QUYEN THAM CHINH CUA PHU NLf TAI VIET NAM HIEN NAY
• IRAN HOANG HANH
TOM TAT:
Trdi qua hdn 30 ndm phe chu£n va dii/c hien cdng ddc CEDAW (Viet Nam phe chuan vdo ngay 18/12/1982)[3,5331, de'n thdi diem nay ehung la dd dat dddc nhieu ^n tUdng ndi bat: ly le nS dai bieu Qud'c hdi Khoa XIV la 26,72% - ddng thd 18 tren the' gidi vdi 1 chu tich Qud'c hpi, 3 iiy vien Bp Chinh tri; d cap tinh co 06 Bi thd, 13 Phd Bi thd, 08 Chu lieh, 30 Phd Chu tjcb Hdi dong nhan dan, 19 Phd Chu tich Uy ban nhdn dan, 16 phd Trddng doan Dai bidu Quoc hpi la nu", ciing nhieu nii" can bd dam nhiem edc vi tri trpng trach d Trung ddng va dia phddng [5]. Bai vie't dddi day se de cap de'n quyln tham chinh eua phu nd theo Cdng ildc CEDAW va mdt sd van ban phdp luat, phan tieh edc yeu id' tdc ddng va de xua't mdt so giai phdp nham nang cao quyen tham gia cua phu nil vao edc boat ddng chinh tri - xa hpi can cd vao thdc tien eua Viet Nam hien nay.
Tit khda: Cdng ddc CEDAW, quyen diam chinh eua phu nif, Luat binh ding gidi, hau eij*, dng cij' cua niJ' gidi.
1. Cac quy dinh phap luSt vi quyen tham chi'nh cua phi^ nif
Quyen tham chinh eua phu nu" diroc hieu la
"quven cua phu nil trong viec tham gia vdo cde hogl dgng chinh tri - .xd hot (duac hieu tren binh dien rdng bao gom td't cd cde ye'u id cau thanh ciia nen hanh chinh cdng tren cac linh vUc lap phdp, hanh phdp. tu phdp vd cde id chdc chinh tri, chinh tn .xd hdi, hiep hoi chuyen mon. nhdm, cdng dong....i md khdng gap phdi ba't cd trd ngai. cdn trd hay phan hiet ddi .xi( nao" [4.242|.
cac qud'c gia thanh vien cua cdng ddc CEDAW phai CO trach nhiem dam bao va thdc hien nghiem iiie.
Nhdm thdc hien td't edc quy dinh tai dieu 7 edng u'dc CEDAW, Khuye'n nghi ehung sd' 23 diroc Uy ban CEDAW thdng qua tai phien hop Ian thd 16 nam 1997 neu ra cu the nhffng bien phdp ma eae qudc gia thanh vien can thdc hien dd hd trd va khuye'n khich phu ni? thdc hien quyen tham chinh bao g6m 3 nhdm bien phdp cd ban.
(1) Dd bdo dam quydn hdu cd dng ed cua phu nff, cde qudc gia cSn phai: (i) Bao dam tv le can bang gida phu nff va nam gidi trong viee ndm gid cac VI tri dirpc bdu effedng khai: (ii) Lam cho phu nff hieu tam quan irong va each thffc thdc hien quyen bd phieu cua hp; (di) Khdc phuc nhffng rao
LUAT
can nhd that hpc, ngdn ngff, ngheo nan va nhffng trd ngai cho vide thdc hien quyen tham chinh cua phu nff; (liii) Giup phu nff vffdt qua nhffng rao can dd de thffe hien quyen bau cii" va dac cu" cua hp.
(2) De bao dam quyen tham gia xay ddng chinh sdch, phdp luat va giff cde chdc vu trong chinh quyen cua phu nff edc quo'c gia can: (i) Dam bao quydn binh dang dai dien cua phu nff trong qua trinh xay ddng chinh sdeh eiia Chinh phu; (ii) Bdo dam phu nff cd quydn binh dang Ihffcte'lrong viee nam giff chdc vu;(iii) Bao dam qud trinh tuyen dung nham vao phu nff phai cdng khai va ed tinh thu hiit.
(3) De bao dam quydn tham gia cde to chdc xa hpi eua phu nff, edc qud'e gia can: (i) Bao dam ban hanh phdp che' co hieu qua ngdn ca'm phan biet dd'i xu* vdi phu nff; (ii) Khuye'n khich cac td ehffc phi chinh phu, edc hdi lien hiep chinh tri va edng ddng cha'p thuan cde chid'n Iffdc, khuye'n khich phu nff dai dien va tham gia vao cdng viec eiia hp.
Ngoai ra, trong mot so' trudng hdp can thie't, Khuyen nghi sd' 23 cung yeu cau cac qud'c gia thanh vien thdc thi mot sd' bien phdp ddc biet mang tinh cha't tam ihdi tiiy thude vdo tdng giai doan nhS't dinh de nang cao ty le phu nff tham gia vao boat ddng chinh tri - xa hpi, eu the nhff dao tao, bdi dffdng, van ddng va trd giiip ldi chinh cho cdn bp nff, de ra chi tieu nha't dinh ve ty Id phu nff trong cde ca'p chinh quyen,... sao cho phii hdp va mang linh thue day.
