CHUYEN MUC
s u HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIEN CO'U TON GIAO
NHUNG OpNG THAI CUA TRUNG HOA DAN QUPC DOI VOI VIET NAM TRONG THOI GIAN QUAN DO!
TRUNG QUOC VAO GIAI GIAP QUAN NHAT (8/1945-9/1946)
NGUYiN THANH T l i N '
Khi quan ddi Trung Quoc vao Viet Nam dwdi danh nghTa tiep nhan sw dau hang cua. quan Nhat thi cuoc Tong khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen thang 8/1945 a Viet Nam da thanh cdng, Chinh phu lam thdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda da dwgc thanh lap Viet Nam da cd tw each mdt quoc gia ddc lap de tlep ddn quan Trung Quoc. Tuy nhien, khi dwa quan vao Viet Nam, chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quoc khdng chi dan thuan lam nhiem vu giai giap Nhat ma cdn nhan eg hoi nay de tim kiem nhirng Igi Ich ve chinh tn, kmh te thdng qua viec xir iy cac moi quan he l-ioa - Viet, Hoa - Phap. VI vay, trong thdi gian dwa quan vao Viet Nam, Trung Hoa Dan Quoc da cd nhwng ddng thai gay anh hwdng phire tap den chinh tri g Viet Nam.
Bong thdi, nhu-ng ddng thai nay cung cho thay chinh quydn Twang Gidi Thach ludn dirng tren quyen Igi cua minh de gial quyet cac van de lien quan den doc lap cua Viet Nam sau Chlen tranh the glgi thir hai.
Tirkhda; Trung Hoa Dan Qude, giai giap quan Nhat, Ddng Du'ong
Nhan bai ngay; 16/1/2018; dwa vao bien tap; 18/1/2018; phan bien; 5/2/2018; duyet dang 25/2/2018
1. BAT VAN BE tiip nhan s y dau hang eua quan Nhat Sau khi Nhat d i u hang (thang 8/1945), °' Bdng Du'ong se do quan dpi Trung theo thda thuan cua eac nu'de Dong Hoa Dan Q u i e va quan dpi Anh dam minh ehdng phat xit, viec giai giap va "'aeh. Quan dpi Trung Hoa Dan Quie se dam nhiem viec giai giap quan Nhat a phia b i c vT tuyin 16. Phia nam vT
• Trudng Bai hoc Su pham Thanh phd H6 '"yen 16 thude pham vi trach nhiem Chi Ivlinh. cua quan Anh. 6 Viet Nam, quan dpi
NGUYEN THANH T|6N - NHO'NG BONG THAI CLIA TRUNG HOA DAN QU6C...
Trung Hoa Dan Quie {quan dpi Tu'dng Gidi Thach) da l<eo vao dong a Ha Ndi va h i u h i t cae thanh phd, thi xa t d bien gidi Viet - Trung d i n b i c v7 tuyin 16.
Cho a i n nay, da cd nhiiu nha nghien eCru trong va ngoai nu'de du'a ra nhdng phan tich, danh gia v i nhdng tae ddng tieu cire khi Trung Hoa Dan Quie du'a quan vao Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, cung ed nhdng quan diem ngu'oc lai, n h i n manh mat "tich eye"
cua sir kien nay - nhy bai v i i t cua mdt nha nghien edu nyde ngoai trong thdi gian g i n day. Tae gia nay cho r i n g lap trydng eiJa chinh quyin Trung Hoa Dan Qude la "ehan thanh ung hd Viet Nam ddc lap... trydc sau khdng h i cd da tam xam lypc, thdn tinh Viet Nam" (Zhao Weihua ( e a y # ) , 2015: 140); ring cac tydng ITnh cua Tydng ddng d Viet Nam, tryc tiip la Xiao Wen (Tieu Van) da cd vai trd thue day s y "hda giai", thanh lap Chinh phu Lien hiep giya Viet Qudc, Viet Cach va Viet Minh va danh gia day la d i i u "eye ky ed lpi eho sy doan k i t ddi ngoai eua Viet Nam lue b i y gid" (Zhao Weihua (SEip), 2015' 139). Trong bai v i i t nay, ngydi v i i t gdp p h i n phan tich ehu tryang va eac hoat ddng eua Trung Hoa Dan Quie trong thdi gian dya quan vao Viet Nam giai giap Nhat (8/1945 3/1946)"'. vdi mong mudn lam sang to them mdt vai khia canh xung quanh v i n d i neu tren.
2. VAI NET VE CHO TRU'ONG CUA CHlNH PHU TRUNG HOA DAN QU6C
D 6 I VO'I VIET NAM TRONG CHliN TRANH T H ^ GIOI THU" HAI Viet Nam nam t i i p giap vdi phia tay nam cua Trung Quie. Hai nyde Trung - Viet ed quan he Ijch sy, van hda lau ddi. Trong thdi ky Viet Nam bj Phap thong trj, Trung Qude cung cd mii quan he vdi chinh q u y i n thye dan va cd nhdng q u y i n Ipi n h i t dinh a noi day. Vi du nhy t u y i n dydng sat Van Nam - Hai Phdng va cang Hal Phdng eua Viet Nam la t u y i n dydng tiip ti/van ehuyin quan trpng eho Trung Qudc d tay nam; Viet Nam la noi c6 s i lypng Hoa k i i u sinh s i n g kha ddng dao. Ngoai ra, do lanh the tiip giap nhau, dien b i i n tinh hinh ehinh tri a Viet Nam cung se anh hydng d i n an ninh d phia tay nam eiJa Trung Qu6c.
