Lansoprazole 01-Aug-2018 l INDICATIONS AND DOSE
4.4 Helicobacter pylori diagnosis
DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS
Urea (13C)
lINDICATIONS AND DOSE
Diagnosis of gastro-duodenalHelicobacter pylori infection
▶BY MOUTH
▶Adult:(consult product literature)
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug.
Soluble tablet
▶Pylobactell(Torbet Laboratories Ltd)
Urea [13-C] 100 mgPylobactell breath test kit|1kitP £20.75 DT = £20.75
Powder
▶Helicobacter Test INFAI(INFAI UK Ltd)
Urea [13-C] 45 mgHelicobacter Test INFAI for children breath test kit sugar-free|1kitP£19.10DT = £19.10
Urea [13-C] 75 mgHelicobacter Test INFAI breath test kit sugar-free
|1kitP £21.70DT = £21.70
BNF78
Helicobacter pylori diagnosis 83
Gastro-intestinalsystem
1
Tablet
▶Diabact UBT(HFA Healthcare Products Ltd)
Urea [13-C] 50 mgdiabact UBT50mg tablets|1tabletP £21.25 DT = £21.25
5 Food allergy
Food allergy
15-Dec-2016Description of condition
Food allergy is an adverse immune response to a food, commonly associated with cutaneous and gastro-intestinal reactions, and less frequently associated with respiratory reactions and anaphylaxis. It is distinct from food intolerance which is non-immunological. Cow’s milk, hen’s eggs, soy, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts,fish, and shellfish are the most common allergens. Cross-reactivity between similar foods can occur (e.g. allergy to other mammalian milk in patients with cow’s milk allergy).
Management of food allergy
gAllergy caused by specific foods should be managed by strict avoidance of the causal food. Sodium cromoglicate p.270is licensed as an adjunct to dietary avoidance in patients with food allergy. Educating patients about appropriate nutrition, food preparation, and the risks of accidental exposure is recommended, such as food and drinks to avoid, ensuring adequate nutritional intake, and interpreting food labels.h
Drug treatment
gThere is low quality evidence to support the use of antihistamines to treat acute,non-life-threatening symptoms (such asflushing and urticaria) if accidental ingestion of allergenic food has occurred (seeAntihistamines, under Antihistamines, allergen immunotherapy and allergic emergencies p.277). Chlorphenamine maleate p.283is licensed for the symptomatic control of food allergy. In case of food-induced anaphylaxis, adrenaline/epinephrine p.222 is thefirst-line immediate treatment (see alsoAllergic emergencies, under Antihistamines, allergen immunotherapy and allergic emergencies p.277). Patients who are at risk of anaphylaxis should be trained to use self-injectable adrenaline/epinephrine.h
6 Gastro-intestinal smooth muscle spasm
Antispasmodics
Antimuscarinics
The intestinal smooth muscle relaxant properties of antimuscarinic and other antispasmodic drugs may be useful inirritable bowel syndrome.
Antimuscarinics (formerly termed‘anticholinergics’) reduce intestinal motility. They can be used for the management ofirritable bowel syndrome.
Antimuscarinics that are used for gastro-intestinal smooth muscle spasm include the tertiary amines atropine sulfate p.1166and dicycloverine hydrochloride below and the quaternary ammonium compounds propantheline bromide p.86and hyoscine butylbromide p.85. The quaternary ammonium compounds are less lipid soluble than atropine sulfate and are less likely to cross the blood–brain barrier;
they are also less well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.
Dicycloverine hydrochloride has a much less marked antimuscarinic action than atropine sulfate and may also have some direct action on smooth muscle. Hyoscine butylbromide is advocated as a gastro-intestinal antispasmodic, but it is poorly absorbed; the injection is useful in endoscopy and radiology. Atropine sulfate and the belladonna alkaloids are outmoded treatments, any clinical virtues being outweighed by atropinic side-effects.
Other indications for antimuscarinic drugs include arrhythmias, asthma and airways disease, motion sickness, parkinsonism, urinary incontinence, mydriasis and cycloplegia, premedication, and as an antidote to organophosphorus poisoning.
Other antispasmodics
Alverine citrate p.86, mebeverine hydrochloride p.86, and peppermint oil p.48are believed to be direct relaxants of intestinal smooth muscle and may relieve pain inirritable bowel syndrome. They have no serious adverse effects but, like all antispasmodics, should be avoided in paralytic ileus.
