ThUc trang ap lUc lao tfpng nghe nghiep cua giao vien tieu hpc
Phung Thj Thu Trang Vi^i\ Khoa hgc Gl^o due ViSt Nam 52 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hi Ngi, Viet Nam Email: thutrangcgd@gmail,com
TOM TAT: Ap lUc lao dgng nghe nghiep cua giio vien dUdc hieu "Li nhdng tic dong cda cic diSu kien khdng thuin igi len qui trinh lao ddng ca nhin, gay nhdng khd khin, eang thing ve mat vat chat, tinh thin, thS chat, thdi gian, cdng vigc, giy cho 'chu the tim trang ban khoan, lo ling, khdng yen tam keo dai". Bii bio khii quit ve thuc trang ap luc lao ddng nghe nghidp cua giio vien tieu hgc dga tren 3 loai hinh ip luc lao ddng nghe nghiep cCia giao vien nhu sau: 1/ Ap lue chuyen mdn nghe nghiep; 2/ Ap lUc tif cdng tac quin li, chinh sach giio dgc; 3/ Ap luc tU cac yeu cau cua xa hgi. Td dd, tim ra nhdng yiu to cd inh hudng, cd mii Hdn he tdi ap luc lao dgng nghe nghidp cija giio vidn tiSu hgc, lam cd sd de xuit cac bien phip giim ip luc phu hgp, hudng tdi ning cao chit luang day vi hgc trong cac nha trudng tiiu hgc Viet Nam.
TLf KHdA: Ap ILTC lao ddng nghe nghiep gl^o vien; gido vien t i i u hpc; gl^m dp li/c lao cTgnj nghe nghiep.
-» Nhan b^i 18/3/2020 •> Nhan bai da chinh sila 09/4/2020 •> Duyet dang 15/7/2020.
1. D$t van de
Trong b6i canh hien nay, vcri sir thay d6i cua xa hoi, sir biing n6 cua Cdch mang Ichoa hpc cdng nghe, sir hpi nhap ciia th£ giai, sir ti6n tri8n v6 tam sinh li nhan thiic hgc sinh (HS)... Tdt ca nhihig di6u d6 tao thanh nhu c4u biic thi8t cua xS. hgi tac d^ng d8n gido vien (GV), can hp phai thay d6i. Mat Ithac, y6u c§u cua cupe d6i men can ban, toan di6n giao due (GD) trong giai doan Cdch mang cong nghiep 4.0, dae bi$t yeu cdu d6i moi ve chuyen mon nghiep vu, su pham vil phong each, pham ehdt ngh6 nghiep d6i vdi GV... Nhung yeu cdu, doi hoi Ididch quan do CO thS tao nen nhimg thay doi tich cue cho GV, nhirag cung tao ra khong it nhiiTig ap l\ic cho hp. Chinh vi nhung dp l\rc lao dpng nghe nghiep (ALLDNN) dang co anh hudng khong nho toi chat lupng va hieu qua day hoc va GD ciia GV. Vdn de nay da dupe nhieu nha nghi6n ciiu GD, nhd quan li, GV quan tam va dua ra d nhi6u diln ddn, hpi thdo, de cdp dSn tinh trang ap l\rc, mpt so nguyen nhan va giai phap. Do do, danh gid thuc trang ALLDNN cua GV tieu hpc (TH) de lam ca sd cho vi?c tang cudng cdc bi$n phdp giam ALLDNN cho GV TH la mpt vi$c lam cap thiet. Bdi bdo sir dung so Hiu khdo sdt (c6 tien hanh khao sdt bo sung di mau dU l&n) cua nhifm v(* thu&ng xuyin theo chuc ndng cua Trung tam Phdt trien ben vung Chat lu^g GD pho thong quoc gia nam 2019: "ALLDNN cua GVphd thong" do TS Nguyin Thi ^i^** Oanh lam chu nhi$m.
2. N$i d u n g n g h i e n cuTu
2.1. Mpt s£ v^n d6 ve ap lire lao dpng nghe nghiep cua giao vien
Tnrdc het, can hieu the nao la nghe? Theo cae nha nghien
cmi ve GD nghe nghiep, NGHE (Trade/Occupation): Su phan cong lao dpng xa hpi cho moi ngudi. Qua lao dpng trong ITnh vuc dupe xa hpi phan cong, hp lao dpng de cong hi6n cho xa hpi va de nuoi song ban than, gia dinh (Nguyen Minh Dudng - Tu dien Bach khoa Tam li hpc- GD hpc Viet Nam, tr.640). Nhu vay, ngh6 nghi?p GV eo the hieu la sir phan cong lao dpng xa hpi cho ngudi GV.
Ngudi GV cong hien cho xa hpi bang day hpc va cung nuoi song ban than va gia dinh bang nghe day hpe.
