HaHIEK C 0 U . TRAO BOI
NGUVEN r/ic f/o/f r OQNC UH SO MAV HIINU CHINH
CUA TO CH0C THl/OfNG MAI THE GI61
es.rs &INH VAN niN'
I. Cac nguyen tac ca ban cua WTO.
Td chiie Thuang mai The gidi (WTO) la mgt td chiic boat ddng ddc lap vdi Lien hiep qude theo nhirng nguyen tic rat ca ban vdi van phong hinh chfnh ngin ggn, dan gian nhung tinh phip ly cao d tim cd qude te.
- Nguyen tac thu nhd't: Khdng phdn biet ddi xu.
Mdi sin pham hang hda, dich vli ciia mdi thanh vien dugc ddi xir binh dang ddi vdi cic thanh vien khac; ke ca ddi vdi hang hda xuat, nhap khiu, ddi vdi cac td chiirc, cdng dan ciia mgi nudc thanh vien. Theo nguyen tic niy, sin phim hang hda ciia cic doanh nghiep (DN) Viet Nam dugc ddi xir binh dang vdi hang hoi cimg loai eiia DN thuoc cic nudc thinh vien khic. Day chinh li thuin lgi cho cic DN Viet Nam nhung mat khic, nhirng cam ket song phuang nhu giam thue xuai thi'p ip dung vdi nhirng mat hing cu thd ttr mgt sd nudc cho tat ci cic thinh vien dugc hudng hoae viec phai loai bd uu dai mgt sd mat hing.
trong nude nhu uu dai thue tieu thu dac biet, chi phi sir dung dien,... la cic khd khan ma cic DN gap phai.
- Nguyen tac thu hai: Thuang mgi phdi ngdy cang difoc tifdo thong qua ddm phdn.
Dam phin da phuang thue quan eiia cic thinh vien dugc giim nhanh, hing rio thue nhip khau cung giam din, ban che dinh lugng bj cim sir dung, ca hgi ngang
bing han cho mgi DN. Cac hing rao eatl trd thuang mai din din dugc loai bd, cic cugc dim phin song phuang va da phudrlg tao dieu kien de cic nha san XUi't - kirlh doanh hidu biet lin nhau vd sd trudng, itial hing vi ca ci'u, ttr dd tao lip chien lugc kinh doanh cd hieu qua. Tuy nhien, nhirng thach thii'c mdi se ddng thdi xay ra; nhi6u dac quyen ciia mdt sd DN se bi loai bd;
nhirng ring huge vd thue trin cung dugc tao ra, nhidu bat cip trudc quan he qud'c tC
- Nguyen tdc thd ba: Dd difdodn.
Cic tip doan kinh te, cac nha sin xuit - kinh doanh dua tren ca sd he thdng bao hd ciia cic ddi tic theo chieu hudng giam cd the vach ra nhu'ng chien lugc va ke hoach dii ban. Cac nhi diu tu nudc ngoai se tifi tudng vao cac hing rio thuang mai, cac cam ket thue quan va cic bien phap rang budc phip ly. Dieu dd tao thuin lgi ldn trong san xuit - kinh doanh. Cung ttr day nbii'ng khd khan ldn ciia cic DN sin xuai hang hda vi cung cap dich vu la true dieti trong canh tranh vdi hing nhip khau va dich vu trong nudc va nudc ngoai.
- Nguyen tac thu tu: Tgo ra moi trifdng cgnh tratih ngay cang binh ddng.
Hiu het cic nudc phat trien phai glAtti trg ci'p cho nhieu hing hda; ttr dd, cac ON cd siic canh tranh ting len, han che cac bien phip canh tranh khdng binh ding nhu
• Pho Gidm ddc Hoc vieh Hanh fchfhh.
2' TAP CHi QUAN L'i' NHA N U 6 C - sd 167 (12-2009)
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO 001
phi gia, trg gii hay dac quyen cho mdt sd DN. Chinh vi vay, cin cd ca che va bg may hanh chfnh ehdng eanh tranh khdng linh manh. Nhieu DN se mai dae quyen trong xuit, nhip khiu.
- Nguyen tdc thu tidm: Danh cho cdc thdnh vien dang phdt trien mgt sd uu ddi.
Cd the duy tri chinh sich bao hg cho cac nganh sin xuii non tre cd tiem nang trong tuang lai trong mdt thdi gian xie dinh nhu cho quydn va khong phai thuc hien mgt sd nghia vu hay cd thdi gian qui
do dii ban de thuc hien tirng budc dieu chinh chinh sich. Nhung chfnh dieu dd cung lao ra nhirng sir y lai khdng binh dang trong canh tranh, lim giim sii'e manh canh tranh trong didu kien khdng uu dai.