VI cd nhij'ng m i l lien he trye tiip v i an ninh va lpi ieh nhy vay, eho nen, ngay khi ehiin tranh t h i gidi dang tiip dien, ehlnh phu Qudc dan Trung Hea Dan Quie (dydi day gpi t i t la Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quie) da quan tam d i n tyong lai ehinh trj eua Viet Nam thdi hau c h i i n .
Sau khi chiin tranh Thai Binh Dyong bung no (cuii nam 1941), cupc ehiin chdng Nhat d ehiin trydng Chau A - Thai Binh Dyong ehu y i u do My, Anh va Trung Qudc cung dam nhiem. Khi phan chia khu vye tac ehiin, Viet Nam bj quy vao pham vi tac chiin thupc chiin trydng Trung Quie, do Tydng Gidi Thach lam t h i n g seal. Vdi ty each la met q u i e gia trong k h i i Ding minh ehing phat xit, Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e da the hien quan diem lien quan
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI sd 1 (233) 2018 den van menh cac dan tpc bj ap bye d Chau A, eung nhy trat t y a Chau A sau c h i i n tranh. Ddi vdi v i n d i Viet Nam, thoat d i u Tydng Gidi Thach chu tryong "Trung Qudc se dam dyong vai trd 'anh ca', sau ehiin tranh se t y minh dam trach thac quan Viet Nam va tro" giup Viet Nam dype hoan toan doc lap" ( D i n theo; Lue Min ( y a ) , 2015; 81). Thang 8/1943, trong thdi gian viing tham Anh quie, Bd trydng Ngoai giao Song Ziwen (Ting T y Van) khing djnh; "Trong quan he vdi Viet Nam (...) Trung Q u i e quyit khdng vi Trung - Viet tdng cd quan he huyit thing ma cd y can thiep de tranh igi ich" ( D i n theo; Lue Min (!?«), 2015;
81). Sau dd, tai eupe gap vdi Tong thing My Roosevelt a Cairo (Ai C$p) thang 11/1943, Tydng lai chu tryong n i n ddc lap eua Viet Nam hpu chiin se "do Trung Quie va My phii tro"
(Luo Min (?'«), 2015; 112) T i t nhien, nydc Viet Nam dde lap ma chinh quyin Tydng "bao trp" se do met chinh phu chdng Cpng va than Hoa nam giCi. Viec chinh q u y i n Tydng bao trp cho eac to ehdc ngydi Viet lyu vong d Hoa Nam ehinh la de phue vu eho muc dich nay. Tuy nhien, vao giai doan c u i i chiin tranh, Trung Hoa Dan Quie lai d i i u ehinh lap trydng; t y chu trycng Trung Quoc va My cOng bao trp n i n dpe lap cua Viet Nam ehuyin sang d i n g y de Phap trd lai Viet Nam.
S y thay doi nay x u i t phat ti> cue dien qudc t i khi Chien tranh t h i gidi thiJ' hai dang di d i n k i t thiie. My da cd sy d i i u chinh chiin lyoc a V i i n Dong theo hydng tranh thu Lien Xd tham gia
vao cupc ehiin ching Nhat. Tai hdi nghj Yalta thang 2/1945, Lien Xd da d i n g y tham ehiin ching Nhat vdi d i i u kien dype dam bao mdt s6 quyin Ipi a Chau A. D i i u dd eung d i n g nghTa vdi viec trat t y Chau A thdi hau chiin se khdng edn do My, Anh, Trung Q u i e gid vai trd ehu dao nhy tinh than eua hpi nghj Cairo nam 1943. Them vao dd, khi vi t h i qudc t i cua nydc Phap b i t d i u phue h i i , ehinh quyin mdi cue Phap (Chinh phu De Gaulle) da t h i hien tham vpng tai lap sy thing tri d Ddng Dyang. Tham vpng eua Phap d y a c Anh ung hp vi Anh eung ed lpi ieh thupc dja giing nhy Phap.
My t y eho phan d i i Phap trd lai Dong Dyong va chu tryong dat Dong Dyong dydi s y "uy trj quie t i " , d i n ehuyen sang lap trydng khdng phan a i l Phap quay trd lai thude dja. Trung Hoa Dan Quie, tuy la met nydc ldn trong k h i i Odng minh ehing phat xit, nhyng vi thye lyc y i u kem nen h i u nhy khdng cd tiing ndi dang k i trong viec xae lap trat t y q u i e t i hau ehiin.
Mat khae, Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quie phai gii> quan he t i t vdi eac eydng qudc phyang Tay d i dam bao eae lai ieh v i chinh trj, kinh t i . Vi t h i , lap trydng eua ehinh q u y i n Tydng Gidi Thach ddi vdi v i n d i Viet Nam cung d i n nga theo eae nydc phyang Tay. Tuy nhien " n h i m tao dyng hinh anh eydng q u i e d Ddng A va gay hieu qua tuyen truyin trong d y luan", ngay 24/8/1945 Tyang Gidi Thach v i n tuyen b i ; " n i i m hi vpng eua chijng tdi la dan tdc Viet Nam ed the ty t y trj d i n dat d i n dde lap, n h i m thye hien
NGUYEN THANH TlfeN - NHIJ'NG BONG THAI CUA TRUNG HOA DAN QU6C ..
nhyng quy djnh eua H i i n chyang Oai Tay Dyang" (Luo Min (9ta), 2015; 47).