GV la ngudi truyen lai cho ngudi hpc khong chi nhiing kinh nghiem tir xa xua, truyen cho ngudi hpc nhiing tri thiic mdi, hien dai ma con hinh thanh d ngudi hpc nhiing phdm chdt, nang lire thich ung vdi ddi song xa hpi hien tai. Ndi each khac, ngh6 day hpc la nghe dao tao, hinh thanh nhan each cho con ngudi mdi.
Sinh thdi, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da noi ve vi tri, vai tro ciia ngudi thay giao nhu sau: "Co gi ve vang hon la ddo tao nhirng thS he sau nay tich cue gop phan xay dung chii nghTa xa hpi va chu nghTa cpng san. Ngudi thdy tot - diay gido xiing dang thay gido - la ngudi ve vang nhat. Dii la ten tu6i khong dang tren bao, khong dupe thudng huan chuang, song nhiing ngudi thdy gido tot la nhihig anh himg vo danh. Ddy la mot dieu rat ve vang. Neu khong CO thdy gido day d6 cho con em nhan ddn thi lam sao ma xay dung chu nghTa xa hpi du^c? Vi vdy, nghe thay gido rdt quan trpng, rat ve vang. Ai co y kien khong diing ve ngh6 thay giao thi phai sira chira" (Ho Chi Minh, Bai noi vdi can bp, HS Tnrdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi ngay 21 thang 10 nam 1964 - H6 Chi Minh v^ vdn de GD.
NXB GD 1990, tr.23). Noi d^n day hpc, thucmg ngudi ta hay ndi dkn thdy day ai? Dieu nay lien quan den HS.
Thdy day cai gi? Di^u nay lien quan den npi dung day
Sfi 32 ttiSng 8/2020 4 i
NGHlgNCUTULfLUAN
hoc - den nha trudng. Nhu vdy, ngudi ta se thdy 3 thdnh to rat ca bdn ciia day hpe, do la nha trudng, GV va HS.
Ba thanh to nay eo moi lien he chat che vdi nhau, tde dpng qua lai vai nhau, dan xen, tac dpng true ti6p d6n nhau va chiu anh hudng cua nhau. Nha mjdng tao dung dupe moi tnrdng GD t6t se lam cho GV thdy thoai mai, hang say vdi cong viec gidng day. HS cham ngoan, chiu kho hpc tap se tao cho thay giao ham me cong viec, yeu nghe, yeu ngudi. Vi vay, ap luc hay khong ap luc, lao dpng nghe nghipp cua GV phu thupc rdt nhilu vao cac moi quan h^ nay".
Ap lire nghe nghiep la loai dp lire dung hang ddu trong nhimg loai dp luc doi vdi ngudi trudng thanh. Ap lire ngh6 nghiep ciia GV la trai nghiem cua GV vg nhijmg cam xiic tieu cue nhu sir cang thang, sir lo lang, si^ tiic gian, sir chan nan,...bat ngu6n tir cong viec day hpc. Ap lire d day duoc hieu theo nghia nhimg tac dpng khach quan, khong thuan lai gay ra nhimg kho khdn, cdng thang cd ve vat chdt, tinh than cho GV. Chiing toi chia cac bieu hien ap l\rc cho GV pho thong thanh 3 nhom chinh nhu sau:
- Ap lire tir yeu cdu ve chuyen mon nghe nghiep: Ap luc tu yeu edu doi mdi ciia chuong trinh, sdch gido khoa va phuang phdp, hinh thirc day hpc, ve danh gia HS; Ap lire tao ra tir yeu cdu ca sd vat chdt chua dap ung vdi viec thuc hipn muc tieu GD tai nha trudng; Ap lire trong cong tac day hpc va GD HS; Ap lire tir yeu cau ndng cao, cap nhat nang l^rc cong nghe thong tin.
- Ap lire tif qudn li, ehinh sdch: Nhiing dp luc trong eong tde hdnh ehinh (ho sa, so sach...); Nhung dp lire tir cac hoat dpng, cae phong trao thi dua; Nhimg dp lyc tir yeu cau phat trien chuyen mon theo yeu edu ciia chudn nghe nghipp GV; Nhimg ap lire do thidu ddn ehii, khong cd quyen chu dpng trong eong tac day hpc vd GD; Ap luc tu ca che quan li GD.
- Ap lue lit yeu cdu cua xd hgi: Ap luc cua GV tir nhu cau xa hpi; Ap luc nghe nghipp cua GV tir cac moi quan he xa hpi.
2.2. SJili^u vd phtidng phdp nghien ciiru 2,2.1. Muc tieu, npi dung va phUPng phap nghien cufu Nhi?m vi^ trpng tam cua nghien cuu la thiet ke bp cong cu CO dp tin cay va dp hieu lyc dap ung cdc tieu chudn do ludng dS nghien ciiu thyc trang ALLDNN eua GV TH.
