NHAN THLTG V E NHAN QUYEN VA QUAN DIEM VE DAN CHU CUA SINH VEEN MOT SO TRUING DAI HOC 6 HA NOI'
V U M P ^ H C H I
VU THI THANH" & NGUYEN THI ANH DAO""
Mffdau
Nhan thiic ve nhan quyen la mdt trong nhtrng ydu td cd y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi viec thuc hien quydn eon ngudi. Cho dii cae quydn da dupe bao dam bang kliudn klid phap ly v i mdi trudng kinh td du didu kien thuc hien nhung bau kbdng khi xa hdi (van hda nhin quydn) khdng img hd thi vide thue hidn quydn con ngudi cting khdng the dat dupe hieu qua nhu mong mudn, tham ehi lam cho vide thuc hien di ddn chd that bai.
Tuy nhidn, nhiing nghien curu dat trpng tam vao mat van hda, nhan thirc ve quyen con ngudi cdn it dupe quan tam chii y d nudc ta, nhat la vd mat thuc chimg. Trong bdi canh do, nghien cim nay mudn tim hieu mdt each thuc chimg nhan thirc eua sinh vien ve quyen con ngudi va quan diem eiia hp ve dan chii, va trong pbam vi mdt bai viet, chiing tdi tap tmng gidi thieu ket qua phan tich nhan thuc va quan diem cua sinh vien ve Quyen con ngudi va Dan ehii, tren ea sd dir lieu eudc dieu tra sinh vien cua de tai cap Bd (Vien NC Con ngudi nam 2008) vdi dung lupng miu la 380 ngudi, dupe lua chpn ngau nhien ed chii dich tir cac trudng Dai hpc Cdng doan (46.6%o); Dai hpc Kinh td (Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi) (21.3%); Dai hpc Luat H i Ndi (18.9%)) va Dai bpc Bach khoa (13.2%). Chii dich nghia la chpn sinh vidn d bai nhdm trudng khac nhau, mdt ben lien quan den cdng tac quin chiing, tidp xuc vdi dan, va chuyen nganh luit so vdi mdt ben la chuyen nganh ky thuat, kinh td, cd the it am hieu hon ve luat. Vide phan tich dupe tien hanh theo mdt sd tidu chi xac dinh ciing nhtrng bien sd ddc lap khac nhu trudng, gidi, cd kha nang tac ddng dang kd den nhan thirc ciia sinh vidn. Ket qua khao sat ciing dupe so sanh vdi sd lieu ciia Didu tra Gia tri Thd gidi (WVS-2006), tidn hanh trdn ddi tupng N>
2000 ngudi dan Viet Nam cd dp tudi trung binh la 44, tao ea sd tim hieu su thay ddi quan diem, thai dp giira cac the he.
1. Nhan thuc ciia sinh vien ve Quyen con nguoi
(1) Nhdn thirc vi vdn di quyin con nguoi Trudc hdt, ddi vdi cau bdi de nghi kd ten cac quydn co ban ciia con ngudi, quyen dupc sinh vidn lira chpn nliidu nhat la quyen ve tu do (bao gdm tu do hdn nhan, ydu duong, ket ban; tu do tdn giao, tu do ngdn luan, tu do cu tru, di lai) chidm 23,5%o tdng sd lira chpn. Tidp theo la quyen binh dang, khdng ' Phan tich ket qua dilu tra ti8n hanh trong khuon khd De tai eip Bo NliiTiig vdn de ca bdn thirc hien quyen con ngu&i vi miic lieu phdt triin con ngudd - Vien KHXH Viet Nam do TS. Vu Minh Chi chu nhiem.
TS.; Vien Nghien ciru Con ngucri.
ThS,; Vien Nghien ciru Con ngucri, TS.; Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi,
Vu Minh Chi, Vu Thi Thanh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo phan biet ddi xir, chidm 16,4%o tdng sd lira chpn; quydn muu ciu banb phiic chiem 9,8%o, quyen sinh tdn va quyen dupe giao due ddu dat 8,3%). Ty Id sinh vidn kd tdn eae quyen khac chiem ty Id khdng dang ke, bau bet deu dudi 6% nhu bang 1 thd bidn.
Cae quydn con ngudi dupc sinh vidn kd ra tren day hau bet ddu la nhting quydn ma sinh vidn cam thiy quan trpng ddi vdi ban than, bdi khi dupe ydu eau ke tdn It nhat 5 quydn quan trpng vdi ban than, quydn dupe lira chpn ddu nam trong sd nhiing quyen nay, chi cd mdt didu khac bidt duy nhat la quydn vd giao due dupe lira chpn nhieu hon (cd ty Id cao thti 3 trong sd cae quydn quan trpng ma sinh vidn ke ra). Cu the, sd lupt lira chpn cac Quydn tu do chiem 21,7%); Quydn binh dang - 15,8%); Quydn dupe giao due -
11,4%; Quydn muu cau hanh phuc - 8,l%o; Quydn dupe sinh tdn - 6,4%o.
