28 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd3 - 2010
QUAN HE GIAO LUU CUA THAY CUNG NGU'dlTAY KHU VU'C BIEN Gidl
HA LANG, CAO B A N G
C
ao B a n g k mdt t r o n g so' 7 t i n h cua Viet N a m cd dfldng bien gidi giap T r u n g Qud'e. N a m d phfa bac Bile Bd, die'm cufc bdc 2 3 " 07' vi do Bde. diem cufc Tay d 105"44' k i n h do Ddng, dfldng b i e n gidi giap T r u n g Qudc c h a y q u a 9 h u y e n ( t r o n g t d n g so' 12 h u y e n cila Cao Bang) k : T h a c h An, P h u c Hoa, T r a L i n h , H a L a n g , Trflng K h a n h , T h d n g Ndng, H a Q u a n g , Biao Lac, Biio L a m dai 312 k m . D a y e u n g lii t i n h cd dfldng bien gidi c h u n g vdi T r u n g Qudc dai nha't so vdi cac t i n h bien gidl phfa bac Viet N a m (312/1463 k m ) " ' .D a n cfl hai ben k h u vflc bien gidi Cao Bang chil ye'u k ngfldi Tay, Nflng (Viet Nam) va ngfldi Choang (Quang Tay. T r u n g Qud'e). Day la hai n h d m ddng tgc cflng n d m trong nhdm ngdn ngfl Tay - Thai. Theo cac hgc giii thi trflde the ki X dan cfl k h u vflc cfl trfl nay la mdt, viee p h a n tach chf chfnh thflc dien r a sau khi Nflng Trf Cao, thfl ITnh cfla hg d k h u vflc nay bi n h a Td'ng d a n h bai (nam 1085)'-'.
Do cd c u n g n g u d n gd'c, tfldng t h d n g ngdn ngfl, k h u vflc dia If k e c a n n e n mdi q u a n h e q u a lai eua d a n cfl k h u vflc bien gidi n a y k h a m a t thie't m a mdt t r o n g nhflng bieu h i e n cfla nd k cac s i n h h o a t vdn hda tfn ngfldng xuyen bien gidi. Bai vie't
NGUYEN THI YEN'*'
n a y cung ca'p tfl lieu dien da ve mdi quan he giao lflu cfla cae t h a y eflng ngfldi Tay d khu vflc bien gidi h u y e n H a Lang, Cao Bang ndi giap vdi tra'n Kim Long, h u y e n Long Chau, Q u a n g Tay, T r u n g Qudc.
1. M o i q u a n h e giufa c a c cvt d a n n g i f d i T a y d o c h a i b e n b i e n g i d i Ha L a n g - K i m L o n g
Dac d i e m ndi b a t t r o n g q u a n he gifla cae cfl d a n ngfldi T a y k h u vflc h a i ben bien gidi H a L a n g , Kim L o n g k mdi quan h e t h a n t h u d c , t h e h i e n q u a cac kieu q u a n he nhfl s a u :
Quan he hg hdng thdn thieh: Do cd eflng n g u d n gd'c td t i e n n e n d a sd'cac ddng hg dgc h a i b e n b i e n gidi k h u vfle n a y deu ed mdi q u a n h e hg h a n g , thfldng k nhflng chi n h a n h dfldc p h a t t r i e n r a tfl mdt td tien. Cd t h e eoi h a i b a n K h i Sde Thfldng, xa Q u a n g Long, Hia L a n g (Viet N a m ) va Khi Sde Hia cila K i m L o n g ( T r u n g Qudc) k h a i biin ed n h f l n g d a e d i e m ve vi trf dia
*. TS.. Vien Nghien ciru Van hoa. Vien Khoa hoc Xa hgi Viet Nam.
1. Van hod ddn gian Cao Bdng. nhieu tiic giii. Hoi Van nghe Cao Bang. 1993 . tr.239.
2. Nguyen Chi Huyen (chii bien). Hoang Hoa Toaii- Luong Van Biio. Ngudn gdc lich sir tgc ngut'ii vimg hien gidi phia Bdc Viet Nam. Nxb. Van hoa Dan toe.
Ha Noi 2000. tr. 98.
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao lifu ctia thdy cimg... 29
If cflng eac mdi tfldng quan dan cfl, dan tgc tieu bieu eho mdi quan he hg hang than thudc gifla cac cfl dan d khu vflc hai ben bien gidi Ha Lang- Kim Long.
TrUdc het, day la hai ban cd vi trf dia h ke can va cd cflng mdt ten ggi. Xa Quang Long eua Ha Lang cd 5 ban giap vdi Kim Long tfnh tfl cdt md'c sd' 38 den cdt md'c sd' 42 thi Khf Soc Thfldng (cdt md'c 38) va biin Kieng (cot md'c 41) la 2 ban gan Trung Qudc nha't. Hai ban Khi Sde Thfldng vd Khi Sde tIa chi each nhau khoang 300 m, dflgc ngan each bdi nhflng thfla rudng bac thang. Khi Sde trflde day vd'n la ten ggi chung cho cii hai ban. Ndm 1892, sau khi hai nflde Trung Hoa, Phap hoach dinh lai bien gidi, Khi Sde mdi bi phan tach thanh hai ban thudc vao hai qudc gia khac nhau. Ten ggi cfla tflng ban cd lien quan den dac diem dia If cua tflng ban: Ban Khi Sde ben Viet Nam d vi tri phfa tren cd nhieu nui cao hdn nen dflgc ggi la "Khf Sde Thfldng", biin Khf Sde ben Trung Qudc d vi tri tha'p, da't bang phang hdn nen ggi la "Khi Sde Ha". Theo ke lai, lflc dau Khi Sde Thfldng chi cd 3 hd dan.
Khoang nhflng ndm 40 cfla the ki XX Qud'e Dan Dang den Khi Sde Ha bdt li'nh, mdt sd' nam thanh nien khdng chiu xung Ifnh mdi chay sang Khi Soc Thfldng. sau dd d lai sinh cd lap nghiep. Den nhflng nam 90 cua the ki trflde do da't dai canh tae ft. mdt sd' hd d Khi Sde Thfldng chuyen vao Tay Nguyen sinh sd'ng. Hien nay Khf Sde Thfldng cd 22 hd gia dinh vdi hdn mdt trdm nhan khau, tfldng dfldng Khf Sde Ha cung cd 24 hd dan. Hien ea hai xdm nay hau het deu la ngfldi Tay va chfl yeu k hg Tham.
Diem dac biet k day la hai xdm cd mdi quan he kha sau sac ve ngudn gd'c, hg hang, than thudc. Hien trong thfl tich, sfl sach khdng cd ghi chop gi ve hai xdm nay.
