PHAM VI DAI DIEN, T H A M QUYEN DAI DIEN NHIN TlT GOC DO LY LUAN VA THUC TRANG PHAP LUAT
1. Mot sd van de ly luan vc pham vi dai dien, tham quydn dai d\^n
Phap lual cua cac nudc co nC-n kinh le thi trudng ddu quan tam dieu ehinh quan he dai dien, dac biel la quan he diii dien trong ITnh vuc thuang mai. \\ dai dien co vai trd rat quan trpng ddi \ oi sir phat trien thuang mai. Phap lual ve dai dien trong ITnh vuc thuang mai con dugc coi la mgt trong nhirng ITnh \irc phap lual quan trgng nhat Irong he thdng phap lual kinh doanh, thuang mai' Quan he dai dien phat sinh giira nguiyi dai dien \ a ngudi dugc dai dien, theo dd, ngudi dai dien nhan danh va vi lgi feh ciia ngudi dugc dai dien de giao kel hoac thuc hien mdt giao dieh vdi ngudi thir ba. Vdi linh chat eiia quan he dai dien la ngudi duge dai dien thue hien mdt cdng viec thdng qua ngirdi dai dien, pham vi dai dien. tham quyen dai dien ciia ngudi dai dien la mgt trong nhiing ndi dung cdt Idi eiia phap luat ve dai dien.
Ve khai niem pham vi dai dien. tham quyen dai dien, phap luat cac nudc thirdng khdng cd dinh nghTa ve pham vi dai dien ha>
thdm quyen dai dien ma ehi xac dinh pham vi tham quyen cua ngudi dai dien khi giao ket hoac thuc hien giao dich vdi ngirdi thu ba. Tuy nhien, chiing la co thd hieu, phgm vi dgi diin Id gi&i hgn cdc thdm quyen ciui ngu&i dgi diin Irong viic thuc hiin cdng viic dgi diin. Cung vi \^y, ndi ddn pham \i dai dien cung la noi den thdm quydn dai
*ThS.. Tdng Cong ty Phdt triln ha tdng vd Ddu tu tdi chinh Viet Nam.
' West's Business Law-Texl, Cases. Legal, ethical, international, and e-commercial Environment 8"' Edition, 2001, P. 572; Commercial Agency law - a comparative analysis, Sesverine Saintier, The University of Liverpool, Published by Ashagate Publishing Limited 2002, Preface.
Ho Ngoc Hiin*
di?n. Phap luat cac nudc thdng thudng khdng biin chd pham vi dai dien, thdm quydn dai dien, do dd, ngudi dugc dai dien cd the giao cho ngudi dai dien dai dien cho minh thuc hien mpi cdng \ iec \ i Igi ich cua ngudi dugc dai di?n. Trong ITnh vuc thuang mai, ngirdi dai dien cd the cd tham quyen rdng rai hoac tham quyen chung de thuc hien mpi cdng vice trong pham vi boat ddng thuong mai cua thuomg nhan. Tu) nhien. trong ITnh vuc dan sir eung nhu trong ITnh vuc thuang mai, cd nhiing cdng viec ma phap luat ^eu eau chinh chii the dd thuc hien thi chii the d6 khdng the giao cho ngudi dai dien ciia minh thuc bien. Trong ITnh \'uc dan sir, dd la cac cdng \ iec gan lien \di ca nhan, nghe nghiep mang tinh dac thii nhu \ iec lam chirng truoc tda an, bac sT kham chiia benh. luat su tu van eho khach hiing... Trong ITnh vuc thuang mai, cd nhumg cdng \ iec ma theo quy dinh ciia phap luat lii khdng the iiy quyen cho chu the khiic nhu viec thuc hien cdng viec theo kel qua dau thau hoac eac cdng \ iec ma doi Uic da lira chgn thuomg nhan dua tren co so nang lire, kinh nghiem ciia thuang nhan do.
Trong quan he phap luat ve dai dien, dac biel la dai dien thuomg mai, phap luat dai dien, tham qu\en dai dien la mdt trong nhumg \ an de trgng tam vi nd tac ddng den hau bet mgi \ an de lien quan den quan he dai dien:
- Thu nhat, dua vao pham vi dai dien ma ngudi ta phan biet ngudi dai dien cd tham quyen rgn^ rdi (general authority) hay co thdm quyin cu Ihi, thdm quyin hgn che, thdm quyin vu viic (specific authority) doi vdi rndt hoac mdt sd giao dich hay cdng viec cu the.