2. Bd may quan ly hanh chinh ciia
W T O . - . • • - . .,:• „
Bg may quan ly hanh chfnh ciia WTO dugc id chiic mgt cich chat ehe, hoin chinh, ggn nhe, bao quit day dii cac mat hoat dgng, the hien qua sa dd saU:
( ) i
Day li mdt bd may quiti ly hinh chinh kinh te trong pham vi quo'c te da dat den mdt trinh do eao, dip ii'ng cic yeu ciu boat ddng sau:
- Binh ding vi ddc lap trong mgi td chirc.
- Phin ro chii'c nang, nhidrri Vti, quydn ban vi ngi dung cdng viec, chi ro cic mdi quan he ngang. quan he tren dudi, quan he da phuang vi song phuang giua cie td chirc trong toan he thd'ng. ;,,, , , '" - Hoat dgng cd hieu luc va hieu qui cao.
TAP CHl QUAN LY NHA NUdC - s6 167 (12-2009)
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
Bd miy hanh chinh kinh te qud'c te niy da bao triim vi dieu chinh dai da sd thuang phin trong toin bd boat ddng thuang mai qude te.
Ca quan quyen luc cao nhit ciia td chiic nay la Hdi nghi Bd trudng. Hdi nghi Bd trudng dugc hgp ft nhit hai nim mdt lan, giira hai ki hgi nghi, cd Dai hdi ddng bao gdm dai dien cd thim quyen ciia tit ca cic thinh vien. Diy li ca quan thudng true bio eio len Hdi nghi Bd trudng vi cd vai trd giii quyet tranh chip, ra soit chfnh sich ciia toin he thdng. Dudi Dai hdi ddng li Hdi ddng Thuang mai hing hda, Hdi ddng Thuang mai du ljch vi Hdi ddng ve cic khia canh lien quan den Thuong mai ciia quyen sd hiru tri tue. Cic Hdi ddng cd trich nhiem dieu hinh viee thuc hien Hiep dinh WTO. Tham gia cic Hdi ddng li dai dien cic thinh vien. True thudc cic Hdi ddng li cic iiy ban vi ca quan giam sat tuong ling.
Ttr khi ra ddi vi boat ddng den nay, td chiic niy da dat dugc nhirng ddng thuin rat CO ban. Cd the ndi, phin ldn cic quyet dinh ciia WTO ddu thdng qua tren ca sd ddng thuan. Tuy nhien, cung ed nhieu quyet dinh dugc thuc hien thdng qua viec bd phieu ciia eic thinh vien binh dang va cd gii tri ngang nhau.
Bg miy quan ly hinh chfnh ciia WTO boat ddng tren nguyen tic binh dang trong thuang mai da tao ra mdt nen thuang mai the gidi giiia cic DN, giiia cic qude gia vira hgp tic, vira canh tranh, thiic diy su phit trien kinh te - xa hdi trong pham vi ttrng quo'c gia cung nhu pham vi toin ciu.
3. Thdi CO ddi vdi doanh nghiep Viet Nam.
,i a. Thdi ca.
,: C!ac DN Viet Nam da tiep cin tdi thi trudng ciia tat ca cac thanh vien tren ca sd quan he binh dang ciia WTO; ciing da the hien day dii siic canh tranh, day du su hgp tie vdi thi trudng the gidi. Tuy nhien, cac DN vira va nhd cua Viet Nam cung ein
phai nhin rd nhu'ng lgi the cua minh trong hdi nhip WTO, dd la:
- Cac DN Viet Nam nim d vi tri dia ly thuin lgi, khdng xa giiia cac trung tam kinh te thuang mai Bic - Nam, Ddng - Tay ciia the gidi nen cac DN Viet Nam cd ca hdi phat trien nhiing nginh kinh te quan trgng trong hdi nhip kinh te WTO nhu bmi chinh vidn thdng, hing hai, hang khdng, dudng sit, dudng bd, dich vu cang bien...
- Cac DN Viet Nam cd ngudn nhin luc ddi dao trudc mit, hien tai la chi phi lao ddng thi'p.
- Ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien cua cac DN Viet Nam phong phii, du dieu kien de phit trien nhirng nganh cdng nghiep nang, cdng nghiep de sin xuii ra tu lieu sin xuat (khu vuc I), ddng thdi sin xuii tu lieu tieu dting (khu vuc II) hoin chinh qua trinh tai san xuit md rdng. Dieu dd tao dieu kien cho cic DN Viet Nam tien hanh boat ddng thuang mai khdng nhung trong pham vi ndi tai ciia nen kinh te qud'c gia ma ccn trong pham vi thuang mai qude te.
- Trong nhirng nam thing hdi nhip WTO, cie DN Viet Nam ludn cd mgt che do chfnh tri dn dinh, mdt nen tang quan he kinh te da phuang hda, da dang hda, mud'n hgp tie vdi tit c i cac thanh vien WTO va eic nudc tren the gidi tren ca sd tdn trgng ddc lip chu quyen. Lgi the dd tao ra nen tang de phit trien quan he thuang mai dat hieu qui cao.
b. Thach thdc.
