TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016
VAN DE THA HOA VA GLU PHONG LAO DQNG KHOI S ^ THA HOA TRONG TRIET HOC MAC
TkS. Ngo Thi Huyen' ThS.Qhur,jThi Vdn Anh^
TOMTAT
Bdn vi vdn di eon ngu&i. triit hgc Mdc chi ra rdng, nha lao dpng. con nguai ti& nin "vdn minh " hem v&i nghia Id cd diiu kiin di bpe lp ndng lue dgc thu cda minh. Tuy nhien, xd hpi tu bdn chu nghia dd ldm cho lao dpng bi tha hda. Di khac phuc tinh tigng dy, Cdc Mdc niu lin quan niim gidi phdng nguai lao dpng khdi su tha hda. dua con ngu&i di lin mot xd hpi md & do su tu do vd phdt triin todn dien cua mdi ngu&i la diiu Men cho su ttf do vd phdt tiiin todn diin cua mgi ngu&i.
Trong bdi viit ndy, tdc gid xin tiinh bdy khdi qudt: 1. Cde diiu kiin, tiin de hinh thdnh quan niim vi su tha hda vd con duang gidi phdng lao dpng khdi sy: tha hoa trong triit hgc Mdc; 2 Bdn chdt quan niim triet hgc Mdc vi su tha hda - lao dpng bi tha hda; 3. Nguyin nhdn cua lao dpng hi tha hda vd eon duang gidi phong lao dpng khdi su tha hda theo quan niim cda tiiit hgc Mdc.
Tir khoa: Lao dpng, tha hda, gidi phdng khdi tha hda
1. Cac dilu kidn, tiln dk hinh tdra cdng nghidp cfta thd gidi va dang thanh quan niem giai phong lao dgng
khdi su tha hoa trong triet hoc M^c 1.1. Vi diiu kien kinh te, ckink tii vd xd kpi kink tkdnh quan niem gidi pkong lao dpng kkdi sif tha kda trong triet hoc Mdc
Chdu Au vdo nhung ndra 40 cua the ky XIX, do su tac ddng cua cudc cdch raang cdng nghidp, lgc lugng san xudt phdt trien rdt ragnh me da ldm eho phuong thftc sdn xudt tu bdn chu nghTa dugc cung cd viing chac.
Cudc each mang cdng nghidp d nudc Anh bdt ddu tii nua sau thd ky XVIII da dua den nhung chuydn bidn quan frgng, cdn bdn frong su phdt tridn cua sftc san xudt vd quan he sdn xudt.
Ddn nhimg nam 3 0 - 4 0 cua thd ky XDC, nudc Anh da frd thanh radt trung 'Tmong Dgi hoc KHXH & NV TP. H6 Chi Muih
^ Tmong Dgi hpc Ba Rja - Viing Tau 80
budc vao giai doan cdng nghiep hda cao vdi ndn san xudt co khi. Chft nghia tu bdn Phap cflng gidnh dugc nhieu thang lgi dang kd, dua nudc Phdp len hang dau luc dia. Nhung d day, thdi gian bat ddu cudc each mang cdng nghiep mugn hon va tdc do chuydn bien chara hon so vdi nude Anh. Ndn cdng nghiep Ditc cflng phdt tridn rd ret, nhdt la cdng nghiep than vd luydn kira d vung sdng Ranh, cdng nghiep bdng sg viing Xiledi. Nhiing trung tam cdng ngbiep ra ddi vdi nhiing xi nghiep chd tao Ido.
Mgt sd nudc khac nhu Ha Lan, Bac My, Tidp Khdc, Ao, Hungary, Y... ddu co nhirng budc tien rd ret frong kinh te cdng nghidp.
Cugc each mgng cdng nghiep da lara cho sd cdng nhdn ngdy cang ddng
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - DM HQC BONGNAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ddo hon va tap tiimg hon, nhung nd lai
khdng cai thi^n ddi sdng cho hg. Tinh canh sdng eua ngudi cdng nhan that tdi td va sa sftt. San phdm do lao dgng cua cdng nhdn tao ra da khdng thudc ve hg rad la thude ve nha tu bdn. Tft dd va do dd, hg cdra thay chan nan, nhuc nha khi lao dgng. Dan dan, mdi quan he giua con ngudi vdi eon ngudi, nhat la giua nha tu ban vd edng nhan eang khdng cdn khang khit, nhung cflng khdng the thidu nhau dugc. Mau thuan giua giai cap cdng nhdn, ngudi ldm thud vd giai cap tu sdn, nhiing dng chft tu bdn ngdy cang sau sac. Cdng nhdn da dftng ldn ddu tranh gianh quyen sdng, quydn ldra chft, ldm ngudi.