Bang 1. Ke ten cac quyen co"
Ten cac quydn Cae quydn vd tu do
Cac quyen vd binh dang, khdng phin bidt ddi xir Quyen dupc muu cau hanh phuc
Quyen sinh tdn
Quyen dupc giao due, hpc tap Quyen cbinh trj
Quyen dupe lao ddng. ed vide lam Quydn xa hdi
Cae quyen bau cu, img eir, tranh eir
Quyen dupc hudng lpi ich, thanli qua lao ddng Quyen dupc tdn trpng
Quydn tham gia cac boat ddng xa hdi Quyen cdng dan
Quyen sd hiiu (tai sin. tri tud) Quydn dupc cham sdc sirc khde Quyen ddc lap; tu quydt
Quyen dupe bao vd. dupe an toan Quyen dupe nghi ngoi. vui chai giai tri Quyen bat kha xam pham vd than thd Quyen dupe cdng hidn, sang tao Cac quyen khac
Tdng sd lupt tra ldi
3an cua con nguoi Sd luat lua chon
304 212 127 107 107 85 57 65 42 25 18 17 11 11 11 10 8 7 7 6 55 1.292
Ty Id (%) 23,5
16,4 9,8 8,3 8,3 6,6 4,4 5,0 3,3 1,9 1,4 1,3 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 4,3 100,0 Khi ke tdn cae quyen co bin ciia eon ngudi, ty Id sinh vien neu ten quydn hudng giao due thap ban so vdi quydn sinh tdn, quydn muu ciu hanh phuc nhung khi lira chpn cac quydn quan trpng ddi vdi bin thin, sau quydn tu do va binh ding, sinh vidn lira chpn quyen giao due cao hon ban so vdi quydn sinh ton va muu ciu hanh phiic. Didu dd cho thay mire dp quan trpng eiia quydn hpc tap ddi vdi sinh vidn, ddng thai mdt lin ntra ciing khang djnh vide sinh vidn dd cao cac quyen vd tu do va binh dang. Kbi xdp hang uu tidn cac nhdm quydn co bin eiia con ngudi, trong tdng sd 6 nhdm quydn dupe dua
Nhdn thuc ve...
ra, nhdm quydn dupc sinh vien xdp hang cao nhit la quydn tu do, tidp ddn la quydn binh dang, cac quydn xa bdi, quyen ehinh trj va cac quyen nhan lpi ich.
Theo tieu ehi tmdng va gidi, vide xdp hang cac nhdm quyen quan trpng tuy khdng cd khac biet dang kd trong viec lira chpn cac quydn quan trpng thir nhit, thir hai, nhung ddi vdi lira chpn quyen quan trpng tbii ba, lai cd sir khac biet dang kd giiia sinh vien cac tmdng khac nhau: ty Id sinh vien lira chpn Quydn xa hdi (chidm 32,2%) nhidu nhit d Dai hpc Cdng doan; Quyen nhan lpi Ich nhieu nhit d Dai bpc Kinh te (Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi) va Dai bpc Bach Khoa (chidm ty le lin lupt la 35,8% va 32,0%)), Cac quydn khac (chidm 32,4%o) nhidu nhit d Dai hpc Luat (vdi P = 0.003).
Tuong tu nhu viy, khdng cd khac biet dang ke vd tuong quan gidi ddi vdi lira chpn quyen quan trpng tbii nhat, tbii hai, (P>0.05), nhung ddi vdi lua chpn quydn quan trpng thir ba thi ed sir khac biet dang ke giiia nam va nir. Ty le lira chpn nhidu nhit d nam la Quyen xa hdi (chiem 31%o) trong kbi d nii la Quyen nhan lpi ich va quyen chinh tri (cimg chidm 25,4%o), vdi P = 0.017.
Nhan thirc ve quyen con ngudi cdn dupc xem xet d quan diem ddi vdi mdt sd vin dd cu the cd lien quan, vi du vdi eau hdi "Ngudi da bi tudc quydn cdng dan ed edn quyen con ngudi khdng", phin ldn sinh vidn tra ldi "ed". Dieu nay cho thay sinh vien phin biet rd rang giiia quyen cdng dan va quyen con ngudi mac dii theo didu 50 ciia Hien phap Viet Nam, quyen eon ngudi dupe the hidn thdng qua eae qu\'en cdng dan. Tuy nhien, vin edn mdt sd lupng khdng nhd tra Idd "khdng". Cu the, tra ldi "cd" chiem 74,3%), va 25,7%) cdn lai tra ldi "khdng". Ket qua nay kha ddng nhat ve gidi tinh (P>0.05) nhung khac bidt dang kd giira cac trudng. Dai da sd sinh vidn Dai hpc Luat va Dai hpc Bich khoa cho rang ngudi hi tudc doat quyen cdng dan van cd quyen con ngudi (chiem ty le lan lupt la 90,l%o v i 80,0%o). Trong kbi dd, lira chpn nay d sinh vien Dai hpc Kinh te v i Dai hpc Cdng doan ddu thap hon (ty Id lan lupt la 72,0%o va 66,9%, P = 0.02)
Ve van dd ap dung an tir hinh, tren the gidi cd nhirng nod (nhu mdt sd bang d My) luat phap khdng ap dung hinh thirc tir hinh dd trtmg tri tdi pham nhung phan ldn cac nude khac (trong dd ed Viet Nam) coi tir binh la mdt hinh thiic trimg tri cao nhat ddi vdi cac tdi pham nguy hidm. Dieu dd dupe phap luat quy dinh va dupc thuc hien d Viet Nam tir kha lau, bdi vay, kbdng ngae nhien khi phan ldn sinh vien deu lira chpn phuong an "khdng"
(chiem 75,l%o) vdi ciu hdi "Tir hinh cd phai la vi pham quydn eon ngudi khdng?". Tuy nhien, eiing gidng vdi cau hdi "Ngudi da bj tudc quyen cdng dan cd cdn quydn con ngudi khdng", ty Id tra ldi ed sir khac nhau dang quan tam giiia cac tmdng. Cu the, ty le eoi tu hinh la khdng vi pham quyen con ngudi eao hon lai thudc ve sinh vien Dai hpc Luat va Dai bpc Cdng doan (chiem ty Id lan lupt la 79,2%o va 19,6%), trong khi d Dai hpc Bach Khoa vi Dai bpc Kinh td ed phin thip ban (75,5% va 62,5%o, vol P = 0.026).
