K NGUON NUdC QUOC THEO QUY DINH LUAT QUOC NGAN GIAM THIEU KIEM SCAT

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NGHIEN CW - TRA O B6I

N G H I A VU NGAN NGLfA, GIAM THIEU VA KIEM SCAT 6 N H I I M NGUON NUdC QUOC TE THEO QUY DINH COA LUAT QUOC TE

HA THANH HOA*

Tom tat: Nude Id nguon tdi nguyen thien nhien v6 ciing quan trgng doi vai vi^c duy tri vd phdt trien cua tir nhien vd ddi song con nguai. Tuy nhien, tinh trgng 6 nhiem nude dang dgt ra a mice bao dgng tren todn the giai Nguyen nhdn cua tinh trgng 6 nhiem ndy co thi xudt phdt tir cdc yeu td khdch quan nhu si/ bien doi cua cdc yeu to tu nhien, con ngudi Bdi viit phdn tich cdc quy dinh cua phdp lugt qudc ti ve ngan ngua. gidm thieu vd kiem sodt 6 nhiem nguon nude; kien nghf cdc ngi dung vd bi?n phdp ngan ngiea, khdc phuc 6 nhiem nguon nuac quoc te tir cdc hogt dgng khai thdc, sic d\ing nguon nuac cua cdc quoc gia nhdm giup cdc quoc gia tdng cuong bao ddm an ninh moi trudng trong khai thdc nguon nirdc quoc te.

Tic khod: Ngan ngua; kiem sodt; nguon nuac quoc te; lugt quoc te; 6 nhiem

Nhgn bdi: 05/12/2019 Hodn thdnh bien tgp: 28/02/2020 Duy^t dang: 12/3/2020 OBLIGATION TO PREVENT, REDUCE AND CONTROL POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

Abstracts: Water is the most important natural resource for the maintenance and development of nature and human life. However, water pollution has reached an alarm level in all over the world. The cause of this problem can come from objective factors such as the changes of natural and human factors. The paper focuses on an analysis of international law on prevention, reduction and control of pollution of international watercourses. It then proposes the contents and measures for preventing and overcoming the international watercourse pollution caused by water exploitation of the nations to help them strengthen the environmental security in exploiting international watercourses.

Keywords: Prevention;control; international watercourse; international law; pollution

Received: Dec 5"', 2019; Editing completed: Feb 28"', 2020; Accepted for publication: Mar 12'^, 2020

K

hai ni?m d nhiem nguon nude qudc te con ngudi". Theo quy djnh nay, d nhiem dugc ghi nhan tai khoan 1 Dilu 21 ngudn nude qudc te bao gdm hai dau hi?u:

Cdng udc ve su dung phi hang hai ngudn Thu nhdt, cd sy thay ddi bat lgi trong nude qudc t l nam 1997 (sau day ggi tat la thanh phan hoac chat lugng nude cua ngudn Cdng udc nam 1997) la "bdt ki su thay doi nude qudc te. Theo li giai ciia Uy ban luat bdi lgi ndo trong thdnh phan hoac chdt qudc te (ILC), thuat ngii "thanh phan cua lugng nude cua nguon nude quoc te la ket ngudn nude" de chi tat ca cac chat cd trong qud true tiip hodc gian tiep tif hdnh vi cua nude, ke ca nhiing chat hoa tan, cac chat lo lung va cac cb4t khdng boa tan khac trong khi

"Cidng vied, TrinyngD^i hpc Lu§t Hd N§i "^^^ l ^ ^ g "^ " g " ^ " " ^ ^ ^ " ^'^^ ^ " ^ ^^"

E-mail: hathanhhoa@hlu.edu.vn dac tinh tu nhien vdn cd va miic dg tinh 30 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 10/2019

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NGHIENCUV- TRAODdl

khilt ciia nudc.^'' Tuy nhiSn, Cdng udc nam 1997 khdng ghi nhan chi tilt vl bat ki tac ddng "bat lgi" cu thi nao nhu tdn hai ddi vdi sue khde con ngudi, tai san hay tai nguyen sinh vat. Quy djnh nhu vay da lam cho each hieu vl djnh nghia d nhiem ngudn nude qudc tl theo khoan 1 Dilu 21 Cdng udc nam 1997 kha rdng. Theo dd, mgi sy thay ddi bat lgi, kS ca nhung thay doi vl sd lugng nude anh hudng din chat lugng ciia ngudn nude deu dugc coi la sy thay ddi bit lgi trong thanh phan hoac chat lugng nude ciia ngudn nude qudc te.^^*

Thir hai, sy thay ddi ciia ngudn nude phai la ket qua tryc tiep hoac gian tilp tii hanh vi cua con ngudi. Ndi each khac, khoan

1 Dieu 21 da loai trii cac tac nhan gay d nhiem xay ra ty nhien nhu niii Ida phun trao hoac lii lyt ty nhien.*' Tuy nhien, Cdng udc nam 1997 cung khdng de cap nhiing each thiic cy the gay ra d nhilm ngudn nude (nhu vi?c dua boa chat, nang lu^ng hay nhiing thii tuong ty vao ngudn nude) ma chi quy djnh

(1). International Law Commission, Draft articles on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses and commentaries thereto and resolution on transboundary confined groundwater. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1994, vol. II, PartTwo, 1994,p.l21.

(2). Owen Mointyre, Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law.

Ashgate Publishmg Limited, England, 2007, p. 215.

(3). A. E. Utton, 'International Water Law and the International Law Commission: Articles 21 and 22 - Four Questions and Two Proposals, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 209 (3), 1992, p. 211-252.