T h i nhyng, vi "muin tranh thu Phap va dang sau la cac eydng qudc My, Anh, v i nguyen t i c Trung Quie d i n g y giao B i c Viet Nam lai cho Phap"
(Luo Min (?!'*). 2015; 47).
Tuy nhien, e i n ndi them la ehO tryang d i i vdi v i n d i Viet Nam trong ndi bd chinh quyin Trung Hoa Dan Quie eung khdng hoan toan thing nhit. Mdt bd phan (chii y i u la cac tydng ITnh trong quan dpi) lai phan d i i viee Phap quay lai Viet Nam, chu tryang "phu tra Viet Nam dec lap" nham gay dyng anh hydng, thiit lap d Viet Nam mdt ehlnh phu ching Cdng va than Hoa. S y khdng thing nhit nay t h i hien rd khi quan dpi Trung Hoa Dan Quie keo vao tru ddng d Viet Nam d i giai giap quan Nhat.
3. NHU'NG DONG THAI CUA TRUNG HOA DAN QU6C TRONG THOI GIAN QUAN e p i TRUNG QU6C VAO VIET NAM GIAI GIAP QUAN NHAT (1945- 1946)
C u i i thang 8/1945, quan dpi Trung Hoa Dan Quie do tydng Lu Han (Ly Han) lam long chi huy bat d i u keo vao Viet Nam. V i mat quan sy, Tong bd Luc quan cua ehinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quie da djnh ra met s i bien phap khi vao Viet Nam giai giap quan Nhat, bao g i m ; "tiep nhan quan Nhat d i u hang, tydc vu khi va bude (cac quan nhan - NTT) phai quay v i Nhat; to chyc chinh quyin quan sy de quan iy viee dan chinh; Quan Phap tru d Van Nam (day la toan quan Phap chay
sang Van Nam khi Nhat t i i n hanh dao ehinh d Ddng Dyang ngay 9/3/1945 - NTT) d nguyen vj tri dpi lenh, khdng d y a c phep vae Viet Nam, n i u cd ea nhan t y nguyen trd lai Viet Nam, tit phai t y d c vu khi" (Wu Chao, Zhao Xiaolan (:Sia, eiijgii), 1995: 01).
Ngoai cac dan vj quan dpi ra, ehinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e edn ey mpt Dean co van thupc Hanh ehinh vien sang Viet Nam (ffaiS)8ft"ai'»IH). Doan e i v i n nay g i m cae dai dien eua 6 Bp trong ehinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quia va mpt dai dien cua Oang bp Trung yang'^'. Day la ea quan eao nhit v i hanh ehinh ciia Trung Hea Dan Quoc tru ddng d Ha Ndi ben eanh ea quan quan sy. Ngay 15/9/1945, Hanh ehinh vien hpp vdi Dean e i v i n va dya ra 14 nguyen t i c hoat ddng cho quan dpi Trung Q u i e d Viet Nam; trong dd co met s i nguyen tac d i cap d i n quan he vdi phia Phap, eu the; phia Trung Q u i e se thdng bao eho phia Phap s6 quan qua canh va trong khu vyc tru phdng n i u can (nguyen t i c thy hai);
mdi phia Phap phai dai bilu tham dy l i t i i p nhan (quan Nhat) d i u hang va to chyc mdt doan dai b i i u trp giup Bp t y lenh quan Trung Q u i e tru ddng d Viet Nam trong cong tae t i i p thu tai san va cung yng vat t y (nguyen tic thy 6); v i n d i lyu thong d i n g tiin eua Nhat va viee s y dung t i i n te cua dpi quan tru ddng eua Trung Quie se do Bp Ngoai giao va Bp Tai ehinh thyong thao vdi phia Phap d i dya ra bien phap giai q u y i t (nguyen t i c thy 9); dai dien phia Phap giao cho cae ea quan
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI s6 1 (233) 2018 hien ed tai Viet Nam phu trach viec eung yng lyang thyc, than da va phyang tien van ehuyen cho quan dpi Trung Qudc tru ddng, bien phap thanh toan se do Bd Ngoai giao va phia Phap thyang lypng (nguyen t i c thy 10); ddi vdi nhyng nhan vien hanh chinh cua Phap trd lai Viet Nam, phia Phap phai dya toan bd danh saeh de Bp t y lenh quan tru ddng Trung Q u i e d i i u tra rd. Bp T y lenh phai c y tuyet, khong cho nhap canh del vdi nhyng ngydi Phap trydc day da tyng cd hanh vi thu djch vdi chinh phu Trung Quie hoac g i i t hai kiiu dan Trung Quie (nguyen t i c thi> 12); d i i vdi quan he Phap - Viet, nguyen t i c thy 13 chi ro; "giy nghiem thai dp trung lap, khdng can dy" (Zhu Xie ( * « ) , 2017;
6). Oang chij y la, trong ban ehl thj 14 nguyen t i e nay, Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Qude khdng mdt ehd' nao n h i c d i n viec giao thiep vdi phia Viet Nam.