Thu hai, quyin vd nghia vu, trdch nhiim cua ngu&i duoc dgi dien, cita nguoi dgi diin vd cua ngu&i thit ba cd phdt sinh
hay khdng, dugc thuc hiin nhit thi ndo liin quan mat thiit v&i viic ngu&i dgi diin cd thuc hiin dung phgm vi dgi diin, thdm quyin dgi diin ciia minh hay khdng. Trong trudng hgp ngudi dai dien vugt qua tham quyen dai dien cua minh, dieu nay cd ngliTa la vugt ra ngoai pham vi dai dien, ngudi dugc dai dien CO quyen tir chdi thuc hien cac ngliTa vii phat sinh tir viec vugt qua pham vi dai dien do.
Ngudi dai dien phai chiu traeh nhiem phap ly ddi vdi ngudi thir ba trir trudng hgp ngudi thii ba do da biet hoac phai biet ngudi dai dien vugt c^ua pham \'i dai dien ma van giao ket hgp ddng vdi ngudi dai dien. Trong trudng hgp thuang nhan dugc dai dien ddng y vdi viec vugt qua pham vi dai dien, vugt qua tham quyen dai dien hoac ddng y vdi viec mdt ngudi khdng eo tham quyen dai dien da banh ddng nhan danh minh, giao dich vdi ngudi thii ba se eo bieu lue vdi thuang nhan dugc dai dien.
Ddi vdi binh thiic dai dien theo phap luat, pham vi dai dien, tham quyen dai dien ciia ngudi dai dien do phap luat quy dinh.
Ddi vdi hinh thiic dai dien do thda thuan, pham vi dai dien, tham quyen dai dien do thda thuan giiia ngudi dugc dai dien va ngudi dai dien, hinh thiic cua thda thuan la hgp ddng dai dien hoac cac binh thiic khac nhu thu uy quyen (power of attorney), quyet dinh iiy quyen, quyet dinh phan cdng nhiem vu trong do cd ndi dung uy quyen...
0 nhieu nudc, dac biet la cac nudc thuoc he thdng phap luat Anh-My, phap luat ve dai dien thira nhan dai dien do thda thudn ngam dinh giiia ngudi dai dien va ngudi dugc dai dien, theo do, thda thuan khdng the hien ra ngoai mdt each rd rang bang van ban bay Idi noi Ngudi dai dien thuc hien cdng viec dai dien ciia minh dua tren thdi quen thuang mai, thdng le thuang mai, tap quan thuomg mai hoac do dieu kien, hoan canh thuc te cu the de suy doan mpt each hgp ly la ngudi
dugc dai dien da uy quyen cho minh nhan danh va vi lgi feh ciia ngudi dugc dai dien de thuc hien cdng viee dai dien. Trudng hgp nay, ngudi dai dien eo Iham quyin dgi diin Ihitc te ngam dinh (implied actual authority)^, pham vi dai dien dugc xac dinh dua vao thdi quen thuang mai, thdng le thuang mai giua hai ben, lap quan thuang mai viing, mien hoac nganh hang. Mpt sd nude thupe he thdng phap lual Civil law cung CO quy dinh tuang lu. Vf du, theo Dieu 164 Bd luat Dan su (BLDS) ciia Cpng hda Lien bang (CHLB) Dire quy djnh: "Mpt tuyen bd hay y dinh ma mdt ngudi thuc hien nhan danh ngudi dugc dai dien trong pham vi dai dien se rang budc ngudi dugc dai dien. Khdng co su khac biet giiia nhan danh ngudi duge dai dien the hien mpt each rd rang va cd nhii'ng dieu kien eu the de xae djnh su nhan danh do" Nhu vay, theo BLDS ciia CHLB Dire, quan he dai dien khdng nhat thiet phai the hien rd rang bang van ban hoac ldi noi, ma co the suy luan va xac dinh tir cac dieu kien, hoan canh cu the.
Mdt dang dai dien niia dugc thira nhan d nhieu nudc, dac biet la cac nudc thude he thdng luat Anh-My la Iham quyin dgi diin hiin nhiin (apparent authority). Tham quyen dai dien hien nhien la tham quyen cua ngudi dai dien hoac mdt ngudi khac tac ddng den quan he phap ly cua ngudi dugc dai dien vdi ngudi thii ba khi ngudi dugc dai dien lam cho ngudi thir ba tin tudng mdt each hgp ly rang ngudi do eo tham quyen dai dien Nhu vay, thdm quydn dai dien hien nhien khdng xudt phat tir sir thoa thuan giira ngudi dugc dai dien va ngudi dai dien ma xuat phat tir hanh vi ciia ngudi dugc dai dien lam cho ngudi thii ba tin tudng mdt each hgp ly mdt
West's Business Law-Text, Cases. Legal, ethical, international, and e-commercial Environment 8' Edition, 2001, P. 577.
