Nghien cuu An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 2014
DAU AN CUA VAN HOA AN DO TRONG NGHE THUAT SAN KHAU ROBAM CUA NGU^CH KHMER NAM BQ
Duong Tlii Ngpc Minh *
l^dbdm edn duac goi Id kich mua, duoc ddng bao Khmer Nam bd yeu thich. Ddy Id X \^logi hinh sdn khdu kich Idy mua ldm ngdn ngUr chinh, thdng qua ede dong tde mua di truyin tdi ndi dung, bieu Id cdm xuc vd khdc hoa linh each nhdn vat, cho nen, mdi nhdn vdt deu cd diiu mua rieng. Sdn khdu Rdbam duoc ra ddi tir rdt sdm va dgt den trinh dd nghi thudt cao vdi thdnh tuu rue rd. Lich sir ra dai vd phdt trien eua logi hlnh nghe thuat ndy ngodi tinh huang thien vd nhirng gid tri nhdn vdn cao dep cdn dn chira rdt nhiiu yiu td ciia vdn hda An Dp do mdi quan he lich sir - vdn hda ldu ddi giira nin vdn minh ndy vdi cong ddng Khmer Nam bp. Do chdm bien ddi di thich img vdi hoan cdnh mdi nen Rdbam ngdy cdng bi mai mpt. Vi vay, cdn phdi cd chinh sdch quan tdm vd ddu tu dimg mue di duy tri logi hinh nghi thudt ddc ddo ndy trong ddi sdng tinh thdn eiia ngudi Khmer Nam bo.
Tir khda: nghe thuat san khau Rdbam, van hda An Dp, Khmer Nam bp
Trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than ciia cdng ddng nguai Khmer d Nam bd, Rdbam la loai hinh nghe thuat san khau truyen thong duac ddng bao rat yeu thich. Day la loai hinh san khiu kjch lay miia lam ngdn ngii chinh, thong qua cac ddng tac miia de khic hpa tfnh each nhan vat, cho nen, mdi nhan vat deu cd dieu miia rieng. Vi vay Rdbam cdn dupe gpi la kjch miia. San khau
Rdbam dupe ra ddi tir rat sdm va dat den trinh dp nghe thuat cao vdi thanh tuu rye rd. Tuy nhien, it ngudi biet dupe trong lich sir ra ddi va phat trien ciia loai hinh nghe thuat nay an chiia rat nhieu yeu td ciia van hda An Dp do mdi quan he ljch sir - van hda lau ddi giua nen van minh nay vdi cdng ddng Khmer Nam bd.
* NCS., Khoa Van hoa Du ljch, Dai hpc Dong Thap.
Duong Thi Ngoc Minh. Ddu dn cua van hoa An Bp...
1. NguSn g5c An Do cua nghe thuat Rdbam
Robam la mpt loai tu6ng co co xuat xu til san khdu An Dp. Day la mpt loai hinh nghe thuat t6ng hpp, kSt hop rat nhieu the loai: mua, hat, noi, kich cam, mat na, am nhac... vol nhau. Trong do rrnJa dong vai tro chu dao. Theo thSn thoai An Dp, vi than nhan s\i menh trayen day nghe thuat san khju cho con nguai co ten la Baharata -
cai ten bao ham ca ngu nghia ve cac dac tnmg cua nghe thuat san khau An: cam xuc, dieu bp, giai dieu va nhip (bha - bhava, ra raga, ta tala). "San khau phuong Dong noi ehung va Dong Nam A noi rieng tit bao doi nay da tiep nhan nhung tinh hoa tit cac mach ngu6n phong phu 4y.
Co thJ nhan thiy, ehung van tuon chay va an chiia tiem tang trong cung each diln ta cua nhung loai hinh nghe thuat nhu san khiu Robam".
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Kich miia Robam tai Hpi diln nghe thuat quan chiing toan quoc.
Loai hinh nghe thuat nay hien van con bao luu dupe o nuac ta qua qua trinh nuoi duong gin giii cua cong dong nguai Khmer Nam bo. Nguoi Khmer ngay nay van con truyin tung mpt tich co vl su ra dm cia nghe thuat mua, mang dam sac mau Ba La Mon giao: Than Indra, chiia cua muon loai, hien xuong tran ciing vai doan tien nu Devi cua ngai, nhan le dang quang cua hoang tir Preah la con trai chinh dong cua than Indra. Cac tien ntr tuoi nuac thanh xu6ng Preah va mua dpng tac chuc mimg.