Viec "ndi ludt hoa" quyen tham chinh cua phu nff tai dieu 7 Cdng ffdc CEDAW da dddc Ddng, Nha nddc va cic cC quan cd tham quyen quan tam, tap trung trien khai thdc thied hidu qua. Cu the trong vdng 25 nam trd lai day, tinh tff thap nien 1990, Qud'e hdi Viet Nam dd thdng qua 188 Bd luat va Luat [6]. Trong dd ed quy dinh dam bdo vide ihffc hien quyen phu nff trong edc ITnh vdc nhd tham chinh, lao ddng, gido due, viec lam, y te', ehdm sdc su'c khoe, hdn nhan gia dinh, qud'c tich, bau cu*,... Ddc biet, Luat Binh dang gidi dddc Qud'e hpi thdng qua ngay 29/11/2006 khang dinh Nha nffdc quan tdm vd bao vd quyen tham gia
hoat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi cua phu nff, thdc hien nhieu bien phap nham dam bao binh dang eho phu nff tham gia vao quan ly nha nffdc, tham gia boat dpng xd hdi.
2. Quydn tham chinh cua phii nff tai Vi^t Nam hidn nay
Ke tff khi phe ehuan cdng ffdc CEDAW cho de'n thdi didm hien tai. Dang va Nhd nffdc ta da chinh thffe ban hanh va thffc ihi nhieu ehu trffdng, ehinh sach nham thay doi nhan thffc cdng ddng, gdp phan khuye'n khich, tao dieu kien vd tffng bffdc ndng cao ty Id phu nff Viet Nam tham gia vd boat ddng chinh trj - xa hdi. Trai qua hdn 30 ndm cd' gang, nhin ehung ty Id phu nff nu'dc ta tham ehinh ngay cang tdng qua tffng nam, tffng nhiem ky. Cu the theo Bao cao ehung cua Bd Ngoai giao va UNDP tai Chffdng trinh Ianh dao nff Cambnge - Viet Nam: Nang eao ndng life eho Phu nff trong khu vife Nha nddc trong bd'i canh hdi nhap kinh te' qud'c le' (sau ddy gpi lat la EOWP) nam 2012 eho tha'y dd'i vdi sff tham gia vao ede td chdc chinh tri nam 2012 ty le nff Dang vien tren ca nffdc dat 32% (1], tang ddng ke so vdi nam 2005 chi cd 20%; ty le nff tham gia Ban cha'p hanh Trung ddng Dang khoa XI Id 18 uy vien nff tren long sd'200 uy vien chie'm 9% [I].
Dd'i vdi bd may Nhd nirdc, ty le nff dai bieu Qud'e hpi khoa XIII nhiem ky 2011 - 2016 Id 24,4%; ty le ffng cd vien nff trong ky bau cd Hdi ddng nhdn ddn edc ca'p nhiem ky 2011 - 2016 la 31%.
Tuy nhien ben canh nhffng ke't qua ddng khich le ban dau neu tren, ehung ta can nhin nhdn nhieu vdn de tdn tai trong thffe te dd'i vdi cdng tdc cdn bd nff hien nay vdn chffa dffdc xff ly, giai quye't hieu qua. Cu the trong tdng sd' ffng cd vien nff dffdc gidi thieu bau vdo Hdi dong nhan dan cde ca'p nhidm ky 2011 - 2016, ehi cd 47% triing cu" so vdi ty Id 67% dng eff vien nam, 6 ca'p dia phffdng phu nff chie'm 26^^- cde vi tri trong Hdi ddng nhan dan nhffng chicd 3% giff chdc vu nff chu tieh Hdi ddng nhan dan cac cap; ty le nff dai bieu Qudc hdi khoa XIII nhiem ky 2011-2016 la 24.4%.
dffdc danh gid la tha'p nha't trong 4 nhiem ky vffa
So 17-Thang 7/2020 43
qua [1]; ty le ne tham gia vao cap uy tOf Tning chinh d cap dia phifdng rat cao - 43% [14].
edng cho den tinh, huyen, xa dCl cd tang qua cac ja nhifng bang so'lieu 1, va 2 cho thSy khoang nhi6m ky, nhung nhin ehung vln con khiem ton c^ch trong viec tham gia cac hoat dong chinh tri so vdi nam gidi theo sd lieu chi tiet the hi6n trong oiea nam va nff tai Viet Nam vln con chenh lech Bang 1,2. Hia xa, van de nay theo tac gia xuat phat tir mot
Bang 1. Ty le nO Irong cap uy cap trung i/ang, trnh, huyen vd xa Irong nhiem ky 2001 - 2006, 2006 - 2010 va 2011 - 2016 Capuy
Ban chap hanh Trung nong Tinh Huyen
Xa
2001-2006
8.6 11.32 12.89 1186
2006-2010
8 13 11.76 14.70 15.08
2011-2016 • * "
8.57 11.37 15.01 18 01 Nguon: Hdi Lien hiep phu nH Viet Nam, 2011
Bang 2. Phan trdm nH dqi bieu Hpi dong nhdn ddn cd'p t?nh, huyen vd xd trong giai dogn 1994-2004,2004-2011,2011 -2016 H6i ddng nhan ddn
CSip tinh C^p huy^n
Capxa
1994-2004
22.30 20.12 16.10
2004-2011
23.80 22.94 19.53
2011-2016
25.70 24.62 27.71
So sanh vdi the gidi
Theo bao cao cua Lien minh Nghi vien The' gidi. thdi didm cudi nam 2011, ty le phu nff tham chinh lai Viet Nam ddng thff 43 tren the' gidi, giam so vdi thd 36 vao nam 2010 va 2009, diff 33 nam 2008, thff 31 nam 2007. thff 25 ndm 2006 va thff 23 nam 2005. Nu'dc la eung dffdc ddnh gid la mot trong so' 21 qud'c gia cd sir sul giam rd ret ve ly Id phu nff iham chinh vao nam 2011 [7).