(4). International Law Commission, Draft articles on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses and commentaries thereto and resolution on transboundary confined groundwater, Yearbook

mgt each chung chung "la hanh vi cua con figudi". Do dd, cd thi hilu hanh vi la nguySn nhan tryc tiep hoac gian tiep gay ra sy thay ddi bat lgi vl thanh phan hoac tinh chit cua nguon nude dugc bieu hien dudi dang hanh dgng nhu dua hoa chat vao ngudn nude hoac dang khdng hanh ddng nhu thilu sdt trong viec thyc hi?n cac nghia vu kilm soat hanh vi dua hoa chat vao nguon nude.

Theo quy dinh tai Cdng udc nam 1997 Cling nhu cac dieu udc qudc te khac ve ngudn nude qudc te nhu: Dieu le ve nude cua luu vyc hd Chad nam 1964, Cdng udc vl hgp tac trong viec bao v? va phat trien ben vung sdng Danube, Cdng udc ve bao ve va su dyng ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi va hd qudc tl nam 1992 (ggi tat la Cdng udc UNCE)..., nghia vy ngan ngira, giam thieu, kiem soat*^^

d nhiem nguon nude quoc te bao gdm nhiing ngi dung sau:

1. Xay dyng myc tieu va tieu chuan chat lugng nirdc chung

Theo quy djnh tai Hudng dan thyc hien Cdng udc UNCE (Hudng dan thyc hien Cdng udc UNCE) nam 2013,*^* tieu chuin

of the International Law Commission, 1994, vol. H, PartTwo, 1994, p. 121-122.

(5). Theo Binh luan ciia Uy ban phdp hi|t qu6c t6, nghTa vy ng3n ng^a lien quan dSn nhthig 6 nhiem m6i doi v6i ngu6n nuac quoc te trong khi gidm thieu vd kilm sodt lien quan den nhihig 6 nhiem dang ton tgi.

Xem: International Law Commission, Draft articles on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses and commentaries thereto and resolution on transboundary confined groundwater. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1994, vol. II, PartTwo, 1994, p. 122.

(6). The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Guide to Implementing the Water Convention, 2013, http://www.unece.org/fiteadmin/

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 10/2019 31

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NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI

chat lugng nude la "ndng dg oxy tdi thiiu vd ndng dg toi da cdc chdt trong nude khong gay hgi cho mgt hinh thuc sic dyng nude cu the (vi du su dung nude uSng, sic dung nude cho gia sue, sic dung nude de tudi tieu, sic ditng nude cho muc dich gidi tri, su dung nude cho cdc loai thuy sinh) ".

cac tieu chuan chat lugng nude se dugc xac dinh khac nhau can cii vao myc dich sii dyng. Chang ban, ddi vdi nude dimg cho cac myc dich ca nhan, tieu chuin chat lugng nude da dugc thiia nh$n rgng rai ddi vdi mgt sd bien so chat lugng nude truyen thdng nhu pH, oxy hoa tan, nhu c^u oxy sinh hoa trong thdi gian 5 hoac 7 ngay (BODS va B0D7), nhu cau oxy hoa hgc (COD) va chat dinh dudng, vi dy dg pH tir 6,5 den 9 dugc coi la thich hgp nhat de duy tri cho cac loai ca, oxy boa tan trong pham vi tir 5 - 9.5 mg 1" la thich hgp cho cac loai thuy san; ddi vdi nuoc dimg cho myc dich tudi tieu, cac tieu chuan thudng dugc chii y la dac diem ciia cay trdng chdng chju m^n, nong dg natri va nguyen td vi lugng gay nhiem dgc cho te bao nhu nhdm, asen, caduni, crom, mangan, niken, ddng.*

Cung theo quy djnh tai Hudng dan thyc hien Cdng udc UNCE nam 2013,*^' myc ti^u

DAM/env/water/pubiications/WAT_Guide_to_imple menting_Convention/ECE_MP.WAT_39_Guide_to_im plementing_water_convention_small_size_ENG.pdf, truy c^p 01/6/2019.

(7). WHO/UNEP, Water Pollution Control - A guide to the use of water quality management principles, St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK, 1997, p. 29, https://wv™'.who.int/water_sanitation_

heaith/resourcesquality/watpolcontrol.pdf, truy c$p 02/6/2019.

(8). The United Nations Economic Commission for

chat lugng nude ta "kit qud cua mot qud trinh ddm phdn giua cdc ben liin quan (bao gom cdc cdn nhae vi kinh ti/tdi chinh vd kem theo khung thdi gian tudn thu) dua tren ede tiiu chuan tren " Viec xay dyng nhiing myc tieu chat lugng nude cd thi giai quyit nhiing van de phat sinh do xung dgt giQa cac nhu cau khac nhau dat ra ddi vdi tai nguyen nude, dac biet lien quan den kha nang ding hoa 6 nhiem, ddng thdi t?io ra mOt gidi han tdng the ve mure do cac chat gay d nhiem trong mgt vimg nude dugc xac djnh theo cac yeu cau su dyng nude.^'

Phy lye III Cdng udc UNCE da dua ra hudng dan ve mgt sd van de cac qudc gia nen luu y trong viec xay dyng tiSu chuan va myc tieu chat lugng nude bao gdm:

- Tinh den muc tieu can duy tri va cai thi?n chat lugng nude hien cd khi cd the; cac yeu cau ve chat lugng ddi vdi timg loai nude cu the (vi du nude dimg cho smh boat, nude dimg cho thuy igi...); cac yeu cku cy the lien quan den nhihig khu vyc nude nhay cam, can bao ve dac biet va mdi trudng nude dd nhu hd, tai nguyen nude ngam; miic dg ma myc ti§u hudng tdi va nhiing bien phap bao v? bo sung, dya tren gidi ban phat thai cd the dygc

Europe (UNECE), Guide to Implementing the Water Convention, 2013, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/

DAM/env/waler/publications/WAT_Guide_toJmple menting_Convention/ECE_MP.WAT_39_Guide_to_i mplementmg_water_convention_small_size_ENG.pdf, truyc9p01/6/2019.