^ Commercial LaM'. Texlboolc, Maget Griffiths, Third Edition, Old Bailey Press, 2003, P.436-438; Business Law, Ewan Maclntyre, Longman, Pearson Education Limited, First published in Great Britain in 2001, P.323-325; Restatement (Third) of Agency, American Law Institution, §2.01, §2.02, Chapter 2.
"* Restatement (Third) of Agency, American Law Institution, §2.03, Chapter 2.
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 11/2011
chu the niio do lii ngirdi d;.ii dicMi eiia minh.
Ndu ldi noi hoiic himh vi eiia nguiri dugc dai dien lam cho ngudi thir ha tin ludng moi each hop ly \ao mot chii the se hiinh dong nhiin danh minh, ngudi thir ha d;i giao kel hgp ddng hoac ihiic hien himh vi khiic dua Ircn niem tin d(\ nguiri dugc d;ii dien se hi rang buoc \iio giao dich mil ngirdi ihir ba dii giao ket hoac kel qua cong \iec mii nguiri thir ba da thuc hicMi. Ngirdi dugc diii dien se khdng the phii nhan quan he diii dien nay.
Tuy nhien, sir tin tirdng eiia ngucri thir ba ndm trong gidi hiin hgp ly, \ i du, I niieh hang khdng Ihe dira \ao niem tin de gi;io kel hgp ddng \6i nhiin vien eua ngiin himg de mua ban tru sd ha\' thuang hi.eii eiia ngan hang, ngoai trir trudng hgp nhan \ ien do da eo sir UN qu>en rd rang ciia cap eo tham quyen quyet djnh giao dich do ciia ngan himg"
Phap luat thuang mai CHLB Diic cd ciich tiep can rpng ban \ii do dd, bao ve lot ban ngudi thir ba, theo do, ngay ca khi trong trudng hgp mpt ngudi dai dien chi co tham quyen lim kiem khach hang, khong co tham quyen xae lap giao dieh nhung da xac lap giao dich nhan danh ngudi dugc dai dien, ngudi thii ba khdng biel ngirdi dai dien la khdng CO tham quyen xac lap giao djch. tbi giao dich do cd hieu lire rang budc ngirdi dugc dai dien neu ngudi dugc dai dien khdng phan ddi trong mgt thdi han hgp ly dua tren thdng bao eiia ngirdi dai dien thuang mai hoac ciia ngirdi thir ba \d \iec giao ket hgp ddng vii cac didu khoan \iit chdi ciia no. Quy djnh nay cung dugc iip dung eho trudng hgp ngudi dai dien thuang niiii CO tham quyen xac lap mgt si) giao dich nhung da xac lap cac giao dich khdng thugc tham quyen ciia minh'' Ngoai ra Bd luat Thuang m^i Dire ciing cd mgt so quy dinh thd hien thdm quydn dai dien hidn nhien nhu Dieu 56 quy dinh mdt ngudi dugc nhan vao
•* Business Law, Ewan Maclntyre, Longman, Pearson Education Limited, First published in Great Britain in2001,P.324.
' § 91a(l&2) German Commercial Code.
lam nhan vien tai mdt cira hang hoac tai mpt kho hang md thi dugc coi la dugc uy quyln de ban hang va thuc hien nhan hang, nhimg viec theo thdng le dien ra tai mgt cira hang hoac kho hang. Day la mgt truang hgp cu the ciia quy dinh vd tham quydn dai dien hien nhicn theo phap luat ciia cac nudc thugc he thdng phap lual Anh-My.