Trong sd' 7 qud'c gia (Trung Qud'c. Cu Ba. Bac Trieu Tien. Lao. Cdng hoa dan chii A rap Xa- rauy, Tudc-me-nit-xtan va Viel Nam). Viet Nam dffiig thff 3 \ e t\ le phu nff tham chinh cap Qud'c gia (24.4'(i Cdng hoa dan chii nhan dan Lao va Cuba cd i\ le phu nff tham chinh Ian Iffdt la 25%
\a 45'"f [7]. Trung Qudc co l\ Id phu nff tham
Nguon: Vdn phong Qud'c hgi. 2011
sd' nguyen nhan chinh dffdc ban thao sau d edc ndi dung du'di day.
2.1. Yeu tdve chinh tri
Chinh tri du'dc hieu "la hoat ddng trong ITnh VUC quan he gida cde giai cap, cung nhucdc ddn tdc vd edc qudc gia vdi vdn de gianh. gid, tdchdc vd sU dung quyin luc Nhd nudc; Id sU tham gia cua nhdn dan vdo cong viec cua Nhd nude vd xd boi; Id hogl ddng chinh tri ihuc fUn cua giai cd'p cde ddng phd, chinh tri. cde nhd nudc nh^m tim kiem nhdng khd ndng thuc hi^n dudng ldi vd nhdng muc lieu dd di ra nhdm ihaa man lai ic/i-[10,6).
Trong mdt xa hdi co giai ca'p, chinh tri vdi nhffng thiet che dffoe ddt ra la dd xdc lap md'i
LUAT
quan hd giffa cde giai cd'p, trong do xac dinh ddu la giai cd'p thd'ng tri, dau la giai ca'p, tang Idp bi thdng tn, ddu la giai ca'p, tang Idp tham gia vao thffe hien cac nhiem vu chinh tri [10,9]. Thffe le' tai mdt sd^ qud'c gia da chdng minh, ne'u dang chinh trj e l m quyen cd xu hffdng cdi md, ung hp ddn chu, tie'n bd vd cdng bang xd hpi thi qud'c gia do se hffdng tdi viec thffc thi eae chinh sdeh bao dam edng bang trong viec tham gia boat ddng ehinh tri - xa hpi eua ngffdi dan (trong do cd nam va nff). Va ngifdc lai, ne'u Dang chinh tri lai do duy tri quan diem bao thu, tap trung quydn Iffc thi chac chan se duy tri chu trffdng ban che' td'i da sff tham gia cua phan Idn nhdn dan vao quan ly dd't nffdc va xd hdi.
Tai mdi qud'c gia, che' dp Nha nffdc nha't dinh, ne'u dffdc sff ung hp eua Dang cam quyen, Nhd nffdc se lao lap mdt he thd'ng phap ludt hoan thidn va hieu qua gdp phan ciing cd', bao dam va bao vd quyen ldi chinh dang cua phu nff khi tham gia vao hoat ddng chinh tri, bau eff, ffng cu', giff edc ehffe vu va vi tri quan trpng trong chinh quyen; dong thdi da'u tranh va xff ly mpi hanh vi VI pham, mpi bieu hien phdn biet dd'i xff hay ed' linh can trd, gay khd cho viec thffe hidn quyen tham chinh cua nff gidi.
Tai nffdc ta. Dang Cong san Viet Nam la lu'c Iffdng Ianh dao nha nffdc va xa hdi da xay dffng va ban hanh nhieu chinh sdch ve lao ddng nff, ve sff tham gia cua phu nff trong bau ed, dng eff, quy dinh ty Id nff gidi bat budc trong cd ca'u bd may nha nffdc thudc cae ITnh vdc lap phap, hanh phap, tff phdp, trong ca'p liy, dang bd va giff chffc vu Ianh dao khdc nhau trong chinh quyen cde cap.
Tff nhffng chu trffdng, chinh sdeh cua Dang, Nha nffdc da the ehe* hda, eu the hda bang cde quy dinh phdp luat, td chffc thffc thi va ed nhieu bidn phap dam bao thffe hien trong thffe te'.