(2) Quan diem ciia sinh vien ve gido due quyen con nguoi Kbi dupe hdi ve mire dp can thidt cua giao due quyen con ngudi, 82,2%) sinh vidn khang dinh tinh can thidt:
trong dd, Hdt siic cin thidt la 11,4%) va Cin thiet la 68,l%o. Danh gia nay tuy kha ddng nhat vd gidi nhung khac bidt dang kd ve trudng: 100%) sinh vidn Dai hpc Cdng doan cho rang cin thidt phai giao due ve quydn eon ngudi. Ty le nay ciia d Dai hpc Kinh td va
va Minh Chi, Vii Thi Thanh & Nguyin Tlii Anh Ddo Dai bpc Bach khoa cung kha eao (lin lupt la 88,6%o va 80,0%o) trong kbi rit ding quan tam la ty le d Dai hpc Luat chi la 33,3%o. Phai chang chinh vi dang bpc nganh Luit, da cd hidu bidt vd nhan quydn m i da sd sinh vien Dai hpc Luat da khdng coi giao due quyen eon ngudi la can thiet?
Vd ehii thd cd vai trd eao nhat trong giao due quyen con ngudi, cd tdi 171 trong tdng so 369 tmdng hpp tra ldi (chidm 46,3%)) cho rang vai trd nay thupc ve Nha nudc. Ty Id sinh vidn danh gia cao vai trd ciia gia dinh va cdng ddng tuong ddi bang nhau, lan lupt la 28,5%o va 25,2%o. Ket qui niy ed sir khac bidt k h i ldn giu:a eae tmdng: phan ldn sinh vien Dai hpc Cdng doan va Dai hpc Luat cho rang traeh nhiem nay la thudc ve Nha nudc, edn sinh vidn Dai bpc Kinh td lai chpn chu the l i gia dinh va sinh vien Dai hpc Bach Khoa chpn chii the la cdng ddng (P = 0.000).
(3) Quan diem cita sinh vien doi vol viec thuc hien quyen con nguoi. Dieu dang chu y trudc tidn trong danh gia muc dp tdn trpng quyen con ngudi li, phan ldn sinh vien (87,2%o) cho rang quyen ca nhan hidn nay dupe tdn trpng (d hai mtie dp "phin nao" va
"rat tdn trpng") va mdt sd khdng nhd khac cho rang ehua dupe tdn trpng (d hai mirc
"khdng tdn trpng" va "khdng tdn trpng chut nao"). Ve ehi tidt, chi ed 22% danh gia d miic rat tdn trpng, 65,l%o danh gia d mirc tdn trpng phin nao, va 11,8%) danh gia d miic khdng tdn trpng va 1,1 %o khdng tdn trpng cbiit nao (hinh 1).
Khia canh thuc hien quyen cdng din dupc xem xet qua vide thuc hien quydn biu eir:
phan ldn sinh vidn ddu thuc hidn quydn ehinh tri tap tmng nhit d vide di biu cir lin gan day nhat (88,9%o). Tuy nhien, ed hai dieu rat dang quan tim, mdt la nam gidi cd xu hudng coi trpng va thuc hien quyen di bau cir cao hem so vdi ntr gidi (ty Id nam gidi di bau la 93,0%o so vdi nit gidi chi cd 86,0%o; P = 0.05); va hai la vd hinh thire di bau cir, ty Id sinh vien true tidp di biu khdng phai la eao (ehi ed 296/tdng so 360 trudng hpp tra ldi, chiem 82,2%). Sd cdn lai (16,7%o) thi Chu hd dai didn di bau (11,9%)) hoac Nhd ngudi khac di bau (5,8%)).
Hinh 1. Danh gia mirc do quyen ca nhan dirffc ton trong hien nay (%)
65,1
D Rat ton trong quyen ca nhan D Ton trong quyen ca nhan phan nao D Khong ton trong quyen ca nhan may D Khong ton trong quyen ca nhan chut
nao
Thuc hien quyen cdng dan cdn dupc xem xet qua thai dp chdng phin bidt ddi xir, thii dp ddi xir binh dang v i tdn trpng con ngudi cho dii khac bidt vd hoin canh, dja vi xa
Nhdn thirc ve...
hdi, hay khac biet ve gidi tinh, tdn giao v.v... Vd chong phan bidt ddi xir theo gidi, khi lira chpn nhtmg van de eip bach (thii nhit va thii hai) ciia Viet Nam, ty le sinh vien lira chpn "Phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr" chidm ty Id kha eao, dimg d vi tri nhit, nhi trong 5 van de cap bach dupc dua ra (chi sau Ddi ngheo va thidu thon). Cu thd, 24,2%) sinh vien cho ring phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr la vin dd cap bach thir nhit va thii hai trong 5 van de, dieu nay phan nao thd hien six quan ngai ciia sinh vien ddi vdi tinh trang phan biet doi xir vdi phu nii va tre em gai d Viet Nam.