Qua qua trinh ddu tranh, giai cdp cdng nhdn ddn ddn co y thue td chftc ban, ddu tranh fren quy mo rgng ban, khdng chi ddu tranh ddi quydn lgi ve kinh td md cdn ddi nhflng quyen lgi vd chinh tri, nhidu phong trao ddu tranh cfta cdng nhdn da mang tinh chdt khdi nghTa vfl trang. 6 Anh, cd phong trdo Hidn chuong mang tinh chdt chmh tri va qudn chiing rdng ldn, ddi hdi phap ludt cua Nhd nudc phdi bdo dara cdc quydn lgi cua giai c ^ cdng nhdn vd tidn luong, gjd ldm viee... Cimg phong irao Hidn chuang ndi tren d nudc Anh, d Phdp cd khdi nghla Lion nam 1831, cugc khdi nghia Xiledi nam 1844 d E)ue...
Cugc ddu tranh cua cdng nhdn frong cac nudc tu ban phdt trien da dat ra mgt yeu cdu khach quan Id phai cd mdt vii khi li luan sac ben, ragt hgc thuydt khoa hgc phan dnh chinh xac hidn thuc va qua trinh vgn dgng cfta
cudc cdch ragng vd sdn. Cdc hgc thuyet xa hdi chu nghia trudc dd cfta Xanh Ximdng, Phurie, Ooen da khdng phdn dnh duge lgi ieh can bdn cua cugc dau franh giai cap do giai cdp vd sdn tien hdnh. Tridt hgc Mac ndi chung va tu tudng ve giai phdng lao dgng khdi su tha hda frong triet hgc Mdc da ddp ftng dugc ydu cau dd.
Nhu vay, cd thd ndi rtog C. Mdc da xdy dung hgc thuydt tridt hgc cua rainh xudt phdt tft hien thuc xa hdi luc bay gid, tft ddi hdi cua phong frdo ddu franh cfla giai cdp cdng nhan. Ndi each khdc, ehinh tinh canh sdng vd lao dgng cua giai cdp cdng nhan la tidn dd kinh te - xa hdi de C. Mac xdy dung nen hgc thuydt cua minh, mdt hgc thuyet khoa hgc va each mgng ma tu tudng xuydn sudt hgc thuydt ay la tu tudng giai phdng con ngudi, gidi phdng lao ddng khdi sg tha hda, vach ra con dudng dua giai cdp vd san den vdi cugc sdng tu do, dm no vd hanh phftc, cd dieu kien phdt tridn todn dien.
1.2. Ve tien di kkoa hge tif nkiin kinh thdnh quan niem gidi phong lao dpng kkdi su tka kda hoa
tiong triit hge Mdc
Cd the ndi rang tu tudng gidi phdng ngudi lao ddng khdi su tha hda trong tridt hge Mac dugc xay dung tren co sd kd thira nhflng thdnh tuu khoa hge cua nhan loai tiiDug dd cd nhflng tiianh tiiu vd khoa hgc tu nhien, nh^t Id khoa hgc tu nhidn cudi thd ky XVHI, dau thd ky XIX.
Trong sg phdt tridn cua khoa hgc tu nhidn vao ddu thd ky XDC, phdi ndi ddn ba phdt mmh ldn cd y nghia vach
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HOC B Q N G NAI, S6 03 - 2016 ISSN Z354-1482 thdi dai ddi vdi su hinh thdnh tridt hgc
duy vat bidn chftng la: Quy luat bdo toan vd ehuydn hda ndng lugng; hgc thuydt td bao; vd thuyet tien hda efta Ddcuyn. Vdi quy ludt bdo toan vd chuydn hda nang lugng cho phep ehung ta thdy dugc mdi lidn h? thdng nhdt giua cac hinh thftc van dgng khdc nhau cua thd gidi vdt ehdt. Hgc thuydt te bao chftng minh cho su thdng nhdt, su phat tiidn tii thdp ddn cao, tii dan gidn den phftc tap cua thd gidi sinh vat. Va phdt rainh thft ba Id thuydt tidn hda cua Ddcuyn gidi thieh tinh chat bien chftng cfta sg phat tiidn phong phft, da dang cfta cdc gidng lodi frong the gidi tu nhien hiiu smb.
