NGHIEN CUV - TRA OBOI
CAC YEU TO TAC DONG OEN GlAl QUYET TRANH CHAP OAT OAI
B A O O A M PHAT TRIEN BEN VONG YUNG TAY NGUYEN
DAU CONG Hiep **
Tdm tdt: Trong nhimg nam gdn day, tranh chdp ddt dai dang ndi len Id mot trong nhiing vdn di long tdc ddng tdi mgi mat tinh hinh chinh tri, lanh ti, xa hgi cua cdc tinh khu vuc Tdy Nguyen, de doa nuc tieu phat triin bin viing cua khu vuc nay. Cdc tranh chdp ddt dai xdy ra da dgng, da dien, da hieu yd r^ng khdp. Neu khdng gidi quyit mot each hi^u qua vd thdu dao thi tu tranh chdp ddt dai co he dan tdi bdt on xd hdi. nhdt Id khi khu v\ic nay ciing dim dn nhiiu phiic tgp ve chinh trf. dan tgc, on giao. De gidi quyet thdu dao tinh trgng tranh chdp ddt dai a Tdy Nguyen cdn nhdn di^n du(?c cdc leu to dgc thii a khu v\rc nay. Bdi viit phdn tich cdc yiu td vdi nhiing dgc diim mang tinh dgc thii cua Tdy Nguyen cd tdc dgng Idn tdi vi^c gidi quyit tranh chdp ddt dai de qua do gap phdn xdy dung ca sd le xudt bi?n phdp gidi quyit tranh chdp ddt dai bdo dam phat trien ben vimg & khu vice Tdy Nguyen.
Tii khod: Tranh chdp ddt dai; gidi quyet tranh chdp; yeu td tdc dgng; phat triin ben vimg; vung Tdy Nguyen
Nhgn bdi: 18/11/2019 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 10/12/2019 Duy?t ddng: 24/12/2019 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SETTLEMENT OF LAND DISPUTES TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
Abstract: In recent years, land disputes have emerged as one of hot issues, affecting all aspects of he political and socio-economic situation of the provinces of the Central Highlands and threatening he goal of sustainable development of this region. The land disputes in question are diverse, multi- aceled, multidimensional and widely common. If those disputes are not effectively and thorougly
ettled, the social instability likely happens, especially in the context that the region faces implicitly lolitical, ethnic and religious challenges. To thorougly deal with land disputes in the Central 'Lighlands, it is necessary to identify specific characteristics of this region. The paper analyses factors hoped by the specific charateristics of the Central Highlands which significantly impact the Settlement of land disputes and thereby contributes to developing the basis for proposing measures to
ettle land disputes to ensure the sustainable development in the Central Highlands.
Keywords: Land dispute; dispute settlement; affecting factor; sustainable development; the Central Highlands.
Received: Nov 1^", 2019; Editing completed: Dec iff'', 2019; Accepted for publication: Dec 24'", 2019
Giing viSn cao cip, Trirdng f)ai hpc Luat HS N$i; E-mail: tovanhoa@hlu.edu.vn
* Giing vien, Trvirag 0?i hpc Lu3t Hi Ngi; E-mail: dauconghicp@hlu.edu.vii
I). Nghien ciiu niy du^c thyc hipn trong khuon kh6 d^ t^i: "Nghifin ciiu giii quyet tinh tr^ng tranh chdp 6k dai bio d ^ phit triln ben vihig viing Tay Nguyen trong boi canh hi?n nay", mS si TN18/X07, thupc Chuong trinh khoa HQC V4 c6ng ngh^ phyc vy phit trien kinh t^ - xa h6i T§y Nguyfin trong lien kSt vung \k hpi nhap qu6c te, mas6KHCN-TN/i6-20.
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D
at dai la ngudn tai nguyen can ban nhat cua moi xa hdi, moi nen kinh tl. Dd lgi la ngudn tai nguyen huu hgn va vd cimg quy gia ddi toan xa hdi ciing nhu doi vdi ngudi dan. Do vay, d bat cii dau, tranh chap dit dai cung la loai tranh chap gay gat nhat trong xa hgi, dac biet ddi vdi cac qudc gia va khu vuc dang cd trinh do phat triln thap. Bai viit nhgn dien cac khia cgnh anh hudng tdi tranh chap dat dai trong dgc thii vung Tay Nguyen.1. xac d$ng ciia ylu to kinh tl tdi giai quyet tranh chap d^t dai bao dam phat trien ben virng d Tay Nguyen
Trong bat ki xa hgi nao, nen tang kinh tl cung ddng vai trd quyet dinh cho su thanh cdng cua mgi chinh sach. Ddi vdi van de giai quyet tranh chap dat dai bao dam phat triln ben viing, yeu td kinh te ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng, ddng thdi la dinh hudng cho viec giam thieu tranh chap trong tuang lai. Gan vdi bdi canh vung Tay Nguyen, dieu nay cang the hien rd net, cu the tr6n mdt sd mgt sau day.
1.1. Phat trien kinh te, phdng chdng ddi, ngheo giiip hgn chi tinh trgng tranh chdp ddt dai
Nhu da trmh bay mOt phan nguyen nhan cua tranh chap dat dai la tir yeu td chu quan ciia con ngudi. Tuy nhien, ciing cd nhimg ddng ca chu quan lgi xuit phat tii hoan canh khach quan nhu tinh trang ngheo, ddi dan den khai thac biia bai tai nguyen dat. Ddi vdi Tay Nguyen, cac hoat dOng nhu san ximt ndng nghiep, nganh nghi truyin thdng, sinh kl san bat, hai lugm tir rimg... van la nhiing hoat dgng sinh kl chii ylu va phd bien, trong dd san xuit ndng nghiep va khai thac ngudn lgi t^r nhien la hai hogt dgng sinh kl quan trgng nhat ciia ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd. Sinh ke cua cac dan tgc thilu sd d Tay Nguyen van
cdn mang nang tinh san xuat gian dan, ndng nghiep truyen thdng vdi ki thuat canh tac chu yeu la dga vao khai thac t\r nhien vdi nhiing kinh nghiem va tri thiic ban dia, chua tilp can va sii dung nhieu tien bd khoa hpc cdng nghe hien dgi. Muc dich cua san xuat la dap ling nhu cau t\r cung, tir cap.*'* Dac diem cda hogt ddng kinh te dua tr^n san xuat gian dan la d tinh tu phat. Ngudi dan, do dd, s€
khdng chu trgng va xem xet tdi tinh phap li cua hogt ddng kinh te cua minh, dac biet la van de ve su dung dat. Vi vgy, khi xem xet giai quyet tranh chap dat dai, dac bigt la theo phuong thiic hanh chinh, can nhin ra ban chat ciia tranh chap la do tinh trang ddi, ngheo ma ra. Giai quyet tranh chap dat dai, do dd phai gan lien vdi bao dam ke sinh nhai cho ngudi dan, dac biet la phai ket hgp vdi cac chinh sach khac de xoa ddi giam ngheo, nhat la trong viec hien dai hoa ndng nghiep de ngudi dan cd dieu kien thoat ly khdi nen tang kinh te Igc hgu.'^' Chi khi ndng nghi$p dugc hien dgi hoa, ngudi dan mdi cdi bd dugc tam li cang canh tac nhilu dat cang san xuat dugc nhieu, bdi san lugng kinh tl ndng nghiep khdng qua ph\i thugc vao dien tich dat ma chu ylu bi quylt dinh bdi cdng nghe.
Nhd dd, nhu cdu dit dai se giam xuong, tinh
(1). Ngo Quang Son, "Phit triln mo hinh cai thi?n sinh ke ben vihig cho c^ng d6ng dya tren tiem nSng tri thyc ban dia cua cSc dan toe thieu s6", Ki ylu Hpi thao quoc ti: Phat triin bin viing va xoa doi giam ngheo cho ddng bao dan IQC thieu sd 6 cac linh miin nui, Dai hpc Thdi Nguyfin, th^g 6/2014, tr. 2.
(2). Mai Lan Phuong, Peemans Jean-Philippe, Nguyen Mau Dung, Lebailly Philippe, "GiSm nghfeo a Vi^t Nam dudi g6c nhin cua trudng phdi hi?n dai ho^i', trong s4ch: Ndng nghiep. ndng ihdn Viet Nam:
Tic chinh sdch din thuc ti. Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia.
Ha Npi, 2012, y. 20.
30 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl trang ddi ngheo dsin bi xoa bd va tranh chip
d4t dai s6 dugc giam bdt.
1.2. Tdi ca cdu kinh ti vd tgo vi$c lam ben viing Id ca sa cua viec gidi quyit cdn bdn hi^n tucmg tranh chdp ddt dai
Ndng nghiep, cdng nghigp va dich vu la ba bg phgn ca ban ciu thanh nen nIn kinh tl.
Ca ba bg phgn nay diu cin tdi dit dai nhu mdt ngudn tai nguyen tit ylu. Do dd, viec quy hogch nIn kmh tl phai hudng tdi viec can ddi muc tieu sii dung dat dai cua timg viing, mien, tranh khdng cho xung dot xay ra.
Ngay kl ca trong mdt Imh vuc, vi$c dn dinh ca cau san xuat cung rat quan trgng. Nhiing bai hgc ve chuyen ddi muc dich su dgng dit tii san xuat ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep, xay dgng, dich vu; hay dan giai han la chuyen ddi gidng cay, gidng vat nudi, phuong phap canh tac... thieu khoa hgc, thilu chuin hi din den thit bai la vi du cho thiy tim quan trgng ciia cdng tac nay. Keo theo viec tai ca ciu kinh tl la dinh hinh qtian hd vific lam.