Dieu nay cting dupe the hien rd ban khi so sanh vdi sd lieu didu tra eiia WVS- 2006 (bang 2) vdi npi dung tuong tu: vin dd phan bidt ddi xu vdi tre em gai va phu nu chi dupc ngudi dan xep thii tu trong 5 vin dd eip bach ciia Viet Nam va so ngudi lira chpn cung chidm ty Id khiem tdn ban, 9,2%). Rd rang la, thd he tre nhu sinh vien cd xu hudng quan tam ban ddi vdi van de phan biet ddi xir theo gidi. Va cd mdt dieu thii vj d day la, ty le nam gidi lira chpn Phan biet ddi xir vdi tre em gai va phu ntr la van de cap bach cua Viet Nam edn eao ban ca ty le ciia nii gidi lira chpn (52,8% so vdi 45,7%>).
Ve nhan djnh Giao due dai hpc ddi vdi nam quan trpng han ddi vdi nir, dai da sd sinh vien (93,1%)) bieu Id khdng ddng tinh, trong dd, miic Rat khdng tan thanh chidm 53,l%o va Khdng tan thinh chidm 40,3%). Ddi vdi quan diem "Lam ngudi ndi trp, pbu nir cting phat huy dupe kha nang nhu di lim an luong", ty Id sinh vien tan ddng vdi y kidn nay la 63,1%), trong dd, Rat tan thanh chiem 13,9%) va Tan thanh chidm 49,3%o. Nhiing danh gia nay nhin chung khdng cd khac bidt ve trudng bpc, gidi tinh (P>0.05), cac ket qua deu cho thay quan diem kha tien bd, khdng phan biet gidi d sinh vien cao hon so vdi cac tang ldp dan cu Viet Nam ndi chung.
Bang 2. Lya chon cac van de cap bach thu nhat va thir hai cua Viet Nam Cac van de cap bach eiia Viet
Nam
Ddi ngheo va thieu thdn Phan bidt ddi xir vdi tre em gai, phu ntr
Giao due cdn nhieu van dd Dieu kidn ve sinh thap kem 0 nhiem mdi tmdng Tdng (lupt lira chpn)
Ddi tupng sinh vien trong mau Khao sat sinh vidn
So luot lua chon
213 176 142 105 86 722
Tyle 29,5 24,4 19,7 14,5 11,9 100
Ddi tupng ngudi dan Viet Nam trong WVS
So luot lua chon
1201 267 397 611 431 2.907
Tyle 41,3 9,2 13,7 21,0 14,8 100 Viec dinh gia quan diem cua sinh vien ve binh dang, chdng ky thj, phan bidt ddi xir cdn dupc xem xet d thai dp cua hp ddi vdi nhirng nhdm ddi tupng xa hdi dac biet ma hp khdng mudn lam hang xdm, dd la cac ddi tupng dupc lira chpn thanh 10 nhdm: (1) Ngudi ed tien an; (2) Ngudi nghien rupu nang; (3) Ngudi cd tinh cam kbdng dn dinh;
(4) Ngudi Co ddc giao; (5) Ngudi Hdi giao; (6) Cdng din nudc ngoai,ngudi nhap eu;
va Minh Chi, VU Thi Thanh & Nguyin Tlii Anh Ddo (7) Ngudi hi HIV/AIDS; (8) Ngudi nghien ma tiiy; (9) Ngudi dong tinh luydn ii va (10) Ngudi khac ehiing tdc.
Nhdm ngudi nghien va cd tidn an l i nhdm sinh vien khdng mudn lam bang xdm nhit, trong dd ngudi nghien ma tiiy chiem 12,9%, ngudd nghien rupai nang chiem 68,4%) va ngudi cd tidn an chiem 65,3%o. Tiep theo, nhdm ddng tinh luyen ai va ngudi bj HIV/AIDS Cling la ddi tupng cd ty Id sinh vien lira chpn khdng mudn lam bang xdm kha eao (lin lupt la 62,%) va 43,7%o), cho thiy sir ky thj, phin bidt eiia sinh vidn ddi vdi nhiing nhdm xa hdi nay edn kha nang ne va mac dti la ting ldp ed kidn thtic cao hem so vdi mat bing chung ciia xa hdi, nhung sinh vidn van ehju inh hudng nang ne eiia nhtrng quan nidm cii, cd xu hudng ddng nhat sai lam nhdm te nan xa hpi vdi nhtrng ngudi ddng tinh luydn ai v i ngudi cd HIV/AIDS, nhdm ngudi cd quyen eon ngudi nhu nhung ngudi binh thudng nhung can nhin dupc sir quan tim dac biet hon bdi hp de bi tdn thuong do sir ky thj xa bdi. Vdi ty Id sinh vidn khdng mudn lim hing xdm vdi cie ddi tupng nay cdn kha cao nhu vay cd thd thay rang cae boat ddng tuydn tmyen, keu gpi chdng ky thj, phan biet ddi xir vdi nhirng ngudi cd HIV/AIDS hidn dang dupe tridn khai rdng rai dd giiip hp ed thd tai hda nhip cpng ddng ehua thu dupc hieu q u i cao, chua tac ddng dang ke tdi tang ldp sinh vien.