(9). WHO/UNEP, Water Pollution Control - A guide to the use of water quality management principles, St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK, 1997, p. 32, https;//www.who.int/water_sanitation_

health/resourcesquality/watpolcontrol.pdf, truy c4p 02/6/2019.

32 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 10/2019

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NGHIEN CVV- TRAO DOI yeu cau doi vdi nhiing trudng hgp ridng le;

- Myc dich giam thai d nhiem trung binh (dac biet la cac chat dgc hai) d i n miic dg xac djnh trong khoang thdi gian nhat djnh;

- Dua tr6n viec ap dyng phuang phap phan loai b^ sinh thai va cac chi sd hoa hgc trong duy tri va cai thi$n chit lugng nude trong giai doan trung va dai han.

Viec thdng qua nhung tieu chuin va myc tieu nhu vay ciing cd nhiing d i l m bat lgi, dac biet trong trudng hgp chiing dugc ap dyng ddi vdi sd lugng Idn ngudn nude qudc t l va phai dugc sy chap thuan cua khdng it cac qudc gia. De thdng qua dugc nhiing tieu chuan hay muc tieu chung, cd t h i cac qudc gia sg dua ra nhiing tieu chuln tdi thilu thap, th|im chi la rat thap. Dieu nay rit nguy hilm khi nhihig khu vuc nude cd chdt lugng tot se dan bj trugt xudng miic cua tieu chuan toi thieu chimg nao nhfing tieu chuan hay myc tieu nghiem ngat hon chua dugc thdng qua.^'°' De tranh dieu nay, mgt sd dilu udc nhu Hiep djnh v l quan li, sir dyng cac hd Idn nam 1978 giiia My va Canada da quy djnh nghia vy ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien phai duy tri cac chat lugng nude hien tai. Hudng dan thyc hi^n Cdng udc UNCE ciing khuyen nghj cac ben tham gia Cdng udc nen xem xet kha nang ap dung tieu chi chat lugng nude hien cd (trude khi bat tay vao nghien ciiu them), d^c bi?t la nhiing van de lien quan d i n sii dyng nude uong, tai sil dyng nude thai de tudi, sir dyng bun trong ndng nghiep va duy tri ddi song thuy sinh.'" '*

(10). J.G.Lammers, Pollution of miemationd watercourse, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands, 1984, p. 98.

(11). The United Nations Economic Commission for

2. XSy dung cong ngh^ t6t nhat s i n cd v^

thirc tien moi tnrdng t i t nhat de giai quyet o nhiem tir nguon va khong p h a i nguon*'^'

Theo quy djnh tai Phy lye I Cdng udc UNCE, thuat ngii "cdng nghe tdt nhdt sEn cd" de chi giai doan phat triln mdi nhat cua quy trinh, phuong tien hoac each thiic boat dgng chi ra sy phu hgp vdi thyc t l cua mgt bien phap cu t h i d l han c h i viec xa thai, khi thai va chat thai. De quyit djnh xem liSu rang quy trinh, phuang tien hoac each thiic boat ddng cd phai la cdng nghe tdt nhdt sEn cd ndi chung bogc trong timg trudng hgp cy t h i hay khdng, cdn dac bi?t xem xet nhiing van de sau day:

- So sanh vdi quy trinh, phuong tien hoSc each thiic hoat dgng da thtr nghiem thanh cdng;

- Nhiing tien bg va thay ddi cdng nghe trong cac kien thiic va hilu bilt khoa hgc;

- Tinh kha thi ve kinh te ciia cdng ngh? dd;

- Thdi gian de cai dat cac may mdc mdi va may mdc hien cd;

- Ban chat va khdi lugng ciia chdt thai va nude thai ed lien quan;

- Cdng nghe it va khong chat thai.

Ciing theo quy dinh t^i Phu lye II Cdng udc UNCE, de xac djnh xem li?u rdng sy kit Europe (UNECE), Guide to Implementing the Water Convention, 2013, p. 232, http://www.unece.org/ filead min/DAM/env/water/pubIications/WAT_Guide_to_impl ementing_Convention/ECE_MP.WAT_39_Guide_toJ mplementing_water_convention_smal! size_ENG.pdf, truy cap 01/6/2019.

(12). 6 nhilm tir nguon vd kh6ng phai nguon Id cdc nguln gay 6 nhiem vd cdc chdt nu6i duOng 6 nhilm nude dupe tao ra boi chat thdi dupe xdc djnh t^ii dja phuang (diem nguon) ho^c bdi cdc hi^u ling khulch tdn dang lan rpng tren cdc khu vyc luu vyc (diem khong phdi nguln) (diem f Dieu 1 C6ng u6c ve bdo v^ song Danube).