Tu tudng gidi phdng ngudi lao ddng khdi sg tha hda frong triet hgc Mde ndi rieng vd he thdng triet hgc cfta C.Mac - Ph.Angghen noi chung dugc hai dng xay dung nhu mdt tridt hgc phft hgp vdi su phdt trien cua cdc khoa hgc cu thd. Ddng thdi, triet hgc cua hai dng frd thdnh the gidi quan, phuang phap lugn cho cac khoa hgc cu the ay. Nen tu tudng gidi phong ngudi lao dgng khdi su tha hda frong triet hgc Mac la ket qua cua su ke thua nhung thanh tiiu cua cac khoa hgc cu the ndi frdn. Noi cdeh khae, do la ket qua cua sg suy tu raang tara vdc dftc kdt va khai qudt Iich sft thdi dai chu khdng phai la sg suy tu ea nhdn, cho du Mac va Angghen la nhflng thien tdi ciia lich sft.
1.3. Vi tien di ly ludn kink thdnk quan niim gidi pkong lao dpng khdi s(f tha hoa trong tiiit kgc Mdc
Mdt hgc thuydt triet hge ra ddi khdng chi Id tinh hoa cua thdi dgi ma cdn la san phdra cfta sg ke thfta nhung thdnh tuu triet hgc trudc nd. Hgc thuydt cua Mac cflng vgy, nd da ke thfta nhung hgt nhan hgp ly, nhung quan diera diing dan trong triet hgc cua Heghen va Phoiobac. Khai niera "tha hda" da dugc Hdghen va Phoiobac sft dgng, eoi nd la phuong phap lugn quan frgng frong viec xdy dung h? thdng ly ludn cfta rainh.
Dong gdp ldn nhdt ciia Heghen (1770 - 1830) coi su ra ddi cua gidi tu nhien nhu Id su "tha hda" cua thd gidi tinh thdn, cd trudc, ben ngoai the gidi, ggi la "y mera tuydt ddi". "Y niem tuyet ddi" tg thiet dinh ban than nd va frong sg van dgng bien chftng thi dgt tdi sg phdt tridn day du ngay tft trudc khi the gidi tg nhien xudt hidn. Nd da mang frong rainh mgi su quy dinh sau nay, gidng nhu cai radra raang sdn frong no ban chat cua edi cdy, raiii vi va hinh dang cua qud. Nhung bieu hidn ddu tien cua "y niera tuydt ddi" ciing mang frong nd toan bg lich sft d frgng thai tiem ndng. Su phdt tridn bidn chftng cua "y niera tuyet ddi" khi da dgt tdi frgng thai ddy dft thi "tha hda" thdnh gidi ti; nhien.
Vi vay, "tg nhien chi Id tdn tai khdc ciia
"y nigra tuydt ddi". Ci day, "tha hda"
dugc hidu la su chuyen hda sang dang khdc cua cung mgt ban ehdt, ragt giai doan tit ydu cua qud trinh phat trien.
Heghen gidi thieh rang: "Y ni^m tuyet ddi" Id mdt tiiuc thd tinh thdn, vi no co tinh ham hieu biet, mudn bidt minh nen da "tiia hda" minh thdnh radt tdn tai khdc, nhung cung chinh la rninh. Con
82
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi chi la san
phara cfta "y niera tiiydt ddi", do "y niem friy^t ddi" "tiia hda" tiianh. Khi con ngudi phan dnh ddy du gidi tg nhien, cflng cd nghia Id "y nigra tuygt ddi" da tu nhan thuc dugc day du ban thannd.
Nhu vgy, Hdghen da ldy "tinh thdn tuyet ddi" thay "y nidm tuyet ddi"
lam eo sd dd gidi thich cac vdn dd cua tu nhien vd xa hgi. Con ngudi Id hi^n than cua "y niem tuyet ddi", hay Id kdt qud cua "y nidm tuyet ddi" md thdi.
