Van hoa Dong Son trong boi canh van hoa tien svt khu virc Nam Trung Qu6c va Dong Nam A
Trinh Ndng Chung Tom tit: Bai viet danh gid vi tri va vai tro cua van hda Ddng San trong v3n hda tien su khu vyc Nam Tnmg Quic va Dong Nam A. Van hoa - vdn minh Dong Son I^ mpt trung tam kim khi mgnh d khu vyc Dong Nam A ducmg thdi. Giai doan van hda Dong Son phat triin, ngoai dang nha nude so khai Van Lang - Au Lgc d mien Bac Vipt Nam, thi hau nhu khip viing Dong Nam A chua co nha nude so khai nao khac dugc th^nh l$p.
Su lan toa ciia tring ding Dong Son, mpt m§t minh chGng cho sy anh hudng sau sac cua v5n hoa Dong Son d Dong Nam A, m§t khac tring ding Dong Son dugc xem nhu nhung bieu tupng quyen lye va gin vdi sy hinh thanh nha nude sdm d Dong Nam A.
TG kh6a: Van hoa Dong Son; Nam Trung Quic; D6ng Nam A.
1. Bat van de
Vdn hda Ddng Son cd vj tii, y nghia ddc bipt tiong Ijeh sG Vipt Nam, Id nen tang cho rapt nhd nude so khai, nhd nude Vdn Lang - Au Lgc vdi trinh dg vdn minh cao d khu vyc Ddng Nam A vd cd khu vyc phia nam ddy Ngu LTnh duong thdi.
Trong qud trinh phdt trien, vdn hod Ddng Son khdng ddng kin ma hdp thy nhieu ndt vdn hod xa gin. Vdn hod Ddng San cd nhiing moi giao luu van hod rpng Idn, bdi ddy ta mit vdn hod day sue sdng, bdn ITnh, tiong qua trinh giao luu vdn hod, cd sy tod sdng vd ciing cd sy tiep nhgn.
Bai viet ndy ddnh gid vj tri vd vai trd cua vdn hda Ddng Son teong vdn hda tidn sG khu vyc Nam Trung Qudc vd Ddng Nam A.
2. Vdn hda Dong Scm voi khu vyc Nam Trung Quoc
2.1. Cdc nhd khoa hgc dd chGng minh, vi diiu kipn ty nhidn miin Bdc Vipt Nam vd mien Nam Trung Qudc cd chung nhiiu ndt tuong ddng. Diing vd cdu tao dja chit cung nhu dja hinh dja mgo, vung Nam Trung Quic gdn liin vdi khu vyc Ddng
Nam A lye dja nhieu hon Id vdi khu vyc phia Bdc Tmdng (jiang. Ljch su dia chit cho thiy vimg nui vd cao nguyen phia Bic Vipt Nam thyc chdt Id diera cudi cimg v^
phia ddng nam cua cao nguydn Van Quy.
Khi hau giiia hai khu vyc vi co ban khi giing nhau, diu thudc khi hdu d nhipt ddi vd nhipt ddi gid miia. Chinh nhGng d$c diem nay dd gdp phdn khdng nhd tgo ndn nhiing ddc tnmg van hod gin gui giGa hai vimg trong sudt thdi tidn sG vd so sG.
Cho den nay da ed the khing djnh moi giao luu, tiep xuc vdn hod nhieu chidu giiia khu vyc Bic Vipt Nam vdi khu vyc Nam Trung Quoc tiong thdi tien sG. Trong thdi dai dd d cd hai khu vuc diu tdn tai cdc van hda tmyen thdng dd cupi. Cdc cdng cy kieu Ngudm, Son Vi vd Hda Binh diu cd mdt ct hai viing [1].
Ddn giai dogn hdu ky dd mdi, sy lidn kit cac vdn hda d hai khu vyc ndi tren cdng dugc diy mgnh. Day Id thdi ky hinh thanh ''* Ph6 gido su, tiin sT, Vi^n KhAo ci hpc.
DT: 0913012270. Email; trinhnangchung@gmail.com.
Trinh Nang Chung khdi tpc ngudi Bdch Viet d khu vyc Nam
Trung Qudc vd vimg Bdc Bp Viet Nam.
Moi tdc ngudi diu ed bdn sic vdn hda rieng trdn nen tang nhGng dae diim van hda chung cGa khdi Bdch Viet.
2.2. Budc sang thdi ky kim khi, chiing ta chiing kidn quy lugt phdt tiiin khdng ddng ddu teong ljch sG. Tgi khu vyc Vdn Nam vd Bac Vipt Nam vdi nhiing diiu kipn ty nhidn thudn Igi, Igi sdn khodng kim logi mdu nen cd didu kipn phdt triin rtiianh hon cac vimg Qudng Tay, Qudng Ddng va Quy Chdu.
Khu vyc Van Nam budc vao thdi dgi kim khi vao thdi Hg Thuong so ky (khoang tiii ky XX - XVII tmac Cdng Nguydn (ti.CN)) [2]. Vung Quang Tdy ehinh thGc budc vdo thdi dgi kim khi vdo thdi Xudn Thu vdn ky (tiii ky VI te.CN) [3].
Khu vyc Qudng Ddng budc vdo thai dgi kim khi vdo cuii thdi Chu (thi ky IX ti.CN) [4]. Thdi diem md ddu vdn hda kim khi Quj? Chdu vdo khodng thdi Xudn Thu so ky (till ky VIII - VII tr.CN) [5]. Din nay, d nhGng khu vyc teen da phdt hipn hdng trdm di tich thudc thdi dgi kim khi.
Khu vyc Bdc Vipt Nam budc vao thdi dgi kim khi vao khoang thd ky XX - XXI ti.CN, md diu bdng vdn hda Phiing Nguydn. Vdi nhGng dG li^u khoa hpc trdn ehiing ta thiy khu vyc Bde Vipt Nam budc vdo thdi dai kim khi sdm hon nhung vung trdn d Nam Trung Qudc. Didm dang chu y Id todn bg cae khu vyc ke tedn ddu khdng trdi qua giai dogn ding dd ma budc thing vdo giai dogn ddng thau.
