngay 12-7-1946, ti'ong chuyen tham nudc Phap, tai Pari mdt nha bao da hdi Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh: Thua Chu tich, ehung tdi nghe ndi Chu tich tuyin bd rdng Chu tich cd xu huang cpng sdn, nhimg cd phdi Chu tich cho rdng nuoc Viet Nam chua cd thi cpng sdn hod dugc trudc mpt thai hgn Id 50 ndm khdng? Chu tieh Hd Chi Mmh da tira ldi: tat ca mgi ngudi ddu cd quydn nghien cuu mdt chu nghia. Ridng tdi, tdi da nghien cuu chu nghia Cac Mae. Ngudi nhan manh: "Mudn cho chu nghia edng san thuc hidn dugc, can phai cd ky nghd, ndng nghidp va tat ca mgi ngudi ddu dugc phat tridn het kha nang ciia minh. O nudc chimg tdi, nhirng dieu kien ay chua cd dii"^. Dd la quan didm rd rang cua Hd Chi Minh ve nhirng didu kidn de phat tridn dat nudc theo con dudng XHCN.
Nhirng didu kidn chua cd du thi phai chuan bi mdt each chu dgng nhung trudc hdt phai
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H 6 CHl MINH VA CON DU'ONG CACH MANG VIET NAM
gianh ddc lap, thdng nhat hoan toan eho dan tgc va Td qudc.
Thang 1-1950, lin thu tir Chu tich Hd Chi Minh tdi Lidn Xd va thay rd su phat tridn manh me eua CNXH sau cude chien tranh ve quoc vl dai (1941-1945). Lien Xd phat tridn va ngay cang ehung td sue manh, tinh uu vidt ciia CNXH hien thue, dang tich cue giup dd cac nudc khac phat trien theo eon dudng XHCN ti-ong dd cd Viet Nam.
Dai hdi n cua Dang (2-1951) chu truong hoan thanh giai phdng dan tde, phat trien dan chu nhan dan, tidn tdi CNXH. Trong Bdo cdo chinh tri dgc tai Dai hdi II, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da neu rd mue dich eua each mang Viet Nam la "xay dimg didu kidn de tien den chu nghia xa hdi"'*.
Sau chidn thang lich sir Didn Bidn Phu va Hiep dinh Gionevo (1954), midn Bae Viet Nam hoan toan giai phdng va qua do len CNXH. Thang 4-1955, trong bai "Chu nghia Ldnin va edng cude giai phdng cac dan tdc bi ap buc" viet eho bao Su that (Lien Xd), Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh khing dinh: "Tir trong hgc thuydt dat dao sue sdng cua chu nghia Ldnin, chiing tdi khoi ngudn sue manh de gianh thang lgi eho su nghiep thieng Udng la hoa binh, thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu, dd gianh thang lgi eho chu nghia xa hdi"l Xay dimg CNXH d Viet Nam la nhiem vu to Idn va hoan toan mdi me, mac du da ed dinh hudng tu nam 1930 va da duge ehuan bi eae tidn de vd chinh tri, kinh td, xa hdi va nhan thuc timg budc ve tu tudng, ly luan trong Dang va trong xa hdi.
Nam 1957, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh di tham 9 nude XHCN anh em. Dd eung la dip dd Ngudi tun hidu thuc te va kinh nghiem xay dung CNXH, nhat la nhiing van de kinh te, xa hdi va cude sdng eua nhan dan eae nudc do.
Tiep do, Ngudi dan dau doan dai bieu Dang ta dir Hdi nghi dai bieu cac Dang Cdng san va edng nhan eae nude XHCN hgp d Matxeova (Lien Xd). Trong bai phat bieu tai Hdi nghi ngay 16-11-1957, Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh neu rd: "Sau khi khdi phuc boa binh d Viet Nam, nhd su giup dd anh em eua Lien Xd va Trung Qudc, ciing nhu sir giiip dd eua cae dang anh em khac, chimg tdi da cd kha nang xay dimg lai nen kinh te qudc dan eua chimg tdi, phat trien van hoa, xay dung cude sdng mdi, din din xay dung chu nghia xa hdi"*'. Phat bieu nhan dip ky niem 40 nam Cach mang thang Mudi (11-1957), Chu tieh Ho Chi Mmh nhin manh: "Dudi nggn ed eua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, di theo eon dudng ciia Cach mang thang Mudi, doan kdt chat che vdi nhan dan cae nude xa bdi chu nghia, nhan dan Viet Nam tin tudng virng chac vao thang lgi cua minh, quyet tam di tdi mdt tuong lai hanh phue, di tdi chu ngbia xa hdi"^.