2.2. Yeu tdkinh t&'
vd yd'u to' kinh te', Karl Marx da cd nhdn dinh
"phffdng thffc san xua't ddi sd'ng vat cha't quyd't dinh cac qua trinh sinh hoat xa hdi, chinh tri va tinh than ndi ehung" [3,15]. Hay ndi cdch khdc.
giffa kinh te' va ehinh iri ed md'i quan he bien chffng, tdc dpng qua lai vdi nhau: giai cap nao chie'm dia vi thd'ng tri ve kinh te' thi eung chie'm dia vi thd'ng tri trong ddi song linh than eua xa hdi; mau thudn trong ddi sd'ng kinh te' xet cho cung mang y nghla quye't dinh bode nham giai quye't cac mau thudn trong linh vffc chinh tri, tff lu'dng.
Trong thffc tidn xa hpi Vidt Nam hien tai da minh chffng ai trong gia dinh la ngffdi nam quyen ve kinh te' thi mac nhien dffdc moi thanh vien trong gia dinh edng nhan cd quydn cao nha't, ed thd ehi dao, dieu hanh, quye't dinh mpi vdn de cd lien quan. Hdn 80% Ianh dao, qudn ly, ngffdi giff ehffe vu, quyen ban trong cd quan, ddn vi, to chffc d nffdc ta hien nay la nam gidi nen viec ehi phd'i cde md'i quan he xa hpi ciing nhff ddi sd'ng tinh than cua mpi thanh vien trong gia dinh la rd't Idn.
Phu nff phu thudc chdng ve mdt kinh te' vdn cdn chie'm ty Id Idn nen gan nhff khong cd tid'ng ndi irong gia dinh; le thudc ve mdt kinh te' se ddn ddn le thupc ve phan edng cdng viec, nghia vu va trach nhiem. Va cung do khdng chu ddng ve kinh te' nen gan nhff phu nff khdng cd ed hpi tham gia vao cde hoat dpng ehinh tri - xa hdi.
2.3. Yeu td phdp ludt
Phap ludt dffdc xem la san pham cua viec eu the hoa, chi tie't hda cac y chi, ehu tru'dng, quan diem eiia giai cap thd'ng tri vao hoal ddng eua Nha nffdc va xa hdi. Giai cd'p thd'ng tri xem phdp luat la edng cu hieu qua giup Nhd nffdc quan ly loan bd cde quan he cua ddi sd'ng xd hdi va boat ddng eua ngffdi ddn. Tffdng ffng vdi kieu Nha nffdc nao do giai cd'p nao thie't lap nen thi se cd hinh thffc phdp ludt nhff vay dung nhff Karl Maxe da khang djnh ve phdp luat tff san cua nha nffdc tff san: "Phap ludt cua cac dng chi la y chi cua giai cd'p cae dng dffdc de len thanh luat, cdi y chi ma ndi dung Id do edc didu kien sinh hoat vai cha't eua giai cap cde dng quye't dinh"
[3,262-263].
Viet Nam dang trong giai doan cai each kinh te', ddi mdi toan dien hffdng de'n muc tidu xay
So 17-Thang 7/2020 45
dffng nha nffdc phdp quyen xd hdi ehu nghla cua dan, do dan va vi ddn. Cdng cudc cai each Iff phdp va boat dpng xay dffng phap luat, dieu chinh, sffa ddi, bd sung, hodn thien he thdng phap ludt tae ddng manh me de'n loan bd ddi sd'ng xa hdi ndi ehung va de'n tffng ITnh vffc cu the. Tff vide phe chu^n cdng ffdc CEDAW. sau do Viet Nam da ban hanh hang loai vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt de cu the hda, ndi luat hoa da tffng bffdc dem lai hieu qua, gdp phan ndng cao vi the', vai trd cua phu nff Viet Nam, thay ddi va dan xda bo cde rao can, quan diem, hii tuc lac hdu, bd't edng. bd't hdp ly can trd nff gidi trong viec pha'n dd'u khang djnh minh, dffdc bd nhiem, de bat, giff cde ehffe vu Ianh dao, quan ly.
Tuy nhien, cIn nhin nhdn lai nhieu quy dinh phap ludt cua Viet Nam dd'i vdi lao dpng nff va cdn bd nff eon nhieu diem ba't hdp ly, chffa tao cd hdi eho ehi em phat trien dung tdm, diing mffc.
Vi du nhff quy dinh ve tudi hffu cua phu nff, mac dij da ed sff dieu chinh cho bdi chenh lech so vdi nam gidi nhffng van ehira khau triJ' thdi gian nghi thai san, nudi con nhd (la khoang thdi gian can phu nff khdng the lap trung phdt trien chuyen mdn va cdng vide) de can bdng. Chi/a ed quy dinh xu" phat edc hanh vi phan biet dd'i xff vl mat gidi tinh - la can trd eho vide phat tnen nguon cdn bd nff. Cu the nhff ed mdt so cd quan, td chffc khi cung mdt vi tri cdng viec nhffng mffc Iffdng tra khac nhau (nam ludn cao hdn nff) dii ddng gdp edng sffe la nhff nhau; quy dinh dd'i vdi phu nff khi ddm nhdn chffc vu nha't dinh phai cam ke'l khdng ke't hdn hoae sinh eon (de chi tap trung vao edng vide) ne'u khdng se sa thai.. Nhffng hanh vi vi pham nay khoet sau hdn vao bd't binh dang nam nff, gay them phan can ird phu nff khi bat budc phai ehpn Ida giffa hanh phuc gia dinh \a thang tie'n trong cong vide.