Din nay, khdo ci hgc Vi$t Nam dd xdc l$p dugc hp thing vdn hda Tien Ddng Son - Ddng Son. (i Vdn Nam, Qudng Tdy, Qudng Ddng vd Quy Chdu van ehua xdc lap duge hp thing vdn hda khdo cd giing nhu he thing Tiin Ddng Son - Ddng Son d Bdc Vipt Nam. Nhung, trdn co ting vdn hda bdn
dia, toan bp nhiing vimg trdn dd huih thanh nhiing vimg van hda ridng ddc sdc vd phdt triin lidn tyc tG thdi dgi ding thau sang thdi dai sat sdm.
Dya vdo nhiing tdi lidu hidn cd cho thiy dnh hudng cua vdn hod Ddng Son tdi vung Qudng Tdy ed ve true tiip hon, sdi d^ng hon so vdi cae vimg khdc. Mii quan he ndy Id true tiep, ed anh hudng qua Igi. Tdi lipu khdo cd hgc d cdc dia diim Ngdn Son LTnh, Phi Da, Oa Cdi LTnh... cho thdy, vdn hda Ddng Son cd mdi quan he vdi van hda kim khi Qudng Tdy tG rdt sdm, vdo so ky Chiin Quic (thi ky V tr.CN). d nhung vGng khac, sy tiep xGc Ddng Son cd mupn hon chut it.
Cdc nhd khao ei hoe Trung Quic coi Ngdn Son LTnh Id di tich vdn hod tieu biiu eiia nhdm Tdy Au (Au Vipt) teong khdi Bdch Viet vung LTnh Nam [6, tt.86 - 104]. Dya vdo tdi lipu khdo cd hpc Ngdn Son LTnh cd the xdc nhgn ddy la su gdp gd ddu tien eua eu ddn Lac Viet miin Bic Vi^t Nam vdi eu dan Tay Au vimg Qui Vipt ed. Sy gdn ket ndy nhu mdt le tu nhidn dua tidn nhiing diim tuong ddng vdn hda rdt gdn gui giGa hai tpc ngudi ttong suit chiiu ddi ljch sG.
Mil giao luu van hoa giGa cgng ddng ngudi Lgc Viet Bde Vipt Nam vd Tdy Au - Lac Vipt Quang Tdy cdn the hien rd ddn tan the ky I sau Cdng Nguydn, khi ma Hai Bd Tnmg nii ddy chdng nhd Hdn, 65 thdnh tri ding logt di theo, ttong dd ed cd nhGng miin dit d Qudng Tdy, noi md ngdy nay cdn tim duge nhGng ddu tich thd Hai Bd Tmng[7,tt.ll2].
Ddng thdi vdi nhGng tiep xuc vdn hda Tdy Au - Lgc Viit vimg Qudng Tay, cae cu dan Ddng Son cung diy manh quan hp vdi vimg Tay Nara Trung Quic. Giai dogn vdn hod Didn, tieu biiu la Thgch Trgi Son va L^
Gia Son, dd danh diu budc phdt triin rye rd cua vdn hod di ding Vdn Nara [8,9]. Ddy
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cung Id thdi ky phdt tridn mgnh me ciia mdi quan hp giGa vdn hod Ddng San vdi van hod kim khi d Nam Trung Qudc. Tuy vgy, mii quan he giGa cu ddn vdn hod Ddng Son vdi cu dan Diin Vidt cd khac vdi khii cu ddn ci d Ludng Qudng. Van hda Ddng Son vd vdn hda Diin thudc hai he thdng van hda khdc nhau. GiGa hai vdn hda khdng cd chung nguin gic. Nhung so sdnh cho thdy giGa vdn hda Ddng Son vd van hda Dien cd quan he giao luu trao ddi hai chidu the hidn tten bp di vgt dd ding [10, ti.41 - 56].
Tgi Qudng Ddng, nhGng chung cG khao ci hpc tG di chi Bdc TGng LTnh dd ghi nhgn sy tiip xiic diu tien giGa cu dan van hda Ddng Son vdi eu ddn ciing thdi d Qudng Ddng Id vdo thi ky III ti.CN [11]. Tuy nhidn, mGc dp giao luu vdn hda giGa Bac Vipt Nara va Qudng Ddng thi khdng mgnh md bing mGc dO giao luu van hda giGa Vdn Nam vd Qudng Tdy. Mdc dG ed sy khac nhau ve nguin gic, nhung vdn hda Ddng Son d Bdc Viit Nam vd vdn hda kim khi d Qudng Ddng la nhflng trung tam vdn hda phdt triin mgnh d khu vyc phia Nam Tmdng Giang. NhGng di vdt khdo cd eung nhihig yeu td vdn hda khde cd sy gidng nhau hode tuong ty ttong phong edeh va d§e trung Id do gdn nhau ve vj tri dja Iy, gidng nhau vd mdi tmdng thidn nhien cung sy giao tuu ttao doi md ed. Sang din thdi nude Nam Vipt cua hg Tripu thi mdi quan hp giGa vdn hda Nara Vipt vdi vdn hda Dong Son ed budc phdt triin mdi vdi chiiu hudng tdng Idn vd khang khit hon tiudc [7, ti.75].
TG nhGng dG kipn khdo ei hoe cho thiy, ttong thidn nien ky I ti.CN, mdt vimg rdng Idn bao gom mien Bic Viet Nam, ddng nam tmh Vdn Nam vd phia Nam Qudng Tdy, Trung Quic dd hinh thdnh mdt phGc
lua nude vdi tin nguong phdn thyc, thye hdnh ky thuat chi tac vd sG dyng trdng ding. Trong qud trinh phdt triin da dung hgp, tiip thu cdc ydu td khdc ddn hinh thanh nen cdc dgng vdn hda khdc nhau.
