Phan tich hieu qua
va nang suat cua cac doanh nghiep che bien thuy san Viet Nam
NGGYEM VAN"
TRAM DCTC T H Q A N "
Tom tdt
Nghiin edu ndy sH dung phuang phdp dudng biin sdn xudt ehung vd mo hinh chi sdNdng sudt nhdn to tdng hpp Malquist todn cue de phdn tich hieu qua ky thudl vd sU thay ddi ndng sudt cua cdc doanh nghiep chi'bii'n thuy sdn Viit Nam giai dogn 2012-2017. Ket qua cho thdy: (1) Tdng trudng TFP cua cae doanh nghiep dat 1.4% ndm, trong do thay ddi hieu qua ky thugt vd tii'n bo cong nghi la thdnh phdn dong gdp chu yeu vdo tang trudng TFP; (2) Cd khodng edch Idn ve cong nghe giffa cdc doanh nghiip thiiy sdn Viet Nam vd nd la ly do chinh cho sU khdc biit ndng sudt giffa cdc doanh nghiip. Cdc doanh nghiep thuy sdn Idn ed cong nghe sdn xudt tdt han cdc daanh nghiep nho vd vita; (3) Suy gidm trong thay ddi khodng each cong nghe Id nguyin nhdn chinh kim hdm tdng trudng ndng sudt eiia cdc doanh nghiep che bien thuy sdn hien nay.
Tuf khoa: hiiu qua ky thugt, ndng sudt nhdn tdtdng hgp, dudng biin sdn xudt chung, Chi so Malquist TFP todn cue
Summary
The study used the meta-frontierfunction and Global Malmquist TFP index to analyze technical efficiency and productivity change in Vietnamese seafood processing companies from 2012 to 2017. The results show thaf (1) TFP growth affirms experienced 1.4% per year, which is greatly contributed by the change of technical efficiency and technological progress. (2) There is a large technology gap among Vietnamese seafood processing companies, resulting in the difference in productivity among these firms. Large seafood processing firms have better technology than small and medium ones. (3) The decrease in the change of technology gap is the main reason for curbing TFP growth of these firms.
Keywords: technical efficiency, total factor productivity, meta-frontier. Global Malmquist TFP index
GlCfl THIEU Nham vi((3t qua ban che nay, nghien cUu ap dung phUdng phdp dUdng bien san xua't chung (meta- Nganh cdng nghiep che' bie'n thiiy san frontier) va md hinh chi so' nang sud't nhan td tdng hdp Vidt Nam hien nay dang phan dd'u phat Malmquist toan cue (Global Malmquist TFP) nham trien thanh mdt ngdnh kinh td'mui nhgn, Udc lUdng mUc hieu qua ky thuat, khoang each cdng cd gia tri san xud't Idn, di dau trong hdi nghd, tang trudng nang sud't nhdn tdtdng hdp cua cdc nhdp kinh te qud'c te'. Che bien vd xua't doanh nghiep che* bien thiiy sdn Viet Nam trong giai khau thuy san cua Viet Nam hidn mang doan 2012-2017.
lai gia tri Idn cho nen kinh td.