Chuan bi din timg budc va quyet tam dua Viet Nam len eon dudng XHCN la quan diem xuyen sudt, nhat quan eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh. Timg budc mdt, ket hgp nghien cuu ly luan ve CNXH va each mang XHCN, khao sat kmh nghiem va thue tien xay dung CNXH d eae nude, Hd Chi Minh suy ngbl nhieu ve thuc tien, dac didm cua Viet Nam va sir can thidt phai xuit phat til thue tidn, dac didm ay ma dd ra mue tieu, lua ehgn hinh thiic, budc
di va giai phap phii hgp. Nam virng ly luan, nguydn tic cua chu nghia Mae - Lenm vd CNXH nhung ein phai van dung, phat tridn sang tao, hgc tap kinh nghidm xay dung CNXH d eae nude di trude nhung khdng rap khudn, ap dung mdt each may mdc. Dd Id mpt net ndi bat trong tu duy Hd Chi Minh, tic thuc tiin den nhdn thicc ly ludn vd tir ly ludn hudmg vdo gidi quyit nhitng vdn di thuc tiin ddt ra.
Nhiing ngudi lam cdng tac nghien cuu ly luan va can bd lanh dao chinh tri - thuc tidn d Viet Nam ddu dae bidt quan tam nghidn cuu bai Dien vdn khai mgc lap hgc ly ludn khod I Trudng Nguyin Ai Qudc ngay 7-9-1957 eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh. Trong Didn van quan trgng do, Hd Chi Minh neu rd: "Cude each mang xa hdi chu nghia la mdt cuoc bidn ddi khd khan nhat va sau sac nhat. Chiing ta phai xay dung mdt xa hdi hoan toan mdi xua nay chua timg ed trong lich sir dan tdc ta. Chimg ta phai thay ddi triet dd nhiing ndp sdng, thdi quen, y nghi va thanh kidn ed gdc re sau xa hang ngan nam... Chung ta phai bidn mdt nudc ddt nat, cue khd thanh mdt nudc van boa cao va ddi sdng tuoi vui hanh phuc. Chung ta lai phai tidn hanh nhirng nhidm vu dd trong nhirng didu kidn dae bidt cua nudc ta, nghia la trdn eo sd mdt xa hdi vira mdi thoat khdi ach thuc dan, phong kidn, hdt sue lac hau va trong hoan canh nudc ta dang bi chia eit lam hai midn"^ Chu tich Hd Chi Minh cho ring:
"Trong nhiing didu kien nhu the, chimg ta phai dimg nhirng phuong phap gi, hinh thuc gi, di theo tde do nao dd tidn din Idn chu nghia xa hdi. Dd la nhirng van dd dat ra trudc mat Dang ta hidn nay. Mudn giai quyet tdt nhirng
vin dd dd, mudn dd bdt md mam, mudn dd pham sai lim, thi chimg ta phai hgc tap kinh nghidm cae nudc anh em va ap dung nhiing kinh nghidm ay mgt each sang tao. Chiing ta phai nang cao su tu dudng vd chu nghia Mae - Ldnin dd dimg lap tmdng, quan didm, phuong phap chu nghia Mac - Lenm ma tdng ket nhung kmh nghidm cua Dang ta, phan tich mgt each diing dan nhiing dae didm cua nudc ta.
Cd nhu thd, chimg ta mdi cd thd din din hieu dugc quy luat phat tridn cua each mang Viet Nam, dinh ra duge nhirng dudng ldi, phuong cham, budc di cu thd cua each mang xa hdi chu nghia thich hgp vdi tmh hinh nudc ta"^.
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn xuat phat tu thuc tidn cua dat nudc dd xac dinh hinh thue, budc di, tdc do cho phu hgp. Vdi dac diem tu mdt nudc ndng nghidp lac hau, nghia la didm xuat phat rat thap di Idn CNXH cang phai lira chgn hinh thai, budc di thich hgp; tien din tijmg budc len CNXH. Ngudi ndu rd quan didm: "Chu nghia xa hdi khdng thd lam mau dugc ma phai lam din din"'". Phai sir dung dung dan cac thanh phan kinh td, kd ca kinh te tu ban m nhan, cac nha tu san. Khdng phai bat dp ma thuydt phuc cac nha tu san. "Cac nha tu san se hgp tac vdi Chinh phu dd san xuat dudi sir lanh dao cua giai cap cdng nhan.