Tgi khu vyc tinh Vdn Nam, Ijeh sG dd ghi chep lai, ttong suit thdi Xuan Thu - Chidn Qudc, do nhthig cugc chiin md rgng the Iyc cua cdc nude vimg Trung Nguyen vd vung thdo nguydn tG phuong bic ttdn xudng khien dien mao vdn hda t^e ngudi cd nhung biin ddng mgnh. Cdc Idp eu ddn du myc, tidp den ngudi Sd roi cuii cimg Id ngudi Han trdn xuing xdm Idn viing Diin Tri. Sy xdo tipn va tiip xuc vdi cu ddn ndng nghipp d day dd ddi thay mgnh md, kieu thGc vdn hda bj bidn dii, vj tri cda tidng ddng cGa ddi sdng cu ddn d ddy din md nhgt. Trdng ddng logi hinh Thgch Trgi Son din budc ra khdi ddi sing cu ddn d day.
Trong khi dd d Bic Vipt Nam va khu vyc Hdng Hd d vimg ddng nam tinh Van Nam vd Nam Qudng Tay, dnh hudng ciia vdn hda dong cd khdng sau dam, sy tiep xuc vdi Sd vd Tnmg Nguydn mdi dimg lai d quan hi vdn hda trao dii, sGc dp cua thiet chd ehinh tq chua Idn. Bdi vgy nen van hoa tidng ddng d khu vyc ndy van tdn tai vd phdt trien dinh cao. Trdng ddng Ddng Son cimg nhGng logi hinh hdu du$ van khdng ngimg phat triin. Cung vdi tidng ding, logi hinh thap dong Ddng Son ciing cd m|it ttong cac vdn hda kim khi vung Nara Trung Qudc vd de lgi nhGng diu dn thgt sau dgm trong vdn hda vdt chit d ddy.
Sy gdp m^t nhGng tinh hoa vdn hda noi bdt cua vdn hda Ddng Son tren vung dat Nara Trung Quoc nhu ttdng ding, thgp dong cimg nhihig chiic riu ludi xdo, riu xoe can, chudng ed mim sGng dd, dao gdm can thing (hinh chO nhit),.. dd gdp phin tgo nen
Trinh Nang Chung hda tien sG Hoa Nam. Mat khac cung lam
giau cd them d|ic trung van hda Bach Viet cua vdn hda kun khi Nam Tmng Quic. Sy lien ket eGa cgng ding Tdy Au (Au Viet) d Quang Tdy vd Lac Viet d Bic Viet Nam vdo the ky V te.CN Id nin tang vdn hda - tpc ngudi duy tri bin viing nhirng ddc tiimg van hda "kieu Vi$t" tiong vdn hda tidn sG khuvye[7,ti.l88].
Khi xem xet ngi dung vdn hda cua thdi dai dong thau d moi khu vyc teen ein ehu y den CO tdng van hda cda timg khu vuc. Vdn hda kun khi d Vdn Nam, Qudng Tdy, Qudng Ddng vd Quy Chdu va mdt sd vimg khdc niia d Nam Trung Qudc ddu ed sy lien quan chdt ehe vdi van hda ding thau vimg Trung Nguyen Trang Qudc. Den nay, d nhirng khu vyc teen dd phdt hipn hang ttdm di tich thudc thdi dgi kim khi. Kdt qud nghien cGu cho thiy, co ting vdn hda kim khi cua nhung khu vyc ndy chju nhieu dnh hudng tG Trang Nguydn hode van hda thdo nguyen phia bic, tuy rdng mGc dg chju dnh hudng ciia moi vGnged khdc nhau [12,13,14,15].
Trong khi dd, thdi dai ding thau Viet Nam lidn quan chgt che vd hiiu co vdi thdi dgi ding thau Ddng Nam A. Mii lidn quan ndy cd cii ngudn tG thdi dgi da, trong nin cdnh dja - vdn hda tuong ding.
Ndi cdch khac, co ting vdn hda kim khi cua Vipt Nam Id co tang van hda Ddng Nam A co [7, tr.l86]. Day cd Ie Id mgt trong nhiing nguydn nhdn co bdn dd giai thich vi sao cGng chung si phdn bj nha Hdn do hg, bj Hdn hda nhung vdn hda Ddng Son - van hda Vipt cd khdng bj gidi thi, khdng bj dong hda nhu nhQng vung khac d Nam Trung Quic, di rii sau ngdn ndm Bdc thudc nd van khdng mit di, vin ton tgi manh lipt trong sudt chidu ddi ljch sG cGa dan t^c Vipt Nam. Cd thi coi, sGe sing Ddng Son tren nin tang co ting vdn
hda Ddng Nam A ed da tao nen sGc dd khang vdn hda mgnh Id mpt minh chGng cu thd teong bii cdnh lich sG duong thdi todn khu vyc.
Vdy Id, cdch nay khoang hon hai nghm nam tmdc, tidn nen tdng phdt tiiin dinh cao cua vdn hod thdi dai kim khi, tieu bidu la vdn hod Ddng Son, van hda Thgch Trgi Son, vdn hda Ngdn Son LTnh, giGa hai khu vyc Bdc Vipt Nam vd Nam Trung Quic da ed sy giao luu tiao ddi mgnh md cdc yeu td van hod, ky thu|it dua tidn nhGng mdi lien he toe ngudi cua khdi Bach Viet ed. Du cd nhGng budc phat triin khdng ding diu, ddy ciing Id thdi ky tidp xuc, giao luu va hpi nhap vdn hda npi vimg, lidn vimg phdt ttien nhanh, rye rd.
Tren nen tang vgt chit kinh ti, vdn hod, xa h^i phdt trien cao dan den sy hinh thdnh mpt sd qudc gia cd himg mgnh cGa khdi tie Bdch Viet d phia nam sdng Duong Tu. Dd Id quic gia Vdn Lang - Au Lgc d Bdc Viit Nam, Id quic gia Diin Viet d Vdn Nam vd quic gia Nam Vi$t d Qudng Ddng.
