^ eiidi tit fikofi. 86 9 (210)-2009
BAN CHAT, NAI DUNG 1RANH TUNG TAI PHIEN IDA HiNH Sir VAVANDE
HDAN THltN PHAP LUAT I J TUNG HINH SIT
TS. N G U Y I N VAN TUAN
1. Ban chat, noi dung tranh tung tai phien tea hinh s\X
Phien tda la mpt giai doan quan trpng trong td tung binb sU. Phien tda se xem xet ndi dung vu an va pban quyet viec bj cao cd tdi hay kbdng cd tpi, xae dinh trach nbiem binb sU cua bp. Cbi cd Tda an mdi cd quyen tuyen bo' bj cao cd tpi va ap dung binb pbat ddi vdi bj cao. Dieu 127 Hien pbap nam 1992 quy dinb: "Tda an nban dan toi cao, cac Toa an nhan dan dia phUdng va cac Toa an kbac do luat dinh la cd quan xet x^ ciia nUdc Cdng boa xa hdi cbu ngbia Viet Nam". Ta't ca cac boat ddng trUdc kbi xet xU cua cac cd quan dieu tra cd y ngbia quan trpng ddi vdi viec pbat bien tdi pbam, ddng tbdi mang tinb chat cbuan bj cbd viec Tda an xet xit vu an. Cbinh phien tea la ndi the bien day du nha't cac nguyen t^c to' tung binh sU va ciing cbinb d phien tda ma quyen bao chiia cua bi cao dupe bao dam mpt each than trpng, day dii nbat. Y ngbia cua phien tda cdn dUpc the bien P cbd cd dieu kien lam sang td va khac pbuc nbUng tbieu sdt va sai lam bj bd qua tai giai doan dieu tra, neu cd.
Tai phien toa vdi sU tham gia day dii nbat nhting ngUdi tien banh t d t u n g va tbam gia td tung, bang tbii tuc trUc tiep, cdng kbai, dan
chu, binb dang trong xet bdi ciing nbU trong tranh luan giiia cac ben, Hdi ddng xet xU tien banh xae dinh sU that khach quan cua vu an va ra phan quye't giai quyet vu an mpt each dting dan, day du va diing pbap luat. Phien toa hinb sii pbai bao dam cbo viec xet xii dting tinh than cua cai each tu pbap ma Ngbj quyet 08-NQ/TW ngay 02/01/2002 cua Bd cbinb tri ve mdt sd nbiem vu trpng tarn cdng tac tu phap trong tbdi gian tdi da de ra: "Kbi xet xU, cac toa an phai bao dam cbo mpi cdng dan deu binh dang trUdc pbap luat, tbUc sU dan cbu, khach quan; tbam pban va bpi tbam nban dan dpc lap va cbi tuan tbeo pbap luat;
viec pban quyet ciia toa an pbai can cii chti yeu vao ket qua tranb tung tai pbien toa, tren cP sP xem xet day dii toan dien cac cbdng cii, y kien cua kiem sat vien, cua ngUdi bao chiia, bj cad, nguyen ddn, bi ddn...".
Tren the gidi, d cac qudc gia khac nbau cd cac thu tuc khac nbau ve te^ tung binh sU ndi cbung va to tung xet xii binb sU ndi rieng.
Dieu dd pbu tbupc vao be tbdng pbap luat cung nhu truyen tbd'ng pbap luat cua tUng qud'c gia. Tuy nbien, da so y kien deu cbo rang pbien tea la giai doan trung tam, cd vai trd quan trpng trdng qua trinb giai quyet vu an. Vi vay, viec nang cao cbat lupng pbien toa
€a/ eaek tii fikap. 86 9 (210)-2009
ciing nbu ngbien ciiu de hoan thien phap luat ve thii tuc xet xii la mpt nhu cau khach quan va can tbiet. Viec ngbien ciiu xay diing mdt be tbdng to' tung tranh tung bay he tbd'ng td tung nao kbac cd ye'u to' tranb tung can phai xae dinb va giai quyet diing van de tranh tung tai phien toa. Dieu nay da dUdc Ngbi quye't 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 cua Bd Chinh trj ve Chien lUdc Cai each tu phap den nam 2020 cbi ro: "Ddi mdi viec td cbiic phien toa xet xii, xae dinh ro hdn vi tri, vai trd, tracb nbiem cua ngUdi tien banb to' tung va ngUdi tbam gia to' tung theo hUdng dam bao tinh cdng bang, dan chu, nghiem minb, nang cao chat lUpng tranb tung tai cac pbien toa xet xvl, coi day la khau dot pha ciia boat dpng tu phap".
Van de dat ra d day la can bieu va nhan thiic diing ve "tranh tung". Tranb tung dUpc hieu la binb tbiic to' tung, thii tuc xet xii vu an bay la mdt nguyen tac trong td' tung ndi chung bay chi la mpt giai doan trdng phien toa xet xU hinh sU ndi rieng. Day la nbUng van de dang cdn cd nhiing quan diem, nban thiic khac nhau.