Ve ngudn gd'c dan cfl d day cung cd kha
nhieu y kie'n khac nhau nhflng hau bet deu khdng cd chflng cfl thuyet phuc. Tuy nhien, dang chu y hdn ca k y kien cho rdng ngudn gd'c eua hg Tham d day k con chau nha Mac chay den day thay ten ddi hg de lanh nan. Can cfl vao trf nhd cua ngfldi gia, cac sinh vien va nghien cflu sinh Trung Qudc khi ve day dien da da dflng k i dfldc gia pha hg Tham d hai xdm, qua dd cho tha'y hg Tham cfl trfl d day da dfldc 11 ddi fldc tfnh khoang tren dfldi 300 nam'". Theo gia pha nay thi vi td dau tien cfla hg k Mac Dang Dung, tiep theo dng td trfle tiep d day k Mac Dinh Hai, sau dd k khoang tren 10 ddi con chau mang hg Thdm. Trong thflc te hien nay d day van cdn lai mdt ngdi md cd tfldng truyen k md cu td Mae Dinh Hai. Cac the he con chau hg Tham d day cdn lflu truyen ve cai che't cua eu td nay nhfl sau:
Vao mdt budi trfla dng di phdi thde nhflng khdng tha'y ve. con chau bua di tim thi tha'y dng da che't va bi mdi dfln thanh md, con chau cho rdng dng dfldc "thien tang"
nen da de nguyen md tai vi trf mdi dun.
Hien ngdi mg nay ndm d khu vflc da't cfla Khi Sde ThUdng. Hang nam con chau hg Tham hai xdm Khi Soc ThUdng va Khi Sde Ha van tu tap ve day cung md td vao ngay 3/3 am lich. Ve cudc tdng tan cdng nha Miic eudl cung nam 1677, sach Dgi Viet sii ky tuc bien 1676-1789 cd ghi:
"Thang Tam (1677), bgn Dmh Vdn Ta can pha quan Nguyen Thanh (Mac Kfnh Vfl) d Cao Bang. Nguyen Thanh chay den Long Chau, duf dang deu tan vd. Bdn chau la'y lai dfldc yen"'".
3.mmm {mi), a- mj^mit^,^ ik^m ^
K ts f& tt. (Luong Dinh Vgng. Phong luc clii nguc'ii Choang. Nxb. Hgc vien diin tgc trung iro'ng.
BacKinlil987.tr. 13-21).
4. Dgi Mel sir ky tuc hien 1676. Nxb. Khoa hgc Xii hgi. Hii Ngi. 1991.tr. 19.
30 Nghien cu-u Ton giaaj<fj_- 2010]^
Nhfl vay ra't cd the hg Tham d Khi Sde Thfldng va Khi Soc Hii chfnh la con chau thudc tan quan nha Miic sau khi hi Le - Trinh danh btii da chiiy diit de'n day cfl trfl, ddi hg Mac t h a n h hg Tham. Qua sfl lflu truyen nhieu ddi ma kf fle hg chi edn ghi nhd lai ten vi td dau tien cua ddng hg la Mae Dang Dung. Va d day cdn cho tha'y cd mdt sfl thay ddi tgc danh kha thfl vi la: tfl ngufdi Kinh (nha Mac d Ha Ngi) ~> ngfldi Tay (Cao Bang) -> ngfldi Tay thudc C h o a n g (hg Tham d Quang Tay). Cho den nay trong ddi sd'ng cfl dan ngfldi Tay d Kim Long ndi chung edn lflu lai k h a nhieu da'u vet cua van hoa Kinh nhfl trong ldi dn tie'ng ndi va thd ca cd lai tiip tie'ng Kinh. dac biet la eac hinh thflc cflng bai trong dd cd Then cung pha nhieu ldi Kinh. tham chf pha nhieu hdn Then d trong nufdc. Qua trfldng hdp dan cfl hai ban nay cho thay
ve cd bfin thi ngfldi Tay d khu vfle bien gidi Hii Lang - Kim Long la eung mdt ngudn gd'c. Thflc te mac du dfldc xe'p vao dan tde Choang nhflng ten tfl ggi cua ngfldi Choang d Kim Long van k Tay, dac diem tgc ngfldi tfldng ddng vdi ngfldi Tay Cao Bdng.
Quan he hdn nhdn: Do ke ciin ve dia If, tfldng thdng ngdn ngfl va phong tuc tap quan nen d khu vflc nay cdn kha phd bien hicn tfldng ke't'hdn xuyen quo'c gia.
Vi vay, ngoai quan he hg hang ra, d khu vfle ndy cdn cd them quan he thdng gia gifla eac gia dinh d hai ben bien gidi. Day cung k mgt dac diem k m that chat them mdi quan he gifla dan ehung trong khu vfle bien gidi nay.
Dfldi day la bieu thd'ng ke mdi quan he than thudc giua cfl dan hai nflde qua dieu tra d mdt so'thdn d ben Kim Long'":
Tenthon
L u n g Nga Biin Mdn Ban La K h i Sde Ha T u Khoen Tra Ndi Tra Ngoai Td'ng cdng
Sd ho CO quan he ho hang vdi ben Viet Nam
20 27 17 13 25 15 18 135
Sd ngfldi tfl Trung Qudc sang Viet Nam
lay chong 7 8 5 2 5 5 7 39
Sd ngfldi tfl Viet Nam sang Trung Qudc lay
chong 3 2 3 1 2 5 16 Ngoai ra d day edn ed them md'i quan
he giUa nhiing ngiidi thdy cung d hai ben khu vflc bien gidi ma d dfldi day chung tdi se tie'p tuc k m rd them.
Cd the dfla ra mgt sd'nhan xet nhfl sau ve dac diein dan cfl va dan tgc d khu vfle Ha Lang va Kim Long:
a) Ha Lang va Kim Long cung cd kha nhieu diem tfldng ddng ve dan cfl va dan tgc: cd sd'dan xa'p xi va cflng cd sd'ddng k ngfldi Tay va ngfldi Nflng cfl tru (Viet
Nam ggi k dan tgc Tay, dan tgc Nung cdn ben Trung Qudc ggi theo ten ggi tfl xflng la Pd Tdy. Pd Niing).TYong dd ngfldi Tay chiem diii da sd. Va nhfl vay mac du ngufdi Tay ben Kim Long mang ten ggi la ngfldi Choang theo quy dinh cila Chinh phu Trung Qud'e nhflng thflc cha't hg lai thudc n h d m ngfldi Tay gid'ng nhfl ben
5. ?fc -fj- i'i - r.fe a;,! (1999), i i i^ h PA m. r w K m
Vi M -fh. (liiroiig Hifu Tiiaii (chii bien). Tcjc c/iidn tren hicn glc'ii. Nxb. Dan too Quiiiig 1 ay. Niim Ninli 1999. tr. 27).
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao lifu ciia thdy cting. 31
Viet Nam. Diem khac nhau cd ban ve mat dan cfl d hai ben k d sfl ed mat d mdt bd phan sd' ft ngfldi Han d Kim Long va ngfldi Kinh d Ha Lang. Tuy nhien dieu nay cung ndi len ed mdt sfl tfldng ddng d day: ca hai ben deu cd mat mdt bd phan nhflng ngfldi thudc thanh phan dan tde da sd'efla chfnh qudc.
b) Ngfldi Tay d khu vflc nay phan ldn deu cd gd'c gae k tfl ngfldi Kinh d Viet Nam, trai qua qua trinh giao lflu hdi nhap ma da dfldc Tay hoa. Cac ddng hg ldn cua ngfldi Tay d hai ben khu vflc nay nhfl hg Tham, hg Ma, hg Ly. hg Hoang, hg Ndng,v.v... phdn ldn deu cd cflng mdt gd'c, sau nhieu ddi phai dien ma hinh thanh nen eac chi nhanh khac nhau.
c) Dac diem ngudn gd'c dan tgc vd vi trf dia If da gdp phan hinh thanh nen mdi quan he dan cfl dan tgc dien hinh cfla ngfldi Tay d khu vflc nay k quan he than thudc vdi hai kieu quan he dien hinh k quan he ddng tgc va quan he hdn nhan.