3. Van hda Dong Son vdi khu virc Dong Nam A
Trong vdi thgp ky gan day, ddng thdi vdi sy phdt triin vide nghien cGu van hda Ddng Son d Viet Nam, nhiiu nude d Ddng Nam A cung cd nhihig budc tiin quan tipng trong vide nghien cGu thdi dgi kim khi trong khu vyc. Cdn cG vao kit qud nghien cGu eua nhidu nhd khoa hpc cho thiy, vdo khoang gin 4000 nam each ngdy nay, cu dan Ddng Nam A budc vdo thdi dgi kim khi. Cudc "Cdch mgng luypn kim" ndy khiin qua tiinh phan hda van hda trong mpt si vimg d Ddng Nam A diln ra mgnh md.
Dau cd nhiing budc phdt tiiin khdng ding diu, thdi dgi kim khi cung Id thdi ky tiip xuc, giao luu vd hii nhgp vdn hod ngi vGng, lidn vimg phdt trien rye rd.
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3.L Van hda Bdng Son vdi khu vuc Bdng Nam A luc dja
Theo nhiiu tai lieu khao cd hoc cho thdy, khoang gin 4000 nam ti^de, tai khu vyc Ddng Nam A lye dia dd xuit hien nhiiu tmng tdm khai khoang, luyen kim cd quy md Idn, hinh thdnh ndn nhiing ndn van hda kim khi cd bdn sdc ridng cung thdi vdi van hda Ddng Son. Khi ndi din m^t trung tdm van hda thi phai nhin mgnh den su phat tridn manh me va ddc lap cua van hda - ky thudt. Day cung Id thdi ky giao luu vdn hda cd nhung budc dpt bien, da dgng.
3.1.1. Tgi Thai Lan, it nhat cd hai trung tdm kun khi ndi bat dd dugc nghien cGu khd ky ludng [16, tt.357 - 397]. Thie nhdt, Id trung tdm Ddng Bdc Thai Lan ma tidu bidu la eac di tich Bdn Chiang, Non Nok Tha, Ban Na Di, Bdn Kan Luang,.. Thie hai, la trung tam kim khi miin Tmng Thai Lan vdi nhGng di tich d^c sac nhu Non Pa Wai, hang Ongbah, Khok Charoen, Tha Kae, LopBuri,BdnDonTaPhet,... [17].
Khi nghien cGu so sdnh cdc dac trung vdn hda ciia trung tdm Ddng Bac Thdi Lan vdi vdn hda Ddng San, chiing tdi nhgn thay chung thudc vd nhGng tmyen thdng vdn hda khdc nhau. NhGng dac tnmg eua van hda Ddng Son dudng nhu it bieu hien tiong cac di chi khdo cd hpc vung Ddng Bac Thdi Lan.
Trong khi do d mien Trung vd mien Nam Thai Lan, ddu dn Ddng Son dugc bieu hipn rdt rd qua nhung ttdng ddng Ddng Son.
Trong so 22 chide ttdng ddng Ddng Son tun dugc d Thdi Lan, cd nhiing ehiic nim sau ttong ndi dja nude nay. Dd Id 5 tring dong tira duge tiong hang Ongbah d tinh Kanchanaburi gidng vdi tiing ding Qudng Xuong, Hiiu Chung, Vidt Nam [18,19, tt.l96 - 202]. Hay nhu 4 ttdng ding tim thay d hang Thung Yang mang dac tnmg cda nhung tring Ddng Son mudn.
6 miin Nam Thai Lan, xung quanh vung Vjnh biin Thdi Lan cd nhiiu tiing ding Ddng Son. Tring ddng tten ddo Ko Samui thugc tinh Xurathani phat hidn chi cdch bd biin cd 300m, tidng ed nhiing ddc didm tuong ty nhu tiing Qudng Xuong, Thanh Hda. Cdn ti^ng Khao Samkaeo, tring Chaiya, ttdng Tha Rua, ttdng Phun Phin cd Ie thudc nhdm ttdng B Ddng Son.
Dang luu y, nhung frdng Ddng Son tim dugc d Thai Lan cung chGa ty Ip hgp kun tuang tu nhu nhung ttdng tim thiy d mien Bde Vipt Nam, gdm 3 thdnh phin: dong - chi - thiie, tiong dd ty Id chi chiim kha cao, gin 20%, ddy Id mdt teong nhung ddc tiung cua di ding Ddng Son mugn [20.pp.93 -102].
3.1.2. Din nay, tten dit nude Ldo, cae nhd khdo ci hpc da xac djnh dugc ba trung tdm kim khi: Tnmg tam Luang Prabang;
trung tam Vieng Chdn; va tmng tam KhSm Mudn - Savaimakhet.
Trong sd cac di ti'ch kim khi d Lao, dang chu y Id di chi khdo cd hpc Lao Pako thuOc trung tam Vieng Chdn. Trong khodng thdi gian tG 1993 din 1996, eac nhd khdo cd hpc Ldo va lie da tien hanh vdi dgt khai qugt tgi dia didm Lao Pako, thudc bd nam Ngm NgGm, cdch thu dd Vidng Chdn khoang 40 km vd phia ddng bdc. Dja didm Lao Pako vGa id di chi eu tni vira la di chi mp tang cua cu dan thupc so ky thdi dgi dd sit, ed tudi khodng thi ky V ti.CN din thi ky IV sau Cdng Nguyen (s.CN) [21,22, ti.IOl -110].
Bp suu tgp Lao Pako bao gdm dd g6m, dd sat, do trang sGe, md vd va dgc bidt Id gdm td mdu cho thiy mdi quan hp mdt thidt giGa cu dan Lao Pako vdi cdc cu ddn ducmg thdi d khu vyc Ddng Bic Thai Lan nhu B ^ Chiang, Non Nok Tha, Bdn Chiang Hian.