2.4. Yeu to'tdn gido
Theo Ph.Angghen. tdn gido dffdc xem la mdi
"hien iffdng thudc ddi sd'ng tinh than eiia xd hdi".
"hinh thai y iliiiv \;i hpi dac bid! phan dnh cii ion tai xa hdi da sinh ra no" |4.172]. Trong giai doan
Nha nffdc mdi hinh thanh chffa ed sff xud't hit ;i cua phdp luat, giai cd'p thd'ng tri ehu yd'u quan ly xd bdi, dieu chinh hanh vi cua con ngffdi thong qua edc quy pham dao dffc, phong tuc, tap qudn cua cdng ddng, he thd'ng gido ly, tin dieu eua tdn giao.
Theo tie'n trinh I jeh siJ" cung vdi sff phat trien cua xd hpi loai ngffdi, nhffng ndi dung nay cd anh hffdng ra't Idn, lau dai, mang tinh ben vffng ngay ca khi he thd'ng phap luat xua't hien. Cd nhffng vd'n de xd hdi hidn nay vide dp dung phdp ludt chffa phai la each thffe giai quye't hieu qua nha't ne'u so sdnh vdi viec sff dung chuan mffc dao dffc, tin dieu tdn gido de xff ly. Chinh vi vay, tdn gido cdng cd dieu kien an sau, bam rd, nhieu khi dan dan vdi thdi gian trd thanh y thffc he, thanh "qud'c giao" cua ca mdt qud'e gia. Nhffng qud'e gia nao tdn giao theo xu hffdng cdi md, de Uep nhan cdi mdi ihffdng ed tff tudng ca'p tie'n ung hp quan diem tdn trpng quyen con ngifdi, de cao quyen binh dang cua mpi dd'i tffdng trong xa hdi, ddc biet la phu nff. Ngffde lai nhffng qud'c gia ma tdn giao theo quan diem bao thij, khep kin se khdng bao gid ung hd ddn chu, quyen binh dang nam nff hay khuye'n khich vd tao dieu kien eho phu nff phat trien.
Vidt Nam chiing ta hien nay la qud'e gia da tdn gido, edc tdn gido cd xu hudng ehung sd'ng hoa binh, dan xen, chiu anh hi/dng va cd sff tae ddng qua lai Idn nhau, mdi tdn giao ed dac trffng ridng, ed dia ban hoat ddng vdi so' Iffdng tin dd nha't dinh.Tuy nhien vdn con mdi sd tdn gido van tdn tai tff tffdng va giao ly coi thffdng phu nff, xem phu nff la thff ye'u, phai biet chju nhin va ludn phuc phdi nam, nghiem trpng hdn la viec khdng cho phep phu nff tham gia edc boat ddng ehinh tri - xa hdi, khdng cd quydn bau eff. dng eff. khdng dffdc di lam ma trdch nhiem chinh la phuc vu gia dinh. Chinh vi vay, Nha nffdc vdi vai tro Ianh dao quan ly phai cd trdch nhiem didu chinh va dinh hffdng edc boat ddng ton gido lam sao hffdng de'n muc lieu tich eiTc: hd trd vi phuc vu eho viec kid'n t,o dat nffdc va xa hdi. tdn trpng va dam bao dan chu bmh ddng, tao didu kien eho mdi cd nhan cd ed hpi phat trien va khdng dinh ban thdn
lUAT
2.5. Ye'u tdvdn hoa xd hQi
"Van boa bao gdm ta't ea nhffng gi 1dm cho ddn ipc nay khac vdi ddn ipc khde, tff nhffng san phd'm linh vi bien dai nha't eho de^n tin ngffdng, phong tue, Idp qudn, Idi so'ng va lao ddng" [12,798]. Van hda Viet Nam da dffdc hun due tff nhieu nguon:
ngudn van hda truyen thuye't trong thdi edc Vua Hung dffng nffdc, ngudn van hda cua cong ddng ede ddn toe d Viet Nam, ngudn vdn hda cac tdn gido, ngudn van hda phffdng Tay vd ngudn van hda Macxit [11].
Trai qua hang ngdn nam lich sff dffng nffdc vd giff nffdc, vdn hda Vidt Nam da cd sff tie'p thu, hoe hoi, due ke't, ke' thffa linh hoa vdn hda eua nhan loai va eua 54 dan tdc anh em ciing ehung sd'ng, chdl Ipc vd giff gin cdi tie'n bd, phat trien loai bo cdi lac hdu, bao thu, thd hien du'dc ban sac ddn toe Viet khdng bi Idn Idn, ddng hda hay dan xen vdi edc nen van hda khde.