Ciie quy dinh phap luat vd tham quyen dai dien thuc td ngam dinh \ii tham quydn dai dicMi bien nhicn cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi \ (Vi thuang nhan, vi nd tao sir linh hoat, mdm deo trong viec dieu chinh quan he thuomg mai. \ d cung tao sir cdng bang va gdp phdn bao \ e quyen va lgi ich chinh dang ciia nguiri ihu ba trong giao dich vdi nguoi dugc dai dien. Ddi \ di cac doanh nghiep Ion nhu ngan hang, cdng l\ bao hiem hang ngay giao ket riit nhieu hgp ddng va ngudi thir ba khdng can phai kiem tra xem nhan vien giao djch \di minh cd dugc ii>' quyen de giao ket hgp ddng hay khdng. Khach hang cd quyen tin tirdng mgt each hgp ly la nhan \ ien do co tham qu\ en dai dien nhan danh doanh nghiep de ky ket hgp ddng vdi minh. Se la bat cdng khi doanh nghiep de cho nhan \ ien cua minh ky ket hgp ddng. thu lien ciia khach hang roi sau dd tuyen bd hgp ddng dd \ d hieu vi nhan
\ ien ciia minh khdng dugc u> quyen, khdng eo tham qii\ CMI dai dien. Ciing la khdng cdng bang v ii tliien cbi khi doanh nghiep cu mot ngirdi di dam phan hgp ddng nhung sau do lai iu\en bd la ngudi dam phan da khdng dugc li) qu\ en de dam phan.
Nhu \ii> cd the tha\. pham vi dai dien, tham qu\ en dai dien cua ngudi dai dien la ngi dung quan trgng ciia quan he phap luat dai dien. Tiiy thude vao cac dieu kien cu the ma moi nudc cd nhimg khac biet trong quy dinh phap luat vd pham vi dai dien, thdm quydn dai dien. Tuy nhien, phap luat ve pham vi dai dien, tham quydn dai dien cua cac nudc thugc he thdng Anh-My cd mdc do khai quat rdt cao, trong khi cac nudc thuoi he thdng phap luat Civil law thien vd quy dinh cac trudng hgp cu the.
2. Pham vi dai dien, thim quyen dai dien theo phap luat Viet Nam
Ve pham vi dai dien, Didu 144 BLDS 2005 quy dinh:
1. Ngu&i dgi diin iheo phdp lugt cd quyen xdc lap, thuc hiin mgi giao djch ddn su vi Igi ich ciia ngu&i dugc dgi diin, trir truang hgp phdp lual cd quy dinh khdc.
2. Phgm vi dgi diin iheo uy quyen dugc xdc lap Iheo su uy quyen.
3. Ngu&i dgi diin chi dirge thuc hien giao dich ddn su Irong phgm vi dgi diin.
4. Ngu&i dill diin phdi ihdng hdo cho ngitai Ihit ba trong giao dich ddn sit hiit vi phgm vi dgi diin ciia minh.
5. Ngu&i dgi diin khdng dugc xdc lap, thuc hiin cdc giao dich ddn su vdi chinh minh hodc v&i ngu&i ihir ha md minh cung Id ngu&i dgi diin ciia ngu&i do. trir tru&ng hgp phdp lual cd quy dinh khdc.
Luat Thuang mai 2005 (LTM 2005) tai Dieu 143 quy dinh ve pham vi dai dien nhu sau:
Cdc bin cd ihi thod thugn ve viec bin dgi diin dugc thuc hiin mdt phdn hogc todn bg hogt ddng thuang mgi thugc phgm vi hogt ddng ciia bin giao dgi diin.
Nhu vay, BLDS 2005 quy djnh pham vi dai dien cua ngudi dai dien trong ca hai loai dai dien la dai dien thep phap luat va dai dien theo iiy quyen. LTM 2005, vdi pham vi dieu chinh quan he dai dien giiia thuang nhan lam dai dien va thuang nhan dugc dai dien tren ca sd hgp ddng dai dien, chi quy dinh pham vi dai dien cua thuang nhan dai dien theo uy quyen.
Ddi v&i tru&ng hgp dgi diin theo phdp lugt, pham vi dai dien cua ngudi dai dien dugc phap luat quy dinh hoac dugc ghi nhan tai Dieu le cua Doanh nghiep vdi dieu kien khdng trai vdi cac quy dinh ciia phap luat.
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 141 BLDS 2005 ve pham vi dai dien, pham vi dai dien cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat dugc quy dinh nhu sau: Ngu&i dgi diin theo
phdp lual cd quyin xdc lap, Ihue hiin mgi giao dich ddn sir vi Igi ich cua ngu&i dugc dgi dien. Irit Iru&ng hgp phdp lugt co quy dinh khdc.