Ngoai ra, nhdm ngudi it bi phan bidt ddi xir nhit la ngudi khic chung tdc, ngudi nhap cu,cdng dan nudc ngoai (chi cd 8,7%) va 5,5%) chpn khdng mudn lam hang xdm);
nhung dang chii y la van cdn mdt sd khdng it sinh vidn ed thai dp phan bidt ddi xir vd mat tdn giao, thd hidn d ty Id chpn khdng mudn lam hang xdm vdi ngudi Co ddc giio v i ngudi Hdi giao chiem ty Id khdng nhd (lin lupt l i 19,7%o v i 21,l%o). Kdt q u i lira chpn ngudi khdng mudn lam hang xdm ciia cae nhdm sinh vien cdn ed sir khie bidt kha ldn gitra trudng bpc va gidi tinh. Cu the, ty Id sinh vien nam so vdi sinh vidn nii trong chpn khdng mudn lam hang xdm ddi vdi dan nhap cu eao gan gip ba lan (9,2%) so vdi 3,9%);
P=0.043), ddi vdi ngudi dong tinh ciing cao hon kha nhidu (74,0%o so vdi 54,8%)).
Sir khac bidt edn thay kha rd gitra sinh vidn cae trudng dai bpc khac nhau (kidm djnh thdng kd Chi-square ludn cho thiy miic y nghia (P<0.05), nhin chung ty Id cao nhit thude ve sinh vidn Dai bpc Bach khoa, ngupe lai, sinh vien Dai hpc Cdng doin cd xu hudng It ngin ngai va phin bidt khi lam hang xdm vdi cae doi tupng niy the hien d ty le thudng la thap nhat. Nhung ridng vdi hai ddi tupng la Ngudi cd tinh cam kbdng dn djnh va Ngudi ddng ti'nh luyen ii, ty Id khdng mudn lam hang xdm thip nhit lai thupc vd sinh vidn Dai bpc Luit.
2. Quan diem cua sinh vien ve Dan chu
(1) Van dd nhan thiie tam quan trpng eiia din ehii dupc phan tich theo hai ndi dung, mdt la quan diem ddi vdi vide dua vin de din chii thanh mdt trong nhting muc tieu cua dat nudc va hai l i danh gia tam quan trpng ciia vide sdng trong mdt dit nude dan ehu ddi vdi sir phat trien eon ngudi. Doi vdi vide thdm cum tir "dan chii" vao muc tidu xay dung dat nudc thanh xa hdi "cdng bing, dan chii, van minh", ty Id hai Idng vd didu niy len tdi 91,3% (trong dd mtic "Rit hai long" cd 125/368 tmdng hpp tra ldi, chidm 34,0%
v i mtic "Hai long" cd 211/368 tmdng hop tri ldi, chidm 57,3%)). Dieu dang quan tim li
Nhdn thtfc ve.
miic dp hai Idng nay cd anh hucmg rat ldn (cd y nghia vd mat thdng kd) tdi muc dp hai Idng eiia sinh vien vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quyet cac van de ciia dat nudc. Cu the, trong tdng sd 334 sinh vien tan thanh vide them tir "dan ehii" vao muc tieu ciia dat nudc, cd tdi 182 trudng hop (54,5%)) hai Idng vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quyet cic vin de eiia dat nudc. Trong khi dd, trong sd 32 sinh vidn khdng tan thanh \iec them cum ttr "dan chii" vao muc tidu phat tridn cua dat nudc, chi cd 9 trudng hpp (chiem 28,1 %o), P = 0.004 hai long vdi each bd may nha nudc giai quydt cac van de ciia dat nudc.
Lien quan tdi vide darui gia che dp dan ehii, phan ldn sinh vien deu ung hd thdng qua tan thanh nhan djnh "Cac nude dan ehu ed the cd vin de nhung cdn tdt ban bat ky hinh thiic lanh dao nao" vdi hai miic, "Rat tan thanh" chiem 16,9%o va "Tan thanh" chiem 55,6%). Ngupe lai, ty Id sinh vien lira chpn nhtrng danh gia tieu cue ve dan chu (tan thanh nhtrng nhan djnh khdng tich cue ve dan chii nhu "Cae nudc dan ehii khdng quyet doan va ed qua nhidu dieu tranh cai"; "Cac nudc dan chii duy tri trat tir khdng tdt"; "(3 nudc dan ehu, he thdng kinh te boat ddng tdi" deu chiem ty Id khdng cao. Cu the, 83,9%
khdng ddng tinh vdi nhan djnh tieu cue ve dan chu. Ty Id khdng ddng y cao nhat d dac trung "Cae nudc dan chii duy tri trat tu khdng tdt" (chidm 87,7%o), tiep dd la dac trung
" d nudc dan chii, he thdng kinh te hoat ddng tdi" (chidm 86,0%o) va dac trung "Cac nudc dan chii khdng quydt doan va cd qua nhieu dieu tranh cai" (chidm 77,8%)). Ddi vdi vide danh gia tim quan trpng cua vide sdng trong mdt dat nude dan chii ddi vdi su phat trien con ngudi theo thang diem 10, kdt qua khao sat cho thay sinh vien dinh gia kha cao vai trd ciia dan chu (diem tmng binh la 7,83).