Tuy nhien can phai thang than thffa nhdn ben canh nhffng diem manh thi nen vdn hda Viet Nam do chiu anh hffdng Idn nha't eua Nho giao nen cdn tdn dpng nhieu tff tffdng, quan diem c6 hu, lac hau, lau din cung vdi thdi gian no trd thanh y thffe he, he tff tffdng an sau, khd thay ddi, tao nen nhffng dinh kie'n xa hdi keo dai hang trdm nam eho de^n tan ngay nay. Ddy cung la nguyen nhan ehinh gay can trd Idn nhd't den viec phdt trien cua phu nff, de'n vide tao lap binh dang nam nff. Cu thd', tff tffdng "trpng nam khinh nff" cua dng cha ta tff thdi xffa de'n nay vdn la mdt trong nhffng ly do khie'n phu nff khd cd the tham gia cde hoat dpng chinh tri - xd hpi, khd cd cd hdi khang dinh minh, it ed the dffdc tao dieu kien phan da'u dat de'n muc tieu mong mud'n. Cu the trong cudc sd'ng va cdng viee, ne'u nhff nhffng ye'u to' nhff "tham vpng, long dung cam. sff quye'i tdm dat de'n muc tieu, thang tie'n, de bat..." 6 nam dffdc coi la tich effe, ddng coi trpng, hoan nghenh, khuyen khich, lao dieu kien thi d nff gidi lai bi coi la tieu effc.
trai ngffde, khdng phu hdp tham chi la xa'u xa dan ong tham chinh thi "lai gioi. Iff tin, dung tdm, ban ITnh" nhffng nd'u phu nff thich lam chinh trj
thi "tan effa nat nha" "dan ba nhff vay la bo di".
Mac dii xa hdi hien dai da ed sff nhin nhdn edi md, thdng thodng hdn ve nhffng ''ii'n de na)'- tuy nhidn nhffng quan •_ neu tren •• ?r\ eon ton lai kha phd bien.
Ben canh do, do ne'p nghT nhiem vu eua pnu nff la phai "te gia ndi trd" nen du phu nff ed ehffc vu, vai trd, vi tri de^n dau, tham gia quan ly nha nffdc, dieu hanh cd quan gioi cd nao thi gdnh nang chu loan vide nha la khdng the tranh khdi, viee san se hd trp tff gia dinh, chdng eon vd xd hdi la khd tha'p, vi da sd' mac nhien dd la vide cua danba. Ddy eung la nguydn nhdn khie'n cdng idc phdi trien ddi ngu cdn bd nff gap khd vi khdng the cung luc hai vai, vffa "gidi vide nffdc, dam viec nha" trong mot thdi gian lien tue, keo dai.
Cung ehinh vi nhffng tdp quan, suy nghT lac hdu anh hffdng tff van hda keo ddi qud Idu da gdy tao nen bd't binh dang nam nff sau rdng tff gia dinh eho de'n nha trffdng, cd quan, doan the va xa hdi ma de'n nay vdn chffa the khac phuc dffdc. Trong gia dinh vdn cdn tdn tai quan niem ffu lien con trai hdn eon gai ke ca trong dau tff giao due, hoc hanh, phan edng lao ddng, thu hffdng quyen ldi vd tdi san. Ngoai xa hdi va cd quan ne'u eung mdt vi tri dd de bat. bd nhiem ciing ludn chu trong nam hdn nff, dieu dd ly giai tai sao Ianh dao nam d hau bet edc ed quan, id chffc ludn chie'm da sd'.
Ngay ca trong cd hdi lam vide, tudi nghi hffu cua nff cung trffdc nam vd hinh ehung tffdc doat ed hpi pha'n da'u de dffdc quy hoach, bd nhiem eho chi em. Khoa hpc da chffng minh, phu nff sd'ng Idu hdn nam gidi va irong cae cdng viec lien quan de'n chuyen mdn sau, hoal ddng tri dc phu nff cd the dam nhdn lot nhff nam gidi vdi ciing dd ludi.
2.6. Trinh dg dan tri
Trinh dd dan tri eung la ye'u to' anh hffdng phan Idn de'n quyen tham chinh cua phu nff. Cd the ndi khi dan tri phat trien de'n mot trinh do nha't dinh, ngffdi dan ndi ehung va phu nff mdi cd the ed dii hieu biet dd nhin nhdn va y ihffc dddc vai tro, vi tri va quyen ldi eua ehinh ban than minh. Khong cd tri thffc con ngffdi, ta khdng biet
So 17-Thang 7/2020 47
nhan thffc dung sai, that hay gia, viec gi nen lam va khdng nen lam, do vay ngffdi dan ndi ehung va ddc biet la phu nff se dd dang bi ldi keo, thuye't phuc ddng thudn vdi cdch suy nghT truyen thd'ng, nhffng lieu chuan, thffde do tff lau dffdc so ddng cd suy la ehua'n mffc, la phii hdp, la eao ca, dep de, eao quy. Dd cung la mdt trong edc ly do ma nhidu qud'c gia khdng khuyd'n khich hay tao dieu kien dd phu nff dffdc hffdng mdt nen gido due trpn ven, day du nhff nam gidi de dd be thd'ng iri hdn.
Ban than phu nff do tdc ddng ciia gia dinh, cua nen tang xa hdi, tdn gido dang theo va phong tuc hidn tai nen ciing cam chiu, chap nhan, khdng dd'u tranh, do vdy tff minh tffdc di cd hdi phat trien va pha'n dd'u cua chinh minh.