Ciing tir do nguoi Khmer nam dupe bi quyet cua nghe thuat mua.
Cac nha nghien ciru cho rang loai hinh san khau nay von xuat phat tii cung dinh do hp "tim thay cac tu the miia trong Robam duac mo ta trong nhirng sach noi ve "Mua c6 dien" cua Hoang gia Campuchia". Cac quy each dien xuat ciia miia, hat dupe quy dinh chat che, dong thofi cac tich truyen cua Robam thuong noi den vua chua va cac chuyen trong cung dinh nen cang khang dinh day la loai hinh nghe thuat cung dinh.
Vi CO quan he mat thiet vai cung dinh nen no cung gan voi su thang tram, thinh suy cua cac trieu dai. Sau khi cac trieu dai phong kien cua nguoi Khmer suy tan, cac nghe sT cung dinh ciing phan tan ve cac dia 10
Nghien ciru An Dd vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 20J4 phuong, thanh lap cac ganh hat rong de bao
luu mdn nghe thuat nay. Vi vay, cd y kien cho rang nghe thuat san khau Rdbam cd dien cua ngudi Khmer Nam bd va ngudi Khmer Campuchia hien nay vdn cd cung ehung ngudn gdc, deu phat xuat tir cung dinh nliimg do nhiing bien ddng ciia lich sii da chia thanh hai hudng phat trien khac nhau. Ddi vdi cdng ddng Khmer Nam bd thi Rdbam tir ngudn gdc cung dinh da dan dan phat trien trong dan gian dudi su bao trp cua cac chiia va phum, sdc. Cdn Rdbam cua ngudi Khmer Campuchia thi sau khi hoang gia Campuchia khdi phuc loai Mnh nghe thuat nay lai trd ve phat trien trong cung dinh.
2. Bac diem cua nghe thuat san khau Robam va dau an cua van hda An Do
2.1. Vi noi dung
Ndi dimg cua cac vd Rdbam thudng lay tu cac truyen tich cd ciia An Dp, Trung Qudc va ca truyen cd Viet Nam. Dirng dau vin la vd Riem Ke trich tir sir thi Ramayana ciia An Dp. Ramayana la ban anh hiing ca ndi ti^ng trong nen van hpc An Dp va nhudm mau sic Ba La Mdn. Pho sir thi ldn nay dem lai ngudn cam hiing vd tan cho cac boat dpng sang tao nghe thuat. Cd the ndi, tinh than nhan van cao ca ciia Ramayana ciing tinh chat linh thieng cua tdn giao da tao nen cai hdn ciia Rdbam. Ddi vdi ngudi An, day khdng chi la mdt tac phim cd y nghia don thuamve van hpc ma no cdn dupe coi la quyen sach thieng, bao gdm cac truyen thdng tri^t hpc va tdn giao ciia dan tdc An. Ngudi An ludn kinh can
khi tiip xiic vdi Ramayana, xem nliu mdt tam guong soi sang cho hp trong cu xir va giir gin pham hanh. Siic sdng ciing y nghia my hpc idn lao ciia nd lang dpng trong ddi sdng tam linh ngudi An va ca ngudi Khmer Cling nhu cu dan cac nudc klii dupe tiep nhan van hda An Dp. Ngoai ve dep van chuang tao nha, tham day chat tha ngudi ta cdn cam thay dupe su thanh Ipe trong tam hdn.
Den nay, truyen Riem Ke trich tir Irudng ca Ramayana van chiem mdt dung lupng dang ke trong cac tudng lich Rdbam.
Cac nhan vat trong Riem Ke da trd thanh nhiing hinh mau dien hinh, ly tudng cua ddng bao Khmer Nam bd nhu nang Seda xinh dep thiiy cbung, chang hoang tir Riem tai gidi nhung gap nhieu gian truan, khi than Hanuman phap thuat cao cudng... Tai hien sir thi Ramayana, san khau Rdbam ciing dua ra nhung md hinh ve con ngudi chi nhan chi thien. "Hoang tir Rama la con ngudi nhan tir, nghia hiep, cao thupng, dupe ngudi An Dp rdi ngudi Khmer va nhieu nudc Ddng Nam A ngudng md tdn thd, coi la hien than ciia than thanh. Rama nhu anh mat trdi tda sang ben canh vang trang dju mat trong xanh cua ngudi vp hiln xinh dep. Nang Seda la bieu tupng ve sy hy sinh cao ca, thiiy ehung cua ngudi phu nii phuong Ddng, mpi ngudi se dupe soi minh vao tam guang dire hanh cita nang dl ren luyen tam tinh, tu sira ban than".