Nhu ciu cua nen kinh te ddi vdi ngudn cung lao dgng trong tung Imh vuc dugc quylt dinh chii ySu bdi ca cau cua timg Imh vuc. Mgt trong nhfing van de dugc dgt ra ddi vdi Tay Nguyen la tiep tuc chuyen ddi ca cau kinh te theo hudng giam ti trgng ndng nghiep, chii trgng vao gia tri gia tang va nang suit ndng nghiep, phat tridn ndng nghiep hiiu ca, sinh thai va cdng nghe cao. Phat trien ndng nghiep ndi chung, mdt sd cay luang th\rc va cdng nghiep ndi rieng van la nhiing lgi thi cin tilp tyc phat huy igi thi so sanh nhung tranh phat triln d gt, pha v5 quy hogch, dgc biet la pha rimg. Cdng nghiep nen di theo hudng ho trg ndng nghiep nhu cdng nghiep chi biln, img dyng cdng nghe than thien mdi trudng, it gay d nhiem, cdng nghiep phuc vy ndng nghiep
va cdng nghiep gin vdi ndng lam nghiep. Vdi dia hinh chia cat, khdng cd cang bien, dudng sat va nguon nhan luc cd ban, Tay Nguydn khdng cd nhilu lgi thi canh tranh nlu di vao cac nganh cdng nghiep truyin thong va cdng nghiep nang. Tilp niia, nlu khu vuc nay qua sa da vao cac nganh khai khoang, cac thi he sau cd thi se phai tra gia dat tir nhimg nguy ca d nhiem mdi trudng. Khoang san cang dl lau cang qu;^ va cd gia nen se tdt han nlu coi nd nhu "cua hdi mdn" danh cho thi he sau, se chi khai thac khi dam bao dugc cac ylu td hieu qua kinh te, cdng ngh§ tien tiln va quan trgng hem ca la hgp Idng dan.*'** Ndi chung, qua trinh chuyen ddi ca ciu kinh te theo hudng ben vung va tai ca cau ve viec lam cd the coi la yeu td then chdt giiip hd trg giai quyet tranh chip dit dai.
J. 3. Bdo tdn va gia gin tdi nguyen thiSn nhien Id dinh hudng quan trong trong vi^c gidi quyet tranh chdp ddt dai
cac dgng tai nguydn thien nhien gan lien vdi dat nhu rung, nude, khoang san, he sinh thai cd y nghia khdng chi vl mdi trudng ma cdn ve kinh te. Cac nghien ciiu cho thay, bao tdn thien nhien khdng chi don thuan la nghia vu ciia nha nude va gay tdn kem ve ngan sach ma ngugc lgi cdn tgo nen lgi nhuan va dem lgi lgi ich kinh te ve nhieu mat. Vi vay, bao tdn va giii gin tai nguyen thien (3). Le Thinh VSn, "TSi co ciu kinh t^ quoc gia \k mot so y kien v6 ph4t trien TSy Nguygn ben vihig", Tgp chi tia sdng, 18/01/2012, fr. 15.
(4). Bp nong nghi?p vh ph&t trien nong th6n, T6 chiic bSo t6n thifin nhifin quoc te, Hiedng dan quan li khu bao ion thien nhien - MQI sd kinh nghiep va bai hgc qudc ti, lUCN Vi^t Nam, H^ N^i, 2008, http://viencn hsmt.vinhuni.edu.vn/DATA/32/upIoad/510/document s/2016/08/iucn_2008_huong_dan_quan_iy_kbttn.pdf, fruycgp 03/11/2019.
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nhien la dieu hoan toan can thilt ddi vdi tang trudng kinh te, dac biet la theo dinh hudng ben vChig. Trong bdi canh tai nguyen thien nhien bi khai thac kiet que, mdi trudng va ddi sdng kinh tl cua ngudi dan, dac biet la nhiing ngudi sdng gan bd tryic tilp vdi khu vuc dd se chiu anh hudng khdng he nhd. Dgt trong boi canh vimg Tay Nguyen, van de cgn kiet tai nguyen dang gay nen he lyy xa hgi dang bao ddng. Dan cu vS tai nguySn nude, bao gdm nude mat va nude ngam, hien tugng pha rung ctmg vdi nhu cau tudi tieu cho cay cdng nghiep qua Idn dang khien ngudn tai nguyen nay d Tay Nguyen dan trd nen can kiet.*' Ve su lien he giiia tranh chap dat dai va bao ve tai nguyen thi8n nhien d Tay Nguyen, mgt vin de ndng dugc chi ra ia hien tugng nhilu nhdm ngudi di dan tu do thudng khai pha dit d khu vuc rimg nguyen sinh, xa khu vuc dan cu de tranh su quan li ciia cac ca quan chiic nang. Viec xam lan tai nguyen de lay dat san xuat khdng chi de dga din an ninh mdi trudng ma cdn khiln xay ra tranh chip tai nguyen giiia cac cdng dong ngudi.*^' Viec chuyen hoa tai nguyen dat rung thanh dit tham canh cay cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep ngoai viec pha va can bang tu nhien cdn gia tang su phy thugc ciia nIn kinh tl viing vao thi trudng thi gidi. Chua ke viec (5). Nguyin Tien Giang, "Tii nguydn nu6c mat yen dia ban TSy Nguyen - Bii toin can d6i yong khai thic sii dyng nuoc", Ki yfiu Hoi thio An ninh nguon nude phuc vti phat triin kinh ti-xa hdi viing Tdy Nguyen, Ban chi d^o Tay Nguyfin, 2016.
(6). Trung tam con nguoi vi thien nhifin, "Phit triln vi dinh d5i: Lya chgn giita lgi ich kinh te vi bio v^
moi tni6ng", Tuyin tgp bdo chi mdi trudng,l\k Npi, 2008, tr. 83, http://www.nature.org.vn/vn/tai-lieu/Phat TrienvaDanhDoi2008.pdf, yuy cSp 03/12/2019.
SO lugng Idn ngudi ngheo, ngudi thieu kinh nghiem san xuat va qimn li tai nguyen tii noi khac tdi se lam mit on dinh kinh te, xa hpi, khien cho viec giai quyet tranh chap dat dm cang trd nen khd khSn hon.
1.4. Quy hogch dd thj vd ndng thdn bin viing la yeu to hgn che tranh chdp ddt dai phat sinh
Quy hogch xay dung khu vyc dan cu, du d dd thi hay ndng thdn deu anh hudng Idn tdi kinh te. Dieu nay the hien d cho, viec quy hogch tdt se tao ra dilu kien de cac vung dan cu tang trudng ca ve san xuat lan cdng nghe va dgc biet giiip thu hiit dau tu ciing nhu nang cao chat lugng cugc sdng. Trong bdi canh kinh tl phat triln, quy hogch va triln khai quy hogch xay dung dd thi, ndng thdn theo hudng hien dai la dilu khdng the thieu. Tuy nhien, vin de nay gap vudng mac d nhieu diem, trong dd quan trgng nhat la hien tugng thu hoi dat. Van d8 dugc chi ra ve ban chat ciia tranh chap d day khdng phai nam d che do sd hiiu ma la d nhtmg bat cdng cd the nay sinh trong van de thu hdi dat.*'' Gia den bu giai phdng mat bing, tham nhiing va mat ngudn song cda ngudi dan chinh la nhCrng van de Idn nay sinh. Vi the, giai quyet tranh chap dat dai trong trudng hgp nay chinh la each de thiic day qua trinh quy hogch xay dung dd thi va dan cu. Ddi vdi khu vyc Tay Nguyen, van de nay lai cang phai dugc can nhac mgt each hgp li bdi day la khu vyc co nhieu tiem nang phat triln, trong khi dd sii dung dat thieu quy hoach van cdn tran lan.
Trong thdi gian tdi, khi tdc dg tang trudng
(7). Huynh Thi Du, "Tranh ch^p Ak dai: Cii g6c khSng phii li vin de sa httu", Thdi bdo kinh li Sai Gdn, ngiy 04/5/2017.
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dnh td ngay mgt cao, nhu cau hoan thien quy togch dat dai idn din, nguy ca tranh chip lgi
;ang dugc d§t ra. Vi vgy, cin phai tien lidu va :d nhung each thiic quy hoach hgp li, tranh )at cdng, lgi ich nhdm dl vira khai thac dugc gi ich kmh tl tir hoat dgng quy hogch xay iyng dd thi, nong thdn lgi viia tranh dugc iguy ca tranh chip dit dai cd thi xay ra.
Tdm lgi, ylu td kinh tl tac ddng rit Idn di giai quylt tranh chip dit dai. Trudc hit, id chinh la myc tieu, dinh hudng va ciing la iguyen tic dl cac ca quan nha nude tiln hanh n^t each hieu qua cdng tac giai quyet tranh
;hap dat dai. Ben cgnh dd, viec tao nen nIn ang kinh tl tdt ciing chinh la each dl giam hilu nhiing tranh chip hidn cd. Xoa ddi, j^am ngheo, tgo viec iam cho ngudi dan, tai
;a cau hgp li nen kinh te, bao ve tai nguySn hidn nhien cimg vdi quy hogch dit dai hgp li
;hinh la nIn tang cho qua trinh phat triln chdng xay ra hien tugng tranh chip dit dai.
2. Tac dgng cua yeu t6 thi che phap ugt tdi giai quyet tranh chap dat dai bao lam phat trien ben vung is Tay Nguyen
Nhu da trinh bay, giai quyet tranh chap lat dai trudc het phai dugc nhin nhan nhu la ngt vin dl phap li. Vi vgy, vin dl nay chiu ac ddng rat Idn tii ylu td the che, phap lugt, Jidng chi true tiep lien quan tdi cac quy tinh ve phuong thiic giai quyet tranh chip tat dai ma cdn gan vdi nhieu phuong dien hkc vl thi chi kinh td, xay dung phap lugt 'a an ninh sinh tiiai. Mdt nen tang the che va ihap lugt tdt se tgo dieu kien cho viec giai uylt tranh chap dat dai trd nen thuan lgi hon.