T A P C H I L U A T H Q C S O 10/2019 33

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NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI

hgp nhiing bien phap tiiich hgp nhdt tir nhiing trudng hgp rieng le cd tao thanh thyc tien mdi trudng tdt nhdt hay khdng nen can nhac cy the nhiing van de sau:

- Sy dgc hai ddi vdi mdi trudng ciia san pham; vi$e san xuat ra san phdm; vi?c sii dyng san pham; vi?c xii li sau ciing ddi vdi san pham

- Sy thay th6 ciia qua trinh hoSc san pham it d nhiem ban;

- Quy md su dyng;

- Lgi ich mdi trudng tiem tang hoac tac bai tiem tang cua cac nguyen lieu hay boat dgng thay the;

- Nhiing tien bg va thay ddi trong tri thiic va hieu biet cdng nghe;

- Gidi ban thdi gian thyc hien;

- Y nghia xa hdi va kinh te.

Nghia vy xay dyng ki thuat va thyc tien d l giai quyet d nhilm tir nguon va khdng phai ngudn bao gdm:

- Ngan chan, kiem soat va giam thieu cac chdt d nhiem thdng qua viec ap dyng, ngoai nhiing cdng ngh? khac, cdng nghe it chat thai va khdng chdt thai (low - no waste technology) (diem a khoan 1 Dieu 3 Cong udc UNCE).

Cdng nghe khdng chat thai (non - waste technology) dugc dinh nghia trong Tuyen bd ECE nam 1979 v l cdng nghe it va khdng chdt thai, tai sii dyng va tai che chat thai la

"dp dung thuc ti tri thuc, phuang phdp vd cdch thicc de tgo ra, theo nhu cdu ciia con ngudi, viec sic dung hgp li nhdt tdi nguyen thien nhien vd ndng lugng vd de bdo v^ moi trudng". Cdng ngh? khdng chat thai la qua trinh quan li nen kinh te qudc gia hoge khu vyc hoac nIn cdng nghiep hoac mgt doanh

nghiep cy thi nhdm tao ra viec su dyng hgp li tat ca cac thanh phdn ciia nguydn li?u th6 va nang lugng theo mgt vdng trdn kh^p kin cd ten la: Nguyen lieu thd lan dau chua sir dung - san xuat - tieu dimg - nguyen li$u th6 phai sinh. Myc dich quan trgng nhat ciia cdng nghe nay la dya vao viec cai tien cac qua trinh hien cd va phat trien cdng nghe mdi nham giiip giam lugng chat thai hoac tham chi lo?ii bd chat thai tren thyc t l . Cong nghe khdng chat thai cimg bao gom ca vi^c tai che chat thai tii san xuat va tieu dung thanh san pham hang boa va mgi boat dgng su dyng chat thai khac ma khdng lam xao trdn sy can bang sinh thai.

Cdng nghe it chat thai la m$t phan cua qua trinh (hoac toan bp qua trinh) lien quan den mgt sd tac dgng bat lgi ddi vdi moi trudng nhung khdng vugt qua miic dd ma cac quy djnh ve d nhiem cho phep. Ndi cdch khac, cdng ngh^ it chat thai chap nhan thyc te rdng mgt phan nguyen li?u thd trd thanh rae thai va mang di chdn idp hoac luu kho lau dai vi nhiing li do kinh te, kT thuat hoac cac U do khac.^'"''

" Kiem soat chat thai

Theo quy djnh tai Cdng udc UNCE va mgt sd dieu udc qudc te khac ve bao v? sdng qudc te nhu Cdng udc ve hgp tac trong bao ve va sir dyng ben viing sdng Danube, Cdng udc ve bao ve sdng Rhine chong lai d nhiem clorua, Hien chuong v l nude cua luu vyc ho Chad... ho^t ddng kiem soat chat thai bao gdm cac ngi dung:

(13). Kriton Curl, Appropriate waste management for developing countries. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1985, p. 54 - 56.

34 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 10/2019

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NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI + Xay dyng cac ti6u chudn xa chdt thai

va ban che vi$c xa thai cac chat dOc h ^ Cdng udc UNCE, Cdng udc v l hgp tac trong bao ve va su dyng b i n viing sdng Danube va mgt sd d i l u udc khu vyc khac da quy djnh nghia vy cho cac qudc gia thanh vien han c b l viec xa thai chdt dgc hai vao ngudn nude qudc te. Ching ban, theo quy djnh tai Cdng udc UNCE, qudc gia thanh viSn cd nghia vy dya tren cdng ngh? tdt nhdt hien cd ve xa thai chdt dgc bai d l xay dyng gidi ban cho vigc xa thai vao nude; thyc h i | n cac bien phap thich hgp, vi dy ap dyng cdng nghe tdt nhat san cd de giam vife dua vao cac chat lam tang miic do dOc hai cua chdt thai tir cac nganh cdng nghi?p hay do thi ciing nhu giam vi?c dua vao cac chat dgc h ^ tir eac ngudn cd tinh khuech tan, dac bi?t la cac ngudn chinh tir ndng nghiep (diem e, f, g khoan 1 Dilu 3 Cdng udc UNCE).

Dac biet, de giam sy khac bi?t giiia cac qudc gia ven sdng, qua dd tang eudng hieu qua trong kilm soat vi^c xa thai, mgt sd dieu udc qudc te da quy djnh ve vi^c hinh thanh mgt tieu chudn chung trong xa thai. Chang ban theo quy djnh tai Cdng udc ve bao v?

sdng Rhine chdng lai d nhiem clorua, viec xa thai cac ion clorua vao sdng Rhine se giam it nhdt 60 kg/s ion clorua (trung binh hdng nam) (Dilu 2) va cac qudc gia thanh vien se phai k i l m soat viec xa thai ion clorua vdi sd lugng Idn 1 kg/s tai phdn sdng Rhine chay tren lanh tho nude minh, ddng thdi bao cao cho Uy ban Cdng udc v l sy gia tSng nong do ion clorua trong nude sdng Rhine ciing nhu tac dgng khac bi?t giiia viec xa thai ion clorua Idn hon Ikg/s so vdi vi$c xa thai vdi sd lugng thdp hon (Dieu 3).