Dieu nay gdp phdn quan trgng k m nen dac diem giao lflu van hoa tgc ngfldi ndi chung vd giao lflu tdn giao. tfn ngfldng ndi rieng d khu vflc nay.
2. Nhijfng b i e u h i e n cd ban t r o n g m o i q u a n h e giao Ivfu cila cac t h a y c u n g ngifcfi Tay k h u vxic b i e n gidi H a L a n g , Cao B a n g
Thay cflng ngfldi Tay d khu vflc nay cd bd'n diing chfnh: thay tao dfldc coi la cao tay, chuyen chfl tri cac dai le nhfl tang ma:
thdy then cd suf dung cay tfnh tau chuyen lam cac trung le, tieu le, dan dia phfldng ggi hg la thay put; cac dng mo sfl dung chudng hoac chflm nhae xde; cac ba sien k nhflng ngfldi ed cdn so' tfl phat hanh nghe, chuyen xem bdi va giai ban. Trong dd tao la nganh cung sfl dung sach chfl Han, iinh
hfldng cua Dao giao dan gian Trung Qudc;
then (hay la put), mo va sien la nhflng nganh eung cd ngudn gd'c shaman giao mang dam dd'u a'n vu thuat ban dia"''. Tao va then, mo k nganh cflng cua nam gidi, mdt ngfldi cd the kidm ca tdo va then (hoac mo); sien chu yeu k nfl gidi.
Dfldi day k nhflng bicu hien cd ban trong mdi quan he cfla cac thdy cung thudc ca 4 dang ndi tren d khu vflc nay.
a) Moi quan he thdy trd xuyen bien giai
Quan he thay trd k mdt mdi quan he dien hinh cfla cac thay cflng ngfldi Tdy ndi chung va d khu vflc bien gidi nay ndi rieng. Viec tim thay vd nhan thay d day k do nhu cau cu the cfla tflng ca nhan nen khdng cd sfl phan biet thay k ngfldi Ha Lang (Viet Nam) hay k thay d ben Kim Long (Trung Qud'e). Chfnh vi vay, d day cd kha nhieu hien tfldng de tfl k ngfldi Kim Long bai sfl phu k ngfldi Ha Lang va ngfldc lai. De chflng minh cho dieu ndy xin lay dan chflng tfl hai dng thay eflng k m nghe tao kiem then dfldc xep vao bac cao nien d khu vflc nay: dng Thdm Quang Nggc d ban Khi Sde Hii ben Kim Long va dng Tham Vdn An d ban Khi Sde Thfldng ben Ha Lang. Ca hai dng deu d do tudi xd'p xi tren dfldi 70. cd thdi gian di bdnh nghe tfldng tfl nhau va cfl trfl d hai ban ke can, tham chf cd hg hang xa vdi nhau. Dfldi day k danh sach cac de tfl d hai ben khu vflc bien gidi da tdn dng Tham Quang Nggc (Kim Long) k m sfl phu va dfldc dng dflng ra chu tri le thu gidi nghe''':
6. NguySn Thi Yen. llien Tdy. Nxb. Khoa ligc Xii hgi. Ha'Ngi. 2006. tr. 50-60.
7. Ttii khu vuc niiy nguoi ta ggi nguoi lam then (sir dung cay dan tinh) la put. 6 day chimg toi dimg l^luii niem phd bieii la then de' chi nganh cimg nay.
32 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd3 - 2010
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ho ten Ndng Van Lim Chu v a n Moc Ndng Van Tan Ndng Van Nd Lfldng Van Thi Ma Thi Ve Ndng Van Dd Tham Vdn Phong Tham Van Cho Ndng Van Quay Ndng Van Lam Ndng Van Ltii Ndng Thi Phung Ndng Thi Da Lfldng Van Nhi
Thuoc nganh ciing Then- tao Then- tao T h e n - t a o Then- tao Then- tao Sien Mo -tao Then- tao T h e n - t a o Then- tao Then- tao T h e n - t a o Sien
Sien kiem then Mo-tao
Thupc dja phan cfl tru Xa Viet Chu, Ha Lang Xa Viet Chu, Ha Lang Xa Ti Hoa, Hia Lang Xa Ti Hoa, Ha Lang Xa Ti Hoa, Ha Lang Xa Quang Long, Ha Lang Xa Quang Long. Ha Lang Ban Khi Soc Thfldng, Kim Long Ban Tu Khoen, Kim Long Ban Thay, Kim Long Ban Thay, Kim Long Ban La, Kim Long
Ban La, Kim Long, hien di k m dau d huyen Thien Dang. Quang Tay Ban Sat, Kim Long
Bcin Lung Nga, Kim Long Ngoai ra hien dng Thdm Quang Nggc
cdn cd them hai de tfl ben Ha Lang thfldng xuyen theo hge ma chufa k m le ca'p sde k Tham Van Hiep d ban Khf Sde Thfldng xa Quang Long vd Ndng Van Thfl
xa Viet Chu deu thudc huyen Ha Lang, Cao Bang.
Cdn dfldi day k bieu thd'ng ke cac de tfl cfla dng Tham Vdn An (Ha Lang):
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ho ten Hoang v a n Die'u Ndng Thi Dai Ndng Van Viet Ndng Be' Khue Mdng v a n Dd Tham Van Nam Ndng Van Chin Tham Thi Tai
Thuoc nganh cung Tao -then Sien Then Then-tao Mo- tao Mo - tao Mo- tao Sien
Thuoc dja phan cfltru Ban Sat, Kim Long
Ban Sat, Kim Long Xa Quang Long, Ha Lang Xa Viet Chu, Ha Lang Xa Quang Long, Hii Lang Xa Viet Chu, Ha Lang Xa Quang Long, Ha Lang Xa Quang Long, Hii Lang Qua hai bieu thd'ng ke d tren eho tha'y
ca hai thay deu cd de tfl d hai ben bien gidi tuy sd' Ifldng nhieu ft khae nhau.