Qua 14 nguyen t i e chi thi heat dpng cua quan dpi Trung Q u i e d Viet Nam, ed t h i t h i y Chinh phij Tydng Gidi Thach v i n xem Phap mdi la d i i tyang giao thiep chinh cua hp, eae bien phap va each x y tri v i n d i d i u thyang thao vdi Phap. Zhu Xie (Chu T i i t - « R ) - mpt trong nhyng thanh vien cua Dean eo v i n - da bay td sy t h i t vpng d i i vdi npi dung cua chi thj. (Dng cho ring 14 nguyen t i e nay "qua la tieu eye, toan bd x u i t phat d i i m , d i u l i y viec giao tra Viet Nam cho nydc Phap lam t i i n a i . . . " (Zhu Xie ( * R ) , 2017; 6). Mat khac, npi dung ban nguyen t i c cung eho t h i y Chinh phu Trijng Khanh
chya n i m rd npi tinh eua Viet Nam.
Tren dydng sang Viet Nam, Zhu Xie da gap tydng Chen Xiuhe (Trin Tu Hda) (vira trd v i t y Ha Ndi) tai Cdn Minh va nghe tydng Chen thuat lai tinh hinh Viet Nam nhy sau;
Dang Viet Minh'^' da thanh lap Chinh phu lam thdi, vua Bao Oai lam e i v i n c i p eao, bay td ung hp n i n dpc lap;
Ngydi Viet r i t cam thu ngu'di Phap, k h i p eae aydng p h i d i u treo ed eae nyde D i n g minh va cd dd sao vang ciJa Viet Nam, khdng ai dam treo ed Phap;
Ngydi Phap v i n d trong eae nai tap trung, do ngydi Nhat bao ve, khdng dam ra ben ngoai, n i u khdng thi se gap nguy h i i m d i n tinh mang (...) (Zhu Xie (*(S) 2017; 8).
Sau khi nam bat so bp tinh hinh Viet Nam qua eudc ndi chuyen vdi Chen Xiuhe, Zhu Xie cho ring tinh hinh thye te "cd khoang each kha ldn vdi ehl thj 14 nguyen t i e eua Hanh ehinh vien"
(Zhu Xie ( * g ), 2017; 8). Ngay 22/9/1945, Zhu Xie gap Lu Han tai Ha Npi. Chu tryang cua Lu Han la "chiim ddng lau dai, phu tra Viet Nam dpe lap, do Trung Qudc thac quan" (Zhu Xie {^
m), 2017; 12-13). Vi vay, dng ta cDng eho ring ehi thj 14 nguyen t i c cua Hanh chinh vien "khong phu hop vdi tinh hinh thyc t i " (Zhu Xie ( « « ) , 2017;
13).
Nhy vay, khi dya quan vao Viet Nam, gida Tong bp Lue quan va Hanh chinh vien cua Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e a i cd ehu tryang khdng thing nhat vdi nhau lien quan d i n v i n d i
NGUYEN THANH TIEN - NHO'NG BONG THAI CUA TRUNG HOA DAN QUOC...
dde lap cua Viet Nam. Hanh ehinh vien v i n theo chij tryang giao Viet Nam lai cho Phap. Trong khi dd, phia cac tydng ITnh (tryc t i i p la Bd T y lenh quan Trung Quie tru ddng d Viet Nam) lai chu tryong ehiim ddng lau dai, phu tro Viet Nam "dpe lap", do mpt chinh quyin than Hoa n i m giy. Khi sang Ha Npi, tryde thye t i Viet Nam da tuyen bd dde lap, Lu Han phai t y bd k i hoaeh lap chinh quyin quan sy theo phyang an ciJa T i n g bp Lue quan, chi thanh lap Bp T y lenh quan ddi tru ddng. O i l vdi Chinh phd iam thdi Viet Nam Dan ehu Cpng hda, eac tydng linh cua Tydng "thiy Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda da thanh lap, Oang Cdng san Odng Dyang va Mat tran Viet Minh dyac sy ung hd cua ddng dao q u i n ehung nhan dan, da k i i m seat dype tinh hinh Viet Nam, hp khdng t h i khdng thCra nhan va giao thiep vdi Chinh phu Viet Nam do H i Chi Minh ddng d i u " (Huang Zheng (K
» ) 1987; 114).
Tuy nhien, sy giao thiep nay khong hoan toan la sy giao thiep vdi ehinh phu cua met quoc gia dpc lap, cd ehu quyin. Ngay 28/9/1945 (ngay quan dpi Trung Qude to chyc l i tiip nhSn sy dau hang cua quan Nhat tai phu Toan quyin Ddng Dyang d Ha Npi), tydng Lu Han da ra ban "Tuyen cao cua Bd Tw lenh Be nhat phwgng dien quan thuoc luc quan Trung Quoc" (bing ca Trung van va Viet van) va dan d khip eae aydng p h i ehinh cua Ha Npi;
"Ban T y lenh hien thya hanh menh lenh cua Bp Thong soai tdi eao quan
O i n g minh, t h i n g s u i t quan adi Trung Quie vao Viet Nam de t i i p nhan sir d i u hang cua quan xam lypc Nhat Ban, t y d c vu khi va giai tan quan NhaL Quan dpi Trung Q u i e khdng phai la ke chinh phuc va ap bye Viet Nam, ma la ban va la ngydi giai phdng nhan dan Viet Nam.