2 /. Xay dtmg mgt the che kinh te dn dinh, odn thien Id ca sd cho vi$c gidi quyet tranh hap ddt dai
Viet Nam hien dang duy tri co chi kinh
te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia vdi dac trung ea ban la co ciu kinh tl nhilu thanh phan, trong do kinh tl nha nude giii vai trd chu dao; kinh tl nha nude cimg vdi kinh te tap the ngay cang trd thanh nIn tang viing chic cua nen kinh tl quoc dan. Cac thanh phan kinh te hogt dgng theo phap lugt diu la bd phan hgp thanh quan trgng cua nIn kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia, binh ding trudc phap lugt, ciing phat trien lau dai, hgp tac va cgnh tranh lanh manh.**' Bdi canh tren dgt ra nhilu vin dl ddi vdi viec giai quyet tranh chip dat, dac biet la trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen, cu thi:
Mdt la thd che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi ch'Ci nghia dl cao vai trd cua khdi kinh te nha nude, tuy nhidn thuc te cho thay, hieu qua boat dgng cua cac doanh nghiep thugc khIi nay vin cdn nhilu ban che. Dieu dd den tir co che quan li ndi bg cdn nang ne ve mat hanh chinh, quan he sd hull chua tgo dugc dOng luc phat triln. Ddi vdi vung Tay Nguyen, cac ndng, lam trudng qudc doanh chinh la hien than ciia khdi kinh te nha nude dang nam giii va khai thac mdt lugng Idn dat dai. Tuy nhien cung vdi su yeu kem ciia cac doanh nghiep nha nude ndi chung, cac ndng, lam trudng qudc doanh dang g$.p van de Idn trong viec quan li, sd dyng dat dai, khien tai nguyen rimg bi suy giam dang ke ca ve quy md dien tich va chat lugng ning, dac biet la tu sau thdi ki ddi mdi chuyen sang co che thi trudng va lam nay sinh nhieu van de biic xiic trong quan li sir
(8). Doin HOng, Nguyin Ngpc Hi, Doin Minh Tuin, Ddng cgng san Vi^l Nam - Nhimg tim loi vd ddi mdi tren con dudng len chii nghTa xa hgi (1986 - 2006), Nxb. Lf l u ^ chfnh trj. Hi NOi, 2007, tr. 96.
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dyng dat dai vdi ngudi dan dia phuong, trong dd cd linh trgng tranh chip dit dai.*^'
Hai Id the che kinh tl thi trudng ddi hdi toan bg nen kinh te van hanh dua tren cac quy tic phap dinh. Trong dd, khia cgnh phap lugt cd gia tri anh hudng Idn nhat tdi nen kinh te la luat hgp ding. Tuy nhien, mgt trong nhiing van de da dugc chi ra trong che dinh phap luat vl hgp ddng d Viet Nam la su thieu thdng nhat tren nen tang luat dan su.
Dieu nay dan den each hieu, su giai thich va ap dyng khac nhau khien tranh chip cd the xay ra.*'^' Ddi vdi van dl tranh chip dit dai, dieu nay cd the dan tdi viec cac loai hgp dong trong cdc giao dich lien quan khdng dugc hieu diing din tdi tranh ch^. Lien he vdi viing Tay NguySn, cd nhilu logi hgp dong lien quan tdi qua trinh sii dung, khai thac dit dai nhu hgp ddng chuyin nhugng, hgp ddng thud khoan, hgp ddng tieu thu san pham... Tuy nhien, viec cac ndng, lam trudng qudc doanh giao ket hgp ddng vdi ngudi dan de khai thac dat dai cd thi gap vin dl dd la su bit binh dang khi cac ndng, lam trudng lgi dyng cac dieu khoan hgp ddng ma ngudi dan chua hieu bilt het.
That ra, dat trong bdi canh viing Tay Nguydn, quan he kinh tl dya tren hgp ddng la van de cdn xa la, dac biet vdi cac dan tdc thieu sd. Vl vgy, khi xay ra tranh chip hg cd the khdng chip nhgn giai quylt tren ca sd hgp ddng m^c dii da dugc ki kit hoan toan cdng khai.
(9). Uy ban dan tpc, Tilu ban quin li dy in h5 yp giim nghfeo PRPP, Bdo cdo giam sat tinh hinh thuc hien chinh sach phdp lugt ve quan li sii dung ddt tgi cdc ndng, lam trudng qudc doanh giai doan 2004 - 2014, Hi Npi, 8/2015 (Luu hinh npi b^).
(10). Pham Duy NghTa, Co sd phdp lugt kinh ti Vi^t Nam VI mgt nin kinh ti phdt triin bin vung vd toan cdu hod, Nxb. Chinh trj qu6c gia, Hi Npi, 2003, tr. 74 - 75.
Nhu vgy, cd the khing dinh ring thi chi kinh te hien tgi dang gay ra trd ngai khdng nhd cho viec giai quyet tranh cliip <^t dai. Trong bdi canh vung Tay Nguyen, nhung dac thu ve trinh dg phat trien lai cang khiln cho cac quy dinh phap lugt ve kinh te khd c6 thi di vao cugc sdng. Dieu nay dat ra viec can phai tim nhiing ca che dgc thu, vira phii hgp vdi dudng loi kinh te chung da dugc quy dinh trong Hien phap, lai vira cd kha nang ap dyng tgi khu vuc Tay Nguyen vdn chiia dung nhilu diem khac biet.
2.2. Tdng cudng su tham gia cua ngudi dan vdo qua trinh xdy dtmg vd thuc thi phdp lugt Id ca sd cho viec gidi quyit tdt tranh chdp ddt dai
Viet Nam dang tren con dudng xay dung thi chi dan chii, trong dd khdng chi dl cao quyin lam chii cua ngudi dan thdng qua cac hinh thiic dan chu true tiep, dan chd gian tiep ma cdn cin phai gia tang sy tham gia cua hp vao qua trinh xay dung va thuc thi phap luat Y nghia ciia su tham gia cua ngudi dan ddi vdi phat trien bin vung the hien d chd, viec nay cd thi tgo ra nhiing anh hudng lau dai nhim dam bao sy binh dang.*"* Vi vgy, viec tang cudng su tham gia ciia ngudi dan vao qua trinh xay dyng va thyc thi phap lugt d tat ca cac cap da trd thanh mdt trong nhiing myc tieu cua phat trien ben vihig. Tuy nhiSn, d Viet Nam, van de nay dang gSp nhieu thach thiic bdi cac ylu td nhu:*'^* 1) Cac td chiic xS (11). Ngin hing the gidi, Phdt triin bin vung trong mgt the gidi ndng dgng - Thay ddi the che, tSng trudng va chat lufmg cugc song cao, Nxb. Chinh trj qu6c gia, Hi N^i, 2003, tr. 96.
(12). Nhdm ngSn hing thi gidi, B0 kl ho^ch vi diu tu, Viet Nam 2035: Hwang t&i thinh vufmg, sdng tgo, cdng bdng vd dan chu. Bio cio t6ng quan, Nxb. Hong
34 TAP CM LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
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ti^i, cdng ddng tap hgp tilng ndi cda ngudi dSn chua cd dugc vai trd va co hOi tham gia tucmg duong vdi cac td chiic dugc nha nude bao trg; 2) Chinh quyin cd rit it kSnh chinh thiic de tham van vl chinh sach va kl hogch vdi cac td chiic xa hdi ciia ngudi dan; 3) Vai trd ciia ngudi dan trong quan tri dia phuong cdn chua cd chuyen bien va chua cd anh hudng d miic can thiet tod cac quySt dinh cua chinh quyin; va 4) Co hgi tilp can thdng tin cua ngudi dan de tang trach nhiem giai trinh cdn rat thieu. Rd rang rang, su tham gia ciia ngudi dan la can thiet va la chia khoa dl giai quylt nhieu van de, trong dd cd tmh trgng tranh chap dat dai. Ddi vdi khu vuc Tay NguySn, mgt trong nhung dien hinh dang phat huy tac dyng do la gia tang su tham gia cua ngudi dan trong quan li dit rimg. Dieu do dugc thi hien d nhimg khia canh nhu:*'^* I) Cai thien sinh ke cho cac hg trong cdng ddng, true tiep xoa ddi, giam ngheo cho viing cao, vung sau, vimg xa gan vdi cgng ddng cac dan tdc thieu sd; 2) Giam mat rCmg, tang chit lugng rimg, tang dg che phu rtmg nhd sy tham gia bao ve va phat trien rimg gan vdi hudng lgi tir riing ciia cdng ddng dan cu dia phuong; va 3) Nang cao su tham gia ciia ngudi dan vao ngan ngira tham nhiing tir rimg cua cac chit the quan li, cac chu the dugc nha nude giao rimg. Ddi vdi tmh hinh tranh chap dat dai d Tay Nguyen, nhu da trinh bay d phin trudc, su thieu tham gia ciia ngudi dan la mgt trong [ihung nguyen nhan Idn. Vi vgy, co che giai quyet tranh chap ciing can tdi sy tham gia cua Diic, Hi NOi, 2016, y. 108.
13). To Xuin Phuc, Dang Hiing V5, Trao quyin cho
•gng ddng vi muc tieu xoa doi giam ngheo vd quan li img ben viing tgi Vi^t Nam,' Bio cio nghiSn ciru,
•orest Trends, 10/2017.
ngudi dan dd cd the dgt dugc miic do hieu qua cao hon. Trong dd, vai trd cua cac td chiic cd chiic nang ho trg cdng ddng dugc tham gia vao mgt sd khau trong tien trinh giai quylt tranh chip la het sire cin thilt.*''*' Tham chi, viec ngudi dan dugc tham vin tdt han tir nhiing giai doan hinh thanh chinh sach vl dit dai ciing nhu dugc giam sat qua trinh thi hanh chinh sach do ciing la yeu td quan trgng de ngan ngira tranh chap dat dai xay ra.
2.3. Su thieu vdng the che an ninh sinh thdi se khien hieu qua gidi quyet tranh chdp ddt dai bi giam sut
Nhu da trinh bay, muc tieu ciia phat trien ben vung la hudng tdi viec giii gin va bao ve cac ngudn tai nguyen, trong dd cd mdi trudng sdng va h? sinh thai. Ci dd, he sinh thai dugc hieu nhu be dd, nen tang cho ddi sdng vat chat ciing nhu tinh than ciia con ngudi va do dd nd ham chiia nhilu khia cgnh xa hdi khac.