Phai hudng vd phia ay, ma cdng tu hgp doanh ciing cdn phai tidn len nira. Cac nha tu san se thay cdng tu hgp doanh cd lgi, khdng cd hai, dan dan hg thay nhat dinh phai tidn len chu nghia xa hdi"". Tiin ddn lin CNXH la quan didm nhat quan eua Chii tich Hd Chi Mmh xuat phat tu hoan canh dat nude. Day la cdng vide to Idn "Dd la ea mdt edng tac td
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chuc va giao duc"'^. Tat ea nhan dan ed ging thi mdi tien mau duge.
Neu khdng xuat phat tu tiiue tidn, khdng nhan tiiirc sau sac nhirng dac diem hoan canh cua dat nudc va rap khudn each lam cua nudc ngoai thi cd thd khdng thanh edng. Lua ehgn phuong phap, con dudng di phu hgp ddi bdi phai sang tao. Tir thang 7-1956, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da nhae nhd didu nay: "Ta khdng the gidng Lien Xd, vi Lidn Xd ed phong tue tap quan khac, cd Uch sir dia ly khac... ta cd the di con dudng khac de tidn Idn chu nghia xa hgi"'^
Dai hdi IH cua Dang (9-1960) da dd ra dudng ldi ehung va dudng ldi phat trien ldnh te trong each mang XHCN d nude ta va phuong cham la tien nhanh, tidn manh, tidn vung chac Idn CNXH. C) thdi diem lich sir dd, Lien Xd mudn nhanh chdng hoan thien CNXH de ehuydn sang xay dung chu nghia cdng san, cdn Tmng Qudc dang thuc hidn dudng ldi "dai nhay vgt". Tham nhuan nhirng quan diem, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh vd xay dung CNXH va tii thue tidn eua Viet Nam, nam 1970 Dang da dieu ehinh lai nhan thuc ve eon dudng di len CNXH phu hgp vdi hoan canh cua dat nudc va dd ra ndi dung budc di ban ddu cua thdi ky qua do len CNXH d Viet Nam. Chi phdi bdi m tiidng tidn nhanh, ehi vai ba kd hoach 5 nam la ca nudc ta hoan thanh xay dung CNXH, ndn Dai hdi IV cua Dang (12-1976) da khdng dd cap ndi dung ciia budc di ban dau. Nhung thuc tien cua dit nudc lai mdt lan nira didu chinh lai nhan thirc.
Dai hdi V cua Dang (3-1982) da dd ra nhimg van de eua chdng dudng ddu tiin cua thdi ky qua do len CNXH d Viet Nam.
Cuong linh cua Dang tai Dai hdi II (2- 1951) da xac dinh rd mue tieu hoan tiianh each mang dan tdc dan chu nhan dan, tidn len CNXH. Trong tac phim Thudng thicc chinh tri (nam 1953) Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da de cap ndi dung cua CNXH va chu nghia edng san. Ngudi eho ring, dd di tdi CNXH, ein phai Mnh qua chi dp ddn chii mdi vdi 5 loai (thanh phan) kinh td khac nhau: "A. Kmh td qudc doanh (thuge ehii ngbia xa bdi, vi nd la eua ehung eua nhan dan). B. Cac hgp tac xa (nd la nira xa bdi chu nghia va se tidn len chu nghia xa hdi). C. Kinh td cua ca nhan, ndng dan va thu edng nghd (cd tiid tidn dan vao hgp tac xa, tiic la nira chu nghia xa hdi). D. Tu ban eua m nhan. E. Tu ban cua Nha nude (nhu Nha nude him vdn vdi m ban m nhan de kinh doanh). Trong nam loai ay, loai A la kinh te lanh dao va phat tiidn mau hon ca. Cbo nen kinh te ta se phat trien theo budng chu nghia xa hdi chir khdng theo hudng chu ngbia tu ban"'''. Quan diem dd eua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ehinh la nhan thire vd thdi ky qua do len CNXH phu hgp vdi thue tidn Viet Nam.