3. Cac giai phap nhSm thiic &iy va cai thi^n quyen tham chinh cua phy nff Vi0t Nam
Trdn cd sd phan tich cde ndi dung tren. Dang va Nha nffdc can tap trung lam td'i mot so nhdm giai phdp sau ddy nham tffng birdc thuc day va cdi thidn sff phdt trien ve quyen tham chinh cua phu nff trong ihdi gian ldi bao gdm:
- Nhdm giai phdp vd giao due; Dang va Nha nffdc can xay dffng va thie't lap cd che' dam bao nen gido due cdng bdng vd binh ddng eho ea nam va nff, dam bao cd hdi tie'p cdn giao due, hoc tap day du va toan dien cua dd'i tffdng Id hoc sinh nff, ddt ra cac chinh sdeh ffu lien va bdt budc trong gido due dd'i vdi nff gidi. Cd tri thffc, dffdc hoc tdp va hieu bid't, dffdc trang bi du kie'n thffc va ky ndng thi nff gidi mdi cd the nhin nhan lai vai trd, vi tri, gid tri bdn thdn, manh dan va tff tin tham gia vao boat ddng chinh tri - xa hpi, dd'u tranh de ddi hoi quyen ldi ehinh dang ma hp phai dffdc thu hffdng, tffng bffdc tid'n de'n xda bd bd't binh dang nam nff tren mpi ITnh vffc. Thffc tidn lai cae qud'e gia Bac Au da chffng minh nhan djnh nay "dau tff dung cho gido due Ihl Nha nffdc se ed dffpc td't ca"
- Nhdm giai phdp ve chu trffdng, ehinh sach, xay dffng he thd'ng phap ludt: Tong ddn sd' cua Viel Nam linhden thdi diem ngay 31/12/2019 la 96,2 trieu ngffdi. trong do ddn sd nam Id 47.88 trieu ngffdi. chie'm 49.S'^r. nff la 48.3 irieu ngffdi.
chie'm 50,2% [2]. Cd ihe thay, nff gidi chie'm Ly Id hdn 50% tdng dan sd nffdc la. Chinh vi vay, ehung ta can chu trpng viee xay dffng va ban hanh nhidu chii trffdng, ehinh sdeh phu hdp va hieu qua danh eho nhdm dd'i tffdng la lao ddng nff; ddng thdi thie't lap nhffng ehe' tai hdp ly, du sffe rdn de, nham xff ly iridt de cde vi pham can trd sff phat trien va tffdc doat cd hdi lam viec, tham gia eae hoat ddng chinh tri - xd hdi, thang tie'n va phat trien cua cdn bd nff.
- Nhdm giai phap ve tuyen truyen, van dpng:
Day la nhdm giai phdp can dffdc lien hanh thffdng xuyen, lien tuc trong mdt khoang thdi gian nha't dinh (cd the kdo ddi) muc dich chinh nham tffng bffdc thay doi nhan thffc eua gia dinh, edng ddng va xa hdi. Nhffng rao can gdy tao sff tri trd, 1dm ehdm sff lien bp cua phu nff xua't phdt phin idn lai tff phia gia dinh, trong dd chinh phu nff lai la dd'i tffdng ddng vai trd chinh: sff cam chiu, nhdn nhin, duy tri tff lufdng cd hii, lac hdu, coi thffdng phu nff, khdng ung hp phu nff thang tie'n tff phia ngffdi me, ngffdi ba, cd di ehii bae, ddng ho,... gdp phan lam nang ne them, keo giam sff no Iffc pha'n dd'u cua nff gidi. Chi khi thay ddi dffdc nhdn thffc Iff nhffng chu the nay thi y thffc ciia loan xd hpi mdi co the chuyen hie'n manh me ve cdch nhin nhan, cd thdi dp dung ddn ung hp quyen tham chinh cua phu nff. tao dieu kien vd cd hdi khuye'n khich nff gidi phdt iridn.
- Nhdm giai phap ve tai chinh: Dang vd Nha nffdc can xay dffng va quy dinh ed ehe hd ird tai chinh phu hdp dd'i vdi tre em gdi vd phu nff trong thu hffdng gido due. trong kham chffa benh dd dam bao sffe khde sinh san. Vi phu nff ngodi cdng viec cdn dam nhan thien chffc 1dm me duy Iri va phdi tridn gid'ng noi, nudi day va gido due con cdi. Cd dam bao vd sffe khde sinh san ndi gidng mdi hiing cffdng. cd ddm bao vd ihu nhap phu nff mdi ed thd can bdng thien chffc vffa lam me. lam vd vffa iham gia cae boat ddng ehinh tri - x a hdi hieu qua. Thircidxa hdi hien dai hien nay dd eho thay tinh trang nff gidi |^a chon cudc song dpc than, khdng lap gia dinh ma .an trung
LUAT
c h o c o n g v i d e , k h a n g d i n h b a n t h a n q u a chffc v u , dffdc c h u t h e q u a n ly t a o d i e u k i e n d e p h d t t r i e n t h u n h a p , h i n h a n h va mffc d p Ian t o a . Ta't ea l o a n d i e n h p s e chi Iffa e b o n nhffng gi cd p h u h d p nhffng y e u to" d o c h o tha'y, m d t m a t d e tha'y nff b a n t h d n , vd h i n h e h u n g l a u d a i s e t a o r a ma't c a n g i d i mud'n chffng m i n h vai trd k h d n g t h u a k e m b a n g t r o n g xa h p i , va'n d e n a y ra't c a n e d sff t h a m n a m g i d i t r o n g ba't eff e d n g v i d e n a o , vd c h o tha'y gia d i e u tie't v a d i n h hffdng c u a N h a nffdc va c a c xu the'Iffa c h o n ciia p h u nff h i d n d a i : k h i k h d n g cd q u a n cd t h a m q u y e n •
T A I L i e u T H A M K H A O :
1. B0 Ngoai giao vd UNDP (2012), Chu'dng trinh Ianh dao nff Cambnge - Viet Nam: Nang cao nang li/c cho phu nff trong khu vffc nhd nude trong bdi cdnh hdi nhap kinh te quo'c te (EOWP), truy cap iff website http://www.undp.org/30282_Factsheet_Women_Political_Representalion_in_Vieinam_VN.pdf
2. T, Chung, (2019), ViSt Nam dang d thdi ky dan so' vang, Bao dien iff Dai Doan ke't, truy cap tai website http://daidoankel.vn/xa-hoi/viel-nam-dang-o-lhoi-ky-co-cau-dan-so-vang-linluc455143
3. Nguydn Ddng Dung, VO Cdng Giao, La Khdnh Tung (2009), Gido trinh Ly luan vd Phdp luat ve quyin con ngudi (2009). Khoa Luat - DH Qudc gia Ha Ngi, tr.533.