Vi vay, nhiing mdi quan tam cua xa hdi xung quanh van de nay dang ngay cang tang len va trd thanh ddi hdi biic thiet vdi ten ggi an ninh smh thai. An ninh sinh thai theo each hieu mdi chinh la dam bao an ninh cho mdi trudng sinh thai cua loai ngudi trong tien trinh phat trien. Nhu vgy, an ninh sinh thai liic nay khdng chi la dam bao an ninh cho mdi trudng xung quanh con ngudi ma cdn bao gdm tat ca nhiing yeu td khac cd the gay nguy hai cho cugc sdng va su phat trien ciia loai ngudi, bao gdm ca nhiing yeu td ve dan sd hgc, y te, quan li van hoa-xa hgi.*'^' The che ve an
(14). Ngo Vin H6ng, Thdch thuc va rao cdn Hep can ddt rimg cho hg gia dinh vd cong ddng trong tien trinh tdi ca cdu cong li lam nghiep. Bio cio Hpi thao v^ siJ dung d^t lim nghi?p trong ti6n frinh tii ca ciu nginh, T6ng eye ISm nghi?p, Hi NOi, 23/6/2016.
(15). Nguyen Lanh, Giai thieu ve" an ninh sinh thdi,
rAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2019 35
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi
. ninh sinh thai, do dd, khdng chi don thuin quan tam din vin dl mdi trudng ma cdn nhin nhgn nd trong tdng the cac khia cgnh cd the anh hudng tdi ddi sdng con ngudi. Dgt trong bdi canh Viet Nam la mdt quoc gia mdi ndi, ti le cdng nghiep hoa thip, vin dl an ninh sinh thai dudng nhu chua dugc dgt ra mdt each hgp li. Tuy nhien, hdi nhap kinh te da tao ra siic dp de chung ta ngay cang phai hoan thien hon thi chi nay bdi nlu hang hoa va dich vu cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng than thien vdi mdi trudng thi chang nhung mdi trudng sdng d Viet Nam se ngay cang xuong cap nrn viec md rgng xuat khau sang nhiing thi trudng khd tinh, cd tieu chuan bao ve mdi trudng cao nhu chau Au, Nhat Ban, Bic My se gap khd khan.*'*' Doi vdi vimg Tay Nguyen, xuat khau dang ddng phan quan trgng trong tSng trudng kinh te, ma d dd, ndng san, go dang la nhung mat hang chiera ti trgng cao. Tuy nhien, de cd dugc nhiing mgt hang nay, nhieu yeu td ve mdi trudng dang bi danh doi mdt each nghiem trgng. Dieu dd the hien phin nao su lo la trong viec thiet lap the che an ninh sinh thai trong he thdng phap lugt Viet Nam. Thieu nd, chac chan van de tranh chap dat dai se cdn tiep dien bdi the che an ninh sinh thai chinh la cdng cu hiiu hieu de ngan ngua su khai thac tu nhien bira bai. Neu cd the che an ninh sinh thai vung chic va hiiu hieu, khdng chi viec sic dyng, khai thac, cac ngudn lgi ty nhien dugc dien ra an toan vdi mdi trudng, ma y http://isponre.gov.vn/home/dien-dan/648-gioi-thieu- ve-an-ninh-sinh-thai, truy cap 11/10/2019.
(16). Pham Duy NghTa, Ca sd phdp lugt kinh te Vi?t Nam vi mgt nin kinh ti phdt trien ben vOng vd toan cdu hod, sdd, tr. 146.
thiic ciia ngudi dan cung sg dan tang cao va qua dd hgn che cac nguyen nhan chu quan ciia tranh chip dat dai. Tdm lgi, mgt thi chi an ninh sinh thai day du va cd hieu lye s5 gdp phan dua hoat d^ng san xuat, khai thac tu nhidn vao ll loi, quy cii, tir dd han che tranh chip dat dai xay ra.
Yeu to the che, phap lugt cd vai trd dinh hudng cho hogt ddng cua ngudi dan, tgo ra khuon khd de tir dd hg cd the lam tot cdng viec ciia minh. Trong bdi canh Viet Nam, thi che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia dang lam tdt vai trd cua minh trong viec thiic day nin kinh Xh tang trudng, tuy nhien ddi dien vdi van de dat dai va moi trudng, dudng nhu nd lgi tiem an nhiing yeu to khiln cho vi^c giai quyet tranh chap dat dai trd nen khd khan hon, dac biet la trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen. Ben cgnh vi^c hoan thien the che kinh te, nhieu van de khac ciing can phai dugc quan tam nhim ho tr?
cho viec giai quyet tranh chap dat dai dugc hieu qua ban. Trudc het, ngudi dan phai dugc tgo dieu kien tham gia sau vao chinh sach, khdng chi d qua trinh xay dung, ho?ch dinh ma cdn phai trong qua trinh giam sat va thyc thi. Ben canh do, can cd the che hoan chinh vl an ninh mdi trudng dl vin de nay danh dugc sy quan tam Idn hon, trd thanh sir nghiep ciia toan xa hdi. Chi cd nhu vgy, nhiing nguySn nhan sau xa ciia tinh trang tranh chap dat dai vimg Tay Nguyen mdi co the dugc giai quyet mgt each triet de nhat.
3. Tac d$ng cua quan nifm truyen thong ve sv huu dat tdi giai quyet tranh chap dat dai bao dam phat trien ben vihig it TSy NguySn
Nhu da trinh bay, che dd sd hiiu toan dan ddi vdi dit dai la van de mdi dugc dat ra o
36 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
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Viet Nam tir Hiin phap nam 1980 din nay.
So vdi hang ngan nam lich su ciia chi do rudng dat thi sd hiiu toan dan vin cdn la ylu td rat mdi me, gan lien vdi giai dogn xay dung xa hgi chu nghia. Xet vl mat lich sii, sd hiiu rudng dat bit diu tir thdi ki dung nude da mang dang dap cua sd huu cdng, ve sau, dgc biet la vao thdi thugc Phap, cac hinh thai sd hiiu bao gdm ca sd hihi tu nhan, sd hiiu tap the, sd hiiu nha nude, sd huu cdng ddng dan din cd nhiing thay ddi va phat trien tuy theo hoan canh lich sii.*"' 6 Viet Nam, sd hiiu toan dan vd dat dai cd ngudn gdc tii quan diem kinh te chinh tri hgc cua chii nghia Mac.
Cu thS, Mac da nghien ciiu li lugn dia td tu ban chu nghia trong khudn khd chung cua li lugn gia tri thang du; ddng thdi, phat trien han niia li lugn ay trong nen ndng nghiep hang hoa tu ban chii nghia. Li luan dia td tu ban chu nghia da chi rd phuong thiic kinh doanh tu ban chd nghia trong ndng nghiep dya tren che do sd hiiu tu nhan ve dat dai.
Dia td tu ban chii nghia la bieu hien dgc thii cua quan he san xuat tu ban chii nghia trong llrih vuc ndng nghiep- Chii nghia tu ban da hoan thanh pha vd san ximt nhd trong ndng nghiep, bugc ndng dan bi thdn tinh rudng dat phai lam tliue, le thugc vao tu ban kinh doanh ndng nghiep va ngudi cho vay nang lai.
Trong chii nghia tu ban, dgc quyen tu hiru rudng dit gin vdi dgc quyen kinh doanh rugng dit tit ylu sinh ra dia td (bd phgn lgi nhtign sieu nggch ngoai lgi nhuan binh quan ciia tu ban diu tu trong ndng nghiep phai ngp cho chu sd hiru rudng dat). Dia td tuyet
ddi chi tdn tgi trong dieu kien cua chi do tu hOu rugng dat. Mudn xoa bd dia td tuyet ddi, phai xoa bd chi do tu hiiu rudng dit.*'^'
Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh thyc thi chi dd sd hiiu toan dan, da cd nhieu van de mang tinh xung dgt xay ra va dugc the hien qua mdt sd khia cgnh nhu:*'^' Chi do sd hiiu toan dan mdt cap do chii sd hiiu - sii dung la Nha nude, khdng giao nhieu quyen cho ngudi sir dyng (vi cho rang nhu the thuc te la sd hiru tu nhan); khi dd, Nha nude quan li, quy hogch su dung, thu hdi de dang, khdng phai den bii qua Idn. Dieu nay khdng phu hgp vdi the che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa vdi nhieu thanh phan kinh te tham gia, dgc biet la phap lugt ve dat dai da quy dinh cac quyin cho ngudi sir dung dat, da cap giiy chiing nhgn quyen sir dung dat, nhieu trudng hgp da thuc hi6n giao dich ve quyen sir dung dit hinh thanh nen cac trudng hgp sir dung dit do ngudi dan bd tien ra nhan chuyen nhugng (nhu trudng hgp mua dat cua cac nude cd sd hiru tu nhan), tham chi ngudi su dung dit da gdp vdn bang quyen sii dyng dat dl san xuit kinh doanh theo thdi han den 70 nam. Ben canh do, che do sd huu toan dan ve dit dai ciing la mdi trudng phap li thuan lgi cho tham nhiing phat trien.*^**'
(17). Nguyin Vin Khinh, "Va quySn so hihi dit dai a Vi^t Nam", Tgp chi khoa hgc Dgi hgc qudc gia Hd Ngi, Khog hgc xd hgi vd nhdn vdn, ^t 1/2013.
(18). T6ng Thi Gia, "Kien djnh quan diSm &k dai thuOc so hilu toin dan", Tgp chi qudc phong loan dan, 28/6/2013, htlp://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/van-de-su-kien/
kien-dinh-quan-diem-dat-dai-thuoc-so-huu-toan-dan/
3924.html, truy c§p 19/10/2019.
(19). Dinh Xuin Thao, V5 Thi H6ng Lan, "Che dinh sa hitu dat dai vi vi?c hoan thien phip luit ve so hOu dit dai a Vi?t Nam hifn nay - NhOng vdn dl li luSn vi thyc tien", Bdn tin thdng tin khoa hgc lap phdp, s6 01/2013.
(20). Ding Hung V5, Cdng hint dai dai: thay ddi de mang lgi budc ngogl mdi trong phdt trien, Chu nhit.