Tren the gidi, be thd'ng tranh tung dUpc ap cbii yeu la nbiing nUdc tbeo be tbd'ng thdng luat nhu Anh va My. Tuy thupc vao phap luat cua mdi nUdc ma be tbd'ng tranb tung cua mdi nUdc cd nhiing dac diem cbung va rieng ciia minh. Muc dich ciia he thd'ng tranb tung la ban cbe tdi miic cd the sU can thiep cua nhiing ngUdi cd tbam quyen phan quyet, giai quyet vu an, de bao dam cbo cac ben tbam gia td tung cd quyen binb dang trong viec dUa ra cbiing cii trinh bay quan diem cua minh ve vu an ma khdng sd lan at tit phia ddi phUdng.
Tuy nhien, cho den nay kbai niem "be thd'ng
tranh tung" dang cdn la mdt van de ma nhiing ngUdi lara cdng tac ngbien ciiu ciing nhu thiic tien tranb luan. Theo mpt so' nba nghien ciiu thi ban than tii "tranh tting"
khdng cd nghia mpt each thiic sU ro rang.
Mac dii vay he thd'ng tranh tung cd the dUdc hieu theo ngbia rdng va nghia hep. Ne'u hieu tbeo nghia hep, he tbd'ng tranh tung chi lien quan de'n viec giai quye't tranh chap tai pbien toa ma tbdi. Cdn theo ngbia rdng thi be tbd'ng tranh tung la viec cac ben trong vu kien ma kbdng pbai la tham pban, cd ngbia vu cbinh trong viec xae dinh nbiing van de tranb chap va yeu cau dUa tranh chap dd ra xet xii ^.
Theo dng Martin Blackmore Phd Vien trUdng Vien cdng to' bang New South Wales, Australia thi dinh nghia he thd'ng tranb tung khdng ddn gian. Tai Bao cao so' 89 ciia Hpi ddng cai each luat phap, Hdi ddng tham djnh trich dinh nghia cua Uy ban lap pbap ve be thdng tranb tung: "Mpt dang td tung dac biet dien ra tai Toa an de xU ly cac tranh chap it nha't la bai ben. Tranb chap do "cac ben kiem soat" nghia la cac ben xae dinh tranh chap, xae dinh cac van de phai dUdc quye't dinb va mdi ben cd cd bdi de trinh bay phan tranb luan cua minb"2.
Theo ba EUsabeth Falser Tham phan Toa phiic tham Rouen thi to' tung tranh tung co nbiing dac diem nhU sau: Thd nhdt la trong sudt qua trinh to tung tranb tung, ben bupc tdi va ben bi bupc tdi lien tuc trao doi vdi nhau nhiing lap luan, cbiing cii. Cac ben ra trUdc toa vdi tU each nhU bai ddi thu. Thit
hai, tham phan cbi ddng vai trd cua mptngUdi trpng tai, tham pban khdng cd trach nbiem tim ra sii that. Mpi chting cir boan toan do cac ben dUa ra. Trong td tung tranh
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
^ eiiek Ui fikdp. 86 9 (210)-2009
tung khdng cd giai doan dieu tra, cac chiing cii nay chi dUpc dem ra tranh luan tai phien toa xet xu. De dUa ra pban quye't, tbam pban cbi dUa tren nbiing cbiing cii dupe dua ra tai phien toa va kbdng cd quyen biet de'n cac chiing cii dd trUdc kbi pbien toa diin ra. Mdi ben cd quyen dat cau hei trUc tie'p ben kia Cling nhu cho nhan chiing va giam dinh vien, tham chi cd quyen ngSt ldi ben kia de pban bac3.
Tbeo he thd'ng tranb tung pbien toa bao gdm 3 phan: Pban md dau (tuyen bd kbai mac), pban trinh bay chiing cii va pban tranh luan (phan cudi ciing). Trong pban md dau nguyen ddn trinb bay yeu cau cua minh va bi ddn pban dd'i yeu cau dd. Tie'p theo la cac ben trinh bay chiing cii. Sau khi cac chiing cii da dupc trinh bay, cac ben cd the tuyen bd chiing cii ma bp cho la can thiet de khang dinh tri cua minh. Viec tranb luan cbi dupc thUc bien d giai doan cudi phien toa. Cac ben kbong nhting cbi cd the ma cdn bat bupc phai tranh luan. Hp phai tranb luan de tra ldi cau hei
"Tai sao?"4.
0 cac nUdc theo he tbd'ng luat an le, trong mpt pbien toa binh sU vi tbam pban ddng vai trd nbu mpt vi trpng tai trong mdt tran da'u giiia mpt ben la cdng td vien va ben kia la luat sU bao cbuTa. Trong tay tbam pban kbdng cd hd sd vu an ma nd nam d vi cdng td va luat sU. Trong pbien toa vi tbam pban bau nbu kbdng tbam gia vao viec tham van, xet bdi. Cac luat sU, cdng td vien la nbiing ngUdi chii ye'u tham gia vao viec tbam van, xet bdi nban cbiing, nghien ciiu cbiing cii va tranb luan vdi nbau. Nbiem vu cua tham phan la duy tri trat tii phien toa, dieu khien sU tranh luan giiia cdng to va luat sU. NhU vay, trong
mdt phien toa binb sU d cac nUdc tbeo be tbd'ng luat an le tbi ba cbiic nang to' tung la budc tpi, bao chiia va xet xik dUdc pban dinb rat ro cbo cdng td'vien, luat sU va tda an.