Rieng ITnh vuc thuang mai, pham vi dai dien ciia ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia doanh nghiep co tfnh dac thii. Pham vi dai dien ciia ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia thuang nhan la doanh nghiep chiu sir dieu chinh ciia Lual Doanh nghiep va Dieu le ciia doanh nghiep. Theo Luat Doanh nghiep va Dieu le, tham quyen quyel dinh xae lap, thuc hien eac giao djch dirge phan cap cho cac cap quan ly ciia doanh nghiep va khdng thupe tham quyen quyet dinh ciia ngudi dai dien theo phap luat. Tham quyen quyet dinh cac giao dich, cac cdng viec td chiic va boat ddng cua cdng ty cd phan thupe ve Dai hdi ddng cd ddng, Hpi ddng quan tri, Giam ddc.
Ddi vdi cdng ty traeh nhiem hiiu ban la Hpi ddng thanh vien va Giam ddc. Ddi vdi cdng ty hgp danh la Hpi ddng thanh vien va thanh vien hgp danh.
Ddi vdi edng ty, can tach bach tham quyen cua ngudi dai dien theo phap luat ciia cdng ty va tham quyen ciia lanh dao eu the trong cdng ty. Trong cae cdng ty. ngudi dai dien theo phap luat thdng thudng la Chii tich Hdi ddng quan tri (cdng ty cd phan), Chii tich Hpi ddng thanh vien (cdng ty traeh nhiem hii-u ban) hoac Giam dde/Tdng Giam doe theo phap luat hoac theo Dieu le quy dinh. Rieng cdng ty hgp danh, cac thanh vien hgp danh deu co quyen dai dien theo phap luat va td chiic, dieu hanh boat ddng kinh doanh bang ngay ciia cdng ty. Mpi ban che ddi vdi thanh vien hgp danh trong thuc hien cdng viee kinh doanh hang ngay eiia cdng ty chi eo hieu lire ddi vdi ben thir ba khi ngudi do duge biet ve han ehe do (khoan 1, Dieu 137, Luat Doanh nghiep). Chii tjch Hpi ddng thanh vien, Giam ddc hoac Tdng Giam ddc cua cdng ty hgp danh co quyen dai dien cho cdng ty trong quan he vdi ca quan nha nudc, dai dien cho cdng ty vdi tu each la bi dom hoac nguyen dan trong cac vu
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 11/2011
kiC-n, iranh chap thuang niiii hoac ciic tranh chi^T khiic (khoim 4 Dieu ]M. I uat Doanh nghiep). Theo lual Doiinh nghiy'P vii Dieu 1C\
Ciie lanh dao ni\\ eo lh;im qu\en quyet dinh Ciie \an dd \e to chirc \ii hoai dpng cu;i edng ly theo phiin cap. I);iy khong phai hi thilm qu\en eiia nguin diii dien theo phiip luat.
Ngudi dai dien theo phiip kuit la nguiri co thdm quNcn nhan danh edng l\ de giao kel hgp ddng. thye hien eiie cong xiec cu the vi lgi feh ciia cdng ly. Cac cdng \iec na\ biio gdm \iec ky kel ciic \iin ban. hi;p dong. dam phan. Ui\en bd trude bao ehi, dji diC-n trude liia an xii ea quan id lung khiic... Noi ciich khac. \ai trd cua nguiri diii dien theo phap lual la ngucri the hien y ehi ciia doanh nghiep.
Nhu \ii\. khi Tong giam ddc hoiic Chii lieh Hpi diing quiin Iri. llpi dong ihiinh vien lii ngirdi dai dien theo phap luat. con ngudi cu the dd CO hai vai trong td chirc eua doanh nghiep: ngirdi dai dien thep phap luat va Tdng giam doe/Giam ddc hay Chii tieh 1 ldi ddng quan tri. Chii tich Hpi ddng Ihimh vien.
Nhu vay. day la trudng hgp ma BLDS 2005 quy djnh la Irir&ng hgp phdp lual quy dinh khdc. Noi each khac. dii\ la trudng hgp ngoai le ciia BLDS 2005. theo do. ngirdi dai dien theo phap lual khdng cd thdm quyen xdc lap. thuc hiin mgi giao dich ddn sir vi Igi ich ciia ngit&i dugc dgi diin \ ii no the hien tinh dac thii trong ITnh \ ire thuang mai.
Ddi v&i Irit&ng hgp dgi diin theo uy quyen. ve nguyen tac. pham \i dai dien do cac ben thda thuan. BLDS 2005 qu> dinh pham vi dai dien theo uy quyen duge xiie lap theo su uy quydn. LTM 2005 quy dinh ciic ben CO the thoa thuan ve \ iec ngircri dai dien cd the thuc hien mgt phdn hoac loan be) boat ddng thuang mai thuoc pham \i eiia ben dugc dai dien. Trong ITnh x'lrc thuang mai.
trudng hgp thuang nhan lam dai dien cho mdt thuang nhan khac, pham \i iiy quydn dugc xac dinh trong hgp ddng ixy quydn.