Ddng thdi, vdi sy cd mat cua tiong ddng minh khi Ddng Son ttong ting van hda Lao
Trinh Nang Chung tim thdy d khu vyc nay cho thdy mii lien he
giao luu cGa cGa ddn Lao Pako vdi cu ddn vdn hda Ddng Son d Viet Nam.
Cach day dung 30 nam, ttong cdng trinh nghien cGu "Miin Nam Viet Nam ttong bdi canh tiin su Ddng Nam A", gido su Ha Vdn Tdn dd dua ra so dd vi mdi lien he giGa cdc trung tdm kim khi ttdn ban ddo Ddng Duong, trong dd dng vgch ra eon dudng giao luu giGa van hda Ddng Son vdi vGng Ddng Bic Thai Lan qua tiam trung gian Bdc Lao [23, tt.5 - 10] Vdi nhGng tir lieu khdo cd hpc mdi, chiing tdi eho ring eon dudng giao luu giGa van hda Ddng Son vdi vimg Ddng Bic Thdi Lan thdng qua trung tdm kim khi Vieng Chan.
Tgi trung tdm Khdm Mudn - Savannakhet (Snavakhet), mdi ddy Thonglith Luangkhoth (nhd khdo cd hgc Ldo) thdng bdo cho chiing ta biit nhGng phat hipn mdi d vimg Se Pdn.
Ddng chu y Id eac nhd khdo cd (ngudi ta) dd phat hipn nhieu di tich md khai thac qudng ding, khudn due ddng, mp tdng chGa vu khi vd cdng cu bdng dong mang d^c trung Ddng Son [24, tt.69 - 72]. Ddc biet, tgi Se Pdn da tim thiy nhiiu ttdng ding kiiu Ddng Son.
Ddy Id bdng chGng chdc chdn vi mii lidn hp, giao luu trao dii cGa cu ddn Sd Pdn vdi cu dan vdn hda Ddng Son d Viet Nam. NhGng con dudng giao luu thudng theo nhGng thung lung, hay thugn theo ddng sdng Cd, sdng Chu, sdng Md, nhihig con sdng chdy qua mien Tmng Ldo tmdc khi dd ra Bidn Ddng d mien Bde Tmng Bg Vipt Nam.
3.1.3. Tu nhiing thap ky diu cGa thi ky XX, chung ta biit din nin vdn hda kim khi ti^n ldnh thi Campuchia qua eac di tich Samrong Sen va Mlu Prei, cung mgt sd tiing ddng Ddng Son.
Trong nhung ndm gin ddy, cd nhGng phdt hipn quan tipng vd khdo ci hpc tiin su va so sG teen dat nude Chua thdp. Mpt ttong
nhiing thanh tuu nghien cGu thdi dai kim khi Campuchia ddng ghi nhgn Id kdt qud nghien cGu khai qudt dja diem Prehear thudc tinh Prey Veng, nam cdch thu dd Phndm Pdnh khoang gdn 100km vd phia Ddng Bac do cac nhd khdo cd hoc DGc vd Campuchia thue hidn vdo ndm 2008 - 2009.
Tgi dja diem Prohear (mdt di chi mp tang khd Idn), eac nhd khao cd da phdt hidn mdt khii lugng phong phu hidn vdt gim dd, kim loai ddng thau, sat vd do trang sGe bdng vdng. Nhung ndi bat hon cd Id nhung chide tidng ddng tim thdy ttong khu m0 d ddy.
Trong sd nhung chide ttdng ddng da khai quat dugc, ddng ehu ^ cd chide ttdng ddng dugc phdt hipn ttong ngdi md sd 4. Ngdi md ed trdng Id ngdi mg ddt; ttdng ddng khi phat hipn dugc trong vj tri ndm nghieng Vi thd, ed kha nang ngudi xua dugc mai tang theo phong tuc hung tang, ddt dau ngudi qua cd tiong ttdng ddng, cdc dd gdm tuy tang dugc xdp bdn ngoai. Ddy Id rapt tidng Ddng Son mudn. Nidn dai cGa tiing mp 4 d Prohear la 2001 ± 17 nam cdch ddy (raau Hd-27257) [25, pp.38].
Khi nghidn ciru so sdnh vdi cae di vat d ndn vdn hda khdc tiong khu vyc, nhung ngudi khai qudt cho ring, nhGng ehiic ttong ndy giing vdi nhflng ttdng ddng tira thiy d Phu Chdnh, tinh Binh Duong vd ttdng VTnh Phuc d tinh Binh Djnh. Tuy nhidn, loai ndy cung tira thiy d Bic L^ tinh Bdc Giang, d Ddng Hda tinh Thanh Hda (Viet Nara) vd "Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi nGa nhiing tting ding d Prohear thudc ddng tiing Ddng Son md khdng phdi thudc ddng tidng Diin tG Van Nam" [25, pp.149]
Ngodi dja diim Prohear ra, cac nhd khdo ci hgc Due cdn eho biit dd phat hipn dugc dja diim Bit Meas thugc so ky thdi dgi sit (khodng 150 ndm ti.CN - 100 ndm s.CN) cung tai tinh Prey Veng. Dieu ddng tide Id
89
di chi nay da bj ddo pha ndng ne eung sy tiiit thoat hang ngan di vdt khdo ed tiong do ed nhidu tidng ddng.
Cung vdi nhGng chide trdng ddng khdc tim tiiiy d Campuchia, vide tim thiy nhung ehiie tiing Ddng Son d Prohear mang y nghTa quan tipng. Van de dgt ra Id nhung tiing Ddng Son ndy tG ddu ddn? Cau trd ldi cd lien quan din vdn de giao luu van hda, den tpc ngudi d Prohear cung nhu d miin Nam Campuchia.