0 cac nUdc tbeo be tbdng luat dan sU cac vi tbam pban xua't bien trong pbien toa binb sU thudng vdi nbiing tap bd sd day cdm. Hp la nbiing ngUdi nam tUdng ddi rd ve vu an, bdi vi bp dupc ngbien ciiu trUdc. Trong pbien toa bp la ngUdi ddng vai trd quan trpng va ticb cUc trong viec tbam van, xet bdi bi cao, nban chting va nghien cdu cac chiing cii. Tbam phan d cac nUdc tbeo be tbd'ng luat an le cd vai trd thu dpng bao nhieu trong pbien toa binb sU tbi tham pban d cac nUdc tbeo be tbd'ng luat dan sU lai cd vai trd ticb cUc bay nbieu va ddi kbi bp lam tbay ca phan viec ciia cdng td vien. Cac luat sU d cac nUdc tbeo he tbdng luat dan sU pbai lam viec rat it, vai trd ciia bp rat lu md. Hp cd rat it dieu kien de tranb luan vdi cdng tdvien va chi dUdc bay td quan diem cua minb treng bai bao chiia cbi khi phien toa gan ket tbiic.
He tbdng tranb tung tai Nbat Ban cd nbiing dac trUng rieng. TrUdc cbien tranh td^
tung binb sU tai Nbat Ban dUpc tie'n banb tren nguyen tac dieu tra (Sbokken Sbugi), yeu cau pbai cd sU can thiep ticb cue ciia tbam phan. Cdng td'vien khdng ddn thuan la mpt ben tham gia to' tung, ma cdn la ngUdi giam sat qua trinh td tung. Cdng td vien va tbam pban kbdng dUpc pban cbia ro rang.
Cbiing cii dupc tbu thap va viec tbam van dupc tien banh thdng qua viec thi banb quyen lUc tU pbap. Bj cao khdng dUdc cdng nban mpt each re rang la chu the trong tbii tuc td tung va khdng dupc bad ve quyen td tung.
^ai eaek tit phiip. 86 9 (210)-2009
Sau cbien tranb thu tuc to tung binh sii dupc thtic hien tbeo nguyen t^c tranb tung (Tojisba shugi). Theo nguyen tic tranh tung, tbam phan ddng vai trd thu dpng va trung lap bdn va cac ben (cdng td'vien va bi cao) tao nen tbu tuc to' tung tbdng qua nhiing hanb ddng tranh tung cua bp. Bat dau cd sU pban biet giiia tbam pban va cdng to' vien: cdng to vien quye't dinb muc tieu cua thu tuc to' tung, cdn tbam pban cbi la mpt nha pban xet thu dpng va kbdng tbien vi. Cac ben trinh bay va kiem tra cbiing cii va quyen to' tung cua bi cao dupc bao ve d miic dp cao bdn de can bang quyen lUc cua Cbinb pbu. Tuy nbien, tren thiic te Nbat Ban chUa can b&ng dupc quyen lUc ciia cdng td^ vien va quyen cua bj cao.
Quyen liic thuc sU cua nbiing ngUdi tbam gia tranb tung trong to tung hinh sii Nbat Ban rat kbdng cdng b&ng, bi cao va luat sU cua bj cao kbdng cd nbieu cd bdi de banb dpng thiic sii la ngUdi tham gia tranb tung vdi canb sat va cdng tdvien. Kbi ma sii mat can bang nay van dupc duy tri, Nbat Ban khdng dat dUdc tinh tranb tung that sii^.
0 Lien Xd trUdc day, van de tranh tung da dupc soi sang trdng nbieu cdng trinb ngbien ciiu cua cac nba khoa bpc Xd Viet ma tieu bieu la vien sy ban lam M.X. Strogovicb.
Theo dng tranh tung la each thiic tien banb xet xU vu an binh sU ma d dd cbiic nang budc tpi tach khdi toa an la cP quan cd tham quyen xet xU vu an; chiic nang bupc tdi va bao chiia do cac ben cd quyen binh dang vdi nbau tbiic bien de bao ve cac lap luan cua minh, bac bd cac lap luan ciia ben ddi pbUdng; bi cao la mpt ben tbam gia to tung cd quyen bao chiia; Hpi ddng xet xU dieu khien pbien toa, ticb ciic nghien ciiu cac tinh tiet vu an va tti phan xti
vu an. Tbeo M.X. Strogovicb thi tranh tung bao gdm cac yeu to' sau day: a) Viec bupc tpi tach khdi toa an; b) Dia vi to' tung cua cdng to' vien va bi cao la cac ben tham gia to tung; c) Cac ben cd quyen to' tung binb dang; d) Toa an cd vi tri dpc lap, tich ciic trong mdi quan he vdi cac ben^.