Trong cac trudng hgp khac, pham vi nay duge xac lap tren ca sd binh thirc phap ly la hgp ddng iiy quyen, thu iiy quyen, gidy iiy
quydn, quydt dinh iiy quydn hay cac hinh thiic van ban khac.
Mpt vdn dc lien quan ddn pham vi dai dien. tham quydn dai dien ciia ngudi dai di(;n, dac biet trong ITnh vuc thuomg mai, la lieu ngu&i dgi diin cd the dgi diin thuc hien moi cdng viec thugc phgm vi hogl dong thuang mgi cua thuang nhdn dugc dgi dien hay khdng. Ve nguyen lac dai dien va phap luat cac nudc ddu quy dinh. cd nhirng cdng vice ma vc ban chat khdng the iiy quyen cho ngirdi khae thuc hien. Theo khoan 2 Dieu
139 BLDS 2005. ca nhan khdng dugc dl ngirdi khac dai dien cho minh neu phap luat qu> dinh hg phai tu minh xac lap, thuc hien giao djch dd. luv nhien. BLDS 2005 da khdng linh den cac trudng hgp ma cac loai ehii thd khac nhu phap nhan, td chiic cung khdng the thuc hien cdng viec ma theo quy dinh phap luat phai tu td chirc dd thuc hien.
Dieu nay the bien rd trong ITnh \'uc thuang mai. \ i cd nhung cdng \ iec ma td chirc dugc lira chgn thuc hien la dua tren nang lire, kinh nghiem cua td chuc dd. \'iec iiy quyen cho chii the khac thuc hien se lam cho mdt ben ciia hgp ddng vdi td chire dd khdng dat dugc iiiue lieu cua minh. Fin thugc vao nganh nghe eu the ma phap luat chuyen nganh quy djnh mgt so edng \ iec thucmg nhan (doanh nghiep) phai tu minh thuc hien. khdng the u\ qu\en cho ngirdi dai dien hoac giao cho chu the khac thuc bien dudi bat k\ hinh thiic nao. Nhirng edng \iec nhu vay. \e nguyen tae. khdng the thugc pham \ i dai dien, tham qu\in dai dien ciia ngudi dai dien. Vi du, Luat Diiu thdu 2009 nghiem cam hanh vi cho nha thau khac su dung tu each cua minh de tham gia dau thau hoac chuyen nhugng cho nha thau khac thuc hien hgp ddng sau khi trung thau (khoan 14, Didu 12 Luat Ddu thdu 2009). Khi nha thdu tham gia ddu thdu, nha thdu khdng the uy quyen cho doanh nghiep khac tham gia vdi tu each la ngudi dai dien, hoac khi thuc hien hgp ddng, nha thdu tning than khdng the uy quydn cho ngudi khac tlurc hien hgp ddng. Hanh vi nay cd the bi
coi la hanh vi chuyen nhugng thau ma dan gian gpi la ban thau. Trudng hgp dau thau, viec nha thau triing thau la dua tren nang lire, kinh nghiem ciia nha thau trong viee thuc hien gdi thau va ve nguyen tae. khdng the iiy quyen eho ngudi khae thire hien gcii thau do. Ngoai ra. mgt sd thuang nhan la doanh nghiep thuc hien edng \ tec mang tfnh tu van nhu tu van giam sat, lu \ iin quan ly du an, tu van thiet ke ky thuat... trong ITnh vuc dau tu, xay dung ve nguyen tae la khdng the iiy quyen cho chu the khac thue hien \ i no gan vdi tinh chat nghe nghiep dac thii \'a dugc ddi tae lira chgn dua tren ea sd danh gia nang lire, kinh nghiem chuv'en mdn. TUN nhien, phap luat Viet Nam trong ITnh vuc dau tu, xay dung ehua co qu> dinh eu the \ e viec khdng the u\ qu\ en thue hien eae edng viec nay cho chii the khac thue hien.