Dieu dd cho tha'y cac thay deu dfldc de tfl trong khu vflc tfn nhiem nhfl nhau. Tuy nhien, trong thflc te thi so' thay cd tay nghe cao d ben Kim Long chie'm ti le nhieu hdn ben Hii Lang. Xet ve so' Ifldng thi thay cung ben Kim Long cung ddng hdn, trinh do chfl Han cd phian tdt hdn cac thay ben Ha Lang. Cu the d day. so
vdi dng Tham Vdn An thi dng Tham Quang Nggc cd sd' Ifldng de tuf ddng hdn va phiin bd' d hai ben k tfldng dfldng. Vi vay, cd kha nhieu trfldng hdp de tuf nhan sfl phu ben Ha Lang de hge nghe then nhflng lai bai sfl phu ben Kim Long de hgc tao. Vf du, dng Ndng Van Lim d biin Khau xa Viet Chu (Hii Lang) la trfldng hdp da nhan dng Ndng Van Td ngfldi cflng biin k m sfl phu nghe then nhflng lai bai dng Tham Quang Nggc lam sfl phu
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao lifu ciia thdy ciing. 33
tao d ben Kim Long. Sau khi dng Lim k m le thu gidi then rdi mdi theo dng Nggc hgc nghe tao. Ngoai ra, trfl trfldng hdp cac ba sien chf can nhan mgt sfl phu thudc nganh then ra. cac de tfl thudc hai nganh cung (tao, then hoac tao, mo) cd the nhan hai thay k m sfl phu cho minh, mgt ngfldi k sfl phu tao d Kim Long va mdt ngfldi k sfl phu then (hoac mo) d Ha Lang va ngfldc lai. Chi'nh vi vay ma mdt de tfl cd the cd hai thay d hai ben qud'e gia khac nhau. Trfldng hdp dng Mdng Van Dd d ban Khau Cd xa Quang Long k mgt trfldng hdp nhfl vay. Ong nay nhan dng Tham Vdn An k sfl phu nganh tao nhflng lai nhan dng Tham Quang Nggc d ben kia bien gidi k m sfl phu nganh mo. Vi vay qua bieu thd'ng ke tren cho thay dng Mdng Van Dd cd ten trong danh sach de tfl cua Cii dng An va dng Nggc.
Khi mgt de tfl ed y dinh hgc nghe trflde he't hg phai tim thay, day la mdt nguyen tac bat budc bdi nd lien quan den vice thu gidi vao nghe. Neu de tfl dd thudc ngdnh tao va then thi phan ldn viec nhan thay trflde het k de theo thay hgc nghe. Viec nhan thay va nhflng mdi quan he thay trd tiep theo nhfl sau:
- Le nhgn thdy: Sau khi de tuf dem le vat den nhd thdy xin k m de tfl, neu thdy chap nhan thi se den nha de tfl k m le cflng nhan thay. Trong le nay cd mdt nghi thflc quan trgng la thay niem chfl vdo mgt sdi day bang vai do sau dd huge vao cd tay hoac cd eua de tfl bieu thi cho mdi quan he thay trd da dfldc thiet lap. Tuy nhien day chi k nghi thflc ap dung eho cac de tfl thudc nganh tao hoac then, mo.
Ddi vdi trfldng hdp k m sien thi khdng phai k m thu tue nay bdi vi theo quan niem sien hanh nghe tfl phat nen khdng
can phai hgc, viee nhan thay cua sien chi k mdt thu tuc nhdm de hdp thflc hda tfl each hanh nghe. Theo giai thfch cua cac thay cflng d day thi dd k thu tuc "ca'p dung cu de sien di hanh nghe". Nhfl vay, so vdi tao va then, mo thi viec nhan t h i y cfla sien chi k hinh thflc.
Sau le nhan thay, trd cd the di theo thay hgc nghe. Thfldng thi khi cd ngfldi mdi thay se nhdn trd di theo phu giup thay cac viec hUdng khdi hoac danh cac loai nhae khf trong dam tang. Thdi gian hgc nghe khdng quy dinh cu the, chu yeu phu thudc vdo kha nang hgc nghe va sfl tien bd cua trd. Nhfl vay, cflng vdi viec nhan thdy da dan den nhflng boat ddng phdi hdp hanh nghe gifla thay trd cfla cac thay cflng d hai ben khu vflc bien gidi.
- Le thu gidi: Khi da cd kha nang ddc lap hdnh nghe va gia dinh da cd dfl dieu kien kinh te, de tfl se ban vdi thay ke hoach td chflc le thu gidi, tieng dia phfldng ggi k Cua mil cd the hieu k le cap mu ao km. quan cho de tfl. Thu tuc quan trgng nha't trong le nay k thay se cap sac, mu ao va dung cu hanh nghe cho de tfl. Thflc ra dd chi k hinh thflc, cac thfl tren deu la do de tfl tfl mua sam lay. Day k nghi thflc dau tien cdng nhan tU each hanh nghe cfla ngfldi de tfl. Phan ldn cac de tii chi nhan mdt sfl phu dd dau cho hg kiem ca hai nganh cflng k then (hoac mo) va tao. Tuy nhien nhfl da trinh bay, cung cd trfldng hdp de tfl nhan hai thay rieng.
mdt thay ca'p sde tao va mdt thay ca'p sde then (hoae mo). Trong trfldng hdp nay de tfl dd phai mdi ca hai thay de'n tham dfl.
Nghi le thu gidi nghe k mdt dai le keo dai trong 2, 3 ngay . Vdi nghi le ndy ngfldi de tfl dfldc coi nhfl mdi dfldc smh ra d cfla nghe. trd thanh mdt vi quan am cfla Nggc
34 Nghien cun Ton giao. Sd3^ - 2010
Hodng. Chfnh vi vay ma nha't cil nha't ddng cila anh ta trong le nay deu phai tuan theo sfl hfldng dan eua thay day. Doi vdi trfldng hdp eae dng ba sien la nhflng ngfldi dfldc coi nhfl k thien dinh k m nghe thi thu tue bdt nang ne hdn. Qua dd cd the thii'y viee nhan thay k mgt thu tuc het sfle quan trgng ddi vdi miat de tfl.
- Mdi quan he thdy tro: Vdi quan niem sfl phu k "cha". k "me" nen cd the coi le thu gidi la bflde diau tien xac nhan vi trf cfla ngfldi de tfl trong dai gia dinh cac thay eung. Quan he thay trd cila eac thay cung dfldc thiet lap tren cd sd quan he cha con trong gia dinh. Khi nhan thay k eha nghia k cung phai eoi vd thay k me.
Hang nam vao ngay mdng 2 thang Gieng va ngay rdm thang Bay trd phai den tet thay gidng nhfl cae ed eon gai Tay di k m dau ve tet bd' me. Le vat gdm mdt con ga luge (vao ngay mdng 2 thang Gieng) hoac mdt con vit luge (vao ngay rdm thang Bay) kem theo ehai rfldu va banh chflng.