+ Cap phep trude khi xa thai Mgt sd dieu udc da quy djnh v l co ehl cdp phep trude khi tiln hanh xa thai. Theo dd, td chiic, ca nhan chi dugc xa thai vao ngudn nude qudc te khi dugc sy cho phep ciia CO quan cd thdm quyen qudc gia hoac co quan dugc thanh lap theo dieu udc va dugc thi hien thdng qua gidy phep xa thai dugc nhiing co quan nay cap theo thu tyc qudc gia hoac thii tyc duge quy dinh trong dieu udc.

Vi du: Theo quy dinh t^i Cdng udc UNCE, CO quan cd tham quyen qudc gia se cap gidy phep trude khi td chiic, ca nhan tien hanh xa thai va se giam sat ciing nhu kiem soat hoat dgng xa thai nay (diem b khoan 1 Dilu 3) trong khi theo quy dinh tai Hien chuong ve nude ciia luu vyc hd Chad, tham quyen cap phep thugc ve Uy ban thanh lap theo Cdng udc. Cy the, qudc gia thanh vien se giri cac dan xin phep xa thai den cho Uy ban, trong thdi han 3 thang, Uy ban se xem xet de dua ra quyit djnh va quyit djnh nay cua Uy ban cd gia trj phap li bat huge. Neu bet thdi h ^ tren, Uy ban khdng dua ra quyet djnh thi thdm quyen quyit djnh cd cdp phep xa thai hay khdng sS thugc v l qudc gia thanh vien (Dieu 25).

3. Xay d u n g cac c h v o n g trinh giam sat doi vol nguoD n v d c quoc te

Giam sat thudng dugc hieu la qua trinh do ludng lap di lap lai vi nhiing mye dich xac djnh khac nhau, mgt hoac nhieu yeu td cua mdi trudng, theo lich trinh dugc sap xep ve khdng gian va thdi gian, su dyng cac phuang phap so sanh nham thu thap dii lieu va nhan biet v l mdi trudng. Thdng thudng nhung danh gia nhu vay la sy tham dinh ve thuy van, hinh thai, hoa li, hoa hgc, dieu ki?n sinh hgc va/hoac vi sinh lien quan den dieu

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NGHIEN CVV - TRAO D6I

kien tham chieu, anh hudng sire khoe con ngudi va/hoac viec sii dyng nude hien cd ho^-c theo ke ho^ch.^''*'

Mgt trong nhung myc dich ciia giam sat mdi trudng nham tao dieu kien cho viec danh gia tinh t r ^ g hign tai cua sd lugng, chat lugng va sy thay ddi ciia nude ve khdng gian va thdi gian. BSn canh dd, giam sat se ho trg cho viec ra quyet djnh va van hanh quan li nude trong cac tinh hudng quan trgng thdng qua viec cung cap cac thdng tin va dii lieu can thiet, dang tin cay cho eac qudc gia, td ehiie qudc te cd thdm quyen.

Giam sat ddi vdi ngudn nude qudc te dugc ghi nh$n kha phd bien trong nhieu dieu udc nhu Cdng udc UNCE (Dilu 4), Cdng udc vl bao ve sdng Danube (Dieu 9) hay Hiln chuong nude vl luu vyc sdng Chad (Dilu 27)... Chdng ban, theo quy dinh tai Cdng udc ve bao ve sdng Danube, cac qudc gia thanh vien se hai hoa boa cac phuang phap giam sat va danh gia nhu ap dyng doi vdi trong nude, dac biet la trong ITnh vyc chdt lugng nude sdng, kiem soat khi thai, du bao lij va can bdng nude de qua dd thyc hien nhiing boat dgng giam sat va danh gia chung; phat triln nhiing he thing giam sat phdi hgp hoac giam sat chung de ap dung ddi vdi cac thilt bj do ludng tinh hoac thiet bj di ddng, phuong tign truyen thdng va xu li dii lieu; xay dung va trien khai cac chuong trinh chung dl giam sat cac dieu kien ven sdng d sdng Danube, dien tich luu vyc lien

(14). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, The Strategies for Monitoring and Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters, New York and Geneva, 2006, p. 2.

quan den ca chdt lugng va sd lugng nude, tram tich va he sinh thai ven sdng nhu co sd de danh gia cac tac dgng xuyen bien gidi nhu d nhiem xuyen biSn gidi va nhiing thay ddi ve che dg ven sdng ciing nhu can bang nude, lii lyt, hiem hga bang; phat trien cac phuong phap chimg hoac hai hoa cac phuong phap theo ddi va danh gia viec xa thai, bao gom xii II, danh gia va lap tai lieu vl dii lieu cd tinh den phuang phap tiep can cu thi ciia gidi ban phat thai; xay dyng danh myc chi tilt nhiing diem ngudn cd lien quan, bao gdm ca dilm xa thai chdt gay d nhiem va udc lugng d nhiem nude til nhiing diem khdng phai ngudn, xem xet nhiing tai li?u lien quan din hanh dgng thyc te ciia quoc gia, ddng thdi, xay dyng cac diem quan trac, tinh din dac dilm sinh thai va thuy van cua ngudn nude lien quan ciing nhu phat thai cac chdt d nhiem dien hinh trong khu vyc luu vyc tuong img. D^c bi?t, trong khudn kho ciia Cdng udc UNCE, 6e thyc hi?n nghia vy giam sat ddi vdi cac ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi, nhdm cdng tac ve giam sat Uy ban kinh tl chau An da thdng qua mgt sd hudng dan trong vi$c giam sat ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi, trong dd dua ra nhiing hudng dan ve phuang phap, ndi dung, quy trinh ciing nhu sir dung bao cao giam sat...: Hudng dan giam sat va danh gia cac ho quoc te va xuySn bien gidi nam 2003 - Phdn B: Cac hudng dan kl thuat; hudng dan giam sat va ddnh gia so lugng, chdt lugng cac sdng xuyen bien gidi nam 1996; Hudng dan giam sat va danh gia cac sdng xuy6n bien gidi nam 2000; Chiln luge giam sat va danh gia cac hd, sdng, nude ngdm qudc tl va xuySn bien gidi nam 2016.