Ve tham quyen dai dien, phap luat Viet Nam khdng thita nhdn dgi diin do thda thugn ngam dinh, \a do do, khdng quy dinh ve trudng hgp tham quyen dai dien Ihue te ngam djnh nliu d nhieu nudc. Viec chi quy djnh pham vi dai dien theo iiy quyen duge xac dinh theo iiy quyen (va ddi vdi dai dien cho thuomg nhan theo LTM 2005 thi dai dien theo iiy quyen phai bang van ban) da gidi ban CO sd. can cii xac dinh pham vi dai dien, theo do khdng thira nhan pham vi dai dien hay tham quyen dai dien trong ITnh vire thuang mai dugc xae djnh tren ea sd tap quan thuang mai, thdng le thuang mai giua cac ben. Nhu vay, phap luat Viet Nam ve dai dien khdng thira nhan tap quan thuang mai, thdng le thuang mai trong van de dai dien theo liy quyen mac dii ve nguyen tac chung, phap luat CO quy dinh ap dung tap quan thucmg mai, thdi quen thuang mai (Dieu 3
^BLDS 2005, Didu 12, 13 LTM 2005). Day 'c6 le la mdt trong nhiing diem ban che ldn nhat cua phap luat ve dai dien trong ITnh vuc
^thucmg mai d Viet Nam hien nay.
Mat khac, phap luat Viet Nam ve dai dien, dac biet la trong ITnh vuc thuomg mai Khdng quy dinh tham quyen dai dien hien
nhien nhu nhieu nude co nen kinh te thi trudng phat IricMi. Hien trang nay dan den mpt thue te d Viet Nam, thuang nhan cir ngudi dai dien lien hanh dam phan de ky ket hgp ddng vdi ddi tae nhirng nhieu trudng hgp khdng co giii\' iiy quyen. Trong trudng hgp nay, ngudi dai dien khdng dii tham quyen vii \i vay rat nhieu trudng hgp ket qua dam phan khdng dirge thuang nhan cir dai dien dam phan thira nhan vdi ly do ngirdi dai dien khdng dii tham quyen nhan danh thuang nhan de quyet djnh van de do. Nhieu thuang nhan khdng eo thien chf da tir chdi ghi nhan Niio hgp ddng hoac thue hien ket qua dam phan \(Vi ly do ngudi dam phan khdng dii tham quyen, mac dii ngudi dam phan do dugc chinh doanh nghiep cu ra de dam phan.
Trong khi do. phap luat nhin chung chua quan tam dieu ehinh den van de nay ngoai mpt so nguyen tae \'e tfnh trung thuc. thien chf ciia thucmg nhan. Tuy nhien, day la cae qu\ dinh ft eo gia tri thirc lien ddi vdi ddi sdng thuang mai d Viet Nam. Day la mpt ban che ciia phap luat Viet Nam va la mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan khien eae thuang nhan e ngai khi giao ket hgp ddng vdi doi tae thdng qua ngudi dai dien eiia ddi tae. Nhat la trong nhieu trudng hgp, vi ca hgi kinh doanh, hp khdng CO dii dieu kien de kiem tra xem ngudi ma thuang nhan cir di dam phan hoac ngudi duge giao dai dien ky ket hgp ddng eo dii tham quyen dai dien hay khdng.
3. Mot so kien nghi sua doi phap luat Viet Nam ve pham vi dai dien, tham quyen dai dien
Tir phan tfch mpt sd diem han ehe ciia phap luat Viet Nam \e pham vi dai dien, tham quyen dai dien, tac gia kien nghi sira ddi phap luat Viet Nam theo mpt sd dinh hudng sau:
Thir nhat, cdn sira ddi quy dinh Igi khodn 2 Diiu 139 BLDS 2005: "Cd nhdn khdng dugc di ngu&i khdc dgi diin cho minh niu phdp ludi quy dinh hg phdi tu minh xdc lap, thuc hiin giao dich do" theo liie&ng quy dinh khdng chi cd cd nhdn md
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 11/2011
bao gdm cd Id chirc (gdm phdp nhdn vd tii chuc khdng cd tu cdch phdp nhdn) khdng dugc di ngudi khdc dgi di^n cho minh niu phdp lugt quy dinh hg phdi tir minh .uic
lap, thuc hien giao djch dd. Ddng ihiri. ciin xiic dinh trong ciic ITnh viic lual ehuycMi ngiinh ciic loai cong \ iec mii ehii the khong the u> qinxMi cho ehii the khiic ihuc higi bao glim ciic loai cong vice giin lien xiri nang lire, kinh nghiem eiia ciui the dirge lira ehgn.
mang linh sir dyng Iri lue. chiit xiim ki chii
\cu. dong thai co linh rui ro \e nghe nghiep eao (\ii Ihirirn^ la phiip lual \cu ciiu phai co hao hicMU nghe nghi(;p eho ciic cii nhiin tnrc tiep thuc hien) nhu cac ccmg \iee \e lu \;in Iron^ ITnh \ iic diiu tir. xii\ dung, kiem loan, lu viin thue. tu van phiip 1\'...