Vao nhflng dip nha thay cd vice ldn nhfl dflng nha. hieu hi trd phai den giup viec, Khi thay lam le thang sde hoac mflng thg thi trd phai mang ga. rfldu. banh den chuc mflng, du khdng dfldc thay mdi cung phai den. Khi thay hoac vd thdy qua ddi trd phiii md ldn de'n te va de tang nhfl con eai trong nha. Dae biet, khi xua't hdn "di"
hanh nghe de tii phiii re vao ndi cfl ngu cua Iinh hdn thay tren mfldng Trdi de trinh dien thay (ggi k vao cufa thdy). Vi d khu vfle nay cd xae dinh kha rd ve vi trf va dia danh cfl tru eua linh hdn td tien eac hg va td phap eung nhfl nha thay cila cac hg d tren mfldng Trdi nen ngfldi ta hinh dung nhflng chuye'n di dd gid'ng nhfl k viee di lai tren mat da't vay. Dfldi day k biing liet ke ten eac dia danh dfldc dinh vi k m ndi cfl tru eho linh hon cfla td tien, td phap va thay cua mdt sd' ddng hg k m nghe thay cflng tieu bieu d hai ben khu vflc bien gidi nay:
TT 1
2 3
Dong ho Thdm
Hoang Ndng
Ndi cfltru d mat dat Khi Sde Ha (KL) va Khi Sde Thfldng (HL)
Lung Sdt (HL) Lung Lae
Ndi to tien trij ngij tren trdi Cd'c Xa Phfldc
Dao Dode Sde Xa Ke Long Kha Chup
Ndi to phap trij ngu tren trdi Phu Chudng an
Cd'c Xa Phufde Xa Ke Long Kha Chup
Nha thay tren trdi N gfldm Tung Bung Cd'c Xa Dang
Xa Ke Long Kha Chup Dd k eac dia danh ma cac de tfl (then,
mo, sien) can phai nam dfldc de khi di hanh nghe vao trinh dien theo phep tde cua nghe. Vf du, mdt de tfl cd sfl phu thudc hg Tham d Khi Soc Ha thi khi hanh le se vao ndi td phap (td tien hanh nghe ciia hg Tham) d dia danh cd ten k Phil Chudng a'n va vao nha thay (dfldc hieu k ndi tru ngu cila linh hdn thay tren mfldng Trdi cd dia danh ggi k Ngfldm Tung Bung. Sd di cd nha thay d tren mfldng
Trdi vi ngfldi ta quan niem ngfldi k m then k quan am eua Nggc Hoang, phan xac d tren miit da't nhflng phan hdn k m quan k i cfl tru d tren trdi. Vi vay, mdi mdt ngfldi thay cung d day deu cd "nha" d mdt vi tri quy dinh rieng tren mfldng Trdi gid'ng nhfl cac cae lang ban d tren mat da't. Day cung k mdt va'n de nghien cflu thu vi lien quan den dae diem hanh nghe cua cac thay s h a m a n Tay, Nflng ma d day k mdt dien hinh.
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao hfu ciia thdy ciing. 35
Theo quy dinh cila nghe cung ndi chung thi mgt sfl phu cd the nhan ra't nhieu "con", tfle nhieu de tfl. Trong cac de tii se ed suf phan cap thfl bac k sfl huynh (ngfldi ca'p sic trflde). sfl de (ngfldi ca'p sde sau) va sfl mudi, sfl ti k cac ba sien (phan ldn cac sien k phu nfl). Cac sfl huynh, sfl de nay sau khi thanh tliiio nghe nghiep lai cd eae de tfl theo hgc va de tfl cua hg se trd thanh "chau" cfla Ciic sfl phu va suf bac, sfl chu,v.v... trong gia dinh cung dd, ve thfl bac cung tfldng tfl nhfl trong cac gia dinh thfldng. Didu khac d day k ngfldi ta lay tieu chf dfldc ca'p sde trflde hoac sau de xem xet thfl bae ngfldi dd. Day k quy dinh phd bie'n trong quan he thay trd cua cdc thay cflng Tay, Nung ndi chung.
Tuy nhien dang chu y k d khu vflc nay vdn phd bien quan he thay trd xuyen qudc gia nen vd hinh trung d day da hinh thanh nen mdt kieu quan he gia dinh thay cung xuyen qudc gia vdi nhflng mdi quan he dan xen kha phfle tiip bdi nd cd cha va cac con, cac chau d ca hai ben khu vflc bien gidi. Vf du, trfldng hgp bd sien Ma Thi Ve (xa Viet Chu. Ha Lang) vd'n la de tfl tfle "con" cua dng Tham Quang Nggc (Kim Long), bd nay hien lai cd de tfl' - "con" k ba .sien Quay d ban Dfldn ben Kim Long. Theo quan he trong nghe thi ba Quay se k "chau" cua dng Nggc, tfle k dng Nggc vfla cd "eon" d Viet Nam lai vfla cd "chau" d Trung Quo'c.
Trong cudc ddi mdt dng thay gidi nghe se cd ra't ddng con chau va cac huynh de.
Vi vay ma cd trfldng hdp le thang sac nam 2002 cua dng thay cung Ly Vdn Ky d ban Si ben Kim Long cd tdi 71 thiiy cung Ciic loai tham dfl. Qng nay da 70 tudi thudc loiai ddng con chau nhii't nhi trong vflng. Day chfnh la nhflng dip giap mat cua ddng dao cac the he thiiy cung trong
vung den tfl ca hai ben khu vflc bien gidi Ha Lang- Kim Long.
De dap lai thinh tinh cua de tfl, cac sfl phu cung cd trach nhiem diu dat hg trong sud't cudc ddi hanh nghe. Trong cudc ddi mdt ngfldi thay cung neu tuan tuf nhU tien thi hg se phai k m le thang sac vai lan de khdng dinh vi trf nghe nghiep cua minh. Trinh tfl cfla nghi le nay tfldng tuf nhfl mdt le thu gidi. Vi vay, mdt trong nhflng nhiem vu quan trgng cua sfl phu la phai cd trach nhiem dflng ra chfl tri cac le thang sac tie'p theo cho de tfl. Day k thu tuc bat huge bdi neu khdng cd sfl phu thi khdng the k m le ndy dfldc. Trong trfldng hdp thay qua ddi thi de tfl phai tim thay khac thay the nhflng phai la'y phap danh (ten phap) cila sfl phu minh.
Trfldng hdp dng Tham Van Hda d biin Khi Sde Hi! k mdt vi du. Ong nay da dfldc ca'p sde tfl nam 1991 do sfl phu k dng Thdm Van Sf ngfldi trong hg (cung ban) ca'p cho. Nam 2002, dng Sf qua ddi. dau nam 2005. dng Hda lam le thang sac da phai nhd dng Tham Quang Nggc cung k ngfldi trong hg la'y danh nghia dng Sf de k m Dai quan lang chfl tri nghi le. Qua trfldng hdp ndy cho tha'y mac dfl dng Nggc cung k mdt thdy cung ndi tie'ng trong vflng nhflng vi dng Hda vd'n khdng phai la de tfl cfla dng nen khi hanh le cho dng Hda dng Nggc van phai mfldn phap danh dng thay cu cila dng Hda. Va nhfl vay. mac dfl chi k hinh thflc nhflng cac vi suf phu d day van cd vai trd chi phdi dac biet ddi vdi sfl nghiep cua cac de tfl cfla hg. ngay ca sau khi hg da qua ddi. Dieu nay cd phan khac vdi quy dinh d cac ndi khac k khi suf phu qua ddi rdi thi de tfl cfla hg cd the nhan mdt sfl phu khac dflng ra td chflc le thang sac tiep theo cho minh.