Trdn ddo Lai Son, thudc vjnh Rach Gid, tinh Kidn Giang, Vipt Nam ngudi ta da phat hien dugc mp tiing ding Ddng Son [26, ti.70]. Diiu ndy ggi md cho chiing ta thiy mpt eon dudng giao luu cGa cu dan Ddng Son dpc dudng biin phia nam den nhidu vGng Nam Bg, ddn cd vimg vjnh Thdi Lan.
Khi qua vung cGa sdng CGu Long, sdng Ddng Nai, cdc ttdng Ddng Son da ngugc ddng md vdo Nam Campuchia. Sy cd m^t ciia nhflng ehiie tring ddng Ddng Son d Prohear vd cd vimg Nam Thdi Lan cd thi dugc Iy gidi nhu vgy.
3.2. Vdn hda Bong Son v&i khu vyv Bong Nam A hdi ddo
Hiu hit cdc nhd tiin sG hgc Ddng Nam A deu cho ring cgng ddng cu ddn Ddng Nam A hdi ddo dudng nhu budc vdo thdi dai kim khi mudn hon khdi cu ddn d Ddng Nam A lye dja, vdo khoang the kyV-in ti.<i:N.
Vdi nhflng tai lipu khdo cd hpc hipn nay ehiing ta tiiiy dnh hudng cGa vdn hda kim khi viing Ddng Nam A Iyc dia tdi cdc vdn hda kim khi Ddng Nam A hdi ddo Id rit rd rang, tiong do, ddu dn dam hon cd Id dnh hudng eiia vdn hda Ddng Son vd vdn hda Sa Huynh.
3.2.1. Vdo thdi didm nen vdn hod Ddng Son phdt tridn ragnh me d Bdc Vipt Nam thi d Indonesia ciing budc vdo buii diu cGa mgt thdi dgi kim khi vdi nhung sic thai vdn
hod ban dja nhu vdn hod ey thach, van hda md vd... Tuy nhien vipc phat hidn khdo cd mdi chi Id cdc hipn vgt do dong Id te, chG yiu Id di nghi ll. Theo cdc nhd nghidn cuu, thdi dgi kim khi xudt hien d Indonesia khd mudn, khodng 500 nam ti.CN [27]. Luc nay, vdi co sd vgt chdt kinh te, xa hpi trdn eac ddo Indonesia ehua the ndy suih ra mgt dang nhd nude so khai, nhung dd xuat hidn nhung thu ITnh cdng dong nhd vd cd nhirng mii giao luu vdi cac khu vyc khde. Trong nhidu tdc phim vidt vd vimg Ddng Nam A, hpc gia C.Higham cung cho ring cu ddn thdi kira khi d quin dao Indonesia dd cd mdi lidn hp vdi cu dan duong thdi d vimg Bdc Vipt Nam [28]. Trdng ddng Ddng Son cd mat d quan dao ndy ed the Id duge du nhdp theo dudng bien, tG phia bic tdi, vao khodng 200 ndm ti.CN.
Cho din nay, cac nhd khdo cd hpc dd ghi nhan dugc 28 chide tting ding Ddng Son phdt hifn r$ng khdp qudn ddo Indonesia, tG dao Java cho den cdc ddo Sumatra, Bali, Surabawa, Roti, Luang, Kai vd Salajar [29, tr.205 - 213], Theo y kidn eua nhieu nhd khdo ed hpc, thi nhflng noi nay vao thdi ky dd khdng due ttdng ddng md ttdng ding dem tdi tG midn Bic Viet Nam. Vi the, sy cd mdt cua tring Ddng Son d ddy chic chdn Id sdn phim cGa sy giao luu vdi cu ddn Ddng Son theo con dudng bidn [30]. NhGng con thuyen cua cu ddn Ddng Son theo nhung ddng hdi luu ven biin vd dya vdo nhung dgt gid mua da dua nhthig sdn vdt Ddng Son, ttong do cd ttdng ding den vdi the gidi Ddng Nam A hdi ddo. Cac nhd khdo ci dd ghi nhgn nhiiu dgt giao luu eua nguoi Ddng Son den vdi Ddng Nara A hai ddo, tiong dd nhung dgt sdm diln ra vdo khodng cuii thi ky III ti.CN, khi md nin vdn hda Ddng Son phdt triin cyc thjnh, cu dan Ddng San da mang nhihig sdn phim di
90
Trinh Ndng Chung giao luu vdi cae vimg dit khdc theo hinh
thue tiao dii hang hda.
Mpt sd trdng ding tim dugc d Indonesia Id nhflng ttdng Ddng Son diin hinh, mang dang dip cua tring Hiiu Chung cua Vipt Nam. Cdc nhd khdo cd hgc cho ring nhiing ttdng ddng Ddng Son din dit nude ndy theo mgt dgng nhu nhdp khiu nguydn chiic, dd sau dd, nhiing ngudi thg due ding bdn dja dd due ndn mgt dgng tiing ding bdn dia dgc ddo Id tring Moko, vGa cd nhung net eiia ttdng Ddng Son lai vGa cd nhflng net ridng ban dia. Ngudi ta da tim dugc khudn due tiing bdng dd va ed cd hinh dnh chiin binh dang vdc tring ding trdn lung dugc khic tidn da d Indonesia.
Tdi lieu ddn tic hgc cdn ghi n h ^ dnh hudng cua vdn hda Ddng Son thi hien rd hinh dnh nhflng ndp nhd sdn mai cong tidn trdng ddng Ngpc Lu dugc bao tin gin nhu nguydn ven ttdn nhung nhd sdn Toraja trong mdt so vung ddn cu hipn nay ttdn cdc dao Toba Batak, ddo Sulawesi.
3.2.2. Tdi lipu khdo cd hgc cho thdy, khodng vdi ba the ky tmdc Cdng Nguyen, nhiing cu dan thdi kim khi Malaysia da cd cdng nghp due ddng tai cho the hipn qua nhidu khudn due ddng dd duge tim thdy.