Cbiing tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cua POS- TS Tran Van Dp cho r&ng: "Su ra ddi va phat trien cua khai niem tranb tung trong tdtung gan lien vdi sii hinh tbanb va pbat trien ciia cac tu tUdng dan chii, tien bd trong ljch sii nban loai. Tranb tung khdng cbi la tbanb tUu pbap ly ddn tbuan, ma cad hdn nd la thanh tUu cua sii pbat trien tU tudng, ciia nen van minb nban loai. Trong xa bdi bien dai, d cac nUdc dii cd be thd'ng tU pbap khac nhau, du la he thdng an le, he thd'ng luat luc dia hay he tbdng luat xa hpi cbii nghia, thi it hay nhieu va bang each the bien khac nhau, trong be tbdng td' tung deu cd yeu to' to tung. Day la cd cbe to tung cd hieu qua bao dam cho toa an xae dinb sii that khach quan ciia vu an, giai quyet dting dan vu viec, dam bao sU cong bang va bao ve quyen va ldi ich cua cac ben tbam gia to' tung"'^.
Van de tranh tung d nUdc ta ciing cbUa dupc pbap luat cbinh thiic quy djnh va tren thUc te trUdc day ciing it dupe cbii y. Sau khi cd Nghj quyet 08-NQ/TW cua Bd Chinb trj thi van de tranb tung dac biet dUpc cbii y, quan tam tii phia cac nba ly luan va nhUng ngUdi lam cdng tac thuc tien. Tren sach bao pbap ly da dang tai mdt sd'cdng trinh ngbien ciiu ve van de nay. Tuy nbien, cho den nay chUa cd each bieu va nhan thiic thd'ng nbat ve tranb tung.
Trong khoa hpc va trong thtic tien boat
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
Qai eaek tit phap 86 9 (210)-2009
dpng tu pbap thuat ngii tranh tung dUdc nbieu nUdc tren the gidi sti dung mpt each pbo bien. Tuy nbien d Viet Nam, tbuat ngii
"tranb tung" trong nhting nam gan day mdi dupc nhac de'n trong cac tai lieu, sacb bao pbap ly de pban biet gitia luat sU cbuyen tham gia bao chiia, bien bd trUdc toa (barris- ter) va luat sU chuyen lara tu van pbap luat (solicitor); hoac de pban biet giiia binb tbiic td tung tranh tung (advesery system) d cac nUdc theo he thd'ng luat an le va hinh thtic td tung tham van, xet bdi (inquisition system) d cac nUdc tbeo be tbd'ng luat dan sU va dUpc ghi nhan trong cac Ngbi quye't 08-NQ/TW va Nghi quye't 49-NQ/TW ciia Bd Cbinb tri ve cai each tU phap. Tranb tung la van de dupc cac nba khoa bpc va nhting ngUdi boat dpng thiic tien quan tam, tranb luan sdi noi. Da cd nhieu cupc bdi thao, nhieu cdng trinb ngbien ciiu ve van de nay vdi sU tbam gia kbdng cbi cac nha khoa hpc, ngudi lam cdng tac thUc tien ma cdn cd sU tbam gia cua cac cbuyen gia nUdc ngoai. Mac dti vay, cbo de'n nay van cdn cd nbieu quan diem khac nbau ve van de tranb tung ndi chung va tranb tung treng phien tda binh sti ndi rieng. De lam ro khai niem tranb tung mdt sd tac gia tie'p can van de gdc dp ngdn ngii bpc cd ngbia la xem ngUdi ta djnh ngbia tbuat ngul nay trong tif dien nbu the nao. 0 day cac tac gia thUdng sU dung Tlf dien tieng Viet, Tit dien Han - Viet hoac Tir dien Luat bpc de tim bieu kbai niem tranb tiing. Tbeo TS. Nguyen Diic Mai "tranb tung" cd ngbia la "sU kien cao nbau" giUa hai ngUdi (ben nguyen va ben bj) cd lap trUdng tUdng pban yeu cau toa phan xU^. TS. Tran Van Dp cbo r&ng tbeo nghia Han Viet tbi
"tranh tung'dupc ghep tif hai tif "tranh luan"
va "tdtung", tranb tung la "tranb luan trong to tung"^. Tbeo Tif dien luat hpc thi "Tranb tung tai pbien toa la nhiing boat dpng tdtung dupc tie'n banh tai phien toa xet xU bdi bai ben tbam gia td tung, nb4m bao ve y kien, luan diem cua mdi ben va bac bd y kien, luan diem cua ben kia, dUdi sU dieu kbien, quyet dinh cua Tea an vdi vai trd trung gian, trpng tai^o. Chiing tdi cho rang, se khd thuyet pbuc ne'u tie'p can kbai niem "tranh tung" tif goc dp ngdn ngU bpc va lai cd sii giai tbicb, binb luan tbeo y cbii quan tif pbia tac gia. Thee Tii dien tieng Viet cua Vien Ngdn ngU hpc tbi
"tranb tung" cd nghia la "kien tung"^^; Thee Tii dien tif va ngii Viet Nam tbi "tranh tung"
cd ngbia la "kien cae nbau"; Cdn thee Han Viet tU dien cua Dao Duy Anb tbi "tranb tung" cd ngbia la "kien nbau"^2 Qon khai niem "tranb tung" trong TU dien Luat bpc, dd chl la quan diem ciia mpt bdac mpt nhom tac gia. Tbeo TS. Dinb Trung Tung "tranb tung"
ddng ngbia vdi thuat ngU "kien tung" va tbuat ngii "kien" la "yeu cau xet xU" viec ngUdi kbac lam thiet hai cbd minb. Va nbu vay ne'u deng nbat cac kbai niem nay la kbcng diing, kbdng the bien ban chat, ndi dung tranh tung^>^.