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4. iTng phd trong tinh huong khan cap Theo dinh nghia tai Dilu 28 Cdng udc nSm 1997, tinh hudng khan cdp la tmh hudng gay ra hoac dat ra mgt mdi de dga, gay tdn hai nghiem trgng cho cac qudc gia cd ngudn nude hoac cac qudc gia khac, la kit qua dgt ngdt tir cac nguyen nhSn ty nhien, chdng han nhu lu lyt, vo bang. Id ddt hoac dgng ddt hoac td hanh vi ciia con ngudi, chdng ban nhu tai nan cdng nghiep.

Cac nghia vy dat ra nhdm ling phd trong tinh hudng khdn cap bao gdm:

Mgt Id thdng bao cho cac qudc gia ven ngudn nude khac va cac td chiic qudc te dugc thanh lap theo cac dieu udc qudc te ve ngudn nuac qudc te. Chang ban, theo quy dinh tai Dieu 28 Cdng udc nam 1997, mgt qudc gia ven ngudn nude "khong chdm tre vd bang cdc phuang tien nhanh nhdt co sdn", thdng bao cho cac quoc gia khac ed kha nang bi anh hudng va cac td chiic qudc tl cd thdm quyIn vl bdt ki trudng hgp khan cdp nao phat sinh trong lanh thd cua minh.

Quy djnh tucmg ty ciing dugc ghi nhan trong hang loat nhiing dieu udc qudc te khac ve ngudn nude qudc te nhu Cdng udc ve bao ve sdng Rhine chdng lai d nhiem boa chat;

Cdng udc giiia Hgi ddng lien bang Thyy Sy va Chinh phd Phap vl nhiing hoat dgng ciia eac ca quan chju trach nhiem kiem soat d nhiem nude do hydrocarbon hoac cac chat khac gay nguy hilm cho ngudn nude do tai nan; Hiep dinh giiia My - Canada ve chat lugng nude ciia cac hd Idn; Hiln chuong ve nude ciia luu vyc hd Chad...

Cym tir "khdng cham ti-e" dugc ILC giai thich cd nghia la "ngay lap tire khi biet ve trudng hgp khdn cdp" va cym tir "bang cac

phuang tien nhanh nhat sdn cd" dugc giai thich la "phuong tign truyen thdng^ nhanh .nhat cd the truy cap sii dyng dugc".

Hai la hgp tac giiia cac qudc gia va hgp tac vdi td chiic qudc te cd thdm quyen trong vigc tien hanh nhiing bien phap can thilt nhdm dieu tra, ban che, loai bd nhiing tac hai do tinh hudng khdn cap gay ra. Chdng han, theo quy dinh tai Hien chuong ve nude cua luu vyc ho Chad, cac qudc gia luu vyc se tien hanh ho trg lan nhau trong tmh huong khan cap theo nhiing dieu khoan, dieu kien ma cac ben thoa thuan vdi nhau va phu hgp vol nhiing nguyen tdc cua luat qudc te (Dieu 39).

Trong tinh hudng lii lyt, cac qudc gia s6 quan li CO sd ha tang thuy lgi theo each de giam thieu riii ro ddi vdi chiing va thyc hign nhiing biM phap can thilt de thdng bao cho ngudi dan sdm nhat cd the ciing nhu nhiing bien phap nhdm giam thieu anh hudng xau do lii lyt gay ra (Dilu 40). Hoac theo quy dinh tai Cdng udc nam 1997, mgt qudc gia ven ngudn nude roi vao tinh huong khan cap se hgp tac vdi cac qudc gia cd kha nang bj anh hudng va khi thich hgp hgp tac eac td chiic qudc te ed thdm quyIn de ngay lap tiic thyc hien tdt ca cac bien phap thyc te can thiet theo hoan canh de ngan ch^, giam thieu va loai bd tac hai tir tinh hulng khan cap (Dieu 28).

5. Danh gi^ tac d^ng moi trvong Nguyen tdc 17 ciia Tuyen bd Rio quy dinh: "Ddnh gid tdc dgng moi trudng (EIA), mot cong cu qudc gia, se dugc thicc hien doi vdi nhicng hogt dgng du kien md co khd ndng tdc dgng bdt lai ddng ki ddi vdi moi trudng vd tudn theo quyit dinh cua ca quan CO thdm quyin cua quoc gia". Ndi dung nay cua Tuyen bd Rio dugc the hien phd bien

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NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI

trong cac dieu udc qudc te ve ngudn nude qudc te, tii Cdng udc nam 1997, Cdng udc UNCE, cac dieu udc qudc te khu vyc va d^c biet la Cdng udc ve danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng trong pham vi xuySn bign gidi nam 1991 - Cdng udc Espoo).