(2) Danh gia ve dac trung eiia dan ehii theo thang diem 10, loai dac trung dan chii dupe sinh vien danh gia cao nhit la "Nir gidi cd quydn nhu nam gidi" va "Nhan dan chpn cac nha lanh dao ciia minh thdng qua bau cir tu do" (diem trung binh lan lupt la 8,6 va 8,14). Loai dae trung dupc danh gia thap nhat la "Nhan dan cd the thay thd luat le thdng qua trung ciu dan y" va "Chinh phii danh thud ngudi giau. trp giup ngudi ngheo"
(didm trung binh lan lupt la 6,42 va 5,71). So sanh vdi ket qua dieu tra trdn ddi tupng ngudi dan ndi chung trong WVS-2006, diem trung binh trong danh gia cae dac trung cua dan chii d sinh vien nhin chung thap. Vi du, sinli vidn danh gia khdng cao ddi vdi dac trung dan chu "Nhan din chpn cac nha lanh dao ciia minh thdng qua bau cir tu do"
so vdi sir danh gia ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam ndi chung (6,42 so vdi 9,39). Ket qua danh gia dae trung din chii ciing ed khac biet ve gidi va trudng: Ntr tan thanh cao ban nam \e dae trung dan ehii "Nir gidi ed quydn nhu nam gidi" (8,76 so vdi 8,35 didm, P=0.025);
Kinh td phat tridn (7,24 so vdi 7,03, P=0.036) va "Chinh phii danh thud ngudi giau. trp giup ngudi nghdo" (5,92 so vdi 5,36, P=0.042).
Ddi vdi dac trung "Nhan dan chpn cie nha lanh dao cua minli thdng qua bau cir tu do", diem trung binh ciia sinh vien Dai hpc Bach khoa la 7,3 trong khi cua sinh vien ba tmdng cdn lai deu trdn 8 (P = 0.01); Ddi vdi "Tdi pham bi trimg tri thich dang", diem tmng binh ciia sinh vien Dai hpc Cdng doin la 8,12 trong khi ciia sinh vien ba trudng cdn lai ddu dudi 7 (P=0.01).
va Minh Chi, Vu TJii Tlianh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo
(3) Quan didm ciia sinh vidn ve danh gii dan chii d Viet Nam. Ddi vdi yeu ciu sinh vidn danh gia "Nudc ta hien nay dupe dieu hanh dan cbii den mirc nao" theo thang diem tir 1 ddn 10, didm tmng binh la 6,31 nhung cd sir khac biet ldn ve tmdng: diem tmng binh ciia sinh vidn Dai bpc Cdng doan vi Dai bpc Bach khoa deu trdn 6 trong khi Dai hpc Kinh te va Dai bpc Luit ddu dudi 6 diem; P = 0.000.
Ddi vdi ydu ciu danh gia "Dat nudc hidn nay dupc didu hanh nbu the nao", phan ldn sinh vidn cho ring dit nudc dupe dieu hanh mdt each dan ehii. Cu the, 74,3%) tan thanh vdi nhan djnh "Dit nudc dupe dieu hanh bdi mdt sd ngudi ed ciing quyen loi vi lpi ich ciia ngudi dan". Ty Id nay eao gip gin bdn lin so vdi sd lupng sinh vien tan thanh nhan djnh "Dit nudc didu hanh bdi mdt sd ngudi cd chung quyen lpi muu eau lpi ich rieng"
cho minh" (25,7%o). Cac kdt qui niy khdng cd sir khac bidt vd gidi tinh vi trudng hpc (P>0.05) nhung miic dp quan tam ddn ehinh tri ciia sinh vidn cd anh hudng dang kd ddn each danh gia. Cu thd, nhirng sinh vien cd ban luin vd chinh trj vdi nhting ngudi xung quanh (thudng xuydn vi thinh thoang) thi ty Id tan thinh nhan dinh "Dat nudc dupc didu hanh bdi mdt so ngudi cd citng quydn lpi vi lpi ich cua ngudi dan" li khi cao (lin lupt la 75,0%o vi 76,3%o), cdn sinh vidn khdng bao gid bin luin vd vin dd ehinh tri thi ty Id tan thanh chi chidm gin mdt nira (47,8%o), P = 0.049. Nhu vay, sir quan tim, bin luan ve cbinh trj eua sinh vien ed xu hudng anh hudng ddi vdi dinh gia tich circ cua hp vd sir dieu hanh ciia bd may nhi nudc.
Bang 3. So sanh lya chon muc tieu uu tien thir nhat va thir hai qua hai cuoc khao sat
Muc tieu uu tidn eua Viet Nam
Mirc dp tang trucmg kinh td cao Ngudi din ed quyen ban nhieu bon ve each thirc cdng vide dupe tien hanh tai noi lam vide va tai cdng ddng
Dam bao dat nudc ed lire lupng vti trang vting manh
Cd gang lim cho thanh phd va midn que eua minh giau dep
Tdng
Sinh vidn So luat lira chon
353 191
97 112 753
Tyle (%) 46.9 25.4
12.9 14.9 100
Ngudi din (WVS) So luijt lua chon
1108 562
696 539 2905
Tyle (%) 38.1
19.3
24.0 18.6 100
Sinh vien eoi din chit la mdt muc tidu quan trpng cua dit nudc. Bdi vay, khi lira chpn hai muc tidu uu tien tbii nhit va thir bai trong sd 4 muc tidu eiia dit nude trong 10 nam tdi, ty Id sinh vien uu tien lira chpn ndi dung mang tinh dan cbii kha cao, the hidn d muc tidu "Ngudi din ed quyen bin nhidu hon vd each thir "Miic dp tang trucmg kinh te cao"
(46,9%). So vdi sd lieu ciia WVS, ngudi dan xep uu tien thii ba cho muc tidu nay (vdi
Nhdn thuc ve...