Ngoai Riem Ke, ve sau cac doan Rdbam cd them mdt vai vd diln mdi cilng liy tir nhung tich cd mang tinh chit thin thoai, nhudm mau sac Phat giao nhu Preah Chin Na Vdng (hoang tir Chin Na Vdng),
11
Duong Thi Ngpc Minh. Ddu an ciia van hoa An Do...
Rattanavong, Lin Thong (tuang tu nhu truyen Thach Sanh - Ly Thong cua nguai Viet). Cae va diln nay nhim truyen tai mot dao ly cua nha Phat la "o hiln se gap lanh, ke ac phai den toi".
Nhin chimg, o Robam ta co the thay dupe ca kho tang Unyen kl g6m nhilu the Ioai phong phii: tir thSn thoai, truyen thuyit, c6 tich, ngu ngon... voi nhflng hinh mlu ban dia hoac xuat xii tit dan gian An Dp, tir truong ca Ramayana den Mahabharata, tir nhiing Phat thoai din Ba La Mon su... diu dupe nguoi Khmer sit dung lam ngu6n cam himg de xay dung nen nhung tac pham san khau dac sac.
Nhilu ylu t6 van hoa nghe thuat cua no cung bieu Men theo khuynh huong dung nap, hoa d6ng Sy. Tuy nhien, khac voi the gioi quan thoi c6 cua ngucri An, nguoi Khmer Nam bp qua nghe thuat dien ta cua minh da the hien tinh thin thupng v6, chu dpng ciia con nguiri trong cuoc diu tranh sinh t6n. Nghe thuat vu dao dac sic vai nhiing yeu to tinh hoa cua An Dp dupe ke thira trpn lin voi sic thai ctmg dinh Khmer da c6ng hien cho khan gia nhiing hinh tupng song dpng. Chiing duong nhu buac ra khoi san khiu de hoa nhap vao cuoc s6ng thuc tai. Qua nghe thuat Rdbam, nguai Khmer Nam bp muon co su lien he voi thin linh, tim kiem sir cong cam, huang thien. Do do hoat dpng nghe thuat nay cua nguoi Khmer ciing mang tinh thieng lieng cao ca. Trong san khau An Dp va cac nen san khau chiu anh huang van hoa An Dp nhu 6 Thai Lan, Indonexia hay Campuchia,
nghe thuat san khau diu gan bo voi ton giao a cai thieng ay.
2.2. Nhdn vdt
NhQng nhan vat cua san khiu Robam thuong la nhiing nhan vat dupe xay dimg tir hinh tupng dien hinh trong cac sit thi, huyIn thoai ton giao. Cac nhan vat mang tinh Iy tuong, thi hien tinh nhan van, trilt ly nhan sinh, giao due con nguoi huong thien, lam dieu lanh, tranh dilu dQ.
Nhin ehung, cac vo tuong Robam dupe cau tnic theo hai tuyin nhan vat, tieu bilu cho hai dang nguoi trong xa hpi: chinh dien va phan dien, thien va ac.
- Chdn dai dien cho phai ac, bilu tupng cua ke ac. Tren san khau, nhan vat Chan luon deo mat na vol hinh dang dil ton.
Chin thu6ng ham hai nguoi hiln, bat coc va hay nguoi yeu ke khac, nhung roi cu6i cung ciing phai den toi. Nhan vat Chan von xuit phat tit hinh tupng vua quy Ravana trong sir thi Ramayana cua An Dp - ke bat coc nang Sita va la ke thii truyen kiep cua Rama, nhung no da duac "Khmer hoa" khi dua vao san khau Robam.
Vai ehinh nam thuoc phai thien, thuang la vua, hoang tir hay mpt nhan vat anh hiing tai gioi, luon duang dau vdi vai ac la Chan nen gap nhieu gian truan nhung rfli luon dupe giup da, vugt mpi hiem nguy, chien thang cai ac de co dupe mpt cupe song hanh phiic vien man. Thuang vai chinh nam do diln vien nil dong. Dien hinh cho tuyen nhan vat nay la chang hoang tir Riem trong vo Riem Ke hay hoang tii Chin Na Vong trong vo Preah Chin Na Vong...
Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 20]4 - Ben canh vai chinh nam cdn cd vai
chfnh nii, thudng la hoang hau, cdng chiia hay con gai cua chan (nhung Iai yeu vai nam chinh). Vai chinh nii thudng bi chin bat cdc de roi duoc ngudi yeu giai thoat vdi sy giiip siic cua cac nhan vat cd phep thuat phi thudng. Dien hinh cho tuyen nhan vat nay chinh la hinh tuong nang Seda trong vd RiSm Ke.
Ngo^i ra, cdn cd mot sd vai phu va cac vai thii vat (khi, riia, chim mudng...) deu la nhiing con vat cd phep thuat phi thudng, thudng dung ve phai thien de giiip dd rih§n vat chinh chdng lai ke thii. Dieu nay xuat phat tit sy anh hudng ciia tdn giao An Dp.
Ngudi An Dp ludn tdn thd nhiing con vat thieng nhu bd than (Nandi), khi than (Hanuman), chim than (Garuda)... Dac diem nay duac dua vao Rdbam gdp phan lam cho cac vd dien them sinh ddng. Dac biet cac vai thii vat nay thudng deo mat na nen Rdbam cdn duac gpi la la loai hinh
"san khau mat na" cd dien.
2.3. Trang tri sdn khdu vd trang phue Khac vdi su hoanh trang va long lay trong trang phuc va san khau cua nghe thuat cai luang Nam bd, san khau va trang phuc ciia cac doan Rdbam don gian hda den miic cao dp. San khau cd man keo, nhung chi dupe keo mdt lan vao luc md dau dem dien, chi cd mdt vai cai ban va cai ghe dupe bay bien tren san khau tir dau cho din kat thiic vd dien ma khdng hh cd sy thay ddi bay tri trong timg phan canh nhu nghe thuat cai luong. Thyc trang nay cd the mdt phan do san khau Rdbam vdn xuat phat tir nghe thuat cung dinh nen sau khi chuyen sang hinh thiic dan gian nd khdng cdn dupe chli trpng dau tu dieu kien vat chat nhu trudc niia. Ciing cd the do dac thii ciia loai hinh nghe thuat nay lay miia lam phuong tien chu dao de truyen tai ndi dung nen vii dao cung trd thanh phuang tien chii yeu tao nen khdng gian truyen ma khdng can den trang tri san khau nhu nhiing loai hinh san khau khac.
Mdt canh trong vd Riem Ke
Mac du cd xuat xii tir cung dinh nhung dan gian tdi da. Hiu nhu mdi nhan vat chi do tinh each dan da da in sau vao Rdbam mac ddc mot bd quin ao trong sudt vd. Ddi nen trang phuc ciia san khiu Rdbam ciing khi mdi dien vien cd the kiem nhiem rihiSu
Duong Thj Ngpc Minh. Ddu dn cua vdn hda An £)Q..
vai phu, mdi lin ddi vai hp cung khdng thay doi y trang. Do da sd khan gia ciia Rdbam gin nhu thudc ldng cac tudng tich nen hp vin theo ddi dupe dien bien tren san khiu. Ngupc lai, trang phuc cua nhan vat Chin lai kha sac sd, thudng dupe dinh them nhiing guang trdn long lanh dudi anli den.
3. Thyc trang va trien vong Trong thdi gian dau xuat hien, san khau Rdbam thu hiit ddng dao khan gia va giii vai trd vj tri kha dac biet trong ddi sdng tam linh cua ddng bao Khmer Nam bd.
Nhiing nam 60 cua the ky trudc, cd the ndi d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long, dac biet d cac tinh Sdc Trang, Tra Vinh la thdi hoang kim ciia cac doan Rdbam. Hang nam, cac doan nghe thuat Rdbam thudng luu dien d cac dam lam phudc hay cac ngdi chiia. Doan dien d dau deu dupe ba con Khmer d dja phuang "hau dai", lo nai an, chdn d chu dao.