Trong sd nhflng do ddng d ddy, ddng chu y id cd 6 chide tidng ddng Ddng Son, cd the dugc mang tdi tG mien Bdc Vipt Nam theo dudng bidn [31]. The nhung, khdc vdi vimg Indonesia, vdn hda kim khi Malaysia chua thd hi$n dugc bdn sic rieng cua minh.
Cd thd ndi, vimg ban ddo Malaysia la viing xa nhdt vd phia tdy nam, eho din nay tun dugc nhflng diu tich cua sy giao luu vdn hda Ddng Son.
Vipc xuit hipn khd nhiiu tiing Ddng Son mupn tien cdc ldnh thd Thai Lan, Ldo, Campuchia va vung hdi ddo Indonesia va Malaysia d vao thdi diim cuii thi ky III
din ddu thi ky I ti.CN da khien rapt sd hgc gid lidn tudng va gidi thich bang bdi cdnh ljch sG duong thai d khu vyc. Dd la do dp Iyc bdnh tmdng cGa nhd Hdn, van hda Ddng Son da Nam tiin vd do qud trinh Idn mgnh eiia nhQng xa hgi mdi vdi nhu eau eua nhflng ngudi dGng diu, coi frdng nhu mdt bidu trung vd quydn luc. Trdng thudng dugc tira thay d nhirng dja didm nim gdn nhiing tuyen giao thdng bien vd dudng sdng. Khdng nhflng tiing duge nhdp nguyen chide tG midn Bac Vipt Nam, ttdng ding theo phong each Ddng Son cdn dugc san xudt tgi mpt si dja diim khdc d Ddng Nara A dd dap Gng nhu cdu tgi cho cGa nhflng cdng ddng xd hgi vdi co cdu td chGc mdi dang hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn. MOt sd trong cd kich thudc rit Idn tim thiy d miin Ddng Indonesia lai dugc xdc dinh cd ngudn goc tai Viet Nam. Theo nhd khdo ei hpc Nhgt Ban K.Imamura thi nhihig tidng nay dugc sdn xuat tai Vipt Nam chi nham myc dich trao ddi vdi ben ngodi [32]. Diu cdn cd nhieu y kidn thdo luan vdi tdc gid K.Imamura, nhung tdi chia se vdi dng d mpt vai tmdng hgp cu the nhu: nhGng ttdng Ddng Son tim thiy d khu vyc Se Pdn (Ldo) Id sdn phim ttao ddi Idy nguyen lipu ddng. TG Se Pdn, nguon nguyen lipu chien luge ndy dugc vgn chuyen theo ddng sdng Cd, sdng Chu, sdng Md - nhihig con sdng chay qua miin Trung Lao, tmdc khi chay ra bien ca d dia phdn miin Bdc Trung bd Vipt Nam.
Theo cdc thu tjch co cho biet, d vao giai dogn vdn hda Ddng Son phdt trien, ngodi dang nhd nude so khai Vdn Lang - Au Lgc d miin Bdc Viit Nam, thi hdu nhu khdp vung Ddng Nam A ehua cd nhd nude so khai nao khde dugc thdnh lgp.
Mdt si hgc gia, dien hinh la H.H.E.Loofs - Wissowa cho ring nhung tting ding Ddng Son cd mdt khip vimg Ddng Nara A rpng 91
Idn Id do cd sy ban phdt quyen lye ndo dd, md tting ddng la mdt dgng "quyen tmgng"
eiia mdt tiiu ITnh d viing Bac Vipt Nam dd ban eho cdc thu Iiiih dia phuong ttong vimg Ddng Nam A [33]. Su lan tda cua trdng ddng Ddng Son mgt mat minh chiing cho sy dnh hudng sau sdc ciia vdn hda Ddng Son d Ddng Nam A; mat khac, tiing ding Ddng Son dugc xem nhu nhung bidu tugng quyin lye vd gdn vdi sy hinh thanh nhd nude sdm d Ddng Nam A. Y kien tien dugc nhiiu nha nghien cihi ddng tinh. Mdi ddy, C.Higham ciing coi ttdng ddng Id bidu trung cua quyen lye thu liiih vimg Luih Nara va Bic Vipt Nara tiong vai thd ky trade Cdng Nguydn, vdi cac trung tdm kim khi vimg chau thd sdng Hdng, sdng Md vd khu vyc Didn Tri (Van Nam). Theo CHigham, xd hpi Ddng Son Id hidn thye quan tipng nhit cua co ciu quydn lye tgp trung cua Dong Nam A duong thdi. Sy cd m^t cua nhieu trdng Ddng Son d vimg ngogi bidn phia nam dugc dng ddnh gid nhu Id bieu tugng quan tipng nhat cua tdng Idp quy tie mdi nii, nhGng thG ITnh, hay ngudi dGng diu nhGng xd hgi ndra ngodi sy bdnh tmdng cua nhd Han Trung Hoa [34].
4. Ket lu^n
Vao nhGng tiii ky III - II tr.CN, lich su toan khu vyc chGng kidn sy Ian tda cua vdn hda tG phuang bic ddn. 6 giai doan ndy, cd thi nhgn thiy hai khu vyc khdc bidt cGa Ddng Nara A lye dja. Khu vyc tiiG nhit gdm nhflng xd hdi ndm ttdn con dudng bdnh tradng cua nhd Hdn Trung Hoa: Ldnh thd vdn hda Ddng Son, dja vyc nude Vdn Lang - Au Lgc ndm ttong khu vyc nay. Khu vyc tiiu hai d xa hon vi phia nam, chi bj dnh hudng gidn tiip bdi sy banh tiordng cua nhd Hdn. Cung tG diy, vdn hda Ddng Son ludn dGng tmdc nguy co bj xdm lin. Nhung ttoi vugt len tit cd, vdn hda Ddng Son van
tda sdng ed d vimg phia Nam Trung Quic vd d vimg Ddng Nam A. Ddy cung la giai dogn md tim anh hudng cua vdn minh Ddng Son dgt din dinh cao mdi, ttong mit khdng gian Idn hon. Diy chinh la nhthig minh chGng cd sGc thuyet phyc Idn cho vai ttd vd vi tri ciia van hda Ddng San trong vdn hda tiin sG todn khu vyc.