T r o n g cdc phan tich ve h i e u qua C a S O L Y T H U Y E T V A M O H I N H N G H I E N CUU va ndng sud't cua cdc doanh nghiep
che' bien thuy san Viet Nam hien nay, PhUdng phdp bao di? lieu (DBA) dUdc gdi y bdi viec gia dinh ta't ca cdc doanh nghiep Farrell (1957) va dUdc phdt trien bdi Charnes, Cooper CO ciing cdng nghd san xud't 3 mdi thdi vd Rhodes (1978). PhUdng phdp nay Udc lUdng dUdng ky cd the d i n ddn cdc \i6c lUdng khdng bidn san xud't thdng qua viec giai cdc bai toan quy chinh xdc ve hieu qua va nang sud't ciia hoach tuyen tinh. Fare, Grosskopf, Norris va Zhang cac doanh nghiep. (1994) da phat trien phUdng phap ndy thanh md hinh
'TS., Trudng Dai hoc Hang hai Viet liam
** ThS., C6ng ty TNHH San xuat, Xu^t - nhap khau thUdng mai dich vu ky thuat Thuan Phat Ngdy nhdn bdi: 01/03/2020, Ngdy phdn bien-10/03/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng 15/03/2020
HINH 1: HIEO QUA KY THGAT, KHOANG CACH CONG NGHE TRONG MO HINH DtTCJNG BIEN SAN XUAT CHUNG San luong <q)
Duong bicn san xuSl chung H
ng su (2002, 2004)
do ludng Chi sd' nang sua't nhan td' tdng hdp Malquist (Malquist TFP). Trong md hinh nay, tang trUdng TFP dUdc phan ra thanh cac thanh phan cai thien hieu qua ky thuat (TEC) va tidn bO cdng nghd (TC). Md hinh Malquist TFP khdng yeu cau dang cu the ciia ham san xud't, ciing nhu cac thdng tm cua gia cdc diu vao va dau ra. Tuy nhidn, dUdng bien dUdc Udc lUdng bang DEA tao nen tCf nhffng ket hdp hieu qua nha't, do vay nd ra't nhay cam vdi cdc quan sdt trdi.
Viec coi cdc doanh nghiep trong nganh che' bie'n thiiy san cd cdng nghe san xua't gid'ng nhau d mdi thdi ky cd the se ddn de'n cac Udc lUdng khdng chinh xdc ve hieu qua va nang sua't. De giai quyet va'n de nay Battese va cdng sU (2002, 2004) da xdy dung md hinh dudng bien san xua't chung (meta-frontier) dUa tren khdi niem meta-frontier cua Hayami (1969), Hayami vd Ruttan (1970) de Udc lUdng hieu qua ky thudt, tidn bd cdng nghe, khoang edch cdng nghe va nang sua't nhdn to'tdng hop.
Xet doanh nghiep chd' bidn thuy san A thudc nhdm 1, khi dd cd hai gia tri do lUdng TE cho A. Dd la TE iJng vdi dudng bien san xud't chung (TE(x,q) = DJx.q)
= OB/OF) vd TE Ung vdi dUdng bien san xud't nhdm (TE''(x,q) = D''Jx,q) = OB/OD). TU Hinh 1 chung ta tha'y tdn tai khoang edch giffa dddng bien chung va dudng bien nhdm, nd phan dnh mUc dd lac hau giffa cdng nghe san xua't nhdm vd cdng nghe san xud't chung Khoang each nay dUde Battese va cdng sif (2004) ggi la ty sud't khoang edch cdng nghe (TGR):
DJx,q) TE(x,q) „ , TGR'(x,q)="l \ = ^ J / , 1)
DJ^(x,q) TEHx,q) Co the vidtlaibidu thUc(l)nhUsaii:
TE(x,q) = TEHx,q).TGR''(x,q) (2) Theo O'Donnell va cdng sU (2008), bieu thUc (2) chi ra rang, TE ciia doanh nghiep che bidn thuy san so vdi dudng bien san xua't chung bao gdm: Kid'n thUc san xua't hidn tai cua tUng nhdm (TE'') va khoang edch cdng nghe ciia nhdm so vdi toan ngdnh (TGR).
Khdi niem vd sU thay ddi khoang edch cdng nghe (TGC) dUdc Oh va Lee (2010) xac dinh la:
TGR,^, (3)
TGC > 1 cd nghia Id khoang each vd cdng nghd san xua't ciia nhdm dang ngay cang dUdc thu hep.
Khdng gid'ng nhu nhU cdc nghien eiJu sil dung DEA truyen thdng chi tap trung vao khoang edch cdng nghe vd hieu qua ky thudt d mdt thdi diem, chi so'Malmquist TFP toan cue dUdc Oh vd Lee (2010) phdt trien nham do lUdng sU thay ddi hidu qua ky thudt (TEC), tie'n bd cdng nghe vd ndng sud't giiJa cde thdi ky.