Nhiing nam gan day, trudc su phat trien va siic hap dan cua nhieu loai hinh nghe thuat khac cimg cac boat ddng giai tri hien dai, nhat la khi nghe thuat Yuke ra ddi, dudng nhu nghe thuat san khiu Rdbam khdng cdn hap dan cac khan gia tre ma chi duac nhimg khan gia ldn tudi yeu thich.
Nguyen nhan cd le do nd da kha lac hau so vdi thdi dai, khdng cd ldi dien mdi va cung khdng cd nhiing vd diln vd de tai xa hdi.
Hau het cac vd dien deu dya vao nhung
"chuyen xua tich cii", khdng chira dyng ndi dung thuc Hen nen khd cd thi truygn tai nhimg van de cua cudc sdng duong dai nhu
san khau Yuke. Thuc trang nay mdt phan la do truyen thdng Rdbam chi quen dien nhiing tich truyen cung dinh ma nhan vat thudng la vua chiia, hoang tir, cdng chiia vdi Idi diln da trd nen quy cii. Viec thay ddi de tai va sang tao ra nhung vd dien mdi gan vdi nhimg nhan vat binh dan nhu anh ndng dan hay cd thdn nii bat budc phai thay ddi ca mpt quy trinh da tuang ddi dn dinh la khdng de dang chiit nao. Do cham bien ddi de thich img vdi hoan canh mdi nen Rdbam ngay cang bi mai mdt, hien chi cdn may doan le te vdi nhiing nghe nlian da ldn tudi. Mudn loai hinh nghe thuat nay cd th6 tdn tai ben vUng can thiet phai cd sy cai tien de "hien dai hda" nd, tim chd diing cho nd trong nen nghe thuat mdi. Bdi le, bao tdn va khdi phyc loai hinh san khiu Rdbam la yeu ciu het siic can thiet vi day la vdn quy cua nghe thuat san khiu ciia ddng bao Khmer Nam bd.
Ket luan
Trai qua bao thang trim Ijch sir, tir mot hoat ddng nghe thuat cd ngudn gdc xuit xii tir An Dp, den nay Rdbam van giir nguyen la loai hinh nghe thuat thim diy chit tho, trtr tinh va huyen thoai. Dilu nay tao nen net ddc dao cung siic hap din ciia nd. Tren budc dudng di dan ciia minh, ngudi Khmer ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long da gdp phan Khmer hda mpt sd yeu td trong he thdng gia tri ciia nghe thuat san khiu Rdbam, bo simg cho nd nhiing net mdi cd y nghTa tich cue hem, "Rdbam dan dan vupt ra khdi tinh chit sir thi, cung dinh tir sudi ngudn An Dp de hda vao ddng chay tuoi xanh cua ddi
Nghien cuu An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 04 - 2014
sdng the su, dan da, gan giii vdi ngudi Khmer Nam bd".
Nhin cbung, san khau Khmer Nam bd va Rdbam ndi rieng trong ndi dung truydn tai cua minh ludn de cao tinh gido hudn huang thien, the hien tinh than nhan van cao ca. Trong giai doan hien nay, xay dyng nhan each con ngudi van ludn la van de trpng tam cua van hda Viet Nam klii cac chuan m y c xa hdi dang bj xao trdn trudc sir tac ddng cua c a che thj ti'udng vdi ldi sdng ich ki thyc dung thi tinh giao huan hudng thien, tu tudng bao dung bac ai ludn t h i m dupm trong cac v d dien Rdbam khdng chi la nhiing bai hpc xa xua, ma van cdn gan gui, bd ich cho con ngudi duong thdi. Thiet
nghi day la dieu can phai quan tam. suy nghT trong qua trinh xay dyng, ddi mdi va nang cao van hda ciia ngudi Khmer Nam bd trong giai doan hien nay vdi tat ca sy phong phii va phiic lap cua nd.
T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
1. Huynh Thj Bich Nhung (2000), Nghe thudt sdn khdu Robam vd dai song tdm linh ciia ngirdi Khame Nam bo (Vdn hoa Nam bg trong khong gian xd hdi Ddng Nam A), Nxb.
Dai hpc Qudc gia TP.HCM.
2. Vien Van hoa (1988), 77m hieu vd vdn hda ddn tdc Khmer Nam bd, Nxb. Hau Giang.
3. http://langvietonline.vn/54-Dan- Toc/123362/Kich-mua-Robam-net-dac-sac- nghe-thuat-Khmer.html