562/2.905 lupt lira chpn, chidm 19,3%o), sau "Miic dp tang tmdng kinh td cao" (38,1%) va "Dam bao dat nude cd lire lupng vti trang vting manh" (24%). Bang 3 cho tbay, khi lira chpn uu tien, sinh vien nhan manh muc tieu dan cbii nhidu ban ngudi dan ndi chung.
Hinh 2 ciing cho thay, khi lira chpn muc tieu uu tien thir nhat va thir hai ciia dat nudc, ty le sinh vien lira chpn "Cho phep ngudi dan cd tieng ndi hon trong cac quyet djnh eiia chinh phii cao thii bai" (30,0%)), chi sau muc tieu "Duy tri trat tu qudc gia" (33,6%)).
Hinh 2. Cac van de quan trong ciia Viet Nam (%)
13.6
3 3 . 6
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(4) Vin dd thuc hien dan ehii. Trong bdn loai boat ddng thuc hien dan chu, nhu bang 17 cho thiy, loai hinh boat ddng ma sinh vien "da lam" nhieu nhat la "Ky don kien nghi"
(22,9%). Diy eiing la loai boat ddng ma sinh vidn cd khi nang se tham gia kha eao (vdi 73,6%) eiing vdi loai boat ddng sinh vien "ed thd lam" cao nhat la "Tham gia bieu tinh hop phap" (79,2%o). Loai boat ddng ma sinh vien ed xu hudng "khdng bao gid lam" la
"Tham gia tiy chay" va "Tham gia dinh cdng" khdng cbinh thirc (64,0%o va 58.8%).
Ddi vdi cac boat ddng "Ky don kidn nghi"; "Tham gia tiy chay" va "Tham gia bieu tinh hop phap", so sanh vdi sd Ueu ciia WVS cho thiy, t>' Id sinh vien da lam/cd the lam cac boat ddng nay cao ban so vdi ngudi dan ndi chung. Cd thd do dac tinh van hda "di hoa vi quy"
cua ngudi Viet ma phin ldn ngudi dan khdng mudn tham gia vao nhirng boat ddng nay, nhung cd mdt didu dang luu tam vd chidu hudng tbay ddi d thd he tre, khdng e ngai tham gia kidn nghj, tiy chay, bidu tinli hop phap, thd hidn d tra ldi "cd thd tham gia" kha cao.
Ddi vdi binh thirc "Ky don kidn nghj", ty le nii cd thd tham gia chiem tdi 78,0%
trong khi ctia nam gidi chi ed 68,0%, ngupe lai, ty Id se khdng bao gid tham gia cua nir gidi chua tdi 1% so vdi nam gidi len tdi 7% (P = 0.03). Ddi vdi boat ddng Tham gia tay chay, ty le nam gidi cd thd tham gia eao gin gip ddi so vdi ty Id eiia ntr gidi (42,6% so vdi 28,3%; P = 0.02).
va Minh Chi, Va Thi Thanh & Nguyin Thi Anh Ddo Bang 4. Hoat ddng phan doi ciia sinh vien va ngu-M dan qua hai mau khao sat (%)
LTinh thirc hogt dong
Ky don kidn nghj Tham gia tiy chay Tham du bidu tinh hpp phap
Thamgia dinh cdng khdng ehinh thiie
Ddi tupng sinh vien trong khio sat
Dd ldm 22.9 3.3 6.3 3.0
Co the ldm 73.6 32.7 79.2 38.1
Khong bao gia ldm
3.5 64.0 14.5 58.8
Ddi tupng ngudi dan trong WVS Da
ldm 5.5 0.5 1.0
Co the lam 19.8 12.9 19.4
Khong bao gia ldm
1.1 86.7 79.7
So sanh hinh thirc Tham gia dinh cdng khdng cbinh thiie cd su khac bidt dang ke gitra cac tmdng: Ty Id sinh vien da tham gia cao nhat la Dai bpc Bich khoa (8,0%o); ty le sinh vidn ed the tham gia eao nhat la Dai hpc Luat (51,4%o); ty Id sinh vien khdng bao gid tham gia eao nhit d Dai bpc Cdng doin (66,5%o, P=0.011.)
Mot vai nhan xet thay ket luan
Trong nghien cim niy, nhan thirc ve nhin quyen dupc khao sit qua vide yeu ciu sinh vidn neu ten mdt sd quyen co ban ciia eon ngudi ndi chung va mpt sd quydn quan trpng nhat ddi vdi ban thin ndi ridng, kdt qui cho thiy sinh vien nhan thiic tuong ddi tdt.