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NGHIEN CVV - TRA O BOI
ninh sinh thai, do dd, khdng chi don thuin quan tam den van de mdi trudng ma cdn nhin nhgn nd trong tdng the cac khia cgnh cd the anh hudng tdi ddi sdng con ngudi. Dat trong bdi canh Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia mdi ndi, ti le cdng nghiep hoa thap, van de an ninh sinh thai dudng nhu chua dugc dat ra mdt each hgp li. Tuy nhien, hdi nhap kinh te da tgo ra siic ep de chiing ta ngay cang phai hoan thien hon the che nay bdi neu hang hoa va dich vy cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khdng than thien vdi mdi trudng thi chang nhiing mdi trudng sdng d Viet Nam se ngay cang xuong cap ma viec md rdng xuat khau sang nhung thi trudng khd tinh, cd tieu chuan bao ve mdi trudng cao nhu chau Au, Nhat Ban, Bic My se gap khd khan.*'^' Ddi vdi vimg Tay Nguyen, xuat khau dang ddng phan quan trgng trong tang trudng kinh te, ma d dd, ndng san, gd dang la nhiing mat hang chiem ti trgng cao. Tuy nhidn, de cd dugc nhiing mat hang nay, nhieu yeu td ve mdi trudng dang bi danh ddi mdt each nghiem trgng. Dieu dd the hien phin nao su lo la trong viec thiet lap thi chi an ninh sinh thai trong he thdng phap luat Viet Nam. Thieu nd, chac chan vin de tranh chap dat dai se cdn tiep dien bdi thi chi an ninh sinh thai chinh la cdng cu hiiu hieu de ngan ngira su khai thac ty nhien bita bai. Neu cd the che an ninh sinh thai vung chac va huu hieu, khdng chi vice sii dung, khai thac, cac ngudn lgi tu nhien dugc dien ra an toan vdi mdi trudng, ma y
http://isponre.gov.vn/home/dien-dan/648-gioi-thieu- ve-an-ninh-sinh-thai, truy cap 11/10/2019.
(16). Pham Duy NghTa, Ca sa phdp lugt kinh ti Vi^i Nam vi mgt nen kinh te phdt trien ben vimg vd toan cdu hod, sdd, tr. 146.
thiic ciia ngudi dan ciing se dan tSng cao va qua dd han chi cac nguydn nhan chu quan cua tranh chap dat dai. Tdm lgi, mgt the chi an ninh sinh thai day dii va cd hieu lye sg gdp phin dua hogt ddng san xuat, khai thic ty nhidn vao le idi, quy cu, tii dd han chi tranh chip dat dai xay ra.
Yeu td the che, phap lugt cd vai trd djnh hudng cho hogt ddng cua ngudi dan, tgo ra khudn khd de tir dd hg cd the lam tot cdng viec cua minh. Trong bdi canh Viet Nam, the chi kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia dang lim tdt vai trd ciia minh trong viec thiic diy nen kinh te tang trudng, tuy nhien ddi dien vdi van de dit dai va moi trudng, dudng nhu nd lgi tiem an nhfing ylu td khien cho vigc giai quyet tranh chap dat dai trd nen khd khan hon, dgc biet la trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen. Ben canh vi^c hoan thien the che kinh te, nhieu van de khac ciing can phai dugc quan tam nham hd tro cho viec giai quyet tranh chap dat dai dugc hieu qua ban. Trudc het, ngudi dan phai dugc tao dieu kien tham gia sau vao chinh sach, khdng chi d qua trinh xay d\mg, hoach dinh ma cdn phai trong qua trinh giam sat va thuc thi. Ben cgnh do, can cd the che hoan chinh ve an ninh mdi trudng de van de nky danh dugc su quan tam Idn hon, trd thanh su nghiep cua toan xa hdi. Chi cd nhu vay, nhiing nguyen nhan sau xa cua tinh tr^g tranh chap dit dai viing Tay Nguyen mdi co the dugc giai quylt mgt each triet de nhat.
3. Tac dgng cua quan aiem tniyeo thong ve stf huu dat tdi giai quyet tranb chap dat dai bao dam phat trien ben viing d Tay Nguyfin
Nhu da trinh bay, chi do sd hiiu toan dan doi vdi dit dai la vin de mdi dugc dgt ra 6
36 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
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Viet Nam tir Hiin phap nSm 1980 din nay.
So vdi hang ngan nam lich sir cua chi dg rugng dat thi sd hiiu toan dan vin cdn la ylu td rat mdi me, gin liln vdi giai dogn xay dung xa hdi chu nghia. Xet vl mat lich sir, sd hfiu rudng dit bit diu tir thdi ki dung nude da mang dang dap cua sd hfiu cdng, vl sau, dgc biet la vao thai thugc Phap, c ^ hinh thai sd hiiu bao gdm ca sd hiiu tu nhan, sd hiiu tap the, sd hiiu nha nude, sd hiiu cgng ddng din din cd nhung thay ddi va phat triln tuy theo hoan canh lich sir.*"* 6 Viet Nam, sd hiiu toan dan ve dat dai cd ngudn gdc tir qimn diem kmh te chinh tri hgc eiia chii nghia Mac.
Cy the, Mac da nghien cuu li lugn dia td tu ban chu nghia trong khudn khd chung cua li lugn gia tri thang du; ddng thdi, phat trien han niia li luan ay trong nen ndng nghiep hang hoa tu ban chu nghia. Li lugn dia td tu ban chii nghia da chi rd phuong thiic kinh doanh tu ban chii nghia trong ndng nghiep dua tren che do sd huu tu nhan ve dat dai.
Dia td tu ban chu nghia la bilu hien dac thu cua quan he san xuat tu ban chii nghia trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep. Chu nghia tu ban da hoan thanh pha va san xuat nhd trong ndng nghiep, budc ndng dan bi thdn tinh rugng dat phai lam thue, le thudc vao tu ban kinh doanh ndng nghiep va ngudi cho vay nang lai.
Trong chii nghia tu ban, dgc quyen tu hiiu rudng dit gan vdi dgc quyen kinh doanh rugng dit tit ylu sinh ra dia td (bg phgn lgi nhuan sieu ngach ngoai lgi nhuan binh quan cua tu ban dau tu trong ndng nghiep phai nop cho chu sd huu rudng dat). Dia td tuyet
ddi chi tdn tgi trong dilu kien cua chi do tu hiiu rudng dat. Mudn xoa bd dia td tuyet ddi, phai xoa bd che do tu hiru rugng dit.*'^*
Tuy nhi^n, trong qua trinh thuc thi chi do sd hiiu toan dan, da cd nhieu van de mang tinh xung dot xay ra va dugc thi hien qua mgt sd khia cgnh nhu:*''' Chi do sd hiiu toan dan mdt cap do chu sd hiiu - su dyng la Nha nude, khdng giao nhieu quyin cho ngudi sir dyng (vi cho ring nhu thi thuc tl la sd hiiu tu nhan); khi dd, Nha nude quan li, quy hogch su dung, thu hdi de dang, khdng phai den bu qua Idn. Dieu nay khdng phii hgp vdi the che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia vdi nhieu thanh phin kinh tl tham gia, dac biet la phap lugt ve dit dai da quy dinh cac quyen cho ngudi sir dyng dat, da cap giay chiing nhgn quyen sir dung dat, nhieu trudng hgp da thuc hien giao dich ve quyen su dung dat hinh thinh nen cic trudng hgp sir dyng dat do ngudi dan bd tien ra nhan chuyen nhugng (nhu trudng hgp mua dat cua cac nude cd sd hiiu tu nhan), tham chi ngudi sii dyng dat da gdp vdn bing quyen su dung dat dl san xuit kinh doanh theo thdi hgn den 70 nam. Ben cgnh do, chi do sd hiiu toan dan ve dit dai ciing la mdi trudng phap li thuan lgi cho tham nhiing phat trien.*^°*
(17). Nguyen Van Khanh, "Ve quy€n so hitu dit dai 6 Vifit Nam", Tgp chi khoa hgc Dai hgc qudc gia Hd Ngi. Khoa hoc xa hgi vd nhdn vdn, s6 1/2013.
(18). T6ng Thi Gia, "Kien dinh quan diem dit dai thuQC so hiiu toin dan". Tap chi qudc phdng loan dan, 28/6/2013, http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/van-de-su-kien/
k i en-d inh -quan-diem-dat-dai-thuoc-so-huu-toan-dan/
3924.html, truy e$p 19/10/2019.
(19). Dinh Xuan Thio, V5 Thj Hfing Lan, "Che djnh sa h&u dit dai vi vifc hoin thien phip luat vk so hthi dit dai a Vi^t Nam hi^n nay - Nhimg van dS li luan vi thuc tiln", Bdn tin thdng tin khoa hgc lap phdp, so 01/2013.
(20). Ding Hung V3, Cdng hicu ddt dai: thay ddi di mang lai buac ngogt mat trong phdl trien, Chu nhit,
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NGHIEN CVV- TRAO B6I
^d rang, viec Viet Nam van cdn dang Sdi mat vdi nhieu khd khan trong nhan thirc vl quyen sd hiiu toan dan vdi dit dai da phan anh thyc te la viec dua chi dinh nhi: vay vao trong thuc tien dit nude da gap khdng it can trd. Mdt trong nhihig vin dl Idn phai quan tSm d day dd la su mau thuan vdi quan niem ciia ngudi dan vl quyin sd hQu dit dai. Dl hilu dugc dilu dd, chiing ta phai bit diu vdi quan niem vl quyen sd hihi ndi chvmg. Cy the, qua trinh phat trien quan niem vl quyin sd huu the hien qua nhiing quan diem sau:
- Trong thdi ki so khai, tai san dugc coi la gan vdi tu each ca nhan cua chu sd hiiu, xam phgm vao quyen sd hiiu ciing ddng nghia vdi xam phgm vao danh du ciia ca nhan. Vi vay, lugt La Ma quy dinh hinh thiic td tyng tuong ling la kien hanh vi (actio furti) chit khdng phai kien ddi lgi tai san (actio rei vindication).* " Quan niem so khai nay phan anh phan nao tim quan trgng cua quyen sd hiiu khi nd gin chgt vdi khia cgnh cao quy nhat ciia con ngudi la pham gia va danh dy. Sy xam pham quyen sd huu, do dd cd tac dgng rat Idn tdi ngudi chii sd hiru.
- Quyin sd hiiu la kha nang cua chu the dugc chi phdi tuyet ddi va theo y chi cua minh ddi vdi tai san. Budc tien nay trong quan niem vl quyen sd hOru cho thiy tinh tdi thugng cua chu sd huu trong quan he sd hiiu.