ANTIMUSCARINICS
eiiiF777i
Dicycloverine hydrochloride
(Dicyclomine hydrochloride)
lINDICATIONS AND DOSE
Symptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 6–23 months:5–10mg3–4times a day, dose to be taken15minutes before feeds
▶Child 2–11 years: 10mg3times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mg3times a day
▶Adult:10–20mg3times a day
lCONTRA-INDICATIONSChild under6months
lINTERACTIONS→Appendix1: dicycloverine lSIDE-EFFECTSAppetite decreased
.
fatigue.
thirst lPREGNANCYNot known to be harmful; manufactureradvises use only if essential.
lBREAST FEEDINGAvoid—present in milk; apnoea reported in infant.
lEXCEPTIONS TO LEGAL CATEGORYDicycloverine hydrochloride can be sold to the public provided that max.
single dose is10mg and max. daily dose is60mg.
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug.
Oral solution
▶Dicycloverine hydrochloride (Non-proprietary) Dicycloverine hydrochloride 2 mg per 1 mlDicycloverine 10mg/5ml oral solution|120mlP £196.36DT = £175.41 Tablet
▶Dicycloverine hydrochloride (Non-proprietary)
Dicycloverine hydrochloride 10 mgDicycloverine10mg tablets| 100tabletP£234.42DT = £234.42
Dicycloverine hydrochloride 20 mgDicycloverine20mg tablets| 84tabletP £262.46DT = £255.33
84 Food allergy
BNF78Gastro-intestinalsystem
1
Dicycloverine hydrochloride with aluminium hydroxide, magnesium oxide and simeticone
The properties listed below are those particular to the combination only. For the properties of the components please consider, dicycloverine hydrochloride p.84, aluminium hydroxide p.1052, simeticone p.71.
lINDICATIONS AND DOSE
Symptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mL every4hours as required
▶Adult:10–20mL every4hours as required lINTERACTIONS→Appendix1: antacids
.
dicycloverine lSIDE-EFFECTSAnticholinergic syndromelMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug.
Oral suspension
▶Kolanticon(Peckforton Pharmaceuticals Ltd)
Dicycloverine hydrochloride 500 microgram per 1 ml, Simeticone 4 mg per 1 ml, Magnesium oxide light 20 mg per 1 ml, Aluminium hydroxide dried 40 mg per 1 mlKolanticon gel sugar-free| 200mlp £4.00sugar-free|500mlp £6.00
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Hyoscine butylbromide
13-Mar-2017 lINDICATIONS AND DOSESymptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal or genito-urinary disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 6–11 years:10mg3times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:20mg4times a day
▶Adult:20mg4times a day Irritable bowel syndrome
▶BY MOUTH
▶Adult:10mg3times a day; increased if necessary up to 20mg4times a day
Acute spasm|Spasm in diagnostic procedures
▶INITIALLY BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION, OR BY SLOW INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
▶Adult:20mg, then (by intramuscular injection or by slow intravenous injection)20mg after30minutes if required, dose may be repeated more frequently in endoscopy; maximum100mg per day
Excessive respiratory secretions in palliative care
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 1 month–1 year:300–500micrograms/kg3–4times a day (max. per dose5mg)
▶Child 2–4 years:5mg3–4times a day
▶Child 5–11 years:10mg3–4times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mg3–4times a day
▶BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION, OR BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
▶Child 1 month–4 years:300–500micrograms/kg 3–4times a day (max. per dose5mg)
▶Child 5–11 years:5–10mg3–4times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mg3–4times a day
▶BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION
▶Adult:20mg every4hours if required, adjusted according to response to up to20mg every1hour
▶BY SUBCUTANEOUS INFUSION
▶Adult:20–120mg/24hours Bowel colic in palliative care
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 1 month–1 year:300–500micrograms/kg3–4times a day (max. per dose5mg)
▶Child 2–4 years:5mg3–4times a day
▶Child 5–11 years:10mg3–4times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mg3–4times a day
▶BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION, OR BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
▶Child 1 month–4 years:300–500micrograms/kg 3–4times a day (max. per dose5mg)
▶Child 5–11 years:5–10mg3–4times a day
▶Child 12–17 years:10–20mg3–4times a day
▶BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION
▶Adult:20mg every4hours if required, adjusted according to response to up to20mg every1hour
▶BY SUBCUTANEOUS INFUSION
▶Adult:60–300mg/24hours PHARMACOKINETICS
▶Administration by mouth is associated with poor absorption.
lUNLICENSED USETabletsnot licensed for use in children under6years.Injectionnot licensed for use in children (age range not specified by manufacturer).