T i t ea viec giam sat v i hanh chinh va quan ly v i quan s y d Viet Nam t y bac vT tuyin 16 d i u do Ban T y lenh phu trach (...) D i i vdi nhCrng y d i va hanh vi pha hoai trat t y . Ban Ty lenh se diing phap luat ngan chan, doi vdi nhifng ke pha hoai, b i t luan thupc ehung tpc va tdn giao nao, eung diu se bj nghiem trj.
D i i vdi lyang dan dang lam nhu'ng nghe nghiep chinh dang, tam eiu Ipi ieh hap phap, tin phung cae tdn giao, b i t luan thupc q u i e tjch nao, diu aype Ban T y lenh bao ve. Toan t h i nhan dan nen phuc timg menh lenh ma ban t y lenh aa ban b i , tuan thu phap luat hien hanh, a i n g thdi thlit thyc hpp tae vdi quan dpi Trung Quie..." (Zhu Xie (*6>), 2017; 22-23).
Npi dung ban tuyen cao cho thiy Lu Han g i n nhy b i t c h i p mpt sy that la Viet Nam da trd thanh mpt nydc dpc lap. Ong ta khong 3k cap gi a i n sy hop tac vdi chinh phu Viet Nam Dan ehu Cdng hda trong viec giij' gin an ninh trat ty. D i u thang 10/1945, khi sang Ha Ndi thi sat, Tong T y lenh Luc quan Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e He Ying Qin (Ha (Jng Kham) da hpp vdi eac tydng ITnh d day va dya ra quyit nghi g i m 12 d i l m . Trong do, a i l m thy 12
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 1 (233) 2018 neu rd "Thai dp a i l vdi Chinh phu lam thdi ciia Viet Nam t i t phai than trpng, nen gitr lap trydng hu'u hao nhyng khdng d y p e trao doi cdng van ehlnh thipc, viee giao thiep t i t n h i t la diing bi vong luc khdng dau khdng audi"'"' (Zhu Xie ( * l g ) , 2017; 31). Trong h i i irc Nhirng nam thang khdng the nao quen, Dai tydng Vd Nguyen Giap tirng nhan xet; "Chimg (cae tydng ITnh eua Tydng - NTT) eoi ehinh q u y i n ta la mpt chinh q u y i n ehl ton tai tren thye t i , khdng phai la mpt chinh q u y i n t i n tai v i phap ly" (VS Nguyen Giap, 2001; 69). Khdng nhyng t h i , eac tydng ITnh eiia T y d n g cdn gay khd khan va ap lye cho Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda. " H i u nhy dem nao cung cd thy eiia bpn tydng ta quan dpi T y d n g gii'i cho chinh q u y i n ta, khi thi hach sach khi thi doa d i m " (Vd Nguyen Giap 2001; 57). Dii vay, tryde thyc t i tinh hinh va sach lypc ngoai giao kheo leo ciia H i Chu tjch, cac tydng ITnh ciia Tydng nhy Lu Han, Xiao Wen... cung dan thay doi thai dp, td ra hda dju han khi giao thiep vdi Chinh phu eu H i . Lu Han tham chi edn tuyen b i ; "Nydc Viet Nam can ban la cua ngydi Viet Nam.
Cir y rieng toi, tdi r i t b l i u d i n g tinh vdi s y phan khang oanh liet cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong Nam Bp" ( H i Chi Minh toan tap, tap 4, 1995; 128).
Trong giao thiep gida Bp T y lenh quan Tydng d Viet Nam va Chinh phti Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda, v i n d i cang t h i n g , phire tap nhit la v i n d i lien quan a i n hai to ehire than Hoa; Viet Nam Q u i e dan dang (Viet Quie) va
Viet Nam Caeh mang d i n g minh hdi (Viet Caeh). S y thyc la chinh quyin Tydng Gidi Thach "trong luc phai d i i phd vdi edng san trong nyde, khdng m u i n ed met chinh phu Cong san d giap bien gidi phia nam Trung Qudc"
(Lyu Van Lai, 1996; 45). Hp "sa Viet Minh la Cong san va sp Cdng san Ddng Dyong lien minh vdi Cdng san Tau xich hda Hoa Nam" (Van kien Oang toan tap, 2000, tap 8; 25) . Cai hp m u i n la Viet Nam phai cd mdt chinh quyin phi cpng san va than Hoa.
Cho nen, mpt mat hp v i n giao thiep vdi Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda, song mat khae lai dung dydng hai to ehire Viet Caeh va Viet Quoc. Khi theo chan quan dpi Trung Quie v i Viet Nam, hai t i chire nay "y t h i cd lyc lyang vu trang, lai cd quan he mat thiit vdi Quie dan dang Trung Quie, nen phan a i l chinh quyen Viet Minh kich liet, khien eho hai ben khdng ngdng nd ra xung dot vu trang" (Luo Min (S?(t), 2015; 49). Mac dii Tydng Gidi Thach da eh! thj cho Lu Han
"khdng can thiep d i i vdi (sy tranh c h i p giu'a) eae dang phai ngydi Viet"
(Luo Min (s?8;), 2015; 49), nhyng do yeu e i u phai i n djnh tinh hinh, Bp ehl huy quan dpi Trung Hoa Dan Quie d Viet Nam van dirng ra "dan x i p ' . B i ngoai hp dan x i p d i eae ben "hop tac", song thyc t i la ep Chinh quyen Viet Minh phai nhygng bp d i i vdi Viet Q u i e va Viet Caeh. Tydng Chen Xiuhe da thay mat eho Bp ty lenh quan dpi Trung Quoc den gap Chu tieh H i Chi Minh yeu c i u "tam hoan t i n g t u y i n cir hai tuan d i tien cho v i n d i
NGUYEN THANH TIEN - N H O N G BONG THAI CUA TRUNG HOA DAN QUOc ..
hiep thyang tuyin ey gida cac dang phai" (Huang Zheng ( R 9 ) , 1987; 116).