Hanh vi sd hiiu, do dd mang tinh chat tuyet ddi va trd nen bit kha xam pham. Tir day sinh ra nguyen tic ca ban cua lugt dan su:
26/9/2010, Tuin Vi^t Nam, https://ashui.com/mag/
tuongtac/phanbien/3424-cong-huu-dat-dai-thay-doi- de-mang-lai-buoc-ngoat-mo i-trong-phat-trien .htm 1, truy cap 13/9/2019.
(21). Tnrfimg D?ii hpc Luit Hi N$i, Giao trinh lugt La Md, Nxb. Cong an nhin dan. Hi Ngi, 2009.
Mdt ngudi khdng the chuyen giao cho ngudi khac nhieu hon nhiing gi minh cd.
- Quyin sd hihi dugc hieu thdng qua viec liet kd cy the cac quyen nang cau thanh len nd. Viec liet ke cac quyen nay la khac nhau trong timg bdi canh phap li. 6 Viet Nam hien nay, dd la quyen chiem huu, sii dyng va dinh dogt. Dilu 544 Bg luat dan sy Phap lgi quy dinh dd la quyen hudng thy va djnh doat.*^^' Quan niem nay la budc phat trien nham lam ro chii sd huu cd the lam gi ddi vdi tai san ciia minh.
Tdm lgi, quyen sd hiiu trong quan niem ciia con ngudi ndi chung phan anh kha nang tuyet ddi cua chu sd hiiu ddi vdi tai san ciia minh. Dieu nay phan nao xuat phat tu ban chat cita quyen sd huru hay la sy giai thich quyen sd hiiu dugc xac lap tu dau. Triet gia ndi tieng John Locke da li giai nd tir tien de rang, con ngudi cd quyen sd hiiu ddi vdi lao ddng cua chinh ban than minh va khdng ai cd bat ki quyen gi ddi vdi sd hiiu nay ngoai chinh ngudi dd.* ' Dieu dd cd nghia la lao ddng da tach biet giiia nhiing thu ma con ngudi lay tir ty nhien vdi cai chung cua ty nhien. Ong viet: "dam cd md ngira cua toi da ngogm, lop ddt md nguai hau ciia tdi dd xen cd vd sd quang md tdi dd dao a ddu dd, von Id nhihig noi tdi cd quyin chung cung (22). Nguyen van: "Property is the right lo use and control things in the most absolute manner provided this use and control are not prohibited by the law", https://www.legifTance.gouv.fr/content/download/
1950/13681/version/3/file/Code_22.pdf, truy c^p 17/9/2019.
(23). Nguyen Thj Thanh Huygn, "Quan ni^m cua J. Locke vS quy^n s6 hitu trong tic pham "Khao lu§n thu hai vk chinh quyin", Tgp chi khoa hgc Dgi hgc qudc gia Hd Ngi, Khoa hgc xd hgi va nhdn van, s6 28/2012, tr. 36.
38 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBOl vai nhimg ngudi khac, dd trd thdnh sd him
cua tdi ma khong cd su chi dinh hay chdp thugn cua bdt ki ai".^^'*^ Nhu vay, quan niem nay giiip chung ta giai thich dugc khia canh rit quan trgng cita quyin sd hiru. De thiy, quyen sd hiiu dugc hinh thanh va bdi dip khdng chi tir viec chilm hiiu tai san ma cdn tir qua trinh lao ddng, gin bd vdi tai san dd.
Dilu nay li giai cho hinh thirc sd hiiu tu nhan ddi vdi tai san ndi chung va dit dai ndi rieng da phat sinh nhu thi nao trong thuc tl.
Va dua tren dd, chung ta cd thi khing dinh viec quy dinh che do sd hiiu toan dan ddi vdi dat dai da tudc dogt mdt phin quyen sd hiiu tuyet ddi imy. Dieu dd la cd phin duy y chi va di ngugc lgi quan niem vl quyen sd hiiu ddi vdi dat dai. Nd gay ra he qua la viec thieu tdn trgng vai trd cua ngudi dan, chii thi tryc tiep sir dung va hudng lgi tir dit dai, din den sy bira bai va dgc doan trong quan li dat dai nhu thu hdi dat. Thuc tl, y thiic ciia ngudi dan ve quyen sd hiru toan dan doi vdi dat dai la khdng cao va thuc t8 thi trudng cho thay ngudi dan van quan niem rang minh dang sd hiiu chii khdng don gian la sit dung dat bdi hg khdng chi dang khai thac, hudng lgi tir dat dai ma thyc te van cd the chuyen nhugng, thira ke nd mdt each tuong ddi tu do. Vi vay, da cd y kien cho rang, quan niem sd hiiu toan dan tren thyc te da trd nen hinh thiic, "trdng rong" va "tao n^n nhieu ao giac hon la thuc quyen, bdi cac quyin tai san mang tinh tu hiiu gin vdi nhieu loai dat da dugc trao cho ca nhan hay td chiic dang chiem hiiu".' ^' Dieu dang ndi
(24). John Locke, Khao ludn thu hai ve chinh quyen - chinh quyin dan stf, Nxb. Tri thiic. H i Npi, 2007, tr. 128.
(25). Pham Duy NghTa, " S o hiru toin dSn vfi dit dai
ban la sy chenh lenh ve quan niem nay cdn den tir ca nhiing nha lap phap bdi khi Hiin phap nam 1980 quy dinh vl dilu nay thi nhieu dgi bilu Quoc hgi van nghi ring, dit dai thugc sd hiiu toan dSn nghTa la moi ngudi cd mdt manh dit, chii khdng hilu ring tuyen bd dd ddng nghia vdi quIc hiiu hoa dat dai.* Ndi chung, sy chenh lech vl quan ni$m sd hOru toan dan vdi dit dai theo quy dinh cua phap lugt va sd hiru tu nhan trong tam thiic ciia ngudi dan da din din tinh trang xung dot va tranh chip. Dac biet la trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen, ngudi dan tdc thieu sd d day van tu phat liy dit ning lam riy ma khdng cin quan tam dit dai dd dang thugc sd hiru toan dan bdi khai niem nay hoan toan xa Ig vdi hg. Khi ngudi dan dgt chan tdi, lao ddng va hudng lgi tir mgt manh dat thi dieu do cd nghTa la hg da sd hiru manh dit dd. Nhilu khu vuc tudng nhu
"vd chu" trong quan niem cua ngudi dan, dac biet la rimg phdng hd, rimg tu nhidn thugc dien bao ton, tren giiy td lai la thugc quan li cua Nha nude. Vi vay, hien tugng tranh chap va xung dot xay ra rat nhieu tai cac khu vyc rimg phdng hd nhieu tinh Tay Nguyen.*^'' Dieu nay ro rang dgt ra nhieu
va doanh n ^ i ^ p N h i nuoc: Mgt so uu tien trong chinh sich tii ciu tnic x\kn kinh t6", Hgi thio: Kinh li Viet Nam 2012: Tgo btrac ngodl de xoay chuyen linh thi, Vien Kinh ti Vi4tNam, Vien kinh tk Viet Nam, 2012.
(26). Nguyfin Sa, " S o hOu toin din v i dit dai, mgt g6c nhin khic". Thai bdo kinh li Viit Nam, 27/9/2012, http://vneconomy.vn/thoi-su/so-huu-toan-dan-ve-dat- dai-mot-goc-nhin-khac-20120927100448759.htm, tniy cap 07/11/2019.
(27). Cao Thj Ly, "Thich thiic trong giai quylt mau thuSn dit dai v i thiic diy sir tham gia ciia hp gia dinh v i c^ng d6ng trong b i o ve v i phuc hoi rimg a TSy Nguyen", Hpi thio: Tham vdn du thao Nghi dinh quy
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019 39
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thach thiic trong viec giai quylt tranh cfiap dat dai bdi neu chi dimg lgi d mgt phap li, tiic la ddi lgi dat tir sy lan chiem cua ngudi dan thi se khdng the dirt diem dugc tinh trgng tranh chap. Dac biet d Tay Nguyen, ylu td cgng ddng, gia tgc lai cang thi hien rd ndt khien cho nhung tranh chap khdng chi mang tinh don le ma bimg phat rat Idn. Nguyen nhan la d chd ngudi Ede va Mndng quan niem rang, dat ray thugc quyen sd hiru ciia ngudi khai pha diu tien. Neu hg chit, dat dd dugc truyen cho con chau. Cdng ddng budn lang khang dinh quyen sd hiiu cua hg. Nhung ngudi thiia ke khdng cd quyen ban dat dd cho ngudi khac ma chi cd the de thiia ke lai cho con chau, coi dat ray la tai san ciia gia tdc, dugc luu truyen tir ddi nay sang ddi khac.*^^*
Nhu vgy, ro rang khoang each trong quan niem ciia ngudi dan ve sd hiiu dat dai d khu v\rc Tay Nguyen vdi che do sd hiru toan dan dugc hien dinh la kha Idn. Dieu nay khdng chi ddi hdi chung ta phai tich cue tuyen truyin, phd bien phap lugt tdi ngudi dan ma cdn phai sua ddi, hoan thien phap lugt theo hudng tdn trgng quyen sd hiiu cua ngudi dan, ciing nhu chip nhan va ap dung mgt each linh hogt nhiing quan niem vdn cd cua hg trong viec xu li quan he dat dai ndi chung va giai quylt tranh chip dit dai ndi rieng. Cd nhu vgy, vin dl tranh chip dit dai mdi dugc giai quylt mgt each cSn ban va tranh dugc mau thuan, xung dot d miic do Idn xay ra. Trong cdng tac nay, cac co che giai quylt mang tinh
dinh chi tiit thi hanh mgt sd diiu ciia Lugl lam nghiep, Tong eye lam nghifp, 08/6/2018.
(28). Trung tim phit trien sing kien cgng dong vi moi tru^g, Tai li^u hudng ddn giao ddt giao rimg cgng ddng cd sff tham gia, Nxb. Thanh nien. Hi Npi, 2014, tr. 60,
phap !i Cling nhic khdng thi dugc ap dyng tuy tien ma phai phdi hgp vdi nhilu bien phap kinh te-xa hgi de dam bao dn dinh cugc sdng, khdng vi phgm nhiing vdn sdng truyen thdng cua ngudi dan tdc tai chd cua khu vuc vdn chua dung nhieu yeu td nhay cam nay.