0 Viet Nam, hien nay van cdn co nbUng quan niem kbac nbau ve ban chat, ndi dung, pham vi tranb tung, cu the nbU sau:
- Cd quan diem cbo rang, tranb tung tai pbien toa dupc bieu la tranb luan tai pbien toa vi vay nang cao tinh tranb tung trong qua trinb xet xii ciing cd nghia la nang cao bdn nUa boat ddng tranb luan tai pbien toa^''.
- Quan diem khac cbo rang, tranb tung la tranh luan trong td tung. Tranh tung trong to' tung binh sU dien ra giiia ben budc tdi va
^ eaek tit phdp 86 9 (210)-2009
ben bad chiia, chu ye'u la giiia cdng to' va dd chi mang tinh chuan bi, giiip cho cac ben ngUdi bao chiia cua bj cao. Npi dung tranh tranh tung trUdc toa. Vi vay, ban chat cua tung tai phien toa dUdc thiic hien ca trong tranb tung la qua trinb dieu tra cdng kbai va giai doan bSt dau, trong xet hdi va trong tranh luan giiia cac ben dudi sii dieu kbien tranh luan^^ Hoac cho rang, tranh tung cua Toa de phan ticb, tham dinb, danb gia trong to tung binh sii chi cd nghia day dii cbiing cii nham xae dinh xU that khach quan nha't kbi nd dUdc tie'n banh tai pbien toa sd cua vu an lam cd sd de Tda ra phan quyet, tbam. Tai day, vdi sii tham gia day dii cua tat giai quyet vu an khach quan khdng tbien vi, ca cac cbu the tbupc ben bupc tdi, ben bao diing phap luat.
chiia va cac chu the khac, ca ba cbiic nang: 0 Viet Nam pbien toa binh sii bao gom cac Bupc tpi, bao chiia va xet xii dUdc thiic hien phan: Thii tuc bat dau pbien toa; thu tuc xet ddng thdi^6. hdi tai phien toa; tranh luan tai pbien toa;
- Hoac cd quan diem lai cbd rang tranb ngbi an va tuyen an. Tuy nhien, neu cbi can tung kbdng ddn thuan chi la tranb luan giiia cii vao cac quy dinh ciia Bd luat Tdtung hinh cac ben cd y kie'n, quan diem dd'i lap nhau va sU nam 2003 tbi cd the de nban tbay tinh boat dpng tranh tung khdng chi dien ra tai tranb tung mdi chi the bien d phan tranh phien toa. Tranb tung phai dUpc bat dau luan tai phien toa. Neu cbi xem tranh tung ngay tif kbi cd boat dpng dau tien cua ben tai phien toa hinb sii chi dien ra d phan tranh bupc tpi (khdi tdbi can, lay ldi kbai cua ngUdi luan, hoac khdng cbi d phan tranh luan ma bi tinh ghi tdi pham, ldi khai cua bi can, ca P pban xet bdi thi qua trinh tranh tung tai ngUdi lam chiing...). Va tUdng iing vdi nd la phien toa khdng day du va khdng phan anh boat ddng ciia ben bj budc tpi (ngUdi bao chiia bet ban chat tranh tung tai phien toa. Cbiing thu tbap cbdng cii de gd tpi...). Vi vay, dUdc tdi ddng y vdi quan diem cho rang, qua trinh tie'n hanh trong ta't ca cac giai doan cua td tranh tung tai phien toa dupe bat dau tif kbi tung hinh sU tif giai doan khdi to, dieu tra, kbai mac phien tea va ke't thiic sau kbi pbien truy to' de'n giai doan xet xU. Trong giai doan toa cdng bd' pban quyet, trong dd, tranb luan xet xii tai phien toa, tranb tung dUpc the hien chi la giai doan the hien dam net nbat, tap ro net nbat, tap trung nbat^'^. trung ro net nha't cua qua trinh tranh tung
Qua cac quan diem neu tren cbiing tdi cbo ciia cac ben ve vu an.