Hogt ddng nhdn thuc vd cdi tgo thd gidi cua eon ngudi la tdn tai khdc cua "tinh thdn tuygt ddi", boat ddng dd dugc coi nhu mOt thft cdng cg dd "y nidm tuydt ddi" n h ^ thuc chinh minh va frd vd vdi ban than rainh. Hdghen eflng cho rdng, net ndi bat nhat cfta qua trinh phdt tridn cua "y nidm tuydt ddi" la su tac dgng qua lgi giua con ngudi va tg nhidn, hogt ddng cua con ngudi dugc coi la phuong thftc de dat den "y nidm tuydt ddi" hay
"tinh thdn tuydt ddi".
Khac vdi Heghen, Phoiobac id dgi bidu xudt sac cua triet hge duy vat trudc Mac. Tridt hgc ciia dng cd gia tri to ldn, frd thanh mgt frong nhiing tidn dd quan frgng cho viec hinh thdnh tridt hgc Mac sau nay. Trong triet hgc Phoiabac, khdi niem "tha hda" giup dng giai thieh ngudn gdc, ban chat cua tdn gido cflng nhu chftng minh tinh tdt ydu cfta vide xda bd tdn giao. Theo dng, tdn gido Id san pham tdt yeu cfta tara ly cd nhdn vd Id ban tinh vdn cd cua con ngudi, la su thd hidn can ban ban chat tmh cdra eua con ngudi. Tdn giao the hidn sg radra
yeu, bat luc eua con ngudi vdi nhiing van de xa hdi, la sg the hien ban chat cua con ngudi dudi hinh thuc thdn bl.
Qng cho rang, tu tudng vd dgng y cua con ngudi nhu the ndo thi chfta cua eon ngudi nhu the ay, gia tri cfta ehua khdng vugt qua gia tri cua con ngudi.
Qng dd hda tan ban chat cua tdn gido vao bdn chat cfta con ngudi, y thfte cfta ehua la y thftc cua con ngudi, tiidnh tiian efta con ngudi ed frong tu tudng va trdi tim anh ta, thd gidi cfta thdnh than khdng la cdi gi khac rad chinh Id tdn tai cfla the gidi frdn gian. Chfta la bidu tugng hoan thidn ban chat cfta con ngudi nen nd cdn ton tgi chiing ndo xa hgi lodi ngudi cdn tdn tgi.
Nhu vgy, theo quan nigra cua Phoiobac thi ehinh con ngudi bay dgt ra than thanh bang each trim tugng hda ban chat con ngudi cfta minh, rang thdn tiianh cflng cd bdn chdt cua con ngudi nen raudn giai phdng con ngudi, can phdi xda bd tdn giao cfl, xdy dung tdn giao radi, tdn giao tinh yeu md dinh cao cfta nd Id tinh yeu nam nu.
2. Ban chat quan niem tri^t hgc Mac ve iao d^ng bi tha hoa
Trong qud trinh san xuat, cdng cu lao dgng dugc cdi tien, nhiing cdng cu lao dgng bang da dan dugc thay the bdi cdng cu bang ddng, bang sdt.., lam cho cua cai xa hgi ngay cang tang va phong phft. Su phan cong lao ddng didn ra ngay cang raanh me, nhiing yeu td ddu tidn cua quan he sdn xudt va kien tiiic thugng tang frong xa hdi mdi da xudt hien. Con ngudi budc sang thdi ky lich sft cd ldi sdng hoan todn khac. Con
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONGNAI, SO 03-2016 ISSN 2354-1482
1
ngudi radt di tinh thdng nhdt ban ddu cfta rninh ma le ra nd phdi dugc thd hidn, phdt huy theo hudng vdn cd cua nd. NghTa la le ra con ngudi phdi dugc binh ddng vdi nhau tiii gid ddy Iai xudt hien nhiing giai cdp ddi lap nhau, ddi khdng nhau. Mgt thidu sd ngudi di chidm dogt tu lieu sdn xuat cfta xa hgi vd thdng tri xa hdi. Con dgi bg phgn nhdn ddn lao dgng lai bi tudc doat tu lieu sdn xudt, gid ddy, hg phdi phu thudc vdo giai cap ed eua, cd quydn. Hg frd thdnh giai cap bi thdng tri.