Sau ngay midn Bae duge giai phdng (1954), tir nam 1958 mien Bae thuc hien cai tao XHCN ddi vdi kinh te ndng nghidp va edng thuong nghiep tu ban tu doanh, thidt lap kinh td XHCN vdi hai loai kinh te: kinh te quoc doanh va kinh td tap thd (hgp tac xa).
Xoa bd kinh td tu ban tu nhan va kinh te ca tihd. Cd tdn tai loai kinh td tir ban nha nudc (cdng tu hgp doanh). Khi mien Nam dugc giai phdng (30-4-1975), dit nudc thong nhat, cdng cude cai tao XHCN ciing didn ra d midn Nam theo hudng da lam d mien Bac. Cach
lam chu quan, ndng vdi, van dung khdng dung quy luat vd sir phii hgp cua quan he san xuit vdi tiinh do phat ti-ien cua lire lugng san xuit da khdng phat huy dugc vai trd, sir ddng gdp eua eae thanh phan kinh td trong xay dung, phat trien dat nude. Trong quan he san xuit mdi XHCN cdn nang vd giai quydt van dd sd hiiu m lieu san xuat (sd hiru toan dan va sd hiru tap thd), van dd quan ly va phan phdi ed nhidu sai lam khuydt didm.
Vdi thai do nhin thang vao sir that, danh gia dimg va ndi rd su that, Dai hgi VI cua Dang (12-1986) da quydt dinh dudng ldi ddi mdi toan didn, trong dd ddi mdi kinh td hudng manh vao thue hidn nhat quan va lau dai chinh sach phat tridn nhidu thanh phan kinh td, ddi mdi manh me eo chd quan ly theo hudng eo chd thi tixrdng va xay dung ndn kinh td thi tmdng dinh hudng XHCN.
Trong each mang dan tde dan chu nhan dan, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh danh gia dimg va phat huy tinh than ydu nudc cua cac nha tu san trong dau tranh gianh ddc lap dan tde va dan chu. Khi xay dung dat nudc theo eon dudng XHCN, Chii tieh Hd Chi Mmh chu ti'gng thanh phan kinh td tu ban tu nhan va lgi ich cua cae nha tu san trong su nghidp kidn thidt dat nude, chu trgng kinh td ca thd, lgi ich cua nhirng ngudi ndng dan, tidu chu. Quan didm cua Ngudi la lam sao "Cdng tu diu lgi.
Kinh td qudc doanh la cdng... Tu la nhiing nha tu ban dan tdc va kinh td ca nhan eua ndng dan va thu cdng nghd. Dd ciing la lire lugng can thiet cho cuoc xay dung kinh te nudc nha. Cho ndn Chmh phu ein giiip hg phat tiidn. Nhung hg phai phuc tiing sir lanh
dao cua kmh td qudc gia, phai hop vdi lgi ich ciia dai da so nhan dan. Chu thg diu lgi. Nha til ban thi khdng khdi bde lot. Nhung Chinh phu ngan cim hg bde lot cdng nhan qua tay.
Chinh phu phai bao ve quydn lgi cua cdng nhan. Ddng thdi, vi lgi ich lau dai, anh chi em thg ciing dd cho chu dugc sd lgi hgp ly, khdng yducauquamire"'^. •
Nhiing quan didm ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da soi sang nhan thuc cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam trong cdng cude ddi mdi, nhan thue rd hon vd hmh thuc, budc di cua con dudng xay dung CNXH.
Quan niem cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve chd do XHCN va cdng san chu nghia ciing that rd rang, gian di va hidn thuc. Dd la xa hdi
"ai ciing am no, sung sudng, tu do; ai eiing thdng thai va cd dao diic"'^. Nam 1956, Ngudi ndu rd "Chu nghia xa hgi la lam sao eho dan giau nudc manh"'^. Nam 1960, Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh nhan manh: "Ndi mdt each tdm tat, mgc mac, chu nghia xa hdi tmdc het nham eho nhan dan lao ddng thoat nan ban cimg, lam cho mgi ngudi cd cdng an vide lam, dugc no am va sdng mdt ddi hanh phiic" . Nam 1962, Ngudi lai ndu rd: "Chu nghia xa hgi la lam sao cho nhan dan du an, du mac, ngay cang sung sudng, ai nay duge di hgc, dm dau cd thudc, gia khdng lao ddng dugc tiii nghi, nhirng phong tuc tap quan khdng tdt din din dugc xoa bd... Tdm lai, xa hgi ngay cang tien, vat chat ngay cang tang, tinh thin ngay cang tdt, do la chu nghia xa hdi"'^.