Mvc dich ciia bp cong cu la ddnh gia, phan loai nhdm phdt hi?n nhiJng ap lyc co anh hudng Idn tdi GV TH.
Chung toi tien hanh xay dyng bp cong cu khao sat gom cdc tieu thang do dudi d^ng thang Likert 4 mire dp.
Trong do, co 3 tieu thang do dang 1; khdng dp lue, dp lire mgt ehdt, dp lue, rdt dp lue dimg de khao sat y kien eiia ede GV ve cdc thdnh phdn ciia ALLDNN (Ap lyc tu chuyen mon nghS nghiep; Ap lyc tir qudn ti, chinh sach;
Ap lye tir yeu cau xd hpi), cd 3 tieu thang do d ^ g 2:
khdng ddngy. ddngy mdt chut, ddngy, rdt ddngy diing
dk khao sdt y ki^n cua GV ve nhirag nguyen nhdn, nhihi|
anh hudng tieu cuc/tich eye tir nhifiu phia va nhiing de xudt bien phdp ling pho. giam ALLDNN cho GV TH, do thu da danh gid do tin c?y, dp hieu lyc. tap huan dieu fra va do dai tra. So lipu thu dupe se duac xu h bdng phan mgm SPSS 20.
Chiing toi ti6n hanh khdo sat tren 401 GV day TH d cac tnidng TH tai cac tnrdng TH thupc hai vimg (thanh thj, mien mii) d cac tinh Ha Npi, Nam Dinh. Lao Cai, Ngh?
An, Yen Bdi, Kon Turn, VTnh Phuc bang cac phuong phap di6u tra bdng bang hdi, phong van sdu, thong ke toan hpc da xii li kat qua khao sat. D6i tuang khao sat thupc khu vyc thanh thj la 128 GV, ehiem 31.90%, trong do CO 08 nam, 120 nii. Khu vuc miSn mii la 68 GV, ehiem 17.00%, trong do cd 18 nam, 50 nil. Khu vuc nong thon;
205 GV, chiam 51.10%, trong do co 26 nam, 179 nii. Cdc ddi tupng khao sat trong dp tu6i lam viec theo quy djnh chu y6u la ddn tpc Kinh, co trinh dp tir trung edp, cao dang, dai hpc vd sau dai hpc. Trong dd, trinh dp dai hpc cd 286 ngudi, chiSm 71.30%. Cac ddi tupmg dau Id GV day cde mon ca ban va chuyen biet cap TH, dan trdi deu d cac kh6i tir ldp 1 dan ldp 5, bao gdm cd doi tupng mdi ra trudng (01 ndm) va ea doi tuang da co tham nian lau nam gidng day (30 ndm).
2.2.2. Ket qua danh gia dp tin cay cua bp cong cu Bai bdo sii dung phuang phdp danh gid muc dp tucmg quan gifla cae item trong cimg mian do, sit dyng mo hinh tuang quan Cronbach Alpha. Dp tin cay ciia timg tiau thang do duoc coi id thdp nau he s6 Cronbach alpha
<0,04. Dp tin cdy eiia ed thang do dugc coi id thap neu h?
sd Cronbach alpha < 0,60.
Kat qud kiam dinh su tin cdy cdc nhdn td trong mo hinh khdo sat cho thdy, tdt cd cdc nhdn to dua vdo md hinh deu dat dupe tinh tin cdy. He so Cronbrach's Alpha deu 16n han 0.8 (nhd nhdt vdi bian phu thupe dp lyre tit yeu cau xa hgi cd he so Cronbach's Alpha bdng 0.801). Dieu do cho thay, tat ca cac bien quan sat deu dupe chap nhan v^
se dupe sir dung trong phan tich nhdn tfl tiSp theo, 2.2.3. Danh gia dp hieu ii/c cua bo cong cu
Mpt bp cong cy khdo sat tot, ngoai dp tin c^y tdt, cdn phai CO dp hieu lye tdt. Da danh gia dp hieu lyc, nhi?m vy diing phuong phap phan tich yau tfl. Kgt qua phan tich yeu to cho thay, bp cdrig cy cd dp hi^u lye khd tdt. Chi so nhd nhdt giiia mdi iikn thang do tran toan bp thang do thdp nhdt la 0.865". Cae item trong timg tigu thang do c6 tinh ehat ddng hucmg (cimg thupc vk mpt factor) - tiic li eung mpt thdnh td. Digm so cac tiau thang do c6 tuong quan thudn kha ch$t che. Diau nay phii hpp vdi thyc leva phdn dnh diing quan h? mong muon, duyc gid thiet trong eau tnic eua phep do. Cac kat qud phan tich tren sd li?u cho thay, cdc thang do trong bp cong cy khdo sdt ve thyc 44 TAP CHI KHOA HQC GIAO DIJC VIET NAM
tr^ng ALLDNN ciia GV TH, vk ca bdn ddm bdo cdc dac tinh thiat ka vd cac ddc tinh do ludng. Hdu hat cac item/
cdc thang do dau dam bao dp tin cdy vd dp hieu lyc.