Ben canh nhirng lgi the dd, cac DN Viet Nam cung gap phai khdng it nhirng kho khan, thich thiic:
- Cae DN Viet Nam cd quy md vtra va nhd, nhieu tdng cdng ty va tip doan kinh te ra ddi nhung khung phap ly va ca ch^
boat ddng cdn dang trong qua trinh hoan thien. Do dd, siic canh tranh ve gia ca, chit lugng, cdng nghe, trf tue va nhan tai con yeu tren thuang trudng.
(Xem tiep trang 9).
TAP CHi Q U A N LY N H A NUOC - SO 167 (12-2009)
qua ma nhi quin ly mong mudn ngudi thuc hien cdng viec dat dugc, bao gdm sd lugng, chat lugng vi thdi ban hoin thinh cong viec. Tuy nhien, trong quin ly chuyen mdn, nghiep vu khong phai liic nio cung cd the xac dinh cic tieu chi tren mdt each rd ring. Neu xay dung dugc cie tieu ehuan thiJc hien cong viec mang tfnh djnh lugng cao se cd tic dung tfch cue trong edng tic tuydn dung va dinh gii cdng chiic tren ca sd so sinh nang lire vi eic lieu chf dugc xie dinh. Bdi vay, ddi vdi cic nhiem vu cd the lugng hoi dugc thi phai xay dung cac tieu ehuan thuc hien cdng viec theo sd lugng, chat lugng, thdi ban. Ddi vdi cic nhiem vu khd lugng hoi thi gin chiing vdi cac quy dinh hoae yeu ciu cita quy trinh . cdng viec de dam bio hieu qua eiia cdng
tic dinh gii.
3. Tra luong.
Khi da xie djnh cic yeu cau, dieu kien ddi vdi vi trf viec lim, co quan quan ly cdng chiirc cin xie djnh miirc luang tuang ling vdi vi tri dd. Phai dam bio thue hien diing nguyen tic "bing luang, bing viec".
Trong nhirng trudng hgp dac biet ed the tao ra mdt ca che linh boat ban thdng qua viec
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
thoa thuin miirc luang tren ca sd yeu cau, tfnh chii phire tap cita cdng viec va nang luc ciia ling vien (d cic vj trf quin ly ci'p cao hoae vi trf ddi hdi nang lire dac biet).
Dieu niy se li dgng lure thu hiit nhirng ngudi gidi tham gia nen cdng vu.
Ddi mdi ngi dung vi hinh thiire TTCC la yeu ciu cin thiet hien nay trong bdi einh cii cich hinh chinh vi hgi nhip quo'c le.
TTCC theo vj trf viec lim se lira chgn dugc ngudi cd du nang lire, phim chat, kT nang, dip ii'ng yeu ciu nhiem vu. Mat khic, he thdng tieu chf duge sir dung trong thi tuyen theo vj trf viec lam se li ca sd de dinh gia cdng chiic mgt each minh bach, khich quan, tao ddng lire thuc thi cdng vu vi han che su thien vi ci nhan. Do dd, cic van bin hudng din cin sdm dugc thdng qua de Lucit Cdn bg, cong chdc nhanh chong dugc trien khai trong thuc le. Ddng thdi, phii xay dirng dugc ddng bd he thdng bing phan lich cong viec (ban md ta edng viec vi ban lieu chuin cong viec) vi miic luong cho ttrng vj trf tai cic co quan, don vj, tao CO sd de thuc hien ed hieu qua, diing muc dfch cdng tic tuyen dung cdng chirc d nudc ta trong thdi gian tdiG
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NGUYEN TAG HOAT DONG VA...
(Tidp theo trang 4)
- Li mdt qude gia hdi nhap sau trong thuang trudng WTO, do dd, Viet Nam cdn thieu nhirng kinh nghiem ve quin ly, ve hgp tic vi canh tranh qude te. Cic DN Viet Nam da gap khdng it khd khan trong canh tranh cic mat; cu the ve thue, gii ci, thuang mai hang hda vi thuang mai dich vu, ve khung phip ly ciia qud'c gia va ciia quoc te.
Nghien curu, tim hieu td chiic bg miy.
nguyen tic hoat ddng ciia WTO vi tir thuc lidn trong thdi gian hgi nhip vtra qua ciia eic DN Viet Nam, budc diu, chiing la cd the nhan djnh vi tin tudng ring, cic DN Viet Nam di nhan thiic van dung dugc ca che boat ddng ciia WTO, phit huy nhirng lgi the vi khic phuc nbii'ng thich thiic de cd dugc nhirng hieu qui trong boat dgng sin xuii - kinh doanh, thiic diy nen kinh te nudc ta phit trien, ttrng budc vugt qua cugc khung hoang tii chinh kinh te trong khu vuc vi tren the gidiQ
TAP CHi Q U A N LY N H A N U O C - SO 167 (12-2009)