4. Tac dgng cua ylu to phong tyc, tgp quan tdi giai quyet tranh chip dat dai bao dam phat trien ben vihig tr TSy Nguyen
Phong tyc, tap quan la yeu td da tdn tai va dinh hinh lau dai trong lich sii Viet Nam.
Tinh da dang cua phong tyc, tap quan the hien d chd nd cd the dieu chinh nhieu khia cgnh, ITnh vuc trong ddi sdng ma dat dai va tranh chap dat dai la van de khdng the thieu.
Gia tri dieu chinh cua tap quan cd the ngang bang hay tham chi cao hon phap luat. Vi the, vice ap dung mgt each cimg nhic cac phuong phap phap li de giai quyet tranh chap dat dai ma khdng can nhac tdi yeu td phong tyc, tgp quan la hoan toan khdng phii hgp. Dac biet trong bdi canh vung Tay Nguyen, yeu td dan tgc da dang keo theo cac phong tyc, tap quan ciing cd tam anh hudng rit Idn. Vdi nhiing van de dat ra tgi khu vyc nay, can phai xem xet tdi mgt sd yeu td nhu:
4.1. Lugt tuc ve gidi quyet tranh chdp ddt dai Lugt tuc cua cac dan tdc thieu sd d Tay Nguyen vdi nhieu ten ggi khac nhau nhu Phatkdi hay Bidue cua ngudi Ede, Phgtkdudi ciia ngudi MNdng, Tolcridjuat hay Toloiphian cua ngudi Gia Rai, Daytordnkdi cua ngudi Mg v.v..*^^' Mgt khai niem cd thi su dung dl nhin nhgn ve lugt tyc nhu sau: "Lugl tuc Id
(29). Tri Tin, "Lu§t tyc vi sy quan tim die bi§t din trS em", https://plo.vn/phap-luat/luat-tuc-va-su-quan' tam-dac-biet-den-tre-em-677613.htm!, truy c^p 22/10/2019.
40 TAP CHI LUAT HOC S6 8/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBOl
mdt hinh thicc ciia tri thiic bdn dia, duQC hinh thdnh trong lich sie lau ddi qua kinh nghiem ung xu vdi mdi trudng vd xd hgi, dugc the hi^n dual nhiiu hinh thuc khac nhau vd truyin tu dai nay sang dai khac bdng tri nha qua thuc hanh san xudt vd thuc hanh xa hoi Nd hudng din viec hudng ddn quan he xd hgi, quan he con ngudi vdi thien nhien. Nhimg chudn mi/Cc dy dugc cd cgng ddng thua nhdn vd thuc hien, nha dd dd tgo ra stc thdng nhdt va cdn bdng trong mdi cdng ddng".^^^^ Ndi den vai trd cua lugt tuc trong giai quylt tranh chip dit dai chiing ta phai xem xet tdi hai khia cgnh. Ve mat tich cue, tinh hiSu luc cua lugt tuc trong giai quylt tranh chip la rit dang xem xet bdi nd cd thi dugc ap dung mdt each dl dang ma khdng can su can thidp qua sau tic phia nha nude.
Cach thiic giai quyet tranh chap chu yeu la dua vao cdng ddng, trong dd gia lang tham khao y kien ciia nhiing ngudi cao tudi. Neu khdng giai quylt dugc thi phai thuc hien thdng qua cac hinh thiic tai phan mang tinh chit thir thach nhu thi lan nude, dd chi.*^'*
NIU tgn dung dugc hinh thdc giai quyet tranh chip mang tinh cgng ddng tiii van de se trd nen de dang ban. Ngoai ra, mdt sd dan tdc thilu so cd lugt tyc bao ve rimg rit nghiem ngat, nlu trao quyin cho hg de thyc hien nhiing quy djnh trong lugt tyc rmy de bao ve rimg thi tinh trang tranh chip dat dai se bi diy lui phin nao. Ve khia cgnh tieu eye, sy thieu tuang thich giOa phap luat va lugt tyc cd the
khien giai quyet tranh chip dit dai khd khan hon. Vi dy sau phin nao cho thiy dilu nay: *^^' Mdt doanh nghiep diu tu trong linh vuc ndng nghiep. Quy dit diu tien cdng ti dugc cap chu ylu la rimg go tgp, nuong ray bi bd hoang boa. Sau khi iii dat va bdi thudng thi cd ngudi dan ban ra cim cgc lam hang rao va nhgn la dat cua minh do mua lgi tir ngudi khac. Mac dii cdng ti lam td trinh bao cao lanh dgo huyen va de nghi xac minh lai dit nay nhung khdng dugc giai quyet. Do dd, cdng ti phai bdi thudng them lan niia cho manh dit nay. Cdng ti khdng dam cudng ch8 vi sg dan se pha cay trdng sau nay.
Nhdm cdng ddng ngudi dan tdc ban dia sdng bang ndng nghiep luan canh limn cu, tiic la canh tac d mgt khu vuc sau dd chuyen den khu vuc khac de canh tac nhiing nam tiep theo. Thdng thudng khu dat bi de hoang khoang 5 - 7 nSm va sau dd ngudi dan quay lai canh tac tidp va cii nhu vgy quay vdng trong tat ca cac khu dat hg da khai hoang.
Trong cdng ddng cua minh, ngifdi dan tdn trgng "quyin sd hiiu" cung nhu ranh gidi dat dai ciia nhau theo lugt tuc va bao v^ quyen nay mgnh me. Va dieu nay phan nao khiln tranh chap dit dai cd nguy co xay ra ciing nhu trd nen khd giai quyet.
Tdm lgi, khi doi dien vdi van de lugt tyc, chiing ta phai nhin nhan day la yeu td da tdn tgi lau dai va cd anh hudng Idn tdi nhan thuc cua ngudi dan, dac biet la d vimg Tay Nguyen, ddi vdi giai quyet tranh chap dat dai. Trong mdi quan he vdi phap lugt, lugt (30). Ng6 Diic Thjnh, "Lu$t t\ic d Tiy Nguyen - Mgt
di sin vin hoi ding tran trgng", Tgp chi cdng sdn, s6 5/1999, tr. 23.
(31). Ngi^ln Quang Ti^ln, "Vai tr6 ciia lu§t tyc Bahnar, Jrai, trong quin H, sii dyng dit dai, m6i truimg vi bio v? rimg", Tgp chi lugt hgc, s6 12/2012, tr. 45.
(32). Pan nature, VCCl, Oxfam, Hudng ddn tu nguyin gidm thieu rui ro ve mot iruang - xa hgi chg doanh nghiep vi4t nam ddu tu ra nude ngoai trong ITnh vifc ndng nghiep tgi liiu viing Me Kong, Nxb.
H6ng Diie, Hi Npi, 2019, tr. 46.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 8/2019 41
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tyc cd tinh hai mat, vira tich cue ho trg lai vira cd nguy co gay han chi ddi vdi cdng tac giai quyet tranh chip dit dai. Hudng di cho tuong lai, vi vay rat nan giai bdi vin dl nay lien quan den viec giii gin ban sic van hoa dan tgc. Dudi gdc nhin phat triln bin viing, chung ta phai thay thuc day xa hdi van minh la muc tieu trgng tam. Vi the, ben cgnh vien giii gin nhiing gia tri cd truyen cd ich, ciing can phai cd nhiing bien phap de xoa bd hu tyc igc hau va sai trai.
4.2. Tdng cudng vai tro ciia ngudi cd uy tin trong viec hod gidi, tuyen truyen phdp lugt ve gidi quyet tranh chdp ddt dai
Trong xa hdi ma phong tuc, tap quan chiem vai trd quan trgng thi nhiing ngudi cd uy tin trong cdng ddng se cd tieng ndi manh me. Trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen, van de nay Igt cang the hien ro net. Cac dan tdc d Tay Nguyen cd tinh cgng ddng ben viing.
Moi lang diu suy tdn mdt ngudi diing dau, dgi dien cho dan lang quyet dinh nhimg van dl quan trgng va giai quyet cac mdi quan he.*^^' Dilu nay rat cd y nghTa trong cdng tac giai quyet tranh chip dat dai, dgc biet la ddi vdi phuong thiic hda giai.
Viec ap dung hoa giai tranh chap dat dai cd sy khac biet giiia khu vuc ndng thdn va thanh thi. CI ndng thdn, cac mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, lang xdm dugc ngudi dan rit coi trgng giii gin va bao ve. Khi tranh chap phap sinh, ngudi dan hudng tdi hoa giai de giii gin tinh doan kit xdm lang. Hon niia, cac thilt chi dgo diic, van hoa, phong tyc, tap
quan truyen thdng chi phdi, anh hudng manh me den toan bg ddi sdng cua ngudi dan.
Trong qua trinh hoa giai, ap dung cac t§p quan, thiet che dao diic nay rat hieu qua trong viec thuyet phyc cac ben. Tgi day, gia lang, trudng ban va nhirng ngudi hgc cao dugc cdng ddng kinh trgng, do dd tilng ndi ciia hp rat cd gia tri. Sy tham gia cua hg vao qua trinh hoa giai la yeu td din den thanh cdng.'^^' Tuy nhien, su thay ddi ciia bdi canh kinh te, xa hgi da va dang phan nao tac dgng tdi vai trd cua nhiing ngudi cd uy tin trong cgng ddng cac dan tgc noi day. Nhutig cot mdc sau'^^* cho chiing ta thay dieu nay:
- 1985 - 1986: Rimg cdn nhilu thu Idn, cgp, voi rimg, bd tdt. Cac lam trudng dugc thanh lap. Cac hd trd thanh cdng nhan lam trudng, dugc lam trudng phat ggo, mudi, luang rit it. Lam trudng thanh lap cac dgi khai thac, chat hit cay rung Idn, ngudi dan trdng thdng thay thi. Budn bit dau thay ddi cd thdn trudng, td trudng. Cd mgt sd ngudi Kinh vao budn ban, vai vdc, hang gia dung, bd han ao quan truyen thdng (khd). Tap tuc canh tac cii mat din. Vai trd ciia gia lang dan giam xuong.
