TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP L YS6 3/2012
THAM QUYEN CUA TOA AN VIET NAM f)6l VOl TRANH CHAP VE H O ? D 6 N G CO YEU TO NU*6C NGOAl
PHAN HOAI NAM"
Qua trinh md ciia va hgi nhgp ciia Vigt Nam da kgo theo sy phat triln cdc quan hg dan sy (theo ngliTa rgng) ed yiu to nudc ngoai, trong dd ed quan hg hgp ddng, Sy phat ttien cac quan hg nay ciing keo theo vigc gia tdng cdc tranh chap vg hgp dong cd yeu to nudc ngoai' vd van dg tham quyen ciia Tda dn Vigt Nam ddi vdi logi tranh chip nay dugc dat ra.
Tham quyen giai quyel cde tranh ehap nay eiia tda an mgt nudc dya vao quy dinh cua digu udc qudc tg ma iqude gia dd la thdnh vien- va phdp ludt td tung dan sy eua chinh qudc gia dd.
Trong pham vl bai viet, chiing tdi chi tap trung vao khai thac eae quy djnh trong phap lugt td tung ciia Vigt Nam ve vigc xae djnh tham quygn ciia tda an Vigt Nam ddi vdi cdc hgp ddng ed yeu td nudc ngoai dudi hai gdc do: tham quygn xet xii chung vd thdm quyen xet xir rigng bigt.
I- T h a m quyen rieng biet cua Toa an Viet Nam
1) Khdi niem thdm quyen rieng bift cda Toa dn Vi^t Nam
a. Y nghia ciia thdm quyin rieng biit ddi vai bdn dn nu&c ngodi.
Dieu 411 BO lugt Td tyng ddn sy nam 2004^ (BLTTDS) cd quy djnh " T h i m
* ThS Ludt lipc, Giang vien Khoa Lufit quoc tl, Tnrcmg Dgi hgc Lugt Tp. Ho Chi Minli,
' Ve yeu to nir6c ngoai, xem thfim D6 Vdn Dgi vd Mai Hong Quy, Tuphdp qudc ti Vi$t Nam - Quan h§
ddn su, lao dgng, thuang mgi cd yeu td nudc ngodi, Nxb. CTQG 2010, phan so 5 va tiep theo.
' Chii yeu Id cdc Higp djnh Tucmg tn? lu phap md Vigt Nam da ky vai cac nuoc.
^ Bg lugt To tyng dan su niim 2004 diryc sira doi bo sung nam 2011,
quyln rieng bigt ciia Tod an Vigt Nam" doi vdi vy an va vigc dan sy cd ygu td nuoc ngoai, Ca sd ly lugn cho thdm quyen rieng bigt eiia Tda an Vigt Nam khdng dugc thi hign trong cae van ban. Thdng thudng vigc quy dinh tham quyen rieng bigt dugc giai thich la nham bao vg an ninh, chu quyln trgt ty cua qudc gia hay nham myc dich bao vg cho cae ca nhan, phap nhan hodc mgt ITnh vyc nganh nghe nao dd trong nudc**.
Trong dieu tugt ndy chung ta biet nhung trudng hgp thuge tham quyen rieng biet cua Tda an Vigt Nam nhung chua biet "thim quygn rigng bigt eiia Tda an Vigt Nam" la gi. Hign nay d nudc ta cd nhflng quy dinh vg thdm quygn tai phdn rigng bigt eiia Tda an Vigt Nam. Tuy nhien, BLTTDS chua thg hign ro y nghTa ciia vige xae dinh thdm quyen ndy, Khi mgt van de thugc thdm quygn rigng bigt ciia Tda an Vigt Nam thi hg qua phdp ly Id gi ddi vol cac chii the trong quan hg ed ygu td n u d e ngoai?