rang, tranb tung khdng nen bieu la cbi cd Tranb tung la mdt thuat ngii cii it dUdc tranh luan tai phien toa. Tranh luan chi la diing. Tranh tung cd the dUpc bieu la sU mpt pban cua pbien toa binb sii, mpt pban tranh gianh, kien cao nhau va sii tranh gianh cua tranb tung. Tranb tung tai phien toa cdn kien cao nay can cd sii phan xii cua ngUdi thii bao gdm ca phan dieu tra cdng kbai trUdc toa ba. Tbuat ngii tranh tung mac dii kbdng dUpc nb&m pban tich, tham dinh, danh gia cbiing sii dung, quy djnh trong Bd luat Tdtung binh cii. Khai niem "tranb luan" cd npi dung hep sU nbUng vdi tinh than cua Nghj quyet 08- hdn khai mem "tranb tung". Tranb tung chi NQ/TW va 49-NQ/TW cua Bd Chinb trj va dien ra tai pbien toa, cdn cac boat ddng trUdc cac quy dinh cua Bd luat Td tung hinb sU
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt
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hien hanh, thi tranh tung da dUdc the bien trong t d t u n g hinb sU va cu the la trong pbien toa xet xil vu an hinh sii. Theo dd, kiem sat vien va luat sU deu cd quyen binb d&ng trong viec dUa ra cbiing cif, tranh tung, tranb luan dan chu trUdc toa. Ban an dupe Tea an tuyen tren cd sd ke't qua tranh tung dan chu, cdng kbai tai phien toa. Npi dung cd ban ciia tranb tung la bao dam sU binh dang giiia ben bupc tdi va ben bao chiia, phan dinh ro ba cbiic nang budc tpi, bao chiia va xet xU trong pbien toa xet xU vu an binh sii.
2. Van de hoan t h i e n phap luat to tung hinh svf
Tranh tung la van de khd va phiic tap ca ve mat ly luan va thuc tien. Cho den nay, van chUa cd mdt sU nbat tri chung, tbd'ng nbat ve ban chat, npi dung tranh tung. Cac nba khoa bpc chua giai quyet td't ve mat ly luan dd'i vdi van de tranh tung. Ngbj quye't 08-NQ/TW cua Bp Cbinh trj da dUpc ban hanh trUdc khi cd Bd luat To' tung hinb sii nam 2003. Mac dii, Bd luat To tung hinb sU nam 2003 da xay diing tren tinh than cai each tu phap, tren ket qua to chtfc cac pbien toa hinh sii tbeo tinh than tranh tung, nhUng rat tiec rang thuat ngii "tranh tung" cUng nbu ndi dung tranh tung chUa dUpc the hien cu the trong Bd luat Td tung hinh sii nam 2003. Nbieu quy djnh cua Bp luat To' tung hinb sii bien banb cbUa bao dam ve mat phap ly de thiic hien tranb tung tai phien toa, chUa the bien sU binb d i n g giiia ben bao chiia va ben bupc tdi. Ben bao chiia khdng dupe tao dieu kien de tbu thap cbiing cii, bp thUPng bi dpng va pbu tbupc nhiing tbdng tin, cbdng cii, tai lieu de ben budc tpi tbu tbap thdng qua viec ngbien ciiu ho sd vu an. Cac quy dinh cua Bp luat Te
tting hinb sti nam 2003 dUdng nbU cbi tad dieu kien, danb nbieu quyen chd ben bupc tpi, cho cd quan tie'n hanh to' tung. Tai pbien toa, vi tri ciing nbU quyen cua ben bao chiia chUa dupc binb dang vdi ben budc tpi tif cbd ngdi den thti tu, tbdi gian tbam gia xet hdi, tranb luan. Tbuc tien qua cac pbien toa xet xii binb sU cbo thay, Hpi ddng xet xii cbi cbii trpng den phan tranh luan tai pbien toa va vi vay nbieu tham phan cbu toa pbien toa cbi tao dieu kien, bao dam sU cdng bang cbo cac ben trong pban tranb luan. Cdn trong pban bat dau phien toa, pban xet hdi, Hpi deng xet xii van ddng vai trd la cbinb, vai tre dai dien ciia Vien kiem sat va dac biet la vai trd cua luat sU rat md nhat. Hpi ddng xet xU bdi la cbu ye'u, dai dien Vien kiem sat va luat sU chi hdi mang tinb bd' sung. Mpt trong nbiing nguyen nhan ciia viec ban cbe tranb tung trong pbien toa hinb sU la do ty le luat sU tbam gia pbien toa binb sU rat thieu, tbam chi mpt sd phien toa kbdng cd sii tbam gia ciia luat sU.
Bp luat To tung binh sU can dupc siia ddi, bd sung theo budng dai dien Vien kiem sat tai phien toa hdi la cbinb va Hdi ddng xet xU can dong vai trd trpng tai, pban xU sau kbi da nghe hai ben cdng t d v a bao chiia tranb luan vdi nbau. Vay, can pbai tang lieu lupng tranb luan cua dai dien Vien kiem sat len nbieu bdn niia. Tbdng qua tranh tung tai pbien toa, cac van de mdi dUpc cp xat va dUdc lam sang td. Hpi ddng xet xU ddng vai trd ticb bdn trdng viec dieu kbien phien toa, cd tac dpng de qua trinh tranb tung dat dupc ket qua cao.
Vien kiem sat can lam day dii tracb nbiem cua minb la truy t d v a cbiing minh tpi cua bj cao. Vai trd cua kiem sat vien dUdc the hien
@a/ eiiek Ui phap 86 9 (210)-2009
rd net hdn trong giai doan xet xti, kiem sat vien giii vai trd cdng to, bupc tpi bi cao. Trong hoat dpng cua minh, kiem sat vien kbdng chiu anh bUdng cua bat cii cd quan nao, khdng chiu bat cii ap liic nao ma cbi tuan tbeo pbap luat.
Bp luat To' tung binh sii quy dinh ro la sii tham gia pbien toa cua kiem sat vien chii khdng pbai cua Vien kiem sat. Kiem sat vien cd nhiing quyen nhU nhiing ngUdi tbam gia to tung la tham gia pbien toa, binh dang trong viec dUa chting cti, dUa ra yeu cau va tranh luan trUdc toa. Kiem sat vien ciing kbdng cd Uu the gi hdn so vdi nbiing ngUdi tbam gia td' tung. Nbiing ngUdi tham gia to' tung cd quyen bao ve ldi ich hdp pbap cua minb, cdn kiem sat vien cd tracb nhiem bao ve ldi ich cua Nha nUdc, cua xa hdi va khdng de hanb vi vi pbara phap luat nao xay ra. Trong phien toa, kiem sat vien cbi cd chting minh, giai thich, dan chiing nbUng kbdng quyet djnh gi ca.
Bupc tdi kbdng phai la muc dich tu than, ma la pbUdng tien dau tranb chdng tpi pbam.
Trong pbien toa vi tri cbu tri, dieu kbien thupc Hpi dong xet xU cbii kbdng pbai la kiem sat vien. Vi vay, can phai xem xet lai vi tri to tung cua kiem sat vien trong phien toa, gpi bp la ngUdi tie'n banh to tung la da cbinh xae cbUa.
Tbiic hien chifc nang kiem sat cdng tac xet xii khdng cd ngbia la kiem sat vien cbi dao qua trinh tie'n trien phien toa. Kbdng nen cbo r&ng kiem sat vien tham gia phien toa chi cd muc dich kiem sat viec tuan theo phap luat ciia Toa an. 0 day kiem sat vien cbii ye'u giii vai trd cdng to. Tbiic te nbiem vu ciia kiem sat vien trong pbien toa xet xU la budc tdi va vach tran ke pbam tdi. Tbiic hien cbiic nang
cdng to' va cung vdi chiic nang dd kiem sat vien thiic hien chiic nang kiem sat viec tuan tbeo pbap luat trong pbien toa xet xU. Ne'u kiem sat vien pbat hien cd vi pham phap luat tbi cd quyen kie'n ngbi Hpi ddng xet xU ap dung cac bien phap ngan chan boac kbac phuc. Trong pbien toa, kiem sat vien nhU nhiing ngUdi tbam gia to' tung kbdng co quyen quyet dinh mpt van de gi xay ra, quyen dd thupc ve Hpi ddng xet xii. Thdng qua cbiic nang budc tpi tai phien toa, kiem sat vien tien hanb cdng tac kiem soat boat dpng xet xii. Cdng tac kiem sat xet xU dUpc the bien d nhieu hinh tbiic nhU kie'n ngbi, khang nghi ddi vdi cac quyet dinh khdng cd can cii va khdng hpp phap cua Hpi ddng xet xii.
Mdt trong nhiing van de can hoan thien pbap luat to' tung hinh sU la can quy dinb ro quyen ban va trach nhiem ciia Vien kiem sat va kiem sat vien trong to' tung binb sii noi chung va dia vi phap ly eiia kiem sat vien tai phien toa la mdt ben tham gia to' tung.
De nang cao chat lUdng tranb tung tai pbien toa hinh sii, chiing tdi xin de xuat mot so van de cd lien quan den viec hoan thien phap luat td tung hinb sii nhU sau:
- Thti nhdt: Tie'p tuc ngbien ciiu de lam r5 ve mat ly luan van de tranh tung (ban chat, npi dung, pbam vi) tai pbien toa binh sU tbeo tinh than cai each tU phap da dUpc ghi nban trong Ngbj quye't 08-NQ/TW va 49-NQ/TW cua Bp Chinh tri. Chiing ta kbdng the dot ngdt chuyen bien tif hinh thiic to tung nay sang hinh tbiic tdtung khac hay ap dung mpt each may mdc kinh ngbiem nUdc ngoai. Dieu quan trpng la xay diing mdt binh tbiic tdtung nao dd dam bao dUdc tim ra sU that khach quan, chinb xae nha't, thu tbap chiing cii mot
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@a/ eaek tii pkap 86 9 (210)-2009
each day du nha't ma v&n bao dam tdn trpng quyen cua cac ben. Tbeo chiing tdi, da de'n liic can phai ghi nban tranh tung la mpt nguyen tac trong td tung va bao gdm nbUng van de sau: a) Xae djnh cac ben tbam gia tranb tung la ben budc tpi (kiem sat vien, ngUdi bi bai) va ben bao chiia (ngUdi bao chUa, bi cad); b) Khang dinb quyen binb d&ng cua cac ben khi tham gia tranb tung tai phien toa hinh sU; c) Toa an khdng cd cbiic nang budc tdi, Toa an cd vi tri dpc lap, ticb cUc trong quan be vdi cac ben va treng qua trinb xet xU.
- Thic hai: Sua ddi, bd sung cac quy dinb ciia phap luat cd lien quan den thu tuc to' tung tai phien toa tbeo bUdng ndi dung tranb tung dupc the hien trong ta't ca cac phan ciia phien toa hinh sii, tif pban hki dau, phan xet hdi va pban tranb luan. Vdi ban chat tranh tung nhu da pban ticb d tren cbo rang trong phan thu tuc bat dau pbien toa can quy djnh ve muc dich tranb tung, dieu dd cd ngbia la kiem sat vien phai trinb bay yeu cau ciia minh trUdc toa va ben bao chiia da cd the trinh bay y kie'n ciia minb phan bac lai yeu cau cua kiem sat vien. Trong phan xet bdi tbi day chinb la giai doan dieu tra cdng khai trUde toa. Cac cbiing cii dUpc xem xet va danb gia tai phien toa cd y nghia quyet djnh xem bj cao cd tdi bay kbdng cd tdi. Vdi ndi dung nbu vay ten cua pban nay ciing can quy dinh cbo pbu bpp vdi ndi dung ciia nd. Cbiing tdi cho rang, ten gpi cua phan nay la "Dieu tra cdng kbai trUdc toa" boac "Tham van trUdc toa".
Tbii tue tdtung d pban nay can quy dinb tbeo budng cac ben ticb ctic va binb dang trong viec dUa ra cbiing cii cung nbU kiem tra danh gia cbiing cii, cdn Hpi ddng xet xii vdi vai trd trpng tai ma kbdng nen qua ticb cUc tbam gia
vao viec xet bdi. NgUdi budc tpi cd tracb nbiem cbiing minb tpi cua bj cad Q
1. Xem Thong tin Khoa hgc xet xii sd 112003, tr.
28.
2. Xem Thong tin Khoa hgc xet xd sd 112003, tr.
39-40.
3. Xem Thong tin Khoa hgc xet xd sd 112003, tr.
3.
4. Xem Thong tin Khoa hgc xet xii sd 1/2003, tr.33.
5. Xem Thong tin Khoa hgc xet xd sd 1/2003, tr.
72-73.
6. Xem Strogvich M.X - "Gido trinh tdtung hinh siiXo viei" Matc(fva, 1968, tr. 149-150, tieng Nga.
7. Trdn Vdn Do "Bdn chd't cua tranh tung tgi phien toa', Tgp chi Khoa hgc phdp ly sd 4/2004,
tr.l8.
8. TS. Nguyen DUc Mai "Tranh tung tgi phien tod sd thdm hinh sii theo tinh thdn cdi cdch tii phdp - Mgt sdvdn de ly ludn vd thiic tien"- Tgp chi Tod dn nhdn ddn 9/2007, tr. 12.
9. Trdn Vdn Dg "Bdn chd't cda tranh tung tgi phien tod", Tgp chi Khoa hgc phdp ly so 4/2004, tr.
18.
10. Vien Khoa hgc phdp ly, Bg Tii phdp - Tii dien Ludt hgc, NXB. Tu phdp, ndm 2006, trg. 807.
11. Tii dien tieng Viet, NXB. Dd Ndng ndm 2005, tr.l025.
12. Ddo Duy Anh, Hdn Viet tii dien, tr.851.
13. TS. Dinh Trung Tung- "Mgt vdi suy nghi vi tranh tung trong tdtung ddn si/'- Thong tin khoa hgc phdp ly sd2 /2004, tr. 76.
14. Xem Hgc vien Tii phdp, De tdi cap bg "Tranh tung tgi phien tod - Mgt sd van de ly ludn vd thiic tien", Hd Ngi 2004, tr. 122.
15. Trdn Vdn Do "Bdn chat cua tranh tung tgi phien tod", Tgp chi Khoa hgc phdp ly sd 4/2004,
tr. 18,22.
16. TS. Nguyen Dde Mai "Tranh tung tgi phien tod sd thdm hinh sii theo tinh thdn cdi cdch tii phdp - Mgt sdvdn de ly ludn vd thiic tien"- Tgp chi Tod dn nhdn ddn 9/2007, tr.l2.
17. Nguyen Vdn Triidng "Bdn ve tranh tung vd cdc ye'u td tranh tung trong phdp ludt td tung hinh sii Viet Nam", Tgp chi Tod dn nhdn ddn sd5/2008, tr.
22.