Quan he xa hdi da thay ddi, radi quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi khdng cdn nhu trudc nfta, vd lao ddng cflng khdng cdn gift nguydn bdn chdt tdt dep ban ddu. Lao ddng khdng edn la nien kidu hanh cfta con ngudi nua. Lao ddng bi tha hda. Tinh frgng tha hda dd the hidn ro net nhdt khi chft nghTa tu bdn ra ddi. Nhdn td quydt dinh todn bd mdu thudn cua nd la sd hiiru tu nhdn tu ban chu nghia ve tu lieu san xudt. Vdi tinh cdch Id mgt ca nhan mang tinh xa hgi, con ngudi phdi thich ftng vdi ragt he thdng quan he xa hdi radi. Nhung, ddng thdi, nhung quan he xa hdi ay cung ddi lap vdi eon ngudi, xa lg vdi con ngudi du con ngudi da tao ra nd. Hogt dgng cua con ngudi khdng raang lgi rauc dich nhu hg raong raudn. Tdt ea nhiing hidn tugng ay dien ra theo ragt qua tiinh ggi Id su tha hda, rad bdn chat cua qua trinh dy la d chd, con ngudi radt di kha nang kiera soat, chi phdi cdc didu kign kmh td - xa hdi vd chinh tri ciia ddi sdng nfta.
Theo C.Mdc, lao ddng hi tha hda la lao ddng lam ngudi lao ddng danh
mdt minh frong boat ddng ngudi, nhung lai tira thdy minh frong boat dgng vat, Lao dgng Id hogt dgng co ban nhdt dd phan bidt ngudi vdi cae loai ddng vat khae. Nhd lao dgng, cung vdi ngdn ngir, lao ddng lam cho tu duy cfta con ngudi ngay eang phdt trien, hinh thanh he thdng edc khdi nigra, phgm trft, tao dieu kien dd con ngudi nhdn thftc the gidi ngay edng sdu rgng ban. Lao ddng la hogt ddng ngudi, song d lao ddng hi tha hda, nd da Id mdt cai gi dd bdn ngoai ngudi lao ddng. Gid ddy, hogt ddng lao ddng cfta con ngudi khdng cdn de thda man nhu edu lao dgng nua, nd frd thanh boat ddng nham duy tri su sinh tdn ciia the xac. Dd la lao ddng cudng buc.
Trong lao dgng, hg thdy minh nhu la con vdt. Hg chi cd the Id "ngudi" khi thuc Men nhiing chftc nang ddng vdt nhu an udng hay sinh con dd cai ma thdi. Cdi vdn cd cfta sue vdt da frd thanh cdi cd tinh ngudi, con cdi cd tinh ngudi lai frd thanh cai cd tinh sue vat. 'Tmh bi tha hda cua lao dgng bieu hien rd ret nhat d chd la mgt khi khdng cdn su cudng hue lao dgng vd the xae hogc v6 mat khac thi ngudi ta fron franh lao dgng nhu frdn frdnh bdnh dich hach vdy"[3,fr.l33].
Lao dgng bi tha hda la lao dgng lara ddo ldn cac quan hd cfta ngudi lao ddng. Neu trude kia, frong lao dgng, ngudi lao ddng sft dung tu lieu sdn xudt thi gid ddy, hg phdi phu thuge vao tu lieu san xudt, la "til lieu san xudt su dung con ngudi" [6, fr. 451]. San phdm cfta cdng nhan lara ra - vat rad lao dgng dugc cd dinh - ddi lap vdi anh ta nhu
84
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC B 6 N G NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 mdt tdn tai xa lg, radt luc Iugng khach
quan, khdng phu thudc vdo ngudi sdn xudt ra nd. C M a c nhan dinh, ddi tugng do lao dgng sdn xuat ra, tftc sdn phdm eua lao ddng ddi lap vdi lao dgng nhu mdt tdn tai xa la nao dd, nhu mdt Iuc lugng khdng phu thuge vao ngudi san xudt, sg thuc hien Iao ddng, vi?c bien nd thdnh hien thuc, bidu hien ra nhu viee ggt cdng nhdn ra khdi hidn thue, su ddi tugng hda bieu hidn ra nhu su bd mdt ddi tugng va su bi nd dich bdi ddi tugng, sg chidm huu ddi tugng bieu hidn ra nhu su tha hda, nhu su tg tha hda. Trong qud trinh lao ddng, ngudi lao ddng phdi thuc hidn quan he vdi ngudi chft sd hiiu tu lieu sdn xudt, ddy la radi quan he gifta ngudi vdi ngudi.