Theo quy djnh tai Cdng udc Espoo, qudc gia noi djnh tien hanh cac hoat ddng ed kha nang gay ra nhimg tac dgng xuyen bien gidi bat lgi dang ke ddi vdi mdi trudng (qudc gia goc) dugc li^t ke trong Cdng udc*^^' se thdng bao cho bat ki qudc gia nao cd the bj tac ddng bdi nhihig hoat dgng nay sdm nhat cd the. Qudc gia nhan dugc thdng bao (qudc gia bj anh hudng) se phan hdi lai qudc gia da giii tiidng bao nay trong thdi ban dugc ghi nh$n trong thdng bao ve y dinh ed mudn tham gia vao thii tyc danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng hay khdng (Dilu 3). Nhiing tai lieu v l danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (EIA) se dugc ngp cho CO quan cd tham quyen ciia qudc gia goc vdi nhiing ngi dung tdi thieu nhu md ta ve boat ddng djnh tien hanh, mye dich ciia ho?it dgng dd; md ta v l nhung tac dgng tilm nang cd t h i xay ra ddi vdi mdi trudng tir nhiing hoat ddng dy djnh tiln hanh, cac giai phap thay thi va udc tinh tdm quan trgng cua nhiing tac ddng nay; md ta nhihig bi?n phap d l xudt d l giam thieu cac tac ddng ddi vdi mdi trudng xudng muc toi thieu...'' ^ Cac qudc gia bj anh hudng sau khi nhan dugc nhung tai li?u v l EIA do quoc gia gdc cung cdp se chuyin cho co quan cd thdm quyen nude minh, dong thdi cdng khai cho cdng

(15) Xem them: Phy lye I Cong u6c ve ddnh gid tdc dpng moi tni6ng trong pham vi xuy6n bien gi6i.

(16). Xem them: Phy lye II Cong u6c ve ddnh gid tdc dOng moi tnrimg ffong pham vi xuyen bien gidi.

ehiing de lay y kiln va giii lai cho qudc gia gdc tiong thdi gian hgp li trude khi dua ra quyit djnh cudi cimg (Dilu 4). Qudc gia glc sau khi hoan thi|n tai lieu v l EIA se to chiic tham van vdi nhiing qudc gia bj anh hudng ve cac tac dgng xuyen bien gidi cd the xay ra lien quan d i n boat dgng djnh tien hanh va nhiing bien phap de giam thieu ho^c xoa bo nhiing tac dgng dd (Dieu 5). Quyit dinh culi cung ve cac ho^t dgng dy dinh tien hanh se dugc dua ra tren co sd xem xet danh gia tac dgng mdi trudng, cac tai lieu ve danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng, nhiing y kien ma qudc gia bi anh hudng da giii den trude dd, nhiing y kien dugc dua ra trong qua trmh tham van va se dugc thdng bao cho cac qudc gia bi anh hudng (Dilu 6). Theo yeu cau ciia bat ki qudc gia nao cd lien quan den vi^e thyc hi§n cac boat dgng cd kha nang gay ra nhiing tac ddng xuySn bien gidi, cac qudc gia lien quan se quyet djnh cd thyc hien nhiing phan tich hau dy an hay khdng. Nhiing phan tich luiy se bao gdm viec giam sat cac ho^t dgng va xac djnh bat ki tac ddng xuyen bien gidi bat lgi nao (Dieu 7).

6. Mgt so bi^n p h a p khac

Ngoai nhung ndi dung tien, cac dieu udc qudc te ve nguon nude qudc te cung ghi nhan mgt so nhiing bien phap khac de ngan ngiia, giam thieu va kiem soat d nhiem ngudn nude qudc te, bao gdm:

- Hai hoa hoa cac chinh sach Nghia vy nay dugc ghi nhan tai mgt so dilu udc qudc te nhu Cdng udc nam 1997, Cdng udc v l nhiing tac dgng xuyen bien gidi ciia cac vy tai n^n cdng nghi?p, Hiln chuong v l nude ciia luu vyc hd Chad... Myc dich cua nghia vy nay nhdm giam bdt sy khac

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NGHIEN CUV - TRA O DOI biet trong eac chuih sach hoac tieu chudn

giua cac qu6c gia, tir dd tao thuan lgi cho qua trinh hgp tac giai quyit cac tac ddng xuySn bien gidi phat sinh. Chdng ban, tiieo quy dinh tai khoan 2 D i l u 21 Cdng udc nam 1997, d l ngan ngiia, giam thilu va kilm soat nhiing tac ddng xuySn bien gidi phat sinh tir d nhiem ngudn nude qudc t l , gay thigt hai dang k6 den cac qudc gia ven ngudn nude khac hoac mdi trudng ciia cac qudc gia do, bao gdm ca nhiing thiet hai ddi vdi siic khde hoac an toan cua con ngudi, thiet hai ddi vdi viec sii dyng nude vi bat ki myc dich cd lgi nao hoac vi cac tai nguyen sinh vat cua ngudn nude, cac qudc gia ven nguon nude se timg budc hai hoa nhiing chinh sach cua minh lien quan den van dS nay.