Nhdm quydn dupe sinh vidn dd cap v i coi trpng nhieu nhat Ii eae quydn tu do, quyen binh dang, quydn giao due, quyen sinh tdn va quyen muu ciu hanh phiic. Cd thd ly giai vd didu nay la do anh hudng kha phd bien eiia ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap cua Ho Chii Tjeh ddi vdi da sd ngudi dan Viet Nam ("quydn sdng, quyen tir do va quydn muu ciu hanh phiic"). Tuy nhien, trdn thuc te, it sinh vien tir giac ring nhan quydn la quyen cu the, ban than minh ciing la mdt chu thd mang quydn. Vi viy, khi dupe yeu ciu djnh nghia ve quydn con ngudi, cho dii hau hdt mpi ngudi ddu nghi ngay tdi cic quydn dupc ndu trong Tuydn ngdn Ddc lap nhung khi dupc hdi b i n than ed quydn gi thi khdng tri ldi dupe ngay: Hiu bet sinh vidn deu ndu dupe 3, 4 quydn nhung ddn quyen thti nam thi ed tdi gan 50%o khdng ndu dupe. Cd le vi sinh vidn chua cd co hdi hpc cu thd vd quyen.
Didu niy phin nio eung dupc phin anh d mdt thuc td ed lien quan ddn vide thuc hien mdt quyen cdng dan rat quan trpng la quydn biu cir, dang cbii y van cdn cd mdt sd khdng nhd sinh vien khdng true tidp di biu, cho thay cdng tac biu cir cdn mang tinh hinh thirc.
Trong nhan thuc ve giio due quyen con ngudi, eung cd vin dd phai ban, dd l i phan ldn sinh vidn, nhat l i sinh vidn Dai bpc Luit, cho ring chii thd ciia giao due quydn con ngudi la Nha nudc (cd ddn 87% khdng tra ldi dupc chu thd thir hai), dieu nay diing nhung hoin toan ehua du vi neu n h i nude la chii thd traeh nhidm thue bidn quydn con ngudi m i lai phd mac vide giio due quydn con ngudi cho n h i nude thi ed phin khdng hop ly. Trdn thuc td d nhieu nudc, giio due quydn con ngudi do nha nudc thue hien
Nlian thilc ve...
thudng dupc thay thd bang giao due cdng dan, giao due dao diic va giao due mdt each hinh thiie ve hidn phap. Luat phap lien quan ddn nhan quydn la nhung luat quan trpng dupe hinh thanh theo chd dp lap phap qudc hdi vdi sir iiy thae cua toan dan hay ndi khac di la yeu cau cua xa hdi cdng dan. Vi vay giao due nhan quyen do nha nudc tien hanh can dupc ngudi dan giam sat, ngudi dan cd quyen lpi va nghla vu tham gia vao giao due nhan quydn ve ndi dung va phuang phap, cd trach nhiem ddng gdp y kidn kbi ein thidt.
Tire la, giao due nhan quydn pbai la su nghiep eua toan dan, trong dd vai trd eiia gia dinh ve giao due quyen eon ngudi ngay tir khi cdn nhd, vai trd eua cdng ddng, td chirc dan sir trong vide giam sat giao due quydn la vd cimg quan trpng.
Sinh vien hien nay nhan thue kha tdt vd quydn binh ding va cd thai dp khdng phan biet ddi xir vd gidi, eoi binh dang gidi la mdt trong nhiing van de rat quan trpng va uu tien hang dau cua Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, sinh vien lai the hien thai dp ky thi ddi vdi mdt sd nhdm xa hdi de bi tdn thuong rat can sir quan tam cua xa hdi, dac biet la nhdm ngudi cd HIV/AIDS. Thuc td nay cho thay can nhan manh vide tdn trpng quyen ciia cac ddi tupng nay, hidu rd ve HIV/AIDS khdng phai la mdt td nan ma la mdt benh ly. khdng phai mpi ngudi cd HIV/AIDS deu la nhiing ngudi cd ldi sdng thieu lanh manh, tir dd ed cai nhin va thai dp tdn trpng quyen ban ddi vdd nhung ngudi kem may man nay.
Ve quan diem din chii, phan ldn sinh vidn nhan thire dupc nhtrng dac trung mang tinh tich cue, anh hudng quan trpng ctia dan cbii ddi vdi sir phat tridn eon ngudi, do vay da phan deu img hp va de cao the che dan chii. Nhin chung, so vdi nhting the he di trudc, sinh vidn td ra it ngan ngai hon ddi vdi vide tham gia cac hoat ddng phan ddi nliu kien nghj, tay chay, dinh cdng, bieu tinh hop phap. Dieu dd phan nao cho thay sinh vien hieu va dam thd hidn mdt each cdng khai quydn dan ehu ciia minh. Cac muc tieu mang tinh dan ehii cua dat nudc thudng dupc sinh vidn iing hd va dd cao. Sinh vien ciing kha thang than trong vide danh gia mire dp dan chii d Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Lien hop qudc, Cdng udc ve xda bd tdt cd cdc hinh thitc phdn biet ddi xic dot v&i phu nu;
Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2002.
2. Vien Nghien cuu Con ngudi, Sd heu khao sat Dieu Ira gid tri the gi&i WVS 2006.
3. Todd Landman, Studying Human Rights, Routledge, 2006.
4. Vu Minh Chi, "Giao due nhan quyen la giao due tinh chii the ddi vdi quyen", Tgp chi Nghien cuv Con ngu&i sd 5/2008.
5. De tai cap Bp Nhung vdn de ca bdn thuc hien quyen con ngu&i vi muc tieu phdt trien con ngu&i 2009 - Vien Nghien ciru Con nguoi.