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
MHRA/CHM ADVICE: HYOSCINE BUTYLBROMIDE (BUSCOPAN®) INJECTION: RISK OF SERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS IN PATIENTS WITH UNDERLYING CARDIAC DISEASE (FEBRUARY 2017) The MHRA advises that hyoscine butylbromide injection can cause serious adverse effects including tachycardia, hypotension, and anaphylaxis; several reports have noted that anaphylaxis is more likely to be fatal in patients with underlying coronary heart disease.
Hyoscine butylbromide injection is contra-indicated in patients with tachycardia and should be used with caution in patients with cardiac disease; the MHRA recommends that these patients are monitored and that resuscitation equipment and trained personnel are readily available.
lCONTRA-INDICATIONS
▶With intramuscular use or intravenous use or subcutaneous useTachycardia
lINTERACTIONS→Appendix1: hyoscine
lSIDE-EFFECTS GENERAL SIDE-EFFECTS Dyspnoea
SPECIFIC SIDE-EFFECTS
▶With parenteral useMydriasis
lPREGNANCYManufacturer advises avoid.
lBREAST FEEDINGAmount too small to be harmful.
lDIRECTIONS FOR ADMINISTRATION
▶With oral use in childrenFor administration bymouth, injection solution may be used; content of ampoule may be stored in a refrigerator for up to24hours after opening.
▶With intravenous use in childrenForintravenous injection, may be diluted with Glucose5% or Sodium Chloride0.9%; give over at least1minute.
lPRESCRIBING AND DISPENSING INFORMATION Palliative careFor further information on the use of hyoscine butylbromide in palliative care, see www.medicinescomplete.com/#/content/palliative/hyoscine-butylbromide.
lEXCEPTIONS TO LEGAL CATEGORYHyoscine butylbromide tablets can be sold to the public for medically confirmed irritable bowel syndrome, provided single dose does not exceed20mg, daily dose does not exceed80mg, and pack does not contain a total of more than240mg.
BNF78
Gastro-intestinal smooth muscle spasm 85
Gastro-intestinalsystem
1
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug. Forms available from special-order manufacturers include: oral suspension, oral solution
Solution for injection
▶Buscopan(Sanofi)
Hyoscine butylbromide 20 mg per 1 mlBuscopan20mg/1ml solution for injection ampoules|10ampouleP £2.92DT = £2.92 Tablet
▶Buscopan(Sanofi)
Hyoscine butylbromide 10 mgBuscopan10mg tablets| 56tabletP£3.00DT = £3.00
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Propantheline bromide
lINDICATIONS AND DOSE
Adult enuresis|Hyperhidrosis|Symptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm
▶BY MOUTH
▶Adult:15mg3times a day, dose to be taken at least one hour before food and30mg, dose to be taken at bedtime; maximum120mg per day
lINTERACTIONS→Appendix1: propantheline
lSIDE-EFFECTSArrhythmias
.
bronchial secretion decreased.
mydriasislPREGNANCYManufacturer advises avoid unless essential—no information available.
lBREAST FEEDINGMay suppress lactation.
lHEPATIC IMPAIRMENTManufacturer advises caution.
lRENAL IMPAIRMENT Manufacturer advises caution.
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug. Forms available from special-order manufacturers include: oral suspension, oral solution
Tablet
CAUTIONARY AND ADVISORY LABELS23
▶Pro-Banthine(Kyowa Kirin Ltd)
Propantheline bromide 15 mgPro-Banthine15mg tablets| 112tabletP £20.74DT = £20.74
ANTISPASMODICS
Alverine citrate
24-Feb-2016 lINDICATIONS AND DOSESymptomatic relief of gastro-intestinal disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm|Dysmenorrhoea
▶BY MOUTH
▶Child 12–17 years:60–120mg1–3times a day
▶Adult:60–120mg1–3times a day
lCONTRA-INDICATIONSIntestinal obstruction
.
paralytic ileuslSIDE-EFFECTSDizziness
.
dyspnoea.
headache.
jaundice (reversible on discontinuation).
nausea.
skin reactions.
wheezing
lPREGNANCYManufacturer advises avoid—limited information available
lBREAST FEEDINGManufacturer advises avoid—limited information available.
lPATIENT AND CARER ADVICE
Driving and skilled tasksDizziness may affect performance of skilled tasks (e.g. driving).