4. N g u y i n Ddng Dung - Vu Cong Giao - La Khanh T&ng (2009), Gido trinh Ly luan & Phdp luat ve quyin con ngudi. Khoa Luat - DH Qudc gia HN, tr.242.
5. Vii Thi Hoa (2018), Nff dai bieu Qudc hoi - Minh chffng smh dong cho tien trinh binh dang gidi 6 Viet Nam, truy cap tff website htlps://moha.gov.vn/congtaccanbonu/binhdanggioi/nu-dai-bieu-quoc-hoi-minh-chung-sinh- dong-cho-tien-lrinh-binh-dang-gioi-o-viet-nam-39958.html
6. Pham Thi Hu'dng (2016), Thuc lidn hdn 25 nam thuc hien cong Udc CEDAW tai Viet Nam, truy cap tff vjeb&iie https://cvdvn.net/20i6/01/07/lhuc-lien-hon-25-nam-lhuc-hien-cong-uoc-cedaw-o-viet-nam/.
7. Lien minh Nghi vien The gidi (2012), truy cap tai v^ebsite htlp://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm 8. C. Mac - Ph. Angghen (1980), Toan lap, lap 1, Nxb Sif that. Ha Noi, tr.262 - 263
9. C. Mac - Ph. Angghen (1980), Toan tap, tap 2, Nxb Su dial. Ha Noi, tr.l72
10. Bili Trpng Tai, Le Vdn Canh (2011), C/ii'n/j rn/io(^£)a( ciftmg, Nxb Dai hoc Thai Nguyen.
11. Tran Trong Tan (2013), Ve van hoa Viet Nam va viec xay dffng nen van hda, truy c a p tff website hllps://www.nhandan.com.vn/vanhoa/ilem/350202-.hlml
12 Tff dien Bdch khoa Viat Nam (2005), tap 4, Nxb Tff dien Bach khoa Ha Ngi. u.798 13. UNIFEM - Quy Phdt trien Phu nff LHQ (2009), Gidi thieu lorn tdt vi CEDAW, Ha Noi, t r . l 3 . 14. UNDP (2010), Bdo cdo nam 2010: Phu nff tham chinh tai cap dia phUdng d khu vUc Chau A, Thai Binh Difdng, truy cap tff website tai' http://www.undp.mn/publicationsAVomenlnLocalGovernmentStatus Report20I0.pdf
So 17-Thang 7/2020 49
Ngay nh^n bai: 20/6/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va sSa chffa: 30/6/2020 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 10/7/2020 Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. TRAN HOANG HA.NH Pho Trffdng khoa Dai cffdng
Hpc vidn Can bO Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh NCS. Khoa LuSt - Dai hpc Quo'c gia Ha Ndi
THE POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN VIETNAM
• MA. TRAN HOANG HANH Deputy Head, General Department, Cadre A c a d e m y ot Ho Chi Minh City Ph'D student of VNU school of Law, Vietnam Notional University - Hanoi
ABSTRACT:
Over the past thirty years of ratifying and implementing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) which Viemam approved on December 18. 1982, Vietnam has achieved many striking results. In which, the percentage of eongresswomen in the XIV National Assembly is 26.72%, ranked 18th in the world widi 01 National Assembly chairwoman and 3 female Politburo members. At the provincial level, there are 06 female secretaries, 13 female deputy secretaries, 08 female presidents, 30 female vice presidents of the People's Council, 19 female viee presidents of the People's Committee, 16 female deputy heads of the National Assembly delegations and many female officers who are holding key positions at central and local authorities. This article presents the political right of women according to the CEDAW and some legal documents. This article analyzes the factors affecting the political right of women and proposes some solutions for enhancing the rights of women to participate in socio-political activities based on Vietnam's current conditions.
Keywords: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). women's political rights. Law on Gender Equality, election, female candidate