- Xay dyng nhiing bien phap cy t h i mang tinh chat ngan ngiia va chuan bj ling phd

De giam thiSu nguy co d nhiem phat sinh, mgt sd dieu udc qudc te nhu Cdng udc bao ve song Danube, Cdng udc v l nhung tac dgng xuyen bien gidi cua cac vy tai nan cdng nghiep da quy djnh cac bien phap cu thi mang tinh chat ngan ngira va chuan bj ling phd trong trudng hgp ed tai nan cdng nghiep xay ra, gay ra gay d nhiem. Cy the, Cdng udc ve nhung tac dgng xuyen bien gidi cua cac vy tai nan cdng nghiep da liet ke mgt sd bien phap nham ngan ngiia tai nan cdng nghiep d l giam thieu rui ro tii nhiing tai nan nay, bao gdm: thiet lap cac myc tieu an toan chung hoac cu the; ap dyng cac quy djnh hoac hudng dan lap phap lien quan den cac bien phap an toan va tieu chuan an toan; xac djnh cac hoat dgng nguy hiem cdn cd bign phap phdng ngiia dac Biet, cd t h i bao gdm hg thdng cdp phep hoac uy quyen; danh gia

cac phan tich rui ro hoac nghien ciiu an toan cho cac boat ddng nguy h i l m va len k l hoach hanh ddng cho viec thyc hien cac bien phap can thiet; cung cap cho cac ca quan cd tham quyen v l thdng tin cdn thilt d l danh gia nii ro; ling dyng cdng nghe phii hgp nhdt de ngan ngiia tai nan cdng nghiep, bao v?

con ngudi va mdi trudng; giao dye va dao tao phu hgp cho tdt ca mgi ngudi khi tham gia vao cac hoat dgng nguy hilm tai chd trong ca dieu kign binh thudng va bdt thudng;

thiet lap cac cau tnic quan li ndi bd va thyc tien de thyc hien va duy tri nhiing quy tdc an

• toan; giam sat nhiing hoat dgng dgc hai va thyc hien viec thanh tra (Phy lye IV).

- Xay dyng ke hoach ung phd, hg thdng canh bao

De tang eudng sy chu ddng cho cac ben trong viec ling phd vdi cac sy co mdi trudng, nhieu dieu udc qudc te nhu Cdng udc ve nhung tac ddng xuyen bien gidi ciia cac vu tai n ^ cdng nghiep, Cdng udc UNCE, Cdng udc bao ve sdng Danube, Hien chuong ve nude cua luu vyc hd Chad, Cdng udc nam 1997... da ghi nh$n nghia vy xay dyng h6 thdng canh bao hoac ke hoach ling phd khan cap. Chang h ^ , theo quy dinh tai Cdng udc ve nhiing tac ddng xuyen bien gidi cua cac vy tai nan cdng nghiep, cac qudc gia thanh vien phai xay dyng ke hoach khan cap, trong do, cac ben se phai ehii y den nhiing van de nhu chat lugng va eac dac tinh ciia cac chdt nguy hai; md ta ngan ggn kjch ban ve nhiing tai nan cdng nghiep cd the phat sinh tir nhiing hanh vi nguy hai; quy md, phan bd dan sd nhiing vimg phy can ve dg tudi, kha nang di chuyin va sy nhay cam ciia dan cu nhung khu vyc do (Phu luc V).

TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 10/2019 39

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- Thiet lap danh sach cac chat se- bj cam, bj b ^ che, bj dieu tia hoac giam sat trude khi dua vao ngudn nude

Nghia vy nay dugc ghi nhan trong nhieu dieu udc ve bao ve ngudn nude qudc te nhdm xoa bd sy khac biet giiia cac qudc gia trong viec xac djnh nhiing chat ddc hai vdi nguon nude can phai cam, han che ho$c kierri soat trude khi chiing dugc dua vao ngudn nude. Hien nay da cd mgt sd dieu udc qudc te xay dyng dugc danh myc nhung chat nay nhu Cdng udc ve tac ddng xuyen bien gidi cua cac tai nan cdng nghiep (tai Phy luc 1 - c a c chat doe h^i de xac dinh nhiing hanh vi dgc hai); Cdng udc ve bao ve sdng Danube (tai Phy lye II, Phdn 2 - Danh sach cac chat dgc hai va nhdm chat ddc hai)...

Nghia vu ngan ngira, giam thieu va kiem soat d nhiem ngudn nude qudc te ngay cang dugc thira nhan rgng rai nhu mgt quy tac ciia tgip quan quoc xL^^''^ Trong bdi canh hign nay, khi cac ngudn nude qudc te ngay cang ddng vai trd sdng cdn ddi vdi cac quoc gia ti£n nhilu phuong dign tiong khi nhiing nguy CO anh hudng den chat lugng nude ngay cang gia tang thi viec tan tam, thi?n chi thyc thi ddy dii nghia vy nay cang ddng vai trd quan tigng ddi vdi viec dam bao an ninh ngudn nude cua mdi qudc gia./.

TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 1. A. E. Utton, Tntemational Water Law

and the International Law Commission:

Articles 21 and 22 - Four Questions and Two Proposals, Colorado Journal of (17). Owen Mcintyre, Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2007, p. 198.

International Environmental Law and Policy, 209 (3), 1992.

2. J.G.Lammers, Pollution of international watercourse, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Netiieriands, 1984.

3. http://v\'ww.unece.org/fileadinin/DAM/env /water/publications/WAT_Guide_to_impl ementing_Convention/ECE_MP.WAT_3 9_Guide_toimplementing_water_conven tion_small_size_ENG.pdf.

4. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_

health/resourcesquality/watpolcontiol.pdf 5. International Law Commission, Draft

articles on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses and commentaries thereto and resolution on transboundary confined groundwater.

Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1994, vol. II, PartTwo, 1994.

6. Kriton Curi, Appropriate waste management for developing countries, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1985.

7. Owen Mcintyre, Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law, Ashgate Publishing Limited, England, 2007.

8. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Guide to Implementing the Water Convention, 2013.

9. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, The Strategies for Monitoring and Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters, New York and Geneva, 2006.

10. WHO/UNEP, Water Pollution Control - A guide to the use of water quality management principles, St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK, 1997.

40 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 10/2019