Dydi sy "ching lyng" cua quan Tydng, eae thanh vien cua Viet Quie, Viet Cach da gianh dype met s i vj tri trong Quie hpi va Chinh phu (khdng qua tuyen cij'). Nha nghien edu Trung Quie Luo Min (La Min) da nhan amh;
"Dydi sy phu tra ciia Trung Quie, hai to chii'c Viet Nam Quie dan dang va Viet Nam caeh mang d i n g minh hdi than Hoa da gianh dype aja vj tyang a i l trong Quie hpi va Chinh phu Viet Nam mdi thanh lap" (Luo Min (S'S;), 2015; 53). Tuy nhien, c i n phai ndi them la, giii'a cae ca quan ciia Chinh phu Trung Hoa Dan Quie tru ddng d Viet Nam, giO'a eac tydng ITnh cua Tu'dng cung khdng thing nhit v i viee iing hd Viet Quie va Viet Cach. N i u nhy Lu Han, Xiao Wen, Chen Xiuhe chu tryong han c h i bdt nhdng hanh dpng qua khich ciia hai t i chirc nay thi cae nhan vat khae nhy Xing Senzhou (Hinh Sam Chau)'=', Wu Tlecheng (Ngd Thiit Thanh)"" lai td thai do h i t sye benh vyc. Ngay 12/11/1945, trong cupc mit tinh ky niem ngay sinh cua Tdn Trung San d Ha Ndi, ngydi c i m a i u td ehdc Viet Caeh Nguyin Hal T h i n (Ruan Haishen) da hd to khau hieu "danh d i Oang Cpng san Viet Nam". Sy manh dpng cua Nguyin Hai T h i n da d i n 3 i n xung dot giija Viet Caeh va lye lygng Viet Minh. Sau sy kien nay, Xiao Wen va Chen Xiuhe chii tryang dya Nguyin Hai T h i n v i Trung Quoc "xir phat nghiem" va cir ngygi khac phu trach Viet Caeh. Xing Senzhou kien quylt phan d i i va dien
khan cho Wu Tlecheng; "Ruan Haishen (Nguyin Hai Thin) la tiin boi ciia each mang Viet Nam, theo Tong tai (tire Tydng Gidi Thach - NTT) da nhieu nam... Phat b i i u d i l n thuyet ddi xoa bd Oang Cdng san Viet Nam cua dng ta v i I^ luan khdng cd gi sai trai, n i u ehiing ta d i i xir nhy vay t i t dan d i n s y b i t man ciia cae dang phai Viet Nam (tire eae dang phai than Hoa - NTT)" ( D i n theo; Luo Min (^1*), 2015; 51). Wu Tlecheng td y ding tinh, tham chi ong ta edn d i nghj Tydng Gidi Thach trieu h i i Xiao Wen ve nydc.
Ben eanh viec iing hd Viet Qudc, Viet Cach, thai dp cua Trung Hoa Dan Quie d i i vdi Viet Nam edn the hien ro qua viee xiie t i l n dam phan vdi Phap.
Nhy da d i cap d tren, v i ea ban, chO tryang eiia ehlnh q u y i n Tydng Gidi Thach la tan d i n g viec Phap trd lai Viet Nam. Ngay 10/9/1945, trydc khi hdi kien vdi Bp trydng Ngoai giao Phap, Bp trydng Ngoai giao Wang Shijie (Vyang T h i Kiet) (dam nhiem ehifc vu Bp trydng Ngoai giao thay Song Zivi/en (Tdng Tir Van) t y thang 7/1945 - NTT) da thinh thj y kiin Tydng Gidi Thach v i eac lpi ieh tai Viet Nam ma Trung Quie yeu ciu Phap dap yng; (1) Chuyin cho Trung Quie sd hti'u doan n i m tren lanh tho Trung Q u i e t u y i n dydng s i t VSn Nam - Hal Phdng d l b i i thydng cho nhirng t i n t h i t ciia Trung Quie tai Viet Nam; (2) Hoa k i l u g Viet Nam dyge hydng t i i hue q u i e hoac dygc dai ngd g i i n g nhy ngydi Phap; (3) M i l n t h u i a i l vdi hang hoa Trung
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI so 1 (233) 2018 Qudc di qua t u y i n dydng s i t Van Nam - Hal Phdng; (4) cang Hai Phdng thanh cang t y do (Luo Mm (^fS), 2015;
116). T y d n g da a i n g y vdi 4 d i i u kien giao thiep nay. Ngay 19/9/1945, T y a n g gii'i aien lenh eho Ngoai trydng V y a n g va Oai sir Trung Quie tai Phap chinh thye thdng bao ring phia Trung Q u i e "quyet khdng can trd quan dpi Phap quay lai Viet Nam, xin Chinh phu Phap yen tam" (Dan theo; Luo Min ( y tti), 2015; 116). Sau nhti'ng eudc tranh cai va mac ca cang thing, ngay 28/2/1946, Hiep y d c Phap - Hoa da dyge ky tai Trung Khanh. Vdi hiep ydc nay, hai ben ky ket deu dat dygc mue dieh ciJa minh, cdn dan tpc Viet Nam thi phai t i i p tuc eudc d i u tranh gian k h i 3e bao ve n i n ade lap ciia minh.