36 Nghien CLTU Ton gmo^^d3-_2010_
Ngoai viec dd dau cho sfl thang tien nghe nghiep cua de tfl, sfl phu cdn k ngfldi hd trd tfch efle cho de tfl trong qua trinh hanh nghe. Trfldng hdp eac ba sien phai nhd sfl phu viet hd chfl Han de di hanh nghe k mdt vf du. Mdt so' de tfl k m then khdng thao chfl Flan cung thfldng phai nhd thay viet sd hd trflde khi di hanh nghe. Ngoai ra eung cd trfldng hdp thay dfldc mdi di hanh le nhflng vi If do sfle khde hoae ban viec cung cd the ily thac cho trd di thay. Ong then Ndng Vdn Lim d ban Khau xa Viet Chu (Ha Lang) k de tfl cua dng Tham Quang Nggc (Kim Long) cho biet vi dng khdng biet chfl Han nen dng Nggc thfldng xuyen phai viet sd chfl Han cho dng khi dng di k m le thay cho dng Nggc d Ha Lang.
Mat khac, d mdt sd' thay cao tudi sfle khde kem viee nhan trd ngoai y nghia diu dat nang dd ra eung edn k each de trd dd dan hd trd them cho thay trong lue hanh nghe. Theo quy dinh cua gidi nghe thi k m thay cung la k m viee thien ddng nghia vdi viee cflu giup dan chung. Day dfldc coi la mdt nhiem vu thieng lieng do Nggc Hoang Thfldng De giao phd. Vi vay. da k m ngfldi thay cung thi khdng dfldc tfl ldi tfnh toan hdn thiet. Neu dfldc dan chung tin cay nhd va thi dfl dfldng sa xa xdi. dfl trdi mfla gid ret. dfl gia chfl giau hay ngheo.v.v... ngfldi thdy cung cung khdng dfldc tfl chdi. Vi vay, trong trfldng hdp ba't ddc di phai nhan ldi md khdng di dfldc thay se giao viee k i eho de tfl cua minh dfldi danh nghia la hgc trd mang phap danh cfla thay di hanh le. Qua day cho thay mdi quan he thay trd d day da tao nen mdt mdi lien ket hdnh nghe mang tfnh lien khu vflc. Dieu dd da gdp phan quan trgng hinh thanh nen mgt dac diem giao lflu sinh boat vdn hda tfn ngfldng mang dam da'u an dia phfldng d day.
Ngoai ra, cung ed trfldng hdp de tii theo thay vdi danh nghia de hgc nghe chfl khdng phai k de ca'p sac. Dd la nhflng trfldng hdp de tfl da ca'p sde nhflng vi mud'n nang cao tay nghe nen da tim den cac thay khac de hgc them nghe. Mdi quan he thay trd kieu nay eung bao gdm nhieu trfldng hdp thudc dang "xuyen bien gidi". Ong thay cung tre (chfla den 40 tudi) Ndng Vdn Viet (ban Lung Sdt, xa Quang Long) eho biet sfl phu ca'p sac cho dng la hai thay d ben Ha Lang: dng Ndng Van Lfldng (ban Na Khau, xa Viet Chu) k ngfldi ca'p sac then, dng Tham Vdn An (ban Khf Sde Thfldng, xa Quang Long) cap sde tao. Tuy nhien dng Viet van thfldng xuyen theo dng Tham Quang Nggc d ben Kim Long de hgc them ve tao.
Vi vay, thfle ra dng Viet cd tdi 3 sfl phu d ca hai ben bien gidi.
b) Moi quan he dong nghiep phoi hop hdnh nghe xuyen bien gidi
Quan he ddng nghiep cung hd trd hanh nghe cung k mdt mol quan he xuyen bien gidi kha phd bien trong khu vflc nay.
Thfldng cac thay cflng d day phiii phdi hdp hanh nghe vdi n h a u trong eac dai le nhfl trong cae dam thu gidi, thdng chflc, mflng thg va dac biet k trong cac dam tang. O mdi biin hoae mdi khu vflc cfl tru eua ngfldi Tay, Nflng ndi ehung thfldng hinh thanh nen nhflng nhdm thdy cung cd hen quan vdi nhau de phdi hdp hanh nghe. Cd sd hinh t h a n h nen sfl gdn ket gifla eac t h a n h vien trong cac nhdm nay cd the k quan he thdy trd, quan he than thudc hoac quan he hg hang,v.v... Dieu dd eflng dfldc bieu hien kha rd d khu vflc bien gidl nay. Tuy nhien, cd diem khac d day cdn cd them mdi quan he mang tfnh lien ket xuyen qudc gia. Chdng hian gifla
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao hfu ciia thdy ciing.. 37
cac ban gan nhau trong khu vflc nay, dac biet la gifla hai ban Khi Soc Thfldng (Ha Lang) va Khi Soc Ha (Kim Long) da hinh thanh nen mdt nhdm thdy cflng lflu ddng chuyen phuc vu cae dam tang trong khu
vflc. Thanh vien cfla nhdm nay gdm nhflng ngfldi cd ten sau (cac chfl KL va HL k chfl vie't tdt cfla hai dia danh Kim Long va Ha Lang):
TT 1
2 3
4 5 6 5 6
Ho ten
Tham Quang Nggc
Thdm An Ninh Thdm Van Hda
Tham Van Dfle ThamVan Phinh Tham Van Cho Tham Van An Ndng Van Viet
Vai tro Thdy ca
Thay ca
Thdy phfldng, nhae
Viet sd, thay phfldng, nhae Thay phu Thdy phu Thdy ca Thay phu
Thuoc dja phan cfltrij Khf Sde Hia (KL)
Tu Khoen (KL) Khi Sde Hia (KL)
Khf Sde Ha (KL) Na Hoanh (KL) Tu Khoen (KL) Khi Sde Thfldng (HL)
Lung Sdt (HL)
Quan he trong nhom
Cd quan he hg hang hoac thdng gia vdi cac thanh vien khac
Thdng gia vdi dng Ngoc
Cd hg vdi dng Nggc, hgc trd dng Ngoc
Em dng Hda Ddng nghiep Ddng nghiep Cd hg vdi dng Ngoc
Chau hg ngoai vdi dng An, hgc trd dng An
Tuy nhien day mdi chi k mdt danh sach bao gdm cac thanh vien cd the tham gia ddi cung chfl khdng phai ta't ca mgi ngfldi trong sd' hg deu thfldng xuyen phdi hdp hanh nghe vdi nhau. Trong thufc te' mdt nhdm tao chi cdn khoang 4, 5 ngfldi, so' cdn lai k danh sach dfl bi. Khi mdt trong so' cac thdy ca (dng Nggc, dng Ninh hoac dng An) cd ngfldi den mdi thi dng dd se cd trach nhiem tap hdp cac thanh vien trong ddi tao de lap nhdm di hanh nghe.
Trfldng hdp vdng ngfldi nay thi se ggi ngfldi khac thay the. Ong Ndng Van Viet k thdy eung tre d ben Ha Lang thfldng k ngfldi dfldc ggi di thay khi trong ddi thie'u ngfldi. Do vay, viec tim ngfldi tham gia hanh le ddi khi cung phu thudc vao dng thdy cd k ngfldi dfldc chil nha mdi dfch
danh ddng thdi cdn phu thudc vao dia diem hanh nghe. Chdng ban neu ngfldi dfldc mdi k dng An va di hanh nghe ben Ha Lang thi quyen lfla chgn ngfldi tham gia se thudc ve dng An, sd' ngfldi ben Ha Lang tham gia cd the ddng hdn sd' ngfldi ben Kim Long va ngfldc lai.