Nhung hg quan he vdi ngudi chft thdng qua sd san pham ngudi chft thu dugc vd sd tien cdng ngudi chft trd cho hg, nen radi quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi, gid day, cung bi tha hda, trd thdnh quan he giua con ngudi vdi dd vat.
Lao ddng bi tha hda cdn Id lao ddng ldm cho ngudi lao dgng bi phat trien que quat, phien didn. Chu tu ban da sft dung thanh tuu cfta khoa hgc ky thudt vao sdn xudt vi rauc dich lgi nhudn. Khoa hgc ky thugt cdng phdt tiidn, raay mdc thay thd ngudi lao dgng cdng nhieu; chuyen radn hda lao ddng cdng sdu sac, sd ngudi bi may rade thay thd cang ldn, nhimg ngudi lao dgng cdn lgi bdt ddu budc vdo qud trinh lao ddng thudn tiiy, thuc hidn nhung thao tac rad ddy chuyen san xudt da quy dinh. Ndn san xudt mdy mdc vdi muc tieu lgi nhudn da "ndra mgt bd phgn cdng nhan
frd vd vdi lao ddng da raan va bidn mdt bg phdn cdng nhan thdnh nhiing cai mdy"[3,fr. 131].
Nhu vay, neu Iao ddng, vdi tu cdch la nidm kidu hanh cua con ngudi, thi trong xa hdi cd giai cdp ndi chung va xa hdi tu bdn chft nghia ndi ridng, nd da bi tha hda. Lao ddng bi tha hda Idra cho san phdra do ngudi lao ddng tgo ra frd thdnh cdi xa lg, ddi lap, chi phdi cudc sdng cua hg; Sd dT, cd tinh frgng dd vi ban than hogt dgng lao ddng da khdng cdn bidu hidn bdn chdt sang tao cua con ngudi, khdng raang lai hgnh phftc cho ngudi lao dgng md da frd thdnh lao dgng cudng bftc, lao ddng phft dinh ban chdt con ngudi; lao dgng hi tha hda ldra cho con ngudi tha hda khdi con ngucri, quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi cting hi tha hda, ddi sdng cd tinh loai va ddi sdng cd nhdn cflng xa la vdi nhau. Su tha hda frong lao ddng, frong kinh te Id ca sd cfta nhiing hinh thftc tha hda trong ddi sdng tinh thdn ciia con ngudi.
Nhiing bieu hien ndi frdn eua lao dgng bi tha hda dugc C.Mac phan tich tft nhiing su kidn kinh td cu the, tft frong ddi song, frong quan he xa hdi hien thuc cfta con ngudi, tft boat ddng lao ddng sdn xuat cua con ngudi. Ddy chinh Id quan niera duy vdt vd ljch sft xd hdi. Id each ddt van de mdi cua C.Mdc vd cdc hien tugng xa hdi va khac phgc cdc radu tiiudn frong xa hdi ay, frong do cd tinh frgng lao dgng bi tha hda.
3. Nguyen nhan ciia iao dong bi tha hda va con dudng giai phong iao dgng khdi sy ttia h6a theo quan ni^m cua friet hoc Mac
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ~ 3.1. vi nguyen nhdn cUa lao
dpng bi tka koa theo quan diim triit hgc Mdc
Ndu cdc dai bidu triet hgc trudc Mac eho rdng, su xudt hien cfta chd do tu hiiu Id do ban tinh tham lara, ich ky cfta con ngudi thi C. Mdc lai coi che do tu hiru dugc sinh ra do lao ddng bi tha hda vd khi chd do tu huu dugc xuat hien da ldra cho lao dgng bi tha hda, dudi nhflng hinh thftc va y nghTa mdi. Sg tha hda dat tdi dinh diem frong ehu nghTa tu bdn.