Chi so' Malmquist TFP eiia mdi quan sdt iJng vdi dudng bien san san xua't trong mdi thdi ky eiia nhdm k tai tnnh do cdng nghd thdi k^' t va ch! so' Malmquist TFP da thdi ky ciia mdi quan sdt trong mdi nhdm dUdc xac dinh bdi:
vaM,(x',d,x!*\q-^)=^^^ (4) Trong dd D ( ) la ham khoang each
dinh hudng dau ra Ung vdi dUdng bidn san xua't ctia thdi ky t.
Theo phdn tich cua Pastor va LoveU (2{X)5), chi sdndy cd the dUde phdn ra thanh:
M,(x', q', x'*', q'^') T>,Jx'^\q'*') D'(x'*',q'^') D/x'.q')]
D/x^q')
\DJx''\q'^') D'(x',q')\ (5) Do D'*'(x'*'< q'^')/D'(x', q'l = TE'*'/
TE' - TEC, cdn thanh phan D'(x,q) /Dfx,gJdUdc Pastor vd Lovell (2005), Oh va Lee (2010) dinh nghia la khoang each boat ddng tdi Uu (BPG). BPG do ludng khoang each tff dUdng bien san xua't ciia mdi nhdm tai mdi thdi ky den dudng bidn san xua't da thdi ky cua mdi nhdm vd nhdn gid tri trong doan [0;1]. BPG'*'>BPG' mieu ta sU cai tien cdng nghe tif thdi ky t sang thdi ky t+1.
Chiing ta se siJ dung dieu nay de mieu ta khai niem tie'n bd cdng nghe trong phuong phap ehi so' Malmquist TFP todn cue:
D'(x'^',q'*') D'(x',q') Bpc= „ ' ' ,:,/-DJx'*',d*') Dfx',q') D'(x'*',q'*')_^ D,(x',q') (6) DJx'*',q'*') D'(x',q')
Tdm lai, Malmquist TFP da thdi ky dUdc viet nhU sau: M/x', q', x'*', q'*') = TECxBPC
TUdng tu, chiing ta cd chi sd'Malmquist TFP toan cue:
MJ.x!,d,x^'',q'*') = D^(jif*',d*') D'^lxf.q') (7) Va, chiing ta cd the phan ra M^ thanh cde thanh phan nhU sa,u:
MJx', q', x'*\ q'^^) = TECxBPCx
\ mxf,q') D^(x'*',q'*')\
\ D'(x'*',d*') -^ D<=(x',q') J ^^^
Tff khai niem TGR, thi bieu thii'c (8) dUde viet lai nhu sau:
MJx; y*', q^*') = TECx BPCx TGC (9) Bieu thffc (9) cho tha'y, mudn nang cao nang sud't nhdn td tong hdp ciia cdc doanh nghiep che bie'n thiiy san cd the thUe Men d cdc cdng doan sau: Khai thac ngudn lUc san xud't bidn ed hieu qua hdn; Cai tie'n cdng nghe trong noi bd nhdm; Cai thien cdng nghd eiia toan bg nganh. Oh va Lee (2010) da xay dUng cde bdi todn quy hoach tuyen tinh de xdc dinh gia tn eac ham khoang each de tU dd do ludng TEC, BPC, TGC {Bdi vii't sd dung edch vii't so thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Md ta dff li^u va bi^'n s6' Trong nghien cUu nay, cdc doanh nghiep che'bie'n thuy san Viet Nam dUdc phdn chia thanh 2 nhdm difa tren quy md, bao gdm: Cac doanh nghiep che bien thiiy san nhd va vUa va cac doanh nghiep che' bien thuy san Idn. Dff lieu siJ dung trong nghidn clili la dff lieu dUdc thu thap tff dff lieu Tdng Dieu tra doanh nghiep ciia Tdng cue Thd'ng ke (GSO)^tU nam 2012 den 20i7. Tac gid xu' \^ de cd duoe cdc so lieu can thie't cho cdc doanh nghiep che'bien thuy san. Qua dd, nghien cUu cd dUdc dff lieu cua 315 doanh nghiep (trong dd, cd 209 doanh nghiep nhd va vUa; 96 doanh nghiep Idn).