Nhfl vay, sfl phdi hdp hanh nghe d khu vflc nay chfl yeu cd d nhflng dng thdy cung nam gidi k m nghe tao, then hoac hat thdy phfldng, cac ba sien khdng dfldc tham gia. Trong quan niem chung cua ngfldi Tay, Nflng thi cac ba sien hanh nghe tfl phat, khdng cd chfl nghia nen hg khdng dfldc tham gia cac nghi Id quan trgng cdn den kinh sach nhfl tang ma.
Tuy nhien trong cac dai Id hen quan den cac nghe nghiep cua cac thdy cung thi cac
38 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd 3-2010
ba sien cung dfldc mdi vdi tfl each k con chau hoac ti mudi cila cac vi sfl thdy. Hau nhfl nam ndo trong khu vflc nay cung cd mdt vai dam thdng sac hoac mflng thg.
Day la dip cac eon chau de tfl va eae tfn chu (ngfldi Tay ggi k It^c slay - con (de tfl) cua thdy va luc lieng- con nudi k nhflng ngfldi tflng dfldc thdy giai ban chfla benh) den gaj) mat dc chuc mflng va bay td long bie't dn ddi vdi thdy. Nhflng ngfldi nay dfldc tiip hdp va tham gia vdo chfldng trinh hanh le theo sfl phan cdng cua thdy cd- Dai quan lang. Mdt trong nhflng nguj'dn nhan ma thdy cung cae dang ed
the den tham dfl cac dai le nay cdn k vi dng chil tri nghi le nay cd quyen mdi them cac de tfl vd'n la con chau cila minh den tham duf. Vi vay, thdng qua cac dai le nhfl vay cd the tim hieu dfldc mdi quan he gifla cac thay cung trong khu vflc. Vf du, le thdng sac cfla dng Tham Van Hda d Khi Soc Ha td chflc vao ddu ndm 2005 co 23 thdy cung tham dfl thi cd 6 thdy la ngfldi ben Hii Lang, da so' hg k dc tii cua dng Thdm Quang Nggc - ngfldi lam Dai quan lang chfl tri nghi le nay. Dfldi day la danh sach 6 thdy cung Ha Lang tham gia le cap sde cua dng Hda:
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ho ten Tham Vdn An Ndng Van Viet Ndng Van Lim Chu v a n Mgc Ma Thi Ve Hoang Van La
Nganh cung T h e n - t a o
Then Then Then Sien Then
Ndi cfltru
Khf Sde Thfldng, xa Quang Long Lung Sdt, xa Quang Long
Na Khau , xa Viet Chu
Na Khau. xa Viet Chu
Ban Kieng. xa Quang Long
Lung Liie, xa Quang Long
Mdi quan he Cung nhdm tao, cd ho vdi dng Hda Hgc trd dng An, cflng nhdm tao Hgc trd dng Nggc Hgc trd dng Nggc Hgc trd dng Nggc Hgc trd dng An Phdi hdp hanh nghe vd giao lflu cac
sinh boat van hda tin ngfldng vdn k truyen thd'ng k u ddi cua cac thdy cflng thudc khu vflc na.y. Trflde nam 1979 k nam xdy ra chie'n sfl gifla hai nflde Viet- Trung mdi quan he gifla cac cfl dan trong khu vflc nay kha khdng kbit ma mdt trong nhflng bieu hien eua nd k van thfldng xuyen ed cac sinh boat van hda tfn ngfldng mang tfnh cdng ddng trong khu vflc. Ngoai cdc nghi le phdi hdp cd tfnh chat phuc vu ca nhan hoac gia dinh ra cac thdy cung khu vfle nay cdn cd chung mdt le te ldn trong hgi ldng tdng td chflc d dinh vua Le dfldc td chflc vao ngay 14 thang Gieng ddu ndm (dinh nay nam
tren da't eua Khi Soc Ha thudc Kim Long). Day k le hdi ldn cua vung cd sfl tham gia cua 7 xdm lan can d hai ben khu vflc nay k cac ban Khi Sde Thfldng, Lung Sdt cua Ha Lang va cae ban Khi Sde Ha, Tu Khoen, Na Hoanh, Ban La, Ban Mdn, Lung Nga cua Kim Long. Theo truyen lai thi dinh vua Le k mdt ngdi dinh thieng dfldc xay dflng d ban Na Hoanh cila Kim Long (gdn hai ban Khi Sde Thfldng va Khi Sde Hii) khdng rd tfl ddi nao. Tuy da bi pha trong cuge dai each mang vdn hda d Trung Qudc nhflng tfl tren nen dat cu cila ngdi dinh ngfldi ta da dflng tam mgt ngdi mieu nhd de tiep tue thd tfl. Trflde ndm 1979 hang nam vao ngay le hgi
Nguyen Thi Yen. Quan he giao hfu ctia thdy cimg... 39
xudng ddng eac thdy cflng tfl cac ban da tap hdp ve day k m li te tam sinh (ldn, de, ga) ma ndng cd't k cac thdy cflng d hai ban Khi Sde Thfldng va Khi Sde Ha. Ngay nay tuy le hgi khdng edn td chflc nhflng den ngay 14 thang Gieng hdng nam cac thdy cung d hai ban Khi Sde Thfldng va Khi Sde Ha vdn gdp tien mua id vat den k m le cung d dinh.
Nhfl vay, id te dinh vua Le la mdt nghi Id khdng dinh cd mdt khdng gian thieng chung trong khu vflc cfl trfl cua ngfldi dan d day. Vay tai sao lai cd ngdi dinh thd vua Le d khu vflc ndy? Theo dfl doan cua chflng tdi thi phan ldn dan cfl d khu vflc nay la tfl mien xudi chay len, rat cd the hg da lap ngdi dinh nay la de thd phung va tfldng nhd den vua Le d mien xudi chdng? Da't Long Chau trflde day dfldc coi la ddu mdi cfla khau ra vao hai nflde Viet Nam va Trung Qud'e. Cau ngan ngfl "Khdu Keo pay Ndng" nghia k "Vao Keo di Ndng" d day da ndi len dac diem dd (Keo la chf Giao Chf tfle Kinh - midn xudi, Ndng la chi nflde Trung Quo'c). Ngay trflde day la chd'n tham sdn cflng cd'c, cay cdi ram rap la khu vflc giap ranh bien gidi, chfnh phfl hai ben khd be kiem soat het dfldc. Rat cd the vi If do nay ma ndi day da trd thanh diem dflng chan tap ket eua nhflng doan ngfldi di cfl den tfl nhieu dia phfldng khac nhau cila Viet Nam eung nhfl tfl cac dia phfldng khac cua Trung Qudc. Trfldng hdp hg Thdm d hai ban Khi Sde Thfldng va Khf Sde Ha tfldng truyen cd xua't xfl tfl ddng hg Mac d Cao Bdng chay den day an trd'n la mdt vf du. Hdn nfla theo lich sil Trung Qud'e thi da cd mdt thdi gian dai Kim Long thudc ve da't Viet Nam. Do dd, cd the dfl doan dinh vua Le dfldc thiet lap trflde khi cd suf phan dinh lai bien gidi'''', dan cfl xung quanh khu vflc nay cflng thd phung chung mdt ngdi dinh de tfldng nhd vua Le. Sau nay khi da
phan dinh lai bien gidi, vd hinh trung dinh vua Le lai thudc ve da't ben Trung Qud'e.