- 1988: Lam trudng giai the, ngudi dan quay lgi lam ray theo each truyen thdng.
Rimg mat nhieu do ngudi dan mat niem tin,
(33). Phdt huy vai tro cua ngudi cd uy tin nai budn, lang Tdy Nguyen, http;//btgcp,gov.vn/Pliis.aspx/vi/
News/3 8/0/169/0/9943/Phat_huy_vai_tro_cua_nguo!_
co_uyJin_noi_buon_lang_Tay_Nguyen, truy cip 07/9/2019.
(34). Vi?n nghien ciiu chinh sich, phip lu^t v& phit trien, Hda gidi tranh chdp ddi dai lgi Viit Nam Phdn tich phdp lugt hiin hdnh, cdc thuc lien vd khuyen nghi cho cdi each. Bio cio nghien cim, Hi N^i, 10/2013, (35). Luong Thi Thu Hing, Phan Tridu Giang, Truong Quang Hoing, Nghien cuu ve ludl tuc cua cdc ddn tgc thieu sd vd chinh sdch ddt rimg a Viit Nam, Bio cSo nghien cuu, 8/2015. https://data.opendevelopment mekong.net/dataset/12bcc371-4862-454a-9fb4-3d5 3fe3ed05e/resource/8884286a-724e-41d7-9061-8b3 9527el744/download/bao-cao-nghien-cuu-luat-tuc- final.pdf, truy c^p 24/9/2019.
42 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIEN CW - TRA O BOI chgt pha. Thu Idn bit diu mit din. Mdt sd
ngudi dan chuyin sang lam rudng nude.
- 1989 - 1990: Ddi khd do lam ray truyin thdng bi cam, hogt ddng san xuit dinh tre do phong trao Fulro. Rimg bit giam manh, chim thii mit din. Ngudi di cu phia Bic xuit hien.
Tetp tyc cii khdng cd hieu luc.
- Din nam 1979 - 1990: Vin cdn nhilu rimg va chim thu Idn nhu bd rimg, bd tdt.
- 1994 - 1995: Lam dudng qudc Id 27.
Dan di cu xuat hien nhilu, khai thac go, liy dit canh tac. Ngudi Mndng Gar bit diu lam lua nude do hit dit ray dl quang canh.
- 1999 - 2000: Bit diu lam ca phe. Cdng ti nguyen li5u giay vao trdng rung tren dit canh tac truyin thdng ciia ba' con (v(' dg:
Cdng ti giay Tan Mai, Cdng ti nguyen lieu giay Ddng Nai). Nhieu dat nay bi sang nhugng cho ngudi ngoai. Mdt sd dan bit diu theo dao Co ddc. Tin lanh, bd di nhieu t£^ tuc tmyin thdng. Ban cong chieng, che rugu.
- 2005: ca phe dugc dua vao budn nhieu.
Rimg bat dau dugc giao khoan bao ve. That chat viec canh tac nuong ray.
- 2015: Cgng ddng khdng cdn gan ket, thanh nien khdng theo truyen thdng. Cac hd dan sdng gan rimg canh tac nuong ray.
Ndi chung, sy sut giam vai trd ciia ngudi cd uy tin la vin de Idn, dac biet la xet trong bdi canh the he tiep ndi cua hg ciing khdng tiep cgn dugc vdi nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat. Nhu vay, cgng ddng Tay Nguyen se thieu dan su dinh hudng va keo theo dd la cdng tac giai quyet tranh chap dat dai se cang trd nen khd khan. Trong bdi canh dd, can cd nhiing budc di kheo leo dl tai xay dung lgi mdi trudng van hoa truyen thdng va phat huy trd lgi vai trd cua ngudi cd uy tin d day neu khdng mudn viec giai quyet tranh chap dat
dai gap nhilu khd khan hon trong tuong lai.
Tdm lgi, xuit phat td nin tang vl tim quan trgng cua dit dai, cd thi thiy ring tranh chap dat dai la van de ndng ma he qua ciia nd dii vdi cac myc tieu phat triln bin viing la hit siic rd rang. Tranh chip dit dai la nguydn nhan true tiep ciing nhu gian tilp dan den ddi ngheo, that nghiep, dd thj igc hau, cgn kiet tai nguyen, mit da dgng sinh hgc, tinh trang bit cdng, tham nhung. Vi thi, vai trd cua giai quylt tranh chip dit dai lgi cang phai dugc quan tam hon niia. Trong bdi canh vimg Tay Nguyen, cac phuong thiic phap li giai quyet tranh chip dudng nhu k^m dem lgi hieu qua, dac biet la cac hieu qua mang tinh ben viing. Do vay, viec giai quylt tranh chap dat dai d khu vyc nay can dac biet chu trgng cac ylu td tren day vdi nhung dac thil ciia Tay Nguyen. Chi cd nhu vay thi tinh trgng tranh chip dat dai mdi dugc giai quyet mgt each hieu qua phyc vu cho myc dich phat triln ben viing d khu vyc nay./.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO 1. Bd ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn,
Td chiic Bao tdn thien nhien qudc te, Hudng ddn quan li khu bdo ton thien nhiin - Mdt sd kinh nghiep vd bdi hoc qudc ti, lUCN Viet Nam, Ha Ndi, 2008, http://viencnhsmt.vinhuni.edu.vn/DATA/
32/upload/510/documents/2016/08/iucn_2 00 8_huong_dan_quan_ly_kbttn. pdf 2. Huynh The Du, "Tranh chap dat dai: Cai
gdc khdng phai la van de sd hiiu", Thdi bdo kinh ti Sdi Gdn, ngay 4/5/2017.
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quan-diem-dat-dai-thuoc-so-huu-toan- dan/3924.html.
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Li lugn chinh tri. Ha Ngi, 2007.
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11. Nguyen Lanh, Gidi thieu ve an ninh sinh
thdi, http://isponre.gov.vn/home/dien-daii/
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quySt mau thuan dit dai va thiic diy sir tham gia cua hd gia dinh va cdng ddng trong bao ve va phuc hdi rung d TSy Nguyen", Hgi thao: Tham vdn du thao Nghi ^i>^h quy djnh chi tiit thi hdnh mdi sd dieu cda Lugt lam nghiep, Tdng eye lam nghiep, 08/6/2018.
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16. Ngan hang the gidi, Phdt triin bin viing trong mgt the gidi ndng dgng - Thay doi the che, tdng trudng vd chdt lugng cuoc sdng cao, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2003.
17. Pan nature, VCCI, Oxfam, Hudng ddn t\r nguyen gidm thieu rui ro ve mdi trudng - xd hgi cho doanh nghiep Vi$t Nam ddu tu ra nuac ngoai trong link vuc nong nghiep tgi tieu vung Me Kong, Nxb. Hdng Dire, Ha Ngi, 2019.
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NGHIEN CVV - TRA O BOI
"Giam nghdo d Viet Nam dudi gdc nhin cua trudng phai Hien dgi hoa", trong sach: Ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Viet Nam:
Tic chinh sdch din thirc ti, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, HaNgi, 2012.
19. Td Xuan Phiic, Dgng Hung V6, Trao quyen cho cgng ddng vi muc tieu xda ddi gidm ngheo vd quan li rimg ben virng tgi Viet Nam, Bao cao nghien ciiu.
Forest Trends, 2017.
20. Dinh Xuan Thao, Vd Thi Hdng Lan,
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21. Ngd Diic Thinh, "Luat tyc d Tay Nguyen - Mgt di san van hoa dang tran trgng", Tgp chi cgng sdn, sd 5/1999.
22. Nguyen Quang Tuyen, "Vai trd cua luat tuc Bahnar, Jrai, trong quan li, su dyng dat dai, mdi trudng va bao ve rimg", Tgp chi lugt hgc, sd 12/2012.
23. Trung tam con ngudi va thien nhien,
"Phat triln va danh ddi: Lua chgn giiia lgi ich kinh tl va bao ve mdi trudng", Tuyen tap bdo chi mdi trudng. Ha Ndi, 2008, http://www.natiue.org.vn/vn/tai- lieu/PhatTrienvaDanhDoi2008.pdf 24. Tnmg tsim phat trien sang kien cgng
dong va mdi trudng, Tdi lieu hudng ddn giao ddt giao rimg cdng ddng cd su tham gia, Nxb. Thanh nien. Ha Ngi, 2014.
25. Trudng Dgi hgc Luat Ha Ndi, Giao trinh lugt La Md, Nxb. Cdng an nhan dan. Ha Ngi, 2009.
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Viit Nam, 27/9/2012, http://vneconomy.
vn/thoi-su/so-huu-toan-dan-ve-dat-dai- mot-goc-nhin-khac-201209271004487 59.htm
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28. Uy ban dan tdc, Tieu ban quan li dy an hd trg giam ngheo PRPP, Bdo cdo gidm sat tinh hinh thuc hien chinh sdch phdp lugt ve qudn li sic dung ddt tgi cdc ndng, lam truong qudc doanh giai dogn 2004 - 207-^, Ha NOi, 8/2015.
29. Dang Himg V5, Cong hitu ddt dai: thay ddi de mang lgi budc ngogt mdi trong phdt triin, Chu nhat, 26/9/2010, Tuin Viet Nam, https://ashui.com/mag/tuong tac/phanbien/3424-cong-huu-dat-dai- thay-doi-de-mang-lai-buoc-ngoat-moi- trong-phat-trien.html
30. Vien nghidn cuu chinh sach, phap luat va phat trien, Hda gidi tranh chdp ddt dai tgi Viet Nam Phdn tich phdp lugt hien hdnh, cdc thuc tien vd khuyen nghi cho cdi each, Bao cao nghien cuu. Ha Ndi, 10/2013.
31. Phdt huy vai tro cua ngudi cd uy tin nai budn, lang Tdy Nguyen, http://btgcp. gov.
vn/Plus.aspx/vi/News/38/0/169/0/9943/
Phat_huy_vai_tro_cua_nguoi_co_uy_tin _noi_buon_lang_Tay_Nguyen.
32. Le Thanh Van, "Tai co ciu kinh tl qudc gia va mgt sd y kien ve phat trien Tay Nguyen bin viing", Tgp chi tia sdng, 18/01/2012.
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