2,3. ThUc trang ap lUc tao dpng nghe nghiep cua giao vien lieu hpc
2.3.1. ThUc trang mUc do anh hUdng cua cdc nhom ap luc Bk danh gia miic dfl dnh hudng ciia cac nhdm dp lyc dan GV TH, ehiing toi lap bang hoi cho 3 nhom ap lyc (Ap lyc tir chuyan mon ngha nghiep; Ap lyc tii qudn li, chinh sdch; Ap lyc tir yau edu xa hoi) dudi dang 3 tilu thang do theo 4 mite khdng dp luc, dp li^c mgt chiit, dp B^ng 1: So sanh dp lUc lao dpng nghe nghiep cOa GV theo trinh dp
lire, rdt dp lue de GV ty danh gia. Dya tren so lieu cau trd ldi thu thdp duac de tim moi lian he vd sy khdc biet giiia timg nhom dp lyc theo khu vuc, theo dp tufli, theo gidi tinh, theo tham nien, theo trinh dp.
Qua ket qua khdo sat, hau nhu khong co sy khdc biet gifla cde nhan dinh d cac viing mien khde nhau, trung binh 91.5% GV ca ba viing mien cho rang, hp dang phdi chiu ALLDNN trong qua trinh cdng tac, trong do khu vuc thdnh thi co 118 ngudi, chilm 92.2%; khu vyc miln nui CO 59 ngudi, chiam 86,8%, khu vuc nong thdn cd 190 ngudi, chiam 92,7%. Co 04 ngudi thupc khu vyc thanh thi, 06 ngudi khu vyc mien niii va 09 ngudi khu
Nh6m Ap lUc til chuyen miin nghe nghiep
Nh6m dp li^c tif qu^n li, ctilnh sdch
Nh6m dp luc til ygu cdu xa Tmng cap Cao ddng Dai hQC Sau Dai hQC Trung c3p Cao d^ng D^i hQC Sau Dai hQC Tmng cdp Cao d^ng 0^1 hQC Sau Oai hQC
6 102 286 7 6 102 286 7 6 102 286 7
Diem trung binh 2.759 2.129 2.241 2.270 2.944 2.528 2 603 2.778 3.600 2.800 3.012 3.229
Do lech chuan 0.672 0.618 0.657 0.970 0.595 0.700 0.697 0.893 0.456 0.711 0.692 0 743
- 0.329
- 0.709
- 0 796
Diei isij.j I
0.095
0.404
0 005
Bdng 2: Multiple Compatisons/ Dependent Variable: aplucXH/ LSD
(1) trinh do (J) trinh do Mean DiHerence (l-J) Std. Ettor Sig. 95% Confidence Intetval Lowet Bound Upper Bound
Trung cap
Cao dang
Cao dang Dai hoc Sau dai hoc Trung cap Dai hoc Sau dai hoc
.80000*
. 5 8 7 4 1 * .37143 - 8 0 0 0 0 * -.21259*
- 42857
.29195 .28668 .38665 .29195 .08015 .27154
.006 .041 .337 .006 .008 .115
.2260 .0238 -.3887 -1.3740 -.3702 - 9 6 2 4
1.3740 1.1510 1.1316 -.2260 -.0550 .1053 Tmng cap
Cao dang Sau dai hoc Tmng cap Sau dai hoc Cao dang
.417 -.3067 .7387
*. The mean difference is significant al the 0.05 level.
S6 32 thdng a/2020 45
NGHlENCCTULfLUAN
vyc nflng thdn cho rdng, hien nay GV khflng phdi chiu ALLDNN va cd tflng sd 14 ngudi d ca ba khu vyc cdn phan van va chua dua ra y kiln cua minh.
Ket qua so sdnh dilm trung bmh tren eac tilu thang do ALLDNN cua GV khflng thay cd su khdc biet vl dilm trung binh giua cac vimg miln, giua nam vd nu, gifla cdc do tuoi. Dilu do cd nghia la, ALLDNN khong phan biet viing mien, cung khflng phdn biet gidi tinh va khong phdn biet dfl tudi.