Hign nay chi cd mgt dieu luat cho biety nghTa eua vige xae djnh tham quygn rieng bigt eiia Tda an Viet Nam. Dd la khoan 3 D i l u 356, B L T T D S : "nhiing bdn an, quyit dinh ddn s^ ctia Tda dn nu&c ngodi khdng dugc cong nhdn vd cho thi hdnh Igi Viet Nam neu vii dn thudc thdm quyen xet xu riing biet cua Tda dn Viet Nam". Nhu vgy, thdm quygn rigng bigt ciia Tda an Vigt Nam cd tinh dp dgt va vige dp dgt nay the hign d vigc khi Tda an n u d c ngoai thy ly,
" Nguyen Ba Binh, "Xac dinh co quan c6 tiiam quyen gidi quyet tranh chap va tinh hgp phap ciia vi?c chpn ludt dp dyng doi vdi h(?p dong dan sy co yiu to ' .. iir>i f ,„ c>^^ j ; . . , . . ; ; „ _ ;;;„,ji-^i*,;i:;. i , 5/2008,
I UAT Q U O C T E 65 giai quyet vu viee cd yeu to nudc ngoai
thugc tham quyen rieng bigt ciia Tda an Viet Nam thi ban an, q u y i t dinh ciia hg se khdng dugc cdng nhan va eho thi hanh a Viet Nam,
b. Y nghTa ciia thdm quyen neng biet ddi v&i lua chqn Tda dn nu&c ngodi.
Neu chil thg trong quan he cd ygu to nudc ngoai yeu cau Tda an nude ngoai giai quyet thi quyet dinh ciia Tda an nude ngoai khdng dugc cdng nhan d Vigt Nam Cdn neu mot ben yeu eau Tda an nudc ngoai con ben kia ygu cdu Tda an Vigt Nam thi chimg ta phdi giai quygt nhu the nao?
Quy dinh tren khdng eho cau trd ldi ro rang vi chi de cgp den hoan canh sau khi Tda an nude ngoai ra phan quyet, cdn trong Irudng hgp nay Tda an nude ngodi chua ra phan quygt
Co le, dg vigc quy dinh ve tham quyen rieng bigt ciia Tda an Viet Nam cd y nghTa, chiing ta ngn bd sung vao Dieu 411 nhu sau. Ddi v&i trir&ng hgp Toa dn Viet Nam CO thdm quyen rieng biet, mot hay cdc ben khdng the yeu cdu Tda dtv" hay ca quan CO thdm quyen khdc^ ciia nu&c ngodt giai quyet.
2) Tranh chdp ve hgp ddng co yeu to nu&c ngodi thuoc tham quyin rieng biet cua Toa dn Viet Nam
a. Bd quy dinh ve hgp ddng van chuyen Dilu 411 BLTTDS quy djnh nhung trudng hgp Tda dn Viet Nam cd iham quyen rieng bigt. Thdng qua eac quy djnh nay, cac nha lam luat ligt kg cdc trudng hgp Tda dn Viet Nam cd thim quyen rigng biet, Ci day chiing tdi chi quan tam tdi quy dinh Hgn
' Ngay ca doi vcri EU, BrusscI Regulation 2001 chottihep kii^nang lya chon toa an dc giii quyet cdc [Rinlvchap cua irong linli virc ciia Tu phap quoc tc.
ciing loai trir kha nang nay klu no rai vao cac Inrcrng hgp thugc lliiin quyen rieng bigt - tliam quyen hiygt doi (exclusive jurisdiction) - xem David Josliep Q.C, Jurisdiction and arbitrahon agreements and their en- forcement, NXB Sweet and Maxwell, nSin 2005, dogn 2.24, tr. 23.