De Udc lUdng tdng trUcfng ndng sud't nhan td tdng hdp cua cdc doanh nghigp che bien thuy san, cung nhUcae thanh phin ciia nd bdng phUdng phap chi sd Mahnquist TFP toan cue, nghien cUu sff dung mdt dau ra tdng hdp eho mdi mdt doanh nghiep la gid tri gia tang (VA), hai dau vao la sdlao dgng trung binh trong nam (L) vd tai san binh qudn trong nam (K). Gid tri thdng ke md ta cua cua cac bie'n VA, K, L dUde trinh bay trong Bang 1.
Kd't qua ifdc lUtf ng chi sd'Malmquist TFP toan cue
Bang 2 trinh bay cac ket qua Udc lUdng chi so'TFP toan cue ciia cac doanh nghiep che bie'n thuy san Viet Nam giai doan
BANG 1: TONG HdP SO LigU VE GlA TR! GIA TANG VA TINH HINH s d DUNG CAC YEU TO DAU VAO CUA CAC DOAMH NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUY SAN
GIAI DOAN 2012-2017 Cac doanh nghiap
nho va viJfa Cac doanh ngliiep Idn
Var VA K 1.
K L
Ohs 709
?t)9 7 m 96 96 96
9456.8 46143.5 81.5 129675.2 712921.3 1098.7
StdJ>ev 155575 6
60161.2 67.9 164594.7 891072.5 942.9
Min 145.0 506.9 11.0 8491.4 31100.0 305.0
Max 209653.0 519223.9 300.0 1574030.0 6139166 6938.0
2012-2017. Ket qua tinh toan cho tha'y, tang trUdng TFP ctia cac doanh nghiep chd' bie'n thuy san nhd vUa dat:
Trung blnh nang sua't nhdn to tdng hdp cua ngdnh che bie'n thiiy san tang 1.4% mdi nam. Trong do, hieu qua ky thudt tang 1.1% nam, ddng gdp ciia tie'n bd cdng nghe tang 0.5% va sUthay ddi khoang edch cdng nghd giam 0.1 %. Tang trudng TFP cua nganh che bie'n thuy san cd the dUdc phan ra bdi cdng thffc (9) nhU sau:
(1.4% TFP) = (+ 1.1% TEC) X (+ 0.5% BPC) x (-0.1% TGC)
Ke't qua nay cho biet, susuy giam trong thay ddi khoang each cdng nghe la nguydn nhdn kim ham tang trUdng TFP cua cac doanh nghiep thiiy san Viet Nam hien nay.
Nhu da ndi d tren, do ed sU khde nhau ve cdng nghe sdn xud't giffa cac loai hinh doanh nghiep chd bie'n thiiy san, nen xu hUdng thay doi TFP, ciing nhu cdc thanh phan cua nd dd'i vdi moi loai hinh doanh nghidp cung khac nhau. Cdc doanh nghiep che bien thiiy sdn tdn cd td'c dd tang trUdng TFP (1.5%/nam) eao hdn cac doanh nghiep che'bien thuy san nhd vd vffa (L3%/nam). Cac doanh nghiep che bie'n thiiy san nhd va vffa ed ke't qua td't hdn trong eai thien hidu qua ky thuat san xud't va tid'n bd cdng nghe so vdi cae doanh nghiep Idn. Tuy nhien, sU suy giam trong thay ddi khoang each cdng nghe ciia cdc doanh nghiep nhd va vffa (0.6% ndm) la nguyen nhdn chinh kim ham tang trffdng TFP eiia nhdm cac doanh nghiep nay.