Tuy nhian, khi so sanh diem trung binh tran cdc tieu thang do ALLDNN cua GV theo trinh dp (xem Bang 1 va Bang 2) cho thdy, c6 sy khde biet ro ret d nhdm dp lire tir yeu cau xa hoi (sig. = 0.005 < 0.05). Trong do, GV co trinh dp trung cdp cho rang, co nhieu dp lyc hem GV co trinh do eao dang va dai hpc (Mean Difference > 0), GV cd trinh dp cao ddng thdy ft dp lyc han GV ed trinh dp dai hpc (Mean Difference < 0).
Dong thdi, ket qua khao sat ciing cho thay co sy khdc biet rd ret ve diem trung binh theo tham nien cflng tac d nhdm dp luc tic qudn li. chinh sdch (sig. = 0.027 < 0.05).
Trong dd, cac GV cd tir 1 din 5 ndm cdng tde chiu it dp lyc hem cdc GV cd tham nien tir 11 den 20 ndm edng tac (Mean Difference < 0); Cac GV co so nam cong tac tir 16 den 20 nam chiu nhiau dp luc hon cac GV cong tde tir 21 den 30 ndm. Cac dp tuoi khdc khdng cd sy khdc biet theo tham nien d nhdm dp mfli khac.
2.3.2. Nhan dinh cua giao vien ve mUc dp cac nguyen nhan gay nen ap luc lao dong nghe nghiep cho giao vien
Chiing toi khao sat, lay y kien ve mire dp dong y cua GV ve mpt so yau td khdc cd the Id nguyen nhan gay nan ALLDNN eho GV hay khflng, cd 17 yeu to nhu sau:
- Khflng du thdi gian de tien hanh doi mdi each day hpc, hudng ddn HS tu hpe, ...
- Chua dupe tap hudn ve ddi mdi phuang phdp, bfli duong nang cao ndng lyc chuyan mfln.
- Ndi dung vd each thiic tap huan cho GV chua phu hop.
- Giang day khdng dung chuyen mdn dupe ddo tao.
- Tdn nhieu thdi gian chuan bi bai, cham bai theo each day hpc mdi.
- Tfln nhieu thdi gian hoan thien sd sach theo each ddnh gid mdi.
- Co sd vat chat, phong hpc bp mon khong dii dilu kien de giang day theo yeu cdu ddi mdi.
- Cdc chi tieu dd ddng ki vdi nha tnrdng qud cao so vdi kha nang cua HS.
- Mfli trudng ldm vi^e d trudng thieu cdng bdng, dan chii.
- Ddp ung theo cac yeu cau ve nang cao ndng luc nghi nghipp. chudn nghi nghipp.
- ST so HS qua dflng kho quan li.
- Nhieu HS khdng ton trpng, nghe ldi GV.
40 TAP CHi KHOA HQC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
- Lo sg du ludn vd xii li.
- Ngai tim hilu va dfli mdi phuong phdp da> hpc/siicy
GV/ngai thay doi. . - Ban than GV khflng ddp ung vl chuyen mfln da gidng
- Ban than GV khd kilm sodt cdc tinh hudng. sy co xdy ra tran ldp.
- Chua dupe ddo tao, bfli dudng \ I each ung pho voi cde dp lyc tu nhieu phia.
Vdi 04 miic do rtr Khdng dflng y, Ddng y 01 phdn, Ddng y vd Rdt dong y trong cau hdi, ket qud dfl li?u cho thdy, cd sy dong nhdt vl nhdn dinh ciia GV d ea ba khu vyc vl cdc nguyen nhan gdy nan dp lyc cho GV.
Co hai nguyen nhan la: Giang day khflng diing chuyan mdn dupe dao tao vd Ban than GV khdng dap img v6 chuyen mfln dl gidng day deu dupe GV d ed ba khu v\rc lya chpn Khdng dflng y d miic hon 70%. Nguyen nhdn Ca sd vdt chdt, phdng hpc bp mfln khflng du dieu ki?n de giang day theo yau cau ddi mdi nhdn dupe nhiau sy dflng y vd rat dflng y cua GV d ed ba khu vye so vdi ck nguyan nhdn khde.
Cac GV d ca 3 khu vuc co ket qua nhan dinh gan tuong duong vdi nhau dfli vdi nguyen nhan Tdn nhiiu thai gian chudn bi bdi, chdm bdi theo cdch day hoc m&i (15.6%;
16.2%; 17.1% GV khong dflng y; 35.2%; 50.0%; 31.7%
GV dflng y mpt phdn; 35.2%; 20.6%; 37.6% GV dflng y;
va 14.1%; 13.2%; 13.7% GV rdt dflng y). Dilu ndy cung xay ra dfli vdi cdc nguyen nhan: Mfli trudng ldm vi?c 6 trudng thiau cdng bdng, dan ehu; Ngai tim hiau va doi mdi phucmg phap d?y hpe/siic y GV/ngai thay doi; Lo so du ludn va xii li; Ban thdn GV kho kilm sodt cdc tinh hudng, sy cfl xay ra tren ldp.