Thir hai, /yhdp lugt Viet Nam cdn ghi nhdn thdm quyen dgi diin I hire ti ngam dinh theo hucrng ghi nhan quan he dai dien phat sinh giira ngirdi dai dien va ngucri duge dai dien ea trong trudng hgp eo thcia thuan ro rang (bang \an ban hoac ldi neii) hoac do ngam dinh giira eac ben. Cung tir dd. phap luat thira nhan thdng le thuang mai. lap quan thuang mai giua cae ben trong \ iec xiic dinh pham \i ii> quyen, tham qu\'en dai dien thuomg mai.
Thir ba, /ihdp lugt I 'iet \ain cdn hd sung quy dinh Irir&ng hgp ngu&i dugc dgi diin, du khdng cd thoa ihiign dgi dien v&i ngu&i dgi diin, dd ldm cho ngu&i thir ha tin luong mgt each Ivjjj ly rdng mgt ngu&i khdc cd thdm quyin dgi diC^n cho minh, vd khi ngu&i ihir ba dua trin niim tin do dd giao kit hgp ddng hogc Ihuc hiin cdng vice thi ngir&i dugc dgi diin khdng ihi /?hu nhgn, /jhui lay" vi ly do dd khdng iiy quyin cho ngir&i dgi dien dd.
Cac quy dinh phap lual cimg can xiic djnh eac dau hieu, can cir ca ban dd ngircri thir ba tin ludng mdt each hgp ly bao gdm:
Ngudi dugc dai dien da co hanh \ i, bao gdm ldi noi, hanh ddng hoac khdng hanh dpng tao nen bieu bien \'e viec ngudi dai dien cd thdm quydn dai dien thuc td dk thidt lap cac giao dich do nhu:
I Ngudi dugc dai dien da sir dung ngiroi dai dien dC; giao kdt, thirc hien mgt hoac mot sd giao dich co ciing ban chat va ben thii ba khdng dugc thdng bao ve cac ban che trong thiim quydn dai dien ddi v (Vi giao dich cu thi niii ngirdi ihir ba da giao ket;
+ Ngudi diii dien ducrc phep sii dijng van phiing. tru s(y. phuang lien lam viec, treo bien hieu hoac sir dung logo ciia ngudi dugc dai dien. sir dung hop thu dien tir. sd dien thoiii. niii) tax thucie sa huu cua ngudi dugc dai diem, hoac sir dung con dau ciia nguoi dugc dai dien de liip \ii giri den ngudi thirba cac van hiin \ tVi muc dich giao ket mpt giao dich mang tinh rang budc ddi vdi nguoi ducrc dai dien;
t Ngirdi dugc dai dien da biet hoac co can cir xac thuc de biet rang, ngudi dai dien da Xiic nhan vdi ben thir ba ba\ bat ky ben nao khac \e \ iec minh cd tham qu\en dai dien nhirng ngirdi dirge dai dien khdng co y kien phan d(Vi. dinh chinh lai cac xac nhan khdng diing dd.
Ngoiii ra. phap luat cung can quy dinh trudng hgp ngudi dugc dai dien khi da lam eho ngudi thu ba iin tucrng mdt each hgp ly mcit ngirdi co tham quyen dai dien. thi sau do. ngircri ducrc dai dien dii cd menh lenh
> eu Ciiu ngircri dai dien khdng dugc dua ra eiic Xiic nhan \ e tham quyen dai dien hoac khdng dirc7c xiie lap hay thuc hien cac giao djch nhan danh ngudi dugc dai dien ciing se khdng anh hucrng den quyen cua ben thir ba.
Irong trudng hgp dd. ngudi dugc dai dien phai chiu rang budc traeh nhiem \ c cac hanh
\ i khdng dugc uy quyen cua ngudi dai dien.
Ngudi dugc dai dien cbi dugc giai phong , khoi ngliTa \ u. traeh nhiem khi cd thdng bao rd rang \e viec ngudi dai dien khdng co tham quyen dai dien va thdng bao nay phai den trude khi ngudi thu ba quydt dinh giao ket hgp ddng hoac thuc hien cdng viec dira tren sir tin tudng bat ngudn tir cac hanh vi trude do cua ngudi dugc dai dien vd vie ngudi dai dien la cd thdm quydn dai dien.