Su ra ddi cua phuong thftc sdn xudt tu ban chu nghTa vdi chd do sd hfln tu nhdn tu lieu sdn xudt da tap tiimg ca ban tu hdu sdn xudt cfla xa hdi vao tay mgt sd nha tir san, mdt sd tap doan tu ban lam tuydt dgi da sd ngudi lao dgng frd thanh vd sdn. Nhu cdu sinh tdn da huge nhflng ngudi vd sdn bdn sftc lao ddng cho nhd tu bdn. Va tft do, qua trinh ngudi hoc lot ngudi theo phuang thftc tu bdn chft nghla da didn ra, day tinh frgng Iao ddng bi tha hda len ddn dinh cao cfta nd.
3.2. Ve con du&ng gidi pkong lao dgng khoi su tha koa tkeo quan diem triet hgc Mdc
Tren lap tiirdng duy vat triet dd, C.Mdc cho rang, khdng thd thue hidn dugc mdt su gidi phdng thuc su ndo khac neu khdng thuc hien su giai phdng dy frong thd gidi hidn thue, bdng nhung phuang tien hien thgc. Su gidi phdng la ragt su kien Iich sft chft khdng phdi Id ragt su ki^n tu tudng. No nay sinh tft nhung sg kien lich sft. Bdi vdy, dd giai phdng khdi su tha hda, cdn phdi xda bd
frgng thai xa hdi hien dang tdn tgi va thdng tri con ngudi.
Lay hien thuc lich sft lam dilm xuat phdt dd ly gidi thih frgng lao ddng bi tha hda, C. Mdc da hudng hogt dgng xa hgi cfta con ngudi vdo eugc dau franh vdi hidn thgc xa hdi bat cdng vo nhdn tinh. Mudn gidi phdng lao ddng khdi su tha hda, fra lai cho con ngudi bdn chdt "Ngudi" cfta minh, phai xoa bo CO sd tdn tai cua nd, dd la che do tu hfln, true tiep la ehe do sd hihi tu nhan tu ban chu nghTa. Gidi phdng con ngucri khdi su tha hda frong Iao ddng Id ca so de giai phdng eon ngudi khdi su tha hda ndi ehung. Mudn dgt dugc dieu dd, ch!
cd nhgn thftc thdi thi chua du, ma can phdi cd hdnh dgng cdng sdn chft nghia hien thgc - nghTa la - phdi cd cugc ddu franh each ragng cfta giai cdp vd sdn va qudn chiing nhdn dan lao ddng, dat duai sg lanh dgo cfta mgt Ddng cdng san chan ehinh. Ddy la eudc each mgng khac ve chat so vdi cac cudc each mang trudc do, bdi nd dua den viec thii tieu trudc het che do sd hihi tu nhan tu ban chu nghTa, xda bd su thdng tri cua giai cap tu san, xac lap su thdng tri cua giai cdp vd sdn.
Qud trinh xda bd che dg tu ban chft nghTa vd do dd xda bd chd do ap bftc bde lot ndi chung, thiet lap mgt xa hgi cdng bang, tdt d?p Id mgt qud trinh ldu dai, phftc tap. Nd khdng chi can c6 sg phat tridn cao cfta luc lugng san xuat md cdn cdn ca su trudng thdnh cfta con ngudi. Sau khi xda bd ehd do tu ban chu nghia, giai cdp vd sdn va nhan dan lao dgng bdt ddu xay dgng mdt xa hdi mdi
86
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, S6 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ma d dd, su tii do va phat tiidn todn
didn cua mdi ngudi la didu kidn cho sg tu do va phdt tridn toan di$n cua ragi ngudi. Tuy nhien, vide xay dgng dd se gap nhiing khd khan, phftc tap, cd nhirng buoc thdng frdm, nhung tdt ydu se thdnh cdng.
Nhu vdy, chinh chd do tu hiiu Id ket qud cua lao dgng bi tha hda, nhung den lugt nd lgi Id nguyen nhdn dua ddn su tha hda frong lao ddng. Mudn gidi phdng lao ddng khdi su tha hda, phdi xda bd chd do tu huu - khdng phai la tu huu ndi ehung - ma Id chd do tu hfln fren eo sd dd lam cho lao dOng bi tha hda. Su nghiep do Id cfta giai edp vd sdn va nhan dan lao dgng ndi chung va phdi thuc hien bang nhftng hanh dgng each ragng frong hidn thue.