Tuy nhien do cd moi quan he than thudc ma sud't mdt thdi gian dai cho den trflde nam 1979 dan chflng hai ben khu vflc nay vdn duy tri tap quan md hdi te le chung.
Ngay nay khi nhflng nghi le truyen thdng da phai nhat, dinh vua Le chu yeu do dan chung phfa ben Kim Long thd phung. Dieu dd phdn ndo da ndi len dfldc mdt phdn cdn nguyen ve mdt khdng gian sinh boat van hda tfn ngfldng chung d khu vflc nay.
c) Ve viec cdc thdy ciing qua lai hdnh nghe hai ben khu vile bien gidi
Ben canh nhflng boat dgng nghi le mang tfnh tap the hoac phdi hdp hanh nghe d khu vflc nay cdn kha phd bien hien tfldng thdy cflng qua lai hanh nghe d hai ben khu vflc bien gidi- thdy cung ben Kim Long sang ben Ha Lang va ngfldc lai. Theo dan chung d day thi viec mdi thdy ndo k m id chu ydu k do nhu cdu cua tflng gia dinh, nd can cfl vao mflc do tfn nhiem thdy hoac cac mdi quan he khac, chdng ban nhfl mdi quan he than quen hoac hg hang. Do dd, d khu vflc nay thfldng khdng cd khai niem phan biet thdy cung hai ben, cac thdy cflng d day thfldng tuy nghi k m nghe d cd hai ben.
Ong Tham Quang Nggc cho biet sd Ifldng cac nghi le ma dng thflc hien d hai ben k tfldng dfldng, sd ldn di hanh nghe d ben Ha Lang trong mdt nam nhieu tdi mflc khdng nhd het dfldc. Dia ban hanh nghe cua dng nay d ben Ha Lang kha rdng bao 8. Theo siich Long Chdu huyen chi thi 6 ba tridu vua Nguyen. Minh, Thanh Kim Long deu thuoc dai Quang Tay, thuoc chau An Binh. phii Thiii Binh la dai ciia thd ti. Deii cuoi ddi Thanh Gia Khanh (1825) thi thuoc ve Viet Nam (tong Didn Lang, chfiu Ha Lang, tinh Cao Bang). Deii nam thir 23 ciia vua Thanh Quang Phd (1897) .sau khi co sir hoiicli dinh lai bien gioi giua Phiip va Trung Quo'c thi Kim Long liii thuoc ve Quiing Tay.
40 Nghien cun Ton giao. Sd3 -2010
gdm cac xdm d phdn ldn cac xa cila Ha Lang nhfl: Thanh Nhat. Thi Hoa, Quang Long, Viet Chu, Thai Dfle, An Lac,v.v...
Ngoai ra dng cdn nhidu ldn dfldc mdi den tan thi tra'n Hii Lang k m le cho nhflng ngfldi hg hang hoac ngfldi quen d khu vflc bien gidi len k m dn hoac cdng tac d thi tra'n Ha Lang. Trfldng hdp cac thdy cflng d ben Ha Lang nhfl eac dng Tham Van An, Ndng Vdn Viet eung tfldng tfl nhfl vay. Ong An cho bie't dng thfldng xuyen di k m le d hdu bet cae xdm cua Kim Long, chi trfl cd hai xdm Cd Ngan va Thai Dfle k cae xdm d kha xa Khi Sde Thfldng. Ong thdy cflng tre Ndng Van Viet eung nhieu k n di k m le d cac ban Khf Sde Ha va bdn Dfldn cfla Kim Long. Vf du, chi rieng trong thang Gieng ndm 2007, dng nay da di k m le ki yen giai han eho 6 hg gia dinh d bdn Dfldn k ban giap vdi ban Kieng cila xa Quang Long, Ha Lang, ndi cd cdt md'c so' 40. Ba sien Ma Thi Vc cung thfldng xuyen sang Kim Long hanh nghe. Theo tap quan d day thi khi mud'n mdi thdy k m le, den dflng ngay hen gia chfl phdi cho ngfldi den tan nha ddn va ganh dd nghe cho thdy. Mdt sd' thdy d xa gia chil cd the mang xe di ddn. Khi thdy hanh le xong gia ehil phai cho ngfldi ganh dd nghe va le vat tien thdy vd tan nha. Chang ban. khi ba sien Ma Thi Ve d ben Ha Long sang Kim Long k m le giai ban eho vd sfl phu minh k dng Thdm Quang Nggc thi con trai thdy phai di xe may 8 km sang Ha Lang dfla ddn ba. De thfle hien mdt nghi le cac gia chil ft nha't phai qua lai nha thdy 3 ldn (mdt lan di mdi, hai ldn dfla ddn). Nhfl vay, ben canh nhflng hoiit dgng qua k i khae nhfl di chd, tham than,
v.v... thi viec eac thdy eung qua k i hanh nghe d hai ben cung da gdp phdn k m tdng them lflu Ifldng ngfldi thfldng xuyen qua lai hai ben khu vflc bien gidi.
Cae nghi le hanh nghe cila cac thdy cung d hai ben khu vfle bien gidi nay chu yeu la cae l i ki yen, eung dam cfldi, mflng thg, giai ban, day thang, v.v... do cac then thfle hien va cae le bdi, tim via chfla benh eua sien. Thdi diem thfldng td chflc nhieu nghi le nhat k vao dip cudi nam hoae cae thang ddu nam. Cd gia dinh hdu nhfl ndm nao cung mdi thdy den nha k m le ki yen ddu nam, mdi ndm mdi mdt thdy khae nhau, thdy eung dd ed the k thdy ben Kim Long nhflng cflng ed the k thdy ben Ha Lang. Gia dinh dng M. d ban Na Khau xa Viet Chu (Ha Lang) cho biet nam 2001, 2002 mdi dng Tham Quang Nggc (Khi Sde Hia, Kim Long), ndm 2003, 2004 mdi dng Ndng Van Lim ngfldi cflng ban, nam 2005, 2006, 2007 thi mdi dng Ndng v a n Viet d ban Lung Sdt, xa Quang Long (Ha Lang).
Tfl mdi quan he thdy trd, quan he ddng nghiep vd sfl giao lflu qua lai hanh nghe cua cac thdy cung khu vfle bien gidi Ha Lang da gdp phdn hinh thanh nen dac diem chung trong ddi sdng sinh boat vdn hda tfn ngfldng cua ngfldi Tay d khu vflc cfl trfl nay. Chdng han nhfl ea hai ben se cflng cd chung he thd'ng thdn linh, chung he thd'ng cac nghi Id va eac phong tue tap quan Hen quan,v.v... ma qua dd ed the tim hieu ve ddi sd'ng tam linh, mdi quan he than thuge va dae diem toe ngfldi cung nhfl phong tuc tap quan cila ho. Day la mdt van de nghien cflu thfl vi ma pham vi bai viet nay chfla thflc hien dfldc. /.