"Ve kliai nigm co quan c6 tiiam quyen kliac, xem clii liet plian sau.
quan den hgp ddng, Dd.la diem b khoan 1 Dieu 411, BLTTSD Iheo dd Tda an^Viel Nam cd tham quyen rigng bigl ddi vdi "tra- nh chdp phdt sinh lir hgp ddng van chuyin md ngu&i van chuyen cd Iru s& chinh hogc chi nhdnh lqi Viet Nam "", Theo quy dinh nay thi, doi vdi hgp dong van chuyen ma ngudi van chuyen cd tru sd chinh hogc chi nhanh Igi Vigt Nam, Tda an Viet Nam cd Iham quyen n e n g bigt.
Tgi sao Irong Irudng hgp nay lai cho ring tham quyln rieng bigl Id ciia tda an Vigt Nam? Neu chiing ta quy djnh nhu vdy thi ly do ciia vigc bao vg trat ty cdng cgng va an ninh qude gia khdng gidi thich duoe ma ed nguy co cac hgp ddng vgn chuyen ma ngudi vgn chuyen Viet Nam dang ra ky duoc ihi lai khdng the ky duoc khi chiing ta khoanh viing cung trong van de tham quyen qudc te^ O day, cde bdn ed the se e nggi khdng mudn hgp tac vdi ngudi van chuyen Viet Nam vi cho rang tranh ehap giua hg se khdng d u a c giai quygt mgt each thuan Igi, Trong trudng hgp khdch hang la bj don thi vige ngudi van ehuyen kign khach hang tgi qudc gia noi khach hang cu tru la thuan tign hon ea. Do vay, trong trudng hgp nay theo chimg tdi viec xae dinh tham quyen trong trudng hgp nay nen theo hudng nhu Id mdt phan cua quy dinh theo tham quyen xet xii chung Id phii hgp Xet trgn binh dign the gidi cung nhu thye trgng eiia Vigt Nam trong giai doan hign nay, thigt nghT quy djnh nay da khdng cdn phii hgp vdi xu the
' Lien quan den ligp dong c6 yeu to nuac ngoai.
khoiin 1 Dieu 411 BLTTDS con mgt quy dinli ddng lini tam. Do la diem b theo do "vt( dn ddn sy co hen quan (ten qtiySn ddi v&i tdi sdn Id bdt ddng san co tren Idnh tho Viel Nam " thudc "thdm quyen neng biet ciia Tda An Viel Nam ". Quy dinh tren kliong tryc hep dicu cliinli quan hg hyp dong nhung vy an '''co lien quan din quyin ddi v&i tdi sdn la bdt ddng sdn" co tlie bao gom tranli cliap ve hpp doiig "cd lien quan den quyin ddi vdl ldi sdn Id bat ddng sdn". Tuy nliien. trong pliam vi bai viet nay, chiing toi clii tap trung vao liyp d6ng van chuyen duoc quy djnli tryc tiep tgi diem b.
' Co tac gia cho rang vigc quy dinh nhir tren la nliam bao \'e cho nganh liang lidi con non tre cua Viet Nam,
66 TAP cm KHOA HQCPHAPLYSd 3/2012 chung',
Chinh vi vgy, ed le chiing ta nen suy nghT bd quy dinh tren: khdng eoi day la trudng hgp thugc tham quyen rieng bigt cua Tda an Vigt Nam'"
b. Gidi hgn phgm vi ciia quy djnh ve hgp dong van chuyin
Neu khdng the bd dugc quy dinh theo phuong an tren ihi cd le chiing ta cflng nen gidi hgn phgm vi dieu chinh eiia quy djnh nay, Dieu lugt Iren quy djnh tranh c h i p hgp dong vgn chuyen ndi chung nen cd the hieu tranh c h i p phat sinh tir phin hgp ddng dugc ihyc hign d Vigl Nam cung nhu tir phdn hgp dong dugc thyc hign d ngoai Viet Nam thugc tham quyen rigng bigt ciia Tda an Vigl Nam, Vigc cho rang Tda an Vigt Nam cd tham quygn rigng bigt ddi vdi vigc thuc hien hap ddng d nudc ngoai la khdng thuyet phyc De lien cