THtrC TRiVNG PHAP LUAT VIET NAM VE THAM QUYEN H 6 T R O TK PHAP CUA TOA AN LIEN QUAN DEN AP DUNG BIEN PHAP KHAN CAP
TAM T H d l TRONG TO TUNG TRONG T A I
NGUYEN THI THU TRANG
(*)
Tom tat: Bai viet lam ro thUc trang phat trien cua phap luat Viet Nam ve trgng tai thitdng mai;
dac Met di sau vao viec phan tich ve thdm quyen cua Toa an lien quan deii vi$c ap dung cac biSn phap khan c&'p tam thdi nham ho trd td'tung trgng tai d nifdc ta trong boi canh hoi nhap qum: tengay cang sau rgng.
Tit khoa: Phap lu$t trong tai; bi§n phap khdn cap tam thdi; thdm quyin ho trg tuphap cua Toa an.
Abstract: The article studied Vietnamese law on arbitration, focusing on the power of the court in applying interim injunctive relief in arbitration in the context of international integration.
Key words: Arbitration; interim injunctive relief; legal support of the court.
NgAynhan bai: 14/11/2019; Ngay sda bai: 14/12/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 27/12/2019.
Tham quyin hd trd tU phap ciia Tda an Viet Nam lien quan de'n ap dung bien phap khan cd'p tam thdi (BPKCTT) trong to tung trpng tai da dUde Luat Trpng tai thUdng mai nam 2010 (LTTTM) md rdng va bd' sung so vdi Phap lenh Trpng tai thUdng mai nam 2003 (PLTTTM). Ben eanh dd, Nghi quye't 01/2014/NQ-HDTP cua Hdi ddng th^m phan Tda an nhan ddn Td'i cao (Nghi quyd't 01/2014) da ed hUdng din cu the ve vd'n de nay. Trong boi canh cai cdch tU phap va hpi nhap qud'c te' theo hudng minh bach hien nay, viec xae dinh vd lam rd tham quyen hd trd tu phap cua Tda an ddi vdi trpng tai thUdng mai ndi chung va lien quan de'n ap dung BPKCTT trong to' tung trpng tai ndi rieng la rat cin thie't, nham lam rd cd sd ciia chinh sach phap luat trong linh viie trpng tai thUdng mai cua Viet Nam.
1. Khai niem va noi d u n g cua t h a m quyen ho t r d td p h a p cua Toa an doi vert trong tai thiftfng mai
Trong phap luat qud'c te' cung nhU phap
ludt cua nbieu qud'c gia thi cdc thuat ngii nhu "judicial support", "judicial assistance",
"assistant jurisdiction", "assistant authority", "auxihary jurisdiction" deu dUdc sif dung vdi y nghia la "hd trd tu phap" hay
"tham quyen hd trd tu phdp" va dUde giai thich theo tii dien Black's Law vdi y nghia la sd hd trg cua Tda an theo phap luat khi cdng ly ddi hoi td' tung va cac che tai cdng hang va hgp phap. Tuy nhien, Luat Mlu UNCITRAL khdng cd quy dinh mdt each ro rdng nhiing tham quyen nao la de hd trd trpng tai, ngoai trii Diiu 27 cua Luat Mlu quy dinh ro ve "sd giiip dd cua Tda an trong viic thu th$p chdng cd'. TUdng tu, Cdng udc New York eiing khdng cd quy dinh mdt each ro rang the' nao la thlm quyin hd trd tU phap cua Tda an dd'i vdi TTTM trong viec cdng nhdn va thi hanh phan quyd't trpng tai (PQTT) nudc ngoai.
'•' NCS. Khoa Luat, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi, Email: trangnguyenl607@gmail.com
I Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI S(i 1-2020
Trong khi do, vi trpng tdi la mdt phUdng thiic giai quye't tranh chd'p tU, khdng phai la cd quan do Nha nUde thanh lap, do dd, thdm quyen cua Hpi dong trpng tai (HDTT) se bi han ehi trong mpt so trUdng hdp va can phai cd sU hd trd eua Tda an trong cac trUdng hdp dd de to' tung trpng tai cd the tie'p tuc dien ra mdt each hidu qua vd cdng bang. Chinh vi vay, theo tinh than cua Luat Mlu UNCITRAL va Cdng udc New York thi cac trUdng hdp Tda an cd the hd trd cho HDTT se khdng bi ban ehe', ddng thdi, npi dung eua tham quyen hd trd tU phap cua Tda an dd'i vdi trpng tai thUdng mai se bao gdm td't ea cac tham quyin tU phap ciia Tda an dd'i vdi TTTTM nham dam bao khuye'n khich qua trinh to' tung trong tai va dam bao hieu liic thi hanh cua PQTT.
Tai Viet Nam, Tda an nhan dan la cd quan xet xd... thdc hiin quyen tuphap^^^
va quyen td phap dugc hieu la khi nang va nang ldc rieng co cua Tda an trong viec thdc hiin thdm quyen xet xd va cac tham quyin khac theo phddng thac nhi't dinh de tac dgng de'n hanh vi cua con ngddi va cac qua trinh phat trien xa hdPK Do vay, chi ed Tda an mdi cd tham quyen hd trd tU phap, cdn trpng tdi, vdi tU each la mdt ed quan tai phan tU do cac ben thda thuan, se khdng ed thdm quyen nay. Ben canh dd, Dieu 414 Bp luat To' tung dan sii nam 2015 va Khoan 2, Diiu 7 LTTTM ciing quy dinh rd nhiing vide dan sii lien quan de'n boat dpng Trpng tai thUdng mai Vidt Nam ma Toa an ed tham quyen giai quye't. NhU vay, so v6i quy dinh cua phap ludt qud'e te thi phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh eiing khdng quy dinh mpt each cu the nhiing tham quyen nao la tham quyin hd trd tU phap cua tda an dd'i vdi trpng tai thUdng mai.
Tuy nhien, vi phap luat trpng tai Viet Nam dUdc xay diing tren cd sd tham khao cae quy dinh eua phap luat qud'c te' va tUdng thich vdi cac quy dinh nay nen khai niem va ndi dung cua tham quyen hd trp tu phap cua Tda dn Viet Nara dd'i vdi trpng tdi thUdng mai ciing phu hdp vdi each hieu cua Luat Mlu UNCITRAL va Cdng udc New York. Theo dd, tham quyen hd trd tU phap cua Tda an Viet Nam dd'i vdi TTTM se bao gom cac ndi dung cu the sau:
Tham quyen hd trd tU phap cua Tda dn dd'i vdi trpng tdi thUdng mai trUdc khi bat d i u va trong qud trinh to' tung trpng tai bao gom: (i) Thi hanh thda thuan trpng tai; (ii) Chi dinh hoac thay the' trpng tai vien; (iii) Ap dung cac bien phap khan ca'p tam thdi; (iv) Thu thap chiing cii va trieu tap ngUdi lam chiing; (v) Cac tham quyen hd trd tU phap khac trong qua trinh td' tung trpng tai theo phap luat qud'c gia. Theo quy dinh tai Nghi quye't 01/2014, Tda dn se cd cae tham quyin ndy dd'i vdi trpng tai thUdng mai trong nUdc va trpng tai thUdng mai nUdc ngoai tai Viet Nam nhUng khdng cd tham quyen hd trd tu phap ddi vdi ede vu trpng tai thUdng mai nUdc ngoai khdng cd dia di^m giai quyd't tai Viet Nam.
Tham quyin hd trd tU phap cua Tda an lien quan dd'n viec thi hanh phan quye't trpng tai bao gdm: (i) Cdng nhan kha nang thi hanh dUdng nhien cua PQTT trong nUdc thdng qua viec chi xem xet hiiy
<'' Dieu 102, K h o a n 1, H i e n p h a p n a m 2013.
'^> Vo K h a n h Vinh, "Ve quyen t u phap va che do tU phap ci Viet Nam", Tap chi dien tii Tda an nhan din, ngay 01/07/2019, xem tai: https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai- viet/phap-luat/ve-quyen-tu-phap-va-che-do-tu-phap- o-nuoc-ta (2019).
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
PQTT dd diia tren cac cdn cii dUdc quy dinh; cho phep HDTT sifa chiia, bo sung PQTT hoac xet xif lai va dang ky phdn quye't trpng tai vu viec; (ii) Cdng nhan va thi hanh PQTT nUdc ngoai thdng qua vide dUdng nhien edng nhdn va cho thi hanh PQTT nUde ngoai trii cae trUdng hdp dUde quy dinh va cho phep cdng nhan va cho thi hanh mdt phan PQTT nUdc ngoai.
Trong gidi ban bai viet nay, tae gia di sdu phan tieh ve tham quyin hd trd tU phap cua Tda an doi vdi trpng tai thUdng mai lien quan den viec ap dung cac bien phap khan ca'p tam thdi.
2. Sii khac nhau giufa tham quyen ap dung cac bien phap khan cap tam ihdi cua Toa an de ho trtf tii phap doi vdi trong tai thUtfng mai va tham quyen ap dung bien phap kh§n cap tam thcfi cua Hoi dong trong tai
Phap luat trpng tai nhieu qud'c gia hien nay deu cho phep mdt ben cd quyen yeu cau Tda an hoae HDTT ap dung cac BPKCTT trong trUdng hdp can thie't de bao ve quyen va ldi ich hdp phap cua cac ben trong td' tung trpng tai. Tuy nhien, tham quyen cua Tda an trong viec ap dung BPKCTT de ho trd trpng tdi va tham quyin ap dung BPKCTT eiia chinh HDTT ed nhiing sii khac biet nhd't dinh.
Chinh la ly do ma Tda an v l n la ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vide hd trd cac ben tranh cha'p eiing nhu hd trp HDTT de dp dung va thi hanh quye't dinh ap dung BPKCTT eua HDTT.
Tha nhat, cd nhieu trUdng hdp ma HDTT khdng the ap dung BPKCTT ngay lap tlie, do dd se khd ma bao ve dUdc chiing cii hay ngan chan thiet hai. Vi du, trong trudng hop cin dp dung BPKCTT trUde khi HDTT dUdc thanh lap Trong khi do, thdi gian de thanh Idp mdt HDTT, nd'u
bi ddn cd chie'n lUdc tri hodn, ed the keo dai tdi 1-2 thang. Thdi gian dd du dai de hi ddn, ne'u mud'n, ed the' tau tan ddng ke' eac tai san tranh chd'p. Chinh vi vay, phap luat cac nUdc thUdng cd quy dinh eho phep mdt ben ed quyen yeu cau Tda dn ap dung mdt hoac mdt so' BPKCTT sau khi da nop ddn khdi kien ra trpng tai de ngan ehan thiet hai ngay lap tUe.
Tha hai, HDTT khdng cd tham quyen ap dung mpt so' BPKCTT cu the ma chi cd Tda an mdi cd thlm quyin ap dung ede bien phap dd, vi du phong tda tai khoan tai ngdn hang. Vi trpng tai la mpt cd quan giai quye't tranh cha'p tU do cac ben tii thoa thuan nen thlm quyen ciia HDTT ciing xua't phat tif sii dong thuan eua eac bdn. Chinh vi vay, HDTT khdng cd thlm quyen de ban hanh BPKCTT dd'i vdi cae ben thii ba, vi du nhU ngan hang. Trong khi dd, toa an la cd quan cdng quyin - cd quan cd tham quyen tdi phan nhan danh nha nUdc dd giai quyd't tranh cha'p. Vi vay, chi cd Tda an mdi cd quyen ban hanh cac lenh, quye't dinh tam thdi cd hieu liic ban che' quyen ciia ngUdi thif ba*^'.
Thd ba, HDTT khdng ed tham quyen cudng che' thi hanh BPKCTT ngoai td'tung trpng tai. Vi vay cd nhiing trUdng hdp ma viec yeu clu Tda an ap dung BPKCTT se thuan tien hdn va tham chi cin thie't hdn ddi vdi mdt ben so vdi yeu clu HDTT*. Mdt so' y kie'n edn cho r i n g yeu eau Tda an dp
'^' P h a m Duy Nghia, Bi&n phap k h a n cap t a m thcii trong to' tung trong tai, (http://www.nclp.org.vn/thuc_tien_phap_luat/bien- phap-khan-cap-tam-thoi-trong-to-tung-trong-tai).
^Albert J a n van den Berg (2005), New Horizons in International Commerical Arbitration and Beyond, International Council for Commercial Arbitration Congress series No 12 (Kluwer Law International, 2005, tr. 203,
m NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HOI S01-2020
dung BPKCTT la thie't yd'u nhd kha nang thi hanh cac bien phap nay d ba't ctf dau va ba't eii liie nao trdn lanh tho cua nUdc cd Tda an dUdc yeu cau'^\
Chinh vi nhflng khac biet nay ma viee quy dinh cho phep Tda an cd t h l m quyen ap dung cac BPKCTT d^ hd trd tU phap ddl vdi trpng tdi thUdng mai la he't sifc can thiet va cin phai dUdc quy dinh cu the trong phap luat trpng tai.
3. ThUc trang quy dinh phap luat Viet Nam ve tham quyen ho trtf tif phap cua Toa an lidn quan den viec ap dung cac bien phap khan cap tam thdi trong to' tung trong tai
Tha nhi't, ve thdi diem phat sinh tham quyin hd trd td phap cua Tda an trong viec ap dung bien phap khdn ci'p tam thdi di hd trg trgng tai
Theo quy dinh eua LTTTM nam 2010, Tda an ed quyin ap dung eac BPKCTT ngay ke tif thdi diem sau khi nop ddn khdi kien. NhU vay, theo phap luat trpng tai Viet Nam hien hanh, se khdng ed thii tue ap dung BPKCTT tien td'tung d Tda an de hd trd to' tung trpng tai. Tuy nhidn, Tda an se cd tham quyin hd trd ap dung BPKCTT ke' ca khi HDTT chUa dUdc thanh lap.
Trong khi dd, ne'u mud'n yeu cau HDTT ban hanh BKPCTT thi cac ben phai chd HDTT dUdc thanh lap hdp le. Chinh vi vay, thdi diem phat sinh tham quyen ap dung BPKCTT cua HDTT ludn eham hdn so vdi thdi diem phdt sinh quyen yeu cau ap dung BPKCTT cua cac ben nen trong liic nay, tham quyin cua Tda an chinh la sii bii dip cho ban che' dd*^*.
Thd hai, ve loai trgng tai thddng mai ma Tda an cd tham quyen hd trd ap dung biin phap khin cap tam thdi
Khoan 5, Dieu 5, Nghi quyet 01/2014 cho phep Tda an ed thlm quyen ap dung,
thay ddi, huy bd cae BPKCTT khong chi de hd trd trpng tai trong nude raa ca dd'i vdi trong tai nUdc ngoai cd dia diem giai quye't tranh chd'p tai Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, eho de'n nay, tUe la hdn 05 nam ke' tu thdi die'm Nghi quye't 01/2014 dupc ban hanh, v l n chUa cd bao cao hay sd' lieu chinh thiic nao ve viec thiic tien ap dung quy dinh ndy tren thiic te'. Dong thdi, eiing chUa ed hudng din cu the nao dd'i vdi thu tuc, trinh tii tie'n hanh loai viec ndy dupc ban hanh. Trong khi dd, ddy la mdt trong nhUng diem ra't dang dUdc hoan nghenh ciia Nghi quye't 01/2014.
Tham chi cd y kie'n cdn eho rang, can cd vao khoan 1 Dieu 48 LTTTM thi Tda an cd tham quyen ra Quye't dinh ap dung bien phap khan ea'p tam thdi de hd trd boat ddng eua Trpng tai thuong mai nUdc ngoai, ke ca Trpng tai ThUdng mai nUdc ngoai cd hoae khdng cd dia diem giai quye't tranh cha'p tai Viet Nam''''. Tuy nhien, day la van de chUa rd rdng va cung ehUa cd bd't ky hUdng dan hay giai thich ehinh thUe ndo.
Tha ha, vi Tda an cd tham quyen ap dung Biin phap khan cap tam thdi
Diiu 7 ciia LTTTM nam 2010 ciing cd quy dinh he't siic linh boat khi cho phep cdc ben cd the thoa thuan liia chpn Tda an cu the cd tham quyen. Trong trUdng hdp
*^' Kan-er, P. (2001), 'Interim Measures-Less Theory, Please' in ICCA Congress Series No. 10, Nxb. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, tr. 108.
'*** N g u y i n Thi Thu Thuy (2015), Cac bien phap khan cap tam thdi trong giai guyei tranh chap thuang mai theo phap luat Viet Nam, Luan an tien si Luat hoc, Vien H a n Lam Khoa hoc Xa Hoi Viet Nam, Hgc Vien Khoa Hoc xa Hoi, Ha Noi, tr. 84, 85.
'^' P h a n Gia Quy - "Sii h5 trO cua Toa an doi v6i hoat dpng trong tai thucing mai", Tap chi Tda an Nhan dan, https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/xet-xu/su-ho-tro-cua- toa-an-doi-voi-hoat-dong-trong-tai-thuong-mai.
Sfi 1-2020 NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
khong cd thda thuan thi Tda an cd t h l m quyen la Tda an nhan dan tinh, thanh phd' triic thupc trung Udng ndi BPKCTT ein dUde ap dung (Khoan 2, Khoan 3 Dieu 7 ciia LTTTM nam 2010). Qua dd ehiing ta tha'y ring cac quy dinh eua LTTTM nam 2010 da di cao nguyen tie tdn trpng sii thda thuan cua cae ben (party- autonomy);
the hien sii ung hd cua Nha nUdc Viet Nam vdi boat dpng trpng tai.
Tha tu, vi trinh ta thu tuc ap dung, thay ddi va huy bo Biin phap kh&n c&'p tam thdi
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 4, Dieu 53, LTTTM nam 2010 va Dieu 12, Nghi quyet 01/2014 cua Tda an nhan dan tdi cao, trinh tli, thii tuc ap dung BPKCTT dupc thiic hien theo phap luat trong viec ap dung BPKCTT ciia Tda an theo qui dinh ciia BLTTDS, tiic la cac quy dinh thupc chUdng VIII cua BLTTDS 2015 va cae van ban hudng dan cd lien quan.
Lien quan de'n trinh tU, thii tuc thay doi, bd' sung hoac buy bd BPKCTT da ap dung, Diiu 53 cua LTTTM nam 2010 quy dinh cac ben deu cd quyen yeu cau Tda an thay dd'i, bd dung hoac hiiy bd vide ap dung BPKCTT theo thii tue quy dinh tai Dieu 133 cua BLTTDS'^'. Theo Dieu 137 ciia BLTTDS, viec thay d^i, ap dung bd' sung ehi dUdc chd'p nhan khi BPKCTT da dUdc ap dung khdng edn phu hdp va cin phai dupc thay ddi, hoac can phai bd' sung BPKCTT khac. Tuy nhien, chUa cd hudng dan khi nao mpt BPCTT dUdc xem la khdng cdn phu hdp, va diiu nay hoan toan diia vdo quye't dinh ehii quan cua tham phan dUdc phan cdng giai quye't. Cac trudng hdp md Tda an se ban banh quyet dinh huy bd BPKCTT dUde liet ke tai Diiu 138 BLTTDS. Ben eanh dd, theo Dieu 12 Nghi quyet 01/2014 cua Tda an nhan dan
Tdi eao thi tham phan phai ngay lap tiic buy bo viee ap dung BPKCTT va tra lai ddn ydu cau ciing cac tdi lieu kem theo cho ngUdi nop ddn ne'u tha'y ring ed mdt ben trudc dd da de nghi HDTT ap dung BPKCTT do.
Tha nam, ve dieu kien de Tda an ap dung bien phap khan cd'p tam thdi nhlm hd trd to' tung trpng tai
Khi xem xet den diiu kien de ap dung BPKCTT, ca PLTTTM ndm 2003 va LTTTM nam 2010 deu khdng cd quy dinh cu the ve cac tieu chi de Tda an cha'p thuan ydu elu ap dung BPKCTT ciia mpt ben. PLTTTM nam 2003 chi quy dinh ben cd yeu clu ap dung BPKCTT phai nop cho Tda an (i) ban sao ddn kien ra trpng tai va thda thudn trong tai; (ii) blng chiing cu the ve cae chiing cii can dUdc bao toan, cac chiing cii ve viec bi ddn tau tan, ea't gia'u tai san ed the Idm cho viee thi hanh quyd't dinh trpng tai khdng the thiic hien dUde.
LTTTM nam 2010 tham chi chi quy dinh ben yeu clu phai cung cap cho HDTT chiing cii de chiing minh cho sii can thie't phai ap dung BPKCTT dd. Chinh vi vay, khi xem xet yeu clu ap dung BPKCTT, Tda an phai can cii vao quy dinh v l dieu kien ap dung BPKCTT trong phap luat to' tung dan sii, bao gdm'^':
Cac dieu kidn mang tinh khaeh quan:
Mot la, quyin vd ldi ieh lien quan cua ben yeu clu dang hi xam pham hoac de dpa xam pham va khdng dUdc vUpt qua eac yeu eau trong tranh chd'p dang dUpc giai quye't'^"*. Hai la, bd'i canh, tinh hud'ng dp
"" Dieu 137, B6 luat To'tung dan sU n a m 2015.
'"> N g u y i n Thi Thu Thuy va Le Hai An (2017), "Vl dieu kiSn ap dung Bien phap k h a n cap tam thdi trong t e ' t u n g dan sif". Tap CM Nha nitdc v^ Phap Luat, so' 08/2017, t r 32- 38
""'Dieu 111.1, B 6 l u a t T S ' t u n g d a n s U 2015.
Q NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA Hdi SO 1-2020
dung BPKCTT phai ed tinh khan ca'p<^^>.
Ben eanh cac diiu kien khach quan ehung edn cd cac dieu kien khach quan rieng, dUde ap dung cho tiing BPKCTT eu the.
Cae dieu kien ndy ed the ve dac tinh tai san (tai san dang tranh cha'p, tai san cua ngUdi ed nghia vu, hdng hda bi nghi ngd xam pham quyen sd hiiu tri tue...) hoae v l tae ddng tieu cUc (hanh vi buy hoai tdi san, hanh vi tau tan tai san, hanh vi thay dd'i hien trang tai san...), hoac cac ye'u to' khac dd'i vdi trUdng hdp eu the ap dung BPKCTT.
Cac dieu kien mang tinh chu quan:
Ben yeu cau se phai thuc hien bien phap bao dam blng mpt khoan tiln hoae eae loai tai san khac cd gia tri do Tda an d'n dinh*^^'. De tranh xung dot ve tham quyin giiia Tda an va trpng tai, mpt trong cae ben phai chUa cd yeu clu HDTT, Tda dn khac ap dung mdt hoac mdt sd BPKCTT'^''. Ben canh dd, LTTTM hien nay cung khdng cho bie't viec thiic hien nghia vu bao dam nhU the' ndo nen tren thiic te', Tda an v l n ap dung cdc bien phap bao dam dUde quy dinh trong BLTTDS.
Dd'i chieu vdi Dieu 17 eua Luat Mdu UNCITRAL, ben yeu clu ap dung BPKTT phai chiing minh vdi HDTT ca hai dieu kien sau:
Mdt thidt hai khdng the siia chiia mpt each day du blng viec bdi thudng thiet hai, cd kha nang xay ra ne'u khdng cho ap dung BPKCTT, va thiet hai dd se ldn hdn rd't nhieu sd vdi thiet hai ma ben bi ap dung BPTT ed the phai chiu ne'u BPTT dupc cho ap dung.
Ben yeu clu ap dung BPTT cd cd sd hdp ly de' thing kien khi xet xif v l npi dung vu viee. Quye't dinh ve vide ap dung BPTT khdng anh hudng de'n quyin danh gia vu
S01-2020
viec cua HDTT khi phai dua ra mdt quye't dinh nao dd sau nay.
Rd rang, Luat Mlu UNCITRAL da dat ra dieu kien cao hdn de HDTT eha'p thuan yeu eau ap dung BPKCTT cua mot ben so vdi quy dinh cua Luat Viet Nam. Diiu nay nham tranh tinh trang mdt ben ldi dung cd che' ndy de yeu clu ap dung BPKCTT khdng hdp ly hay khdng thiie sii can thie't, gay can trd to' tung trpng tai. NhUng doi vdi trUdng hdp Tda an la cd quan dUdc yeu cau ban hanh BPKCTT thi Luat Mlu UNCITRAL ciing quy dinh ring Tda an qud'e gia se thiic hien phu hdp vdi cac trinh tu, thii tuc to' tung ciia minh, ed tinh den eac dac thu eua trpng tdi qud'c te''^^'.
Thii sdu, ve eac bien phap khan cap tam thdi ma Tda an cd the ap dung
Dieu 49 LTTTM nam 2010 v l tham quyin ciia HDTT ap dung BPKCTT liet ke sau (06) BPKCTT. Tiie la HDTT chi cd t h l m quyen ap dung sau bidn phap da quy dinh. Dieu nay xua't phat tU ban chat eua trpng tai la quan he hdp ddng va khdng rang bude ben thii ba. Tuy nhien, khac vdi HDTT, Tda an cd the ap dung mpt trong so' eac BPKCTT khac nhau dUdc quy djnh tai Dieu 49 ciia LTTTM nam 2010 va Dieu 114 cua BLTTDS ndm 2015. Cac bien phap ma Tda an ap dung khdng chi gidi ban dd'i vdi cae ben trong thii tuc trpng tai ma cdn cd the ed hieu lUc dd'i vdi eac ben thii ba hoac cdc bien phap khac ma HDTT khdng ed tham quyen quyet dinh nhu tam giii tdu bay, tau bien hoac ngan chan khdng cho ngdn hang thanh toan thU tin dung L/C.
' " ' D i e u 111.2, B 6 l u a t T o ' t u n g d a n s U n a m 2 0 1 5 .
"-' Dieu 136, Bo luat To'tung dan sii n a m 2015.
"* Dieu 12, Nghi quyet 01/2014.
<'^' Dieu 17J, L u a t M l u UNCrTRAL.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI | Q
Nhu vay, theo Dieu 49 cua LTTTM nam 2010 va Diiu 114 eiia BLTTDS nam 2015, Tda an cd the ap dung mUdi hai (12) bien phap theo yeu eua cde ben tranh chap trong td'tung trpng tai'^^'.
So sanh vdi quy dinh trUdc ddy cua PLTTTM nam 2003 cd the thd'y, tai Dieu 33 PLTTTM nam 2003 ciing liet ke sau BPKCTT cd the dUde ap dung trong td'tung trpng tai<^®. Tuy nhien, HDTT khdng the ap dung sau bien phap nay ma cbi cd Tda an mdi ed tham quyin. Sau bien phap nay ciing khdng gidng vdi sau bien phap quy dinh tai Dieu 49 cua LTTTM nam 2010. Nhu vay, LTTTM nam 2010 khdng chi md rdng thlm quyin ciia HDTT hen quan de'n ap dung BPKCTT ma cdn md rdng ca phara vi cdc loai BPKCTT ma Tda an cd th^ ap dung de' hd trd cac ben trong td' tung trpng tai. Day la didm ddng ghi nhan va cUng phii hdp vdi nhu clu va thuc tiln giai quyet tranh cha'p bang trpng tai tai Viet Nam va tren the' gidi.
Ket luan
Viet Nam dang bUdc vao thdi ky hdi nhap qud'c te' ngay cang sau rdng. Dieu nay dem lai nhiing cd hdi td't dep de nen kinh te' Viet Nam phat trien, dong thdi ciing dat ra nhiing thach thUc dd'i vdi nUdc ta trong viec giai quye't cac tranh chd'p phat sinh tif boat dpng thUdng mai. Trong dd, vd'n de ve thara quyen hd trd tu phdp eua Tda an dd'i vdi cac phUdng thiie giai quye't tranh chd'p khac nhU trpng tai thUdng raai la mdt trong nhiing npi dung can ehli trpng va nhdn dUde nhieu sU quan tam cua Dang va Nha nUdc.
Khdng the phu nhan ring, Tda an giii vai trd rd't quan trpng dd'i vdi sU thdnh cdng va hieu qua eiia viec giai quye't tranh cha'p thUdng mai bang trpng tdi. Dae biet, tham quyen ciia Tda an lien quan de'n viee ap dung BPKCTT de hd trp to tung trpng
tai la cd sd phap ly quan trpng de bao ve quyen va Ipi ich hdp phap cua cae dUdng sii. Do dd vide hodn thien ehinh sach phap luat lien quan dd'n va'n de nay la mdt yeu clu cd'p thie't. Qua trinh hoan thien chinh sach phap luat vl tham quyin hd trd ciia Tda an ddi vdi trpng tai thudng mai da tifng budc dUde hoan thien. Tuy nhien, can tie'p tuc nghien ciiu de bo sung va hoan thien hdn niia eac quy dinh nay de phu hdp vdi phap luat qud'c te' ciing nhU nhu eau trong nude trong bd'i canh hien nay.
'"'' Toa an n h a n dan Toi cao (2017), So tay phap luat ve trpng tai va boa giai, Nxb. T h a n h Nien, tr. 77, 78.
Mucii hai (12) BPKCTT do la:
(i) Ke bien tai s a n dang t r a n h cha'p.
(ii) Cam chuyen dich ve tai san doi v6i tai san dang t r a n h chap.
(iii)Cam thay doi hien t r a n g tai san dang t r a n h chap.
(iv)Cho t h u hoach, cho b a n hoa mai hoac san ph§m, h a n g hoa khac.
(v) Phoi^ toa tai khoan tai r ^ a n hang, to chflc tin dung khac, kho bac nha nu6c, phong toa tai san 6 noi gtfi giii.
(vi) Phong toa tai san cua nguSi co nghia vu.
(vii) Can hoac buoc thdc hien h a n h vi n h a t dinh.
(viii) Cam xufit canh doi vdi ngUdi c6 nghia vu.
(ix) C£n tie'p xuc do'i vdi n a n n h a n bao lUc gia dinh.
(x) Tam dcfng viSc dong t h a u va cac hoat dong co h e n quan dg'n viec da'u t h I u .
(xi)Bat giij t a u bay, t a u bien de bao d a m giai quyet vu an.
(xii) Cac BPKCTT khac ma l u a t co quy dinh.
"<** Dieu 33, PLTTTM nam 2003-Quyen yeu ciu ap dung bien phap k h ^ n cap t a m thdi.
Trong qua t r i n h Hoi dong Trong tai giai quyet vu t r a n h chap, neu quyen va loi ich hdp phap ciia minh bi xam hai hoac co nguy cti true t i l p bi xam hai, thi cac ben CO q u y i n lam ddn den Toa a n cap t i n h ndi Hoi dong Trong tai t h u Iy vu t r a n h chap yeu cau ap dung mot hoac mot so'biSn phap k h a n cap t a m thfii sau day:
(i) Bao toan chdng cfl trong trUdng hdp chflng cii dang hi tieu huy hoac cd nguy cd hi tieu huy;
(ii) Ke bien tai san t r a n h cha'p;
(iii)Ca'm chuyen dich tai san t r a n h chap;
(iv) Cam t h a y d6l hien t r a n g tai san t r a n h chap;
(v) Ke bien va niem phong tai san d noi gfli gifl;
(vi) Phong toa tai khoan t a i n g a n hang.
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI SO 1-2020
Hy vpng nhiing quy dinh nay trong chinh sach phap luat cua Viet Nam hien nay se gdp phan phat trien kinh te" - xa hdi cua dd't nUde theo diing dinh hudng eua Dang va Nha nUdc trong bd'i canh hpi nhap qud'c te'.
T A I L I E U THAM KHAO 1. Phap linh Trgng tai thUdng mai nam 2003.
2. Lu$t Trgng tai thUdng mai nam 2010.
3. Bg luat Td'tung dan sU nam 2015.
4. Nghi quyd't 01/2014/NQ-HDTP eua Hpi dong tham phan Tda an nhdn dan Td'i eao.
5. Ludt Mlu v l trpng tai thUdng mai qud'e te' cua Uy ban Lien hiep qud'c v l Luat thadng mai qud'c te nam 1985, s\ia ddi va thdng qua ndm 2006.
6. Albert Jan van den Berg (2005), New- Horizons in International Commerical Arbitration and Beyond, International Council for Commercial Arbitration Congress Series No 12 (Kluwer Law- International.
7. Dd Van Dai (2018), Phap LuAt trgng tai thadng mai Viet Nam, Bin an va Binh luan bin an. Tap 1, Nxb. Hdng Diic- Hdi Ludt gia Viet Nam.
8. Karrer, P. (2001), 'Interim Measures - Less Theory, Please' in ICCA Congress Series No. 10, Nxb. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
9. Nguyin Thi Thu Thuy (2015), Cac biin phap khan ci'p tam thdi trong giai quye't tranh chi'p thddng mai theo phap luat Viit Nam, Luan an tidn si Luat hpc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi nam 2015.
10. Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy va Le Hai An (2017), "Ve dieu kien ap dung Bien phap khan ca'p tam thdi trong to' tung dan sU", Tap Chi Nha nddc va Phap Luat, so' 08/2017.
11. Pham Duy Nghia, Bien phap khan cap tam thdi trong td' tung trgng tai, (http://www.nclp.org.vn/thue_tien_phap_l uat/bien-phap-khan-cap-tam-thoi-trong- to-tung-trong-tai)
12. Phan Gia Quy, "Su hd trd ciia Tda an dd'i vdi boat dpng trpng tai thUdng mai", Tap chi Tda an Nhan dan, https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/xet-xu/su- ho-tr 0 -cua -toa- an-doi-voi-hoat-dong- trong-tai-thuong-mai
13. Tda an nhdn dan Td'i cao (2017), So tay phap luit ve trgng tai va hda giai, Nxb. Thanh Nien.
14. Tudng Duy Ludng (2016), Binh luan BLTTDS, Luat trgng tai thaong mai va thuc tiin xetxd, Nxb. Tu phap.
15. UNCITRAL (2012), Digest of Case law on the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, tr. 94 (http: //www. uncitr al .org/p dfenglish/clout/
MAL-digest-2012-e.pdf)
16. Uy ban ThUdng vu Qud'c hdi (2010), Bio cao giii trinh, tii'p thu chinh ly LTTTM, sd 320/BC-UBTVQH12 ngay 12/05/2010.
17. Vo Khanh Vinh, 'Ye quyen tu phap va che' dp tu phap d Viet Nam", Tap chi dien td Tda an nhan dan, ngay 01/07/2019, xem tai:
https://tapehitoaan.vn/bai-viet/phap- luat/ve-quyen-tu-phap-va-ehe-do-tu- phap-o-nuoc-ta
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