Ben canh mpt sd nhan dinh trimg nhau vl cdc nguyen nhdn gay nen ap luc nghi nghiep eho GV, cdc sfl li^u phdn tich ciing cho ra mpt sfl kit qua thi hifn sy khdc nhau ve nhdn dinh ciia GV d mfli viing mian doi vdi cac nguyen nhan gay nen dp lyc nghi nghifp. Dieu do the hien ro nhdt d ede Items: Nhiiu HS khdng tdn trpng, nghe l&i GV (ti le chpn Khdng ddng y d khu vyc mien mii chi 5.9% trong khi hai khu vuc cdn lai Id 16.4% va 20.5%); STsd HS qua ddng khd gudn li (ti ip chpn R^
ddng y d thanh thi la 20.3% cao han hdn so vdi 2 khu vyc con lai, chi cd 8.8% vd 6.3%); Khdng du th&igiandi tien hdnh ddi m&i cdeh day hge, hu&ng din HS tti hgc....
(Ti 1? chenh lech vimg miln eung tuong tu nguyan nhto vl sT sd HS).
Tir phan tich d yen, chiing ta cd thi chia nhflm cic nguyan nhan gdy nen ALLDNN theo thu bac gidm din va mirc dp anh hudng nhu sau:
- Nhdm 1 (Co sy dflng thuan ciia GV cdc vimg mien):
(NN7) Ca sd vdt chat, phdng hpc bp mdn khflng dii difa kipn da gidng day theo yeu cau dfli mdi.
- Nhdm 2 (GV nhan dinh nrong duang): {NN6) Too
nhilu thdi gian chudn bi bai, chdm bdi theo each d^y hpe mdi; (NN9) Mdi trudng ldm viec d trudng thilu cong bdng, ddn ehu; (NNI3) Lo sg du ludn vd xii H; (NN14) Ng?ii tim hiau vd ddi mdi phuang phdp d?iy hpe/siic y GV/ngai thay dfli; (NN16) Ban than GV kho kilm sodt cac tinh hudng, su cfl xdy ra tren Idp.
- Nhdm 3 (Cd su phan tan ve y kian GV d cac viing nailn): (NNl) Khdng dii thdi gian da tian hanh ddi mdi each day hpc, hudng dan HS tu hpc,... ; (NN2) Chua dupe t^p hudn ve doi mdi phuong phap, bfli dudng nang cao nang lyc chuyen mdn; (NN3) Nfli dung vd each thiic tap hudn cho GV chua phii hpp; (NN5) Tfln nhiau thdi gian ehuan bi bai, cham bai theo cdch day hpc mdi;
(NN8) Cdc chi tieu da ddng ki vdi nha trudng qud eao so vdi khd ndng cua HS; (NNIO) Dap img theo cae yeu eau ve nang cao nang luc nghe nghiep, chudn ngha nghiep;
(NNIl) ST sfl HS qua ddng kho qudn li; (NN12) Nhilu HS khflng tfln trpng, nghe ldi GV; (NN17) Chua duac ddo tao, bfli dudng ve each img pho vdi cac dp lye tir nhieu phia.
Nhom 4 (da sd GV khdng dflng y): (NN4) Gidng day khong diing chuyen mon dupe dao tao; (NN15) Bdn than GV khflng dap ung ve chuyen mfln de gidng day.
2.3.3. Nhan dinh cua gido vien ve mUc So dnh hu6ng cua cac dp luc tu nhieu phia tfoi vdi giao vien nol rieng va nganh Gido due ndi Chung
Vdi 12 yau to (Items) nham khdo sdt nhan dinh cua GV ve miic dp dnh hudng cua dp lyc tii nhieu phia ddi vdi GV va nganh GD ndi chung bao gdm: (1) Lam cho GV tich eye hpc hdi, ty bdi dudng chuyen mfln; (2) Ndng lyc chuyen mon ciia GV duac phdt trien; (3) Chdt lupng GD toan difn d nha trudng dupe nang cao; (4) Kat qua hpc t^p ciia HS cao hon d cac ki thi chuyen edp; (5) Vi the ciia GV vd nha truong dupfc nang len; (6) Mdi quan hf thay - trd gdn gui, thdn thien han; (7) Mdi trudng ldm vifc cflng bdng, minh bach hon; (8) Hoang mang, lo ldng, mkt phuang hudng trong day hpe; (9) Thyc hien vi?c ddnh gid HS de dai, ddi pho vd hinh thiic; (10) Lam cho GV chan nan, mat ldng tin vao nghe day hpc; (11) GV vd nha trudng e ngai, ne tranh xu li cac hdnh vi sai ph?m cua HS; (12) Mufln bo nghe, chuyen sang cflng vifc khdc.