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug.
Capsule
▶Alverine citrate (Non-proprietary)
Alverine citrate 60 mgAlverine60mg capsules|100capsulep
£19.49DT = £3.27
Alverine citrate 120 mgAlverine120mg capsules|60capsulep
£23.28DT = £23.28
▶Audmonal(Teva UK Ltd)
Alverine citrate 60 mgAudmonal60mg capsules|100capsulep
£14.80DT = £3.27
Alverine citrate 120 mgAudmonal Forte120mg capsules| 60capsulep £17.75DT = £23.28
▶Gielism(HFA Healthcare Products Ltd)
Alverine citrate 60 mgGielism60mg capsules|100capsulep
£19.48DT = £3.27
▶Spasmonal(Meda Pharmaceuticals Ltd)
Alverine citrate 60 mgSpasmonal60mg capsules|100capsulep
£16.45DT = £3.27
Alverine citrate 120 mgSpasmonal Forte120mg capsules| 60capsulep £19.42DT = £23.28
Mebeverine hydrochloride
12-Feb-2019 lINDICATIONS AND DOSEAdjunct in gastro-intestinal disorders characterised by smooth muscle spasm
▶BY MOUTH USING IMMEDIATE-RELEASE MEDICINES
▶Child 10–17 years:135–150mg3times a day, dose preferably taken20minutes before meals
▶Adult:135–150mg3times a day, dose preferably taken 20minutes before meals
Irritable bowel syndrome
▶BY MOUTH USING MODIFIED-RELEASE MEDICINES
▶Child 12–17 years:200mg twice daily
▶Adult:200mg twice daily
lUNLICENSED USETabletsandmodified-release capsulesnot licensed for use in children.
lCONTRA-INDICATIONSParalytic ileus
lSIDE-EFFECTSAngioedema
.
face oedema.
skin reactions lPREGNANCYNot known to be harmful—manufacturersadvise avoid.
lBREAST FEEDINGManufacturers advise avoid—no information available.
lPATIENT AND CARER ADVICEPatients or carers should be given advice on the timing of administration of mebeverine hydrochloride tablets and oral suspension.
Medicines for Children leaflet: Mebeverine for intestinal spasms www.medicinesforchildren.org.uk/mebeverine-intestinal-spasms
lEXCEPTIONS TO LEGAL CATEGORY
▶In adultsMebeverine hydrochloride can be sold to the public for symptomatic relief of irritable bowel syndrome provided that max. single dose is135mg and max. daily dose is405mg; for uses other than symptomatic relief of irritable bowel syndrome provided that max. single dose is 100mg and max. daily dose is300mg.
lMEDICINAL FORMSThere can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug. Forms available from special-order manufacturers include: oral suspension Oral suspension
▶Mebeverine hydrochloride (Non-proprietary)
Mebeverine hydrochloride (as Mebeverine pamoate) 10 mg per 1 mlMebeverine50mg/5ml oral suspension sugar free sugar-free| 300mlP£187.00DT = £187.00
Modified-release capsule CAUTIONARY AND ADVISORY LABELS25
▶Mebeverine hydrochloride (Non-proprietary)
Mebeverine hydrochloride 200 mgMebeverine200mg modified-release capsules|60capsuleP£8.31DT = £8.29
86 Gastro-intestinal smooth muscle spasm
BNF78Gastro-intestinalsystem
1
▶Aurobeverine MR(Milpharm Ltd)
Mebeverine hydrochloride 200 mgAurobeverine MR200mg capsules|60capsuleP £6.92DT = £8.29
▶Colofac MR(Mylan)
Mebeverine hydrochloride 200 mgColofac MR200mg capsules| 60capsuleP£6.92DT = £8.29
Tablet
▶Mebeverine hydrochloride (Non-proprietary)
Mebeverine hydrochloride 135 mgMebeverine135mg tablets| 100tabletP £20.00DT = £4.30
▶Colofac(Mylan)
Mebeverine hydrochloride 135 mgColofac135mg tablets| 100tabletP £9.02DT = £4.30
Colofac IBS135mg tablets|15tabletp £2.83