African women's basic rights.
World Bank Framework for Law, Gender, and Development in Sub−Saharan Africa (Mark Blackden and Doris Martin)
Women have not always realized meaningful benefits from economic development programs that directed increased resources to them; in fact, women have sometimes been left worse off as a result of such programs.
Inadequate attention to institutional constraints, such as gender−
biased laws and customs, is the main reason for this. Discriminatory laws and customs create systemic constraints that must be identified and related to economic objectives before responsive strategies can be formulated. The framework given here is proposed as an aid to discern the pattern of appropriate questions needed to draw out the relationship between gender−biased laws and customs and economic capacity.
The framework provides the basis for applying an integrated analysis through a series of inquiries. It has three institutional dimensions: economics, law, and gender. The gender dimension is the prism through which analysis takes place. There is a reciprocal relationship between the law dimension and the economic dimension, for example, the legal rules on property and their administration and enforcement will affect the access, control, and use of resources in the productive economic sectors. Fundamental change in the resource sectors will influence change in the legal system and vice versa.
Application of the framework involves a two−phase process. Phase one, which is within the economic dimension, examines gender−based disparities in the access, control, and exploitation of resources in the agriculture,
education, health, or business sectors; and it identifies specific laws and customs that are constraints to women's access, control, and exploitation of resources in these sectors. Phase two, which is within the law dimension, examines the historical rationale underlying the laws and customs identified as constraints, the integrity in applying or interpreting the laws and customs, and the extent to which these are enforced; and it identifies key areas of the legal system that should be considered for reform.
Final Thoughts (Fayez Omar)
Over the last couple of days the participants have raised very important issues, put forward very important proposals. The challenge now is to move to implementation. The World Bank would be looking forward to working with the countries, the NGO community, bilaterals, and so forth and to seeing the participants in future conferences, work−shops, and the like, so that they provide an update as to where they are. The hope was that we would hear many success stories coming out of Africa on gender and law.
Note: This appendix focuses on the opening plenary session and the session on different perspectives concerning gender and law. The summary was prepared by Maryam Salim of the Africa Human Development Department of the World Bank.
3. Mr. Eden Fassil, Legal Advisor, Ministry of Justice Ethiopia
1. H.E. Tadelech Haile−Mikael, Minister of Women's Affairs, Head of Delegation 2. W/ro Anjabebu Belachew, Women's Affairs Standing Committee
3. W/ro Tigist Mekonnen, Member of Parliament, Women's Affairs Standing Committee 4. W/ro Hirut Birassa, Member of Parliament, Women's Affairs Standing Commitee, Chairman 5. Dr. Ethiopia Beyene, Member of Parliament, Women's Affairs Standing Committee, Secretary 6. Ato Shifferaw Benti, Member of Parliament, Social Affairs Standing Committee
7. Ato Duguma Daba, Member of Parliament, Legal Affairs Standing Committee 8. Ato Anagaw Wudineh, Member of Parliament, Legal Affairs Standing Committee 9. Ato Adenew Ayno, Member of Parliament, Legal Affairs Standing Committee 10. Ato Lemma Ena, Member of Parliament, Media & Culture Standing Commitee 11. W/ro Kebebush, Women's Affairs Department, Ministry of Justice
12. Col. Tefferedegne, Head, Police Academy
13. W/rt. Yeshi Habte Mariam, Women's Affairs Department, CER−TWID, Addis Ababa University 14. W/ro Bogaletch Alemu, Women's Affairs Department, Ministry of Agriculture
15. W/ro Yelfign Worku, Women's Affairs Department, Ministry of Education
16. W/ro Nuria Mohammed, Member of Parliament, Women's Affairs Standing Committee 17. Ms. A. Sena Gabianu, World Bank Resident Mission, Conference Coordinator
Kenya
1. Lady Justice Effie Owuor, High Court of Kenya, Head of Delegation 2. Lady Justice Joyce Aluoch, High Court of Kenya
3. Ms. Victoria Kattambo, Attorney General's Chambers 4. Ms. Roseline Lagat−Korir, Task Force on Women 5. Mr. Gad Otieno Awuonda, Task Force on Women
Ethiopia 161
6. Dr Janet Kabeberi−Macharia, UNIFEM 7. Ms. Elisabeth Oduor−Noah, UNDP 8. Ms. Jane Weru, Kituo cha Shearia
9. Ms. Raychelle Awuor Omamo, Private Sector Lawyer 10. Dr. Jacqueline Adhiambo Oduol, USIU
11. Ms. Wacuka Ikua, World Bank Resident Mission, Conference Coordinator Tanzania
1. H.E. Mrs. Mary Nagu, Minister, Ministry of Community Development, Women's Affairs & Children, Head of Delegation
2. H.E. Mrs. Asha Bakari Makame, Minister of State, Zanzibar 3. H.E. Judge Agusta Bubeshi, High Court Judge
4. H.E. Eva Nzaro, Ambassador/Director for Asia and Austrasia in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations
5. Dr. Asha Rose Migiro (UDSM, Faculty of Law)
6. Dr. Esther Mkwizu, Equal Opportunity Trust Fund (NGO)
7. Mrs. Magdalena Rwebangira, TAWLA (Tanzania Association for Women Lawyers) 8. Ms. Edda Sanga, Tanzania Association for Media Women (TAMWA)
9. Ms. Fauziyat Aboud, Reporter/Anchor Woman, Independent Television 10. Ms. Fortunata Temu, Lawyer, (MCDWAC)
11. Ms. Theonestina Kaiza−Boshe, World Bank Resident Mission, Conference Coordinator
Uganda
1. H.E. B. Janat Mukwaya, Minister of Gender and Community Development, Head of Delegation 2. Mrs. Jean Lubega−Kyazze, Uganda Law Reform Commission
3. Ms. Dorcas Wagima, Ministry of Local Government, Lawyer 4. Ms. Stella Mukasa Nansikobi, Ministry of Justice/MGCD 5. Mrs. Robina Gureme Rwakoojo, Ministry of Justice/MGCD
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6. Mr. Stephen Kalabira, Chairman LC III, Nakisunga Sub−Country 7. Ms. Hellen Obura, Ministry of Justice & Constitutional Affairs
8. Ms. Miiro Nassanga Hadija, Electoral Commission, Ministry of Gender & Community Development 9. H.E. Bakoru Zoe Bakoko, National Assembly
10. Mrs. Edna Baryaruha, Director of Gender, Ministry of Gender and Community Development 11. Ms. Florence Butegwa, Consultant
12. Ms. Mary Bitekerezo Kasozi, World Bank Resident Mission, Conference Coordinator Zimbabwe
1. Mr. J.M. Zamchiya, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperation (Head of Delegation)
2. Ms. T. Grace Chiura, Under Secretary, Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperation 3. Mrs. Florence N. Dangarembizi, Senior Administrative Officer, Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperation
4. Mrs. Molice Mandinenya, Deputy Director, National Economic Planning Commission
5. Mrs. Elizabeth Gwaunza, National Coordinator, Women in Law in South Africa Research Trust 6. Ms. Amy S. Tsanga, Lecturer, Department of Law, University of Zimbabwe
7. Mrs. Neddy Rita Matshalaga, Researcher, Institute of Development Studies, University of Zimbabwe 8. Mrs. Betty Flora Mtero, NANGO Women's Forum/Shades of Africa
9. Ms. Josephine Ncube, Chief Law Officer, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 10. Ms. Francisca Zinyemba, Assistant General Manager, Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe
11. Dr. Ebrahim Jassat, World Bank Resident Mission, Conference Coordinator