Tir nhti'ng phan tieh neu ten, cd t h i thiy chii tryong va nhtrng hoat dpng cua Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e del vgi Viet Nam trong thdi gian quan dpi Trung Quie vao giai giap Nhat noi len m i y v i n dk sau;
Thir nhit, day la s y t i i p n i i ehii trygng ma ehinh q u y i n Tygng Gidi Thach da dya ra khi T h i chiin hai sap k i t thue; giao Viet Nam lai cho Phap.
Khi quan dpi Trung Quie vao Viet Nam thi Hanh ehinh vien eua Chinh phu Q u i e dan chi thi "giu' trung lap trong quan he Phap - Viet". Song thyc t i , Trung Hoa Dan Qudc da Igi dung viec quan adi eua hp tru ddng d Viet Nam lam quan bai thda hiep, mac ea vdi Phap. Dinh d i l m ciia thda hiep do chinh la ban hiep y d c Phap - Hoa
28/2/1946. Thye t i nay da cho thay eai gpi la "sy iing hp cua Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e a i l vdi n i n dpe lap cua Viet Nam" ehl la nhti'ng tuyen bd b i n g Igi ndi chir khdng ed gia tri thyc te. Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e hoan toan khdng "ehan thanh iing hd Viet Nam dpc lap" nhy nhan xet cua nha nghien ciru nyde ngoai ndi tren.
Thir hai, trong npi bd chinh quyin T y d n g khdng hoan toan thing nhit v i v i n de Viet Nam. Giti'a ben ngoai giao va ben quan sy, gida Chinh phii trung y g n g g Triing Khanh va cae tydng ITnh eiia Tygng phu trach viec dya quan vao Viet Nam cd sy khac biet n h i t dinh v i quan d i l m . N l u nhy ehlnh phii Trijng Khanh ehu trygng
"giao tra Viet Nam" eho Phap, thi eae tydng ITnh eiia Tydng lai td thai dp
"cirng r i n " han d i i vdi tham vong tai lap aeh t h i n g trj cua Phap g Viet Nam. T i t nhien, thai dp "cirng ran"
nay n h i m bao ve q u y i n Igi cua Trung Q u i e la ehinh. Song, khaeh quan ma ndi, trong chirng myc nao dd nd cung cd mat tieh eye, p h i n nae dd da
"kiim e h l chii tryang eua Chinh phu Paris sdm khdi phuc sy k i l m scat Ddng Dyang" (Nguyen Dinh Bin, 2015; 56).
Thir ba, tryde thyc te Viet Minh da gianh d y g c ehinh quyin va d y g c nhan dan iing hd, them vao dd la sach lyge ngoai giao kheo leo cua H i Chii tjch, cae tydng ITnh eua Tydng budc phai thay del phyang eham, chap nhan hgp tac vdi Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda. Song mat khac.
NGUYEN THANH TIEN - NHLfNG BONG THAI CpA TRUNG HOA DAN QUOC...
hp van nang dd cho eae to chirc nhy Viet Quie, Viet Caeh d i ngydi cua hai to chyc nay cd the tham gia vao chinh q u y i n . Hai to chyc nay da dya vao quan Tydng Se c h i n g pha chinh quyin each mang, adi each mang phai nhygng bd cae q u y i n Igi chinh trj, gay nen tinh trang xung dot, eang thing. Khi dirng ra "diiu giai", Bd ehl huy quan dpi Trung Q u i e da gay sire ep d l Chinh q u y i n Viet Minh phai chia se cae vi tri trong Q u i e hdi va Chinh phii cho ngydi ciia Viet Quie va Viet Cach. Nhy vay, cac tydng ITnh ciia Tydng da cd sy can thiep kha sau vao ndi trj cua Viet Nam, lam cho tinh hinh chinh tri d Viet Nam liic nay them khd khan, phye tap. Oay cting khdng phai la d i i u "eye ky cd Igi cho sy dean k i t d i i ngoai eua Viet Nam" nhy tae gia nyde ngoai ndi tren da danh gia.
Thir ty, chu tryang eiia chinh quyin Trung Hoa Dan Quie d i i vdi Viet Nam trong thdi gian nay cung khdng hoan toan mang tinh chii dpng. Tren thye t i , no bj chi p h i i bdi quan he ciia Trung Hoa Dan Quie vdi cae eydng qudc phyong Tay nhy My, Anh va Phap;
bdi cuoc chiin ching lai Dang Cpng san Trung Qude; bdi nhti'ng mau thuin phe phai ngay trong npi bp ehinh quyin Tydng; bdi thyc t l tinh hinh chinh trj d Viet Nam. D i i u dd giai thich vi sao trong thdi gian dya quan vao Viet Nam, thai dp eiia ehinh quyin Tydng d i i vdi Viet Nam Dan ehu Cpng hda kha phire tap, vira khdng ehinh thirc thira nhan, gay sire ep v i
ehinh trj, quan s y song eung phai c h i p nhan hap tae.