Tdi lipu tham khao
[1] Trinh Nang Chung (2009), Mdi quan h?
van hda thdi tiin su giOa Bdc Vi?t Nam vd Nam Trung Quoc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[2] ^-^'^xm^-^m^m 1995.^
1^ ^ij ;ii ?s n p w ^ a^ ^^ ^ ffl ii M:.%S". 1995(9).
[3] r^^mB^Kx^j.i^^^
1993. rmx^^-^m^^ mo -
mo.rmx^ tunstttiijis.
[4] m ^u^i99%.t^mxm^-^it [5] M-}^x<^^^m%^ 1993. M')^mm
% S pa + ¥, 1953 -1993. M')^^m [6] mum 2007. ® E 5 ^ M W ^ 3 t i t
7^ tbRStt 2007^:86-104.
[7] Trinh Ndng Chung (2014), Moi quan h?
vdn hda Dong San v&i cdc vdn hda th&i dgi kim khi a Nam Tnmg Quoc, Bh tdi cip Nhd nude do Quy phat trien Khoa hpc vd Cdng nghp Quic gia (Nafosted) tai trg.
[8] A ^ t tf t l m i 9 7 5 . A m i I J I l ^ 1975 ¥ , ^ 2 ^ : 9 7 - 1 5 6 .
[9] 3fei^m(W)i987. mm^mxii.
s m n * iii )K tt.
[10] Trinh Nang Chung (2012), "Nghien cGu mii quan hp gifia vdn hoa Dong San vdi v5n hda Dien d Vdn Nam, Tmng Quic", Tgp chi Khdo cd hpc, so 6.
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Trinh Ndng Chung
[II] r P. '^ n^lM,^^^ Xii ^ 1974. rM^mmti^ii'iiWi-^m^
Mn^^.X m. 1974 ^, ^ 11^: 69-78.
[12] IX ^^i99i.r.i^5fe mn^mm-
^S±Al^^.l4^W^.r^.l99l [13] ^ s i s 2 0 0 9 . r m ^ m ^ m x i t
^T^.mti^^-^Xy^x m.m^
It J!Stt.2009^: 13-24.
[14] m.nm mi. :kiii-^^')$mmiit.
its tt. 1993 ^ .
[15] ^i^m 1 9 9 1 . ^ m n m x i i m ^ . :zxmnmxity^.^mA snuistt.
[16] White, J.C. and Hamilton, E. G. (2009), The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand. New Perspectives World Prehistory Vol. 22.
[17] Higham C.F.W. and T.F.G. Higham (2009), 4 new chronological Jramework for prehistoric Southeast Asia, based on a Bayesian model from Ban Non Wat.
Antiquity 82:1-20
[18] Sorensen P. (1979), The Ongbah cave and its fifth drum, hi R.B. Smith and W.Watson (eds). Early Soutii East Asia 78 - 97. Oxford University Press, New York-Kuala Lumpur.
[19] Phgm Minh Huyen, Nguyin Van Huyen, Trjnh Sinh (1987), Trong Ddng San, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[20] Trjnh Sinh (1998), A comment on the bronze drums discovered in Thailand.
Comparative Thai- Vietnamese Archaeology:
cidture in Metal Age. Bangkok, pp. 93-102.
[21] Anna KSllen, Anna Karlstrdm (1999), Lao Pako: a late prehistoric site on the Ndm Ngum River in Laos. Archaeopress.
p. 44. ISBN 978-0-86054-995-6.
[22] Thongsa Sayavong Khamdy, Perter Bellwood 2000. Recent archaeological research in Laos. Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory association. Vol3.
[23] Ha van Tan (1985), "Mien nam Viet Nam trong bii canh tiin sG Dong Nam A", Tgp chi Khdo co hpc, so 3.
[24] Thonglith Luangkhoth (2014), "Gidi tiiipu so luge ve nhiing phat hipn vSn hda Ddng Son tgi huypn Sepon, tinh Svanakhet, Cpng hoa dan chu nhan dan Ldo", Tap chi Khdo cd hpc, so 4.
[25] Andreas Reinecke, Vin Laychour, Seng SoneUa (2009), The first Golden Age of Cambodia: ExcavcOhn at Prohear. Bom. pp3Z.
[26] Nguyin Trung Chiin (2011), Khdo cd hpc thai tiin - sa sir trin cdc hdi ddo vung ven bien mien Nam Viit Nam, De tdi nghien cGu khoa hpc cap Bp, Vi$n Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, Tu lipu Vien Khao co hpc.
[27] Higham C.F.W (1996), The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia, The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[28] Higham.C.F.W (2014), Early Mainland Southeast Asia from First Humans to Angkor, River Books Co.Ltd. BangKok.
[29] Phgm Minh Huyen, Nguyin Van Huyen, Trinh Sinh (1987), Trdng Dong San, Nxb Khoa hpc xS hpi, Ha Npi.
[30] Bemet Kempers A.J. 1986 - 1987, The kettledrums of Southeast Asia. Modern Quaternary Reseach in Southeast Asia 10.
[31] Peacock B.A.V. (1965), The drums at Kampon Sungailang. MIN. Vol X.
[32] Imamura K (1993). The distribution of bronze drums of the Heger I and Pre I- types: temporal changes and historical backgroud. Department of Archaeology, The University of Tokyo.
[33] Loofs-wissowa,HH.E.(1983),7;ieaKa>TftirfKW of Dongson drums: Somes thoughts. In Peter Snoy (ed.) Ethnologie und Geshicte, Wiesbaden: 410-417.
[34] Higham.C.F.W (2014), Early Mainland Southeast Asia from First Humans to Angkor, River Books Co.Ltd. BangKok.