Nhihig nhan dinh ve tdm anh hudng do dp lyc tu nhieu phia ddi vdi GV va ngdnh GD, da cd nhiing nhdn dinh khflng dflng deu gifla GV khu vyc mien mii va GV khu vyc thdnh thi. Quan sdt sfl lipu trong bdng tdng hpp d tren, cfl thi nhdn thdy ti If GV rdt dflng y vdi nhirng anh hudng tich eye ma dp lyc tu nhieu phia mang lai d khu vyc thanh thi (thdp nhdt id 3.9% va cao nhdt la 7.8%), thdp han han so vdi khu vyc miln mii (thap nhat la 7.4%
va cao nhdt la 11.8%) nhung nhin chung van cao hon khu vyc ndng thdn (Cae ti If lya chpn ehi tu 3.9% dan 5.9%).
Rieng yeu td anh hudng tieh cue sfl (7) Mdi tnr&ng ldm viec cdng bdng, minh bach han co ti le rat dflng y dflng deu d ca ba khu vyc (6.3%; 7.4%; 5.4%).
O chiau ngupc lai, sfl lieu khao sdt cho thay ti le GV rat dflng y vdi nhiing anh huong tieu eye ma ap luc tir nhieu phia mang lai d khu vyc thanh thj va ndng thon eao hem han so vdi khu vyc mien mii. Tuy nhian, ti If GV lya chpn ddng y vdi nhirng dnh huong nay d khu vyc thanh thi va mian nui cao hon han khu vyc ndng thon.
2.4. De xuat mot so bien phap giam ap lUc lao d^ng nghe nghiep cua giao vien tieu hoc
2.4.1. Cdc bien phdp de xuat nham giam ap tUc lao dpng nghe nghiep cho giao vien
- Tdng cudng bdi dudng, tap huan nang cao ndng luc GV ve chuang trinh, sach giao khoa va phuang phdp day hpc theo dinh hudng phat trien nang luc;
- Ddi mdi ve danh gia HS, myen sinh cac Idp ddu cap;
- Ddp ling yeu cdu ca sd vat chat de thuc hifn cac hoat ddng day hpc vd GD lai nhd trudng;
- Gidm dau sfl sach, bdo eao hanh chinh;
- Giam bdt cde cupe thi danh cho GV, HS va cdc phong trao thi dua;
- Xem xet lai viec tfl chiie thi thang hang GV;
- Tang cudng phdi hpp giua gia dinh, nha trudng vd cflng ddng trong viec GD HS;
- Tdng eudng hoat dflng hpp tde, sy tham gia cua gia dinh, cflng ddng vao cac hoat dflng, phong trao cua nhd trudng;
- Tdng cudng cung cap thflng tin, trao dfli gifla GV (nha trudng) vol cha me HS dl thdo gd cac vudng mac, hieu rd hon ve ndng lyc cua HS;
- Bfli duong, ddo tao, hudng din vl cac kl thudt xir Ii dp lye cho GV;
- Hpe each qudn li eac cang thdng cd anh hudng tich eye den sy phat trien ciia GV, HS;
- Tang cudng trao dfli, chia se hpc hfli theo trudng, cym trudng vl each gidi quylt cdc van de gdy ra ALLDNN;
- Xdy dung mang ludi hfl tra cho cdc trudng hpc de xir li cac vdn d l gay nan ap lyc lien quan den cdng viec cua GV.
2.4.2. Khao sat mUc dp dong y ve cac de xuat, kien nghj cac bien phap de co the gidm cac ap tUc lao dong nghe nghiep cua giao vien tieu hoc
Khi danh gid mdi tuong quan giua ALLDNN eiia GV vdi cac bifn phdp duac dl xudt nhdm gidm thieu ALLDNN, kit qud cho thdy chi cd bien phap Tdng eu&ng boi du&ng. tap hudn ndng cao ndng lue GV ve chucmg trinh, sdch gido khoa va phuang phdp day hgc theo dinh hu&ng phat trien ndng luc khdng co mfli lien he tdi ALLDNN cua GV (Sig. = 0.191 > 0.05). Ngodi ra, bifn phap Tdng cir&ng trao ddi. chia se hgc hdi theo
So 32 ttiang a/2020 n
NGHIEN CUTULI LUAN
truang. ciim tru&ng ve cdeh giai quyit vdn di gdy ra ALLDNN cd mdi lien he nhung cd dnh hudng khflng nhieu tdi ALLDNN eua GV (sig. = 0.011 < 0.05). Cac bien phap cdn lai deu ed mfli tucmg quan thuan va ehat che vdi ALLDNN cua GV (sig. = 0). Dac bift la, 3 bien phap Gidm b&t cdc cuge thi ddnh cho GV, HS vd cdc phong trao thi dua; Xem xet lai viec td chuc thi thdng hgng GV; Tdng cu&ng phdi hgrp giira gia dinh, nha tru&ng va cdng ddng trong viee GD HS (He so tucmg quan Pearson tir 0.431" din 0.456"). Vi vay, viec tang cudng trian khai cdc bien phdp nay se giiip gidm ddng ka ALLDNN cho GV TH.