4. K^T LUAN
Cd t h i ndi, trong thdi gian dya quan vao Viet Nam t i i p nhan sy d i u hang cua quan Nhat, Chinh quyin Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e da ed nhti'ng chii tryong va hanh ddng cho thiy thai dp thyc sy eua hp d i i vdi v i n d i dpe lap eua Viet Nam. Nhin chung, cac dpng thai chinh trj eua Trung Hoa Dan Qudc d i i vdi Viet Nam khdng thye sy thong n h i t va cd p h i n mau thuin, nd xuit phat t y Igi ieh eua phia Trung Quie va tir lap trydng c h i n g cpng san eua hp.
Vi t h i , nd aa gay nhO'ng tac dpng tieu eye d i n tinh hinh Viet Nam luc biy gig.
Tryge nhO'ng chu tryang phye tap, co p h i n mau t h u i n d i i vdi Viet Nam eua ehlnh quyin T y d n g Gidi Thach, Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda da thi hanh mpt ehinh saeh ngoai giao hit sire m i m deo. O i l vdi chinh phii Trung Hoa Dan Q u i e cung nhy quan dpi Trung Q u i e tru ddng d Viet Nam, Chii tieh H i Chi Minh va Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda aa the hien thai ap than thien va tich eye hpp tac. Chinh phu Viet Nam chii tryong hda hoan, dap irng mdt s i yeu sach ciJa quan dpi Tydng Gidi Th^ch nhyng tren nguyen t i c "khdng nhypng bp v i v i n d i ape lap cua Viet Nam".
Sach lyge ngoai giao sang suit i y da aya eon thuyin each mang Viet Nam v y g t qua mpt giai dean Ijeh sir aay sdng gid. Q
TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQl s6 1 (233) 2018
C H U T H I C H
'^* Cuoi th^ng 8/1945, quan dpi T u o n g Gioi Thach bat dau keo vao Vipt Nam. Theo thoa thu^n giua Trung QuPc va Ph^p, quan dpi T u o n g se tript thoai khoi Viet Nam v^o cuoi thang 3/1946. Tuy nhign, phai den th^ng 9/1946, qu&n T u d n g m.oi hoan th^nh vi^c rCitquSn.
'^* Bai dipn cua 6 Bp gom: Zhu Xie (*-(S) dai dien Bp T^i chinh, Ling Qihan (i^Ji;-^) dgi di^n Bp Ngoai giao, Shao Baichang ( w t i ' g ) dai dien Bp Quan chlnh, Zhuang Zhihuan (Ui^)^), dai dien Bp Kinh ti, Zheng Fangheng (W^Jft) dai dipn Bp Giao thong, Ma Xanrong (^filiSS) dai dipn Bp L u o n g thuc Dai dien cua Dang bo Trung u o n g 1^ Xing Senzhou (m^Am).
^^ Chen Xiuhe (TrSn Tu Hoa) l i m t u o n g Viet Minh 1^ mpt Dang. Trong "Thu goi tuong T r i n Tu Hoa" ngay 19/12/1945, Chu tjch HP Chi Minh da giai thich cho t u o n g T r i n hieu: "Viet Nam dpc lap dong minh, khong phai la mpt dang m^ \i mot Mat tran toan dan..." (Ho Chi Minh. 1995 Toan f^p, tap 4, Nxb. Chinh tn Quoc gia, H^ Npi, tr. 117)
'*'' Nguyen van : t 5 - ^ / l (vo dau vo vT). co t h ^ hi^u la dung bj vong luc khong ghi chO-c danh cua hai ben, ham y la Chinh quyen T u o n g khpng cong nhgn chinh thuc tinh phap ly cua Chinh phu lam thoi Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa.
'^' Xing Senzhou (JBi^^): dai dien cua Dang bp Trung u o n g Quoc dan dang trong Do^n c6 v&n.
"^' Wu Tlecheng {^^m): Bi t h u truong Dang bo trung u o n g Qu6c dan dang, Bp truang Bp Hai ngoai cua chinh quyen T u o n g Gioi Thach.
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filename=DLYZ199501Q00&v=MjQ1NDBJU0hTZExLeEY5VE1ybzlGWklSOGVYMUx1eF I T N 0 R o M V Q z c V R y V 0 0 x R n J D V V J M S 2 Z a T 1 J 2 R k N 2 b V Z y c k w = (truy cap ngay 2/8/2017).
70 NGUYEN THANH TlfeN - NHU'NG BONG THAI COA TRUNG HOA DAN QUOC...
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aspx'?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD9495&filename=DLYZ199501000&v=MjQ1NDBJU0 hTZExLeEY5VE1ybzlGWklSOGVYIVlUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDWJIVIS2ZaT1 J2RkN2bVZyckw= (truy cap ngay 31/7/2017).
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dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFD2007&filename=FYZS200705005&v=MzAwMTk4ZVgxTH V4WVM3RGgxVDNxVHJXTTFGckNVUkxLZIpPUnZGQ3ZuVkwvQUI6VFJmYkcOSHRiT XFvOUZZWVI=. Truy cap ngay 31/7/2017.
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