4. Ket lu^n
Xuat phat tft tinh canh sdng va lao dgng cua giai cdp cdng nhdn, fren co sd tiep thu cd phd phan cac hgc thuyet triet hgc trudc do ve con ngudi, vd su tha hda ndi chung, C.Mac dd ndu len quan niem duy vat ve su tha hda. Dd Id lao dgng bi tha hda, ddng thdi, dng da chi ra con dudng gidi phdng lao dgng khdi su tha hda.
Theo C.Mac, lao ddng bi tha hda la lao dgng ldm ngudi lao ddng danh
raat rainh frong hogt ddng ngudi, nhung lgi tim thay minh frong hogt dgng vat.
Lao ddng bi tha hda con Id lao ddng lara ddo ldn cdc quan he eua ngudi lao ddng, mdi quan hg giua ngudi vdi ngudi, gid day, eflng hi tha hda, frd thdnh quan he giua con ngudi vdi dd vdt. Lao ddng hi tha hda cdn bieu hien ra Id lao dgng lara cho ngudi lao dgng bi phat tridn que quat, phien didn.
Xuat phdt tft hien thuc lich sft cu the, C.Mac cho rdng, nguydn nhdn cfta tinh frgng lao dgng bi tha hda Id chd do sd hftu tu nhdn tu ban chu nghTa. Mudn gidi phdng con ngudi khdi su tha hda frong lao ddng vd sg tha hoa ndi chung, phdi tien hanh ddu franh cdch mgng.
Luc lugng thgc hien cudc each raang do Id giai cdp vd san va nhan dan lao ddng ndi chung, dudi su lanh dgo cfta Dang cgng sdn chan chinh. Cdch mang Id qud frinh ldu dai. Nd khdng chi cdn cd sg phat tridn cao cfta lue lugng sdn xudt ma cdn can ca su trudng thanh cua con ngudi, nhara xay dung ragt xa hdi mdi ma d dd, sg tu do vd phdt trien toan dien cua radi ngudi Id didu kien cho su tg do va phdt tridn todn didn cua mgi ngudi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Doan Chinh - Drah Nggc Thgch (Ddng chu bien), ( 2008), Vdn di tiiet hgc tiong tdc phdm eua C. Mdc - Ph. Angghen, K/.ie«(«, Nxb. Chmh tii Qudc gia. Ha Ndi
2. Bui Ba Linh (2003), Quan niim eua C. Mdc vd Ph. Angghen vi eon nguai vd su nghiep gidi phdng con ngu&i, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi
3. C. Mac vdPh. Angghen (2000), Todn tap, t 42, Nxb. Chinh tii Qudc gia, HaNdi 4. C. Mdc va Ph. Angghen (1995), Todn tap, t 3, Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482^
5. C.Mac va Ph. Angghen (1995), Todn tap. t. 4, Nxb. Chinh tii Qude gia, HaNdi 6. CMac vd Ph. Angghen (1995), Todn tgp, t. 23, Nxb. Chinh tii Qudc gia, HdNgi 7. Dinh Nggc Thgch (1993), Dgi cuang Lich sic tiiet hge Phuang Tdy, Nxb.
Chinh tri Qudc gia, Hd Ndi
ALIENATION AND LIBERATING LABOUR FROM ALIENATION IN MARXIST PHILOSOPHY
ABSTRACT
On discussing human beings, Marxist philosophy points out that through labour, human beings become more "civilized", wkick means human beings have opportunities to express their specific capabilities. However, the capitalist society has made labour alienated. To remedy that, Karl Marx intioduced the concept of liberating labour from alienation, leading human beings towards a society where the liberty and comprehensive development of each human being is the condition for the liberty and comprehensive development ofa society.
This article attempts to clarify the following core concepts: 1. Conditions for the formation of the alienation concept and the road of liberating labour from alienation in Marxist philosophy; 2. Nature of Marxist concept of alienation - alienated labour; 3. Causes ofthe alienated labour and the road of liberating labour fi-om alienation according to Marxist philosophy.
Keywords: Labour, alienation, liberating labour fi-om alienation