3. Ket luan
Kit qua khdo sdt thyc tr^ng ALLDNN GV TH dya tren 3 loai hinh dp lyc lao dpng nghe nghiep cua GV gom: (1) Ap luc chuyen mdn nghe nghiep; (2) Ap luc tir edng tde qudn li, chinh sdch GD; (3) Ap lue tir cdc yeu cau ciia xd hdi cho thdy: Ba nhom dp lyc lao dflng ngha nghiep ciia GV TH deu co ti le manh - yeu nhat dinh trong mdi
nhdm, phdn anh rd thue trang hifn nay eiia nhdm GV dupe khdo sdt. ALLDNN khdng phan biet viing mien cijng khdng phan bift gioi tmh va khong phan bift dg tuoi nhung co sy khdc biet vl dp luc tir cdc yeu cdu xa hdi theo trinh dg cim GV Ddng thdi, tuy theo sd nam edng tde ma GV chiu dp lyc khdc nhau ve edng tde qudn li, ehinh sdch.
Kit qud khdo sat cdn ddnh gia dupe mfli tuong quan thuan giua ALLDNN ciia G V TH vdi cde bifn phdp duyc dl xudt nham giam ALLDNN cho GV. Hdu hit cdc bifn phdp dua ra diu dupe GV dong y, trong dd phai kl din cac bifn phap cd mfli tuong quan chat che nhat Id Gidm b&t ede eupc thi danh cho GV, HS va cdc phong trao thi dua; Xem xet lai viec to chitc thi thdng hgng GV;
Tdng cu&ng phoi hap giUa gia dinh. nha tru&ng vd cpng dong trong viec GD HS. Cdc kit qua nghian ciiu thtrc trang nay cd thi lam ca sd da de xuat cac bifn phdp giam ALLDNN ciia GV TH cy thi han, khd thi han, hudng tdi ndng cao chdt lupmg day vd hpc trong ede nhd tnrdng TH d Viet Nam.
T&i lifu tham khao
[1] Bp Giao dye va Diio tao, (7/2017), Chuong trinh Gido due tong thi (trong Chuong trinh Gido due pho thong m&i). Ha N^i.
[2] T6 Bd Tmong, (2018), Ap luc lao dgng nghe nghiep cua gido viin pho thong hipn nay:Thirc trgng. Nguyin nhdn vd Gidi phdp, Vifn Nghien ciiu Hpp tac Phat trien giao dQC.
[3] Phan VSn Kha, (2018), Bdo cdo di ddn Ap lire lao dpng nghe nghipp cda gido viin pho thong hiin nay: Thuc trgng - Nguyen nhdn - Gidi phdp, Ki yiu HOi thao khoa
hQC Ap lyc lao d^ng nghe nghiep ciia gi^o vien pho th6ng hifn nay: Thirc trang, nguyen nhan vd gidi phdp, LiSn hifp cac hOi Khoa hpc va KI thu^t Vift Nam, Vifn NgbiSo cmi Hop lac Phdt trien Gido dye.
Nguyen Thj Kieu Oanh, (2019), Ap life lao dgng nghe nghipp eua gido vien pho thdng, Nhifm vy thu&ng xuyen theo chiic nang, Tnmg tam Phdt trien bin vihig Ch&
lupng gido dye phd thong quoc gia, \^fo Khoa hpc Giio dye Vift Nam.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL PRESSURES OF PRIMARY TEACHERS
Phung Thi Thu Trang
The Vietnam National Institute of Educational Sciences 52 Ueu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Viebiam Email: thutrangcgd@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Professional pressures of teachers are understood as the effects of unfavorable conditions on the individual working process, w/i*rf) causing difficulties and stresses on material, physical, mental, time and work; putting the subjects disturbed and anxious'. The paper examines the current status of the primary teachers' professional pressures which are categorized into 3 types as follows: (1) Pressure from occupational requirements: (2) Pressure from management, and education policies:
(3) Pressure from social demands The results of this survey can sen/e as a basis for further studies and measures to reduce the occupational pressure for primary teachers in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning at primary schools in Vietnam.
KEYWORDS: Protessional pressures of t e K h e r s ; primary teachers- reduciM professional pressures.
4,S TAP CHi KHOA HQC GlAO O'JC VlfT NAM