Vi tri ve cdng nghe san xua't ciia mdi loai hinh doanh nghiep che' bie'n thuy san dUdc ch! ra rd rang hdn trong tinh todn ve ty sua't khoang edch cdng nghe (TGR) dUdc md ta trong Bdng 3.
Ket qua Udc lUdng (Hinh 2) cho thd'y, TGR ciia ngdnh che'bie'n thuy san trong giai doan 2012-2017 la rd't cao, TGR trung binh dat 0.935. Dieu ndy eho thd'y, cde doanh nghidp che' bidn thuy san nude ta hien nay cd cdng nghe san xua't hien dai. Tuy nhien, cac doanh nghiep che' bie'n thiiy sdn Idn ed cdng nghe sdn xud't td't hdn. Khi xem xet mat do Kernel ve TGR chiing ta tha'y: Cd su chenh lech Idn ve khoang each cdng nghe giffa cac doanh nghiep che bie'n thiiy san Viet Nam.
Ddc biet, dd'i vdi nhdm cdc doanh nghiep Idn, da sd'cac doanh nghidp cd TGR Idn hdn trung blnh.
Ke^t hop nhffng phat hien ve ty sua't khoang each cdng nghe va ket qua trong thay ddi khoang each cdng nghe d tren, cd the tha'y rang, cac doanh nghiep che bie'n thiiy san Idn cd cdng nghe san xud't td't hdn cac doanh nghiep nhd va vCfa.
1
BANG 2: CHI SO MALQUIST TFP TOAN CUC CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUY SAN GIAI DOAN 2012-2017 Quy m& doanh nghiap
Doanh nghiep nho va visa Doanh nghiep liJn
Mean
TEC 1.011 1.010 1.011
BPC 1.008 1.001 t.oos
TGC 0.994 1.004 0.999
TFP 1 013 1.015 1.014 BANG 3: TONG H0P KET QUA TY SUAT KHOANG CACH CONG NGHE CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUY SAN GIAI DOAN 2012-2017
TGR Doanii nghiap nho va vCra
Doanh nghiap ]6n Mean 0.898 0.972
S.D 0 055 0.038
Min 0.554 0 774
Max 1 000 1.000 HINH 2: HlSTOGRAivl vA MAT DQ KERNEL VE TGR CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUY SAN GIAI DO^N 2012-2017
KET LU/^N
Nghien cffu nay ap dung md hinh chi sd'Malquist TFP todn cue de phdn tich sU thay ddi trong TFP, ciing nhu cac thanh phan cua nd dd'i vdi cae doanh nghiep che bie'n thiiy san Viet Nam giai doan 2012-2017. Cdc ke't qua Udc lUdng thffc nghiem cho tha'y:
- TFP cua cdc doanh nghiep che' bie'n thuy san Viet Nam tang trong giai doan 2012-2017 va sU suy giam trong thay d6i khoang edch cdng nghe giffa cac doanh nghiep la nguyen nhdn kimham tdng trUdng TFP. Cac doanh nghiep che bien thuy san nhd va vffa dang tich cUc cai tie'n cdng nghe (BPC) vd eai thien hieu qua trong viec suf dung cdc ye'u to dau vao (TEC).
- Tdn tai khoang edch trong cdng nghe sdn xud't giffa cac doanh nghiep che' bie'n thuy san Viet Nam vd khoang each nay ngay cang rdng dd'i vdi cdc doanh nghiep che' bie'n thiiy san nho va vffa.
Khoang each ndy la nguyen nhan ddn de'n sU khdc biet nang suat nhan to' tdng hgp giffa cdc doanh nghidp chd bie'n thiiy sanhidn nay.O
TAI U E U THAM KHAO
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\nAe\, Empirical Economics, ^^,Al-bA . , , , ^, , . , A .• : • A
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