Quan niem eua Chu tieh Hd Chi Mmh ve CNXH khdng chi lam cho mgi ngudi cd ddi sdng cao vd vat chat, ma phai ed ddi sdng van
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hoa, tmh than tdt dep. Ngudi cho ring Dang la dao due, la van rrunh va xa hdi cQng phai la xa hdi van minh, mgi ngudi sdng cd dao due.
Mgi ngudi sdng vi nhau, sdng vdi nhau ed tinh nghia. Ngudi ludn ludn nhae ddn nhung chuan muc trong gia tri van boa cua dan tdc:
tinh nghia, nhan ngbia, bidu nghia, dai nghia.
Tinh nghia cao dep trd thanh tinh nghia ddng bdo, ddng chi, tinh nghia ndm chdu bon biin mpt nhd. Hieu chii nghia Mac - Ldnin la phai sdng vdi nhau cd tmh cd nghia. Hd Chi Minh bat dau bang su nghiep giai phdng dan tde, giai phdng giai cap, giai phdng xa bdi va giai phdng con ngudi va cudi cimg eiing vi eudc sdng hanh phiic cua con ngudi. Ngudi phd phan chu nghia ca nhan, nhung dac biet quan tam den lgi ich eua mdi eon ngudi. Ngudi eho rang:
"Khdng ed chd do nao tdn trgng eon ngudi, chu y xem xet nhiing lgi ich ea nhan dimg dan va bao dam eho nd dugc tiioa man bang chd do xa hgi chu nghia va cdng san chu nghla"^°.
Tdn tirgng va quan tam ddn lgi ieh ehinh dang, ddn eudc sdng eua nhan dan, eua mdi gia dinh va mdi con ngudi, song Chu tich Hd Chi Minh quan niem CNXH khdng phai la su ban phat, sir ban on. Tir rat sdm, Ngudi da chu trgng lam sao hudng din nhan dan lam an kinh te, lam giau va gdp phan kidn thidt nudc nha;
phai biet ddng vien sue dan de lam lgi cho dan.
Nhan dan ehii khdng phai ai khac la ngudi xay dung xa hdi mdi tdt dep. Ngudi ndu rd: "Chu nghia xa hdi la nham nang eao ddi sdng vat chat va van boa cua nhan dan va do nhdn ddn tuxdy dung lay. Mudn dat muc dich dd, thi nhan dan ta phai ra siie tiii dua tang gia san xuat va tiiue hanh tidt kiem"^'.
Trong ban Di chiic de lai eho toan Dang, toan dan, Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da dd cap biet bao nhieu edng vide phai lam sau khi kdt thuc chien tranh, thong nhit dit nude, tu xay dung lai thanh phd, lang mac, khdi phuc, md rdng cae nganh kinh te den edng tac vd sinh, y td, sua ddi che do giao due, cimg ed qudc phdng. Ngudi can dan: "Cdng vide tren day la rat to Idn, nang ne va phire tap, ma eiing rat ve vang. Day la mdt eudc chien dau chong lai nhirng gi da cii ky, bu bdng, dd tao ra nhiing cai mdi me, tdt tuoi. De gianh lay thang lgi trong cude chidn dau khdng Id nay can phai ddng vidn toan dan, td chiic va giao due toan dan, dua vao lire lugng vi dai eua toan dan"^^.
Ddi mdi d Viet Nam mdt phan tu the ky qua chinh la nhan thirc va van dung dimg dan nhiing luan diem cua Ldnin vd nhiing dac trung ciia thdi ky qua do len CNXH, dae biet la quan niem cua Cbii tich Hd Chi Minh ve lira chgn con dudng di len CNXH phu hop vdi thuc tien Viet Nam.
1,2. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.l, tr.35, 63
3. Sdd, T.4, tr.272 4. S^t/, T.6, tr.l 74
5, 14, 15, 16. Sdd, T.7, tr.519-520, 247-248, 221- 222, 248
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17. Sdd, T.8, tr. 585, 578,493^94,494,226,227,228,227,236
18, 19,21. 5cf^,T10,tr.l7, 591, 506 20. Sdd, T.9, 291
22.5^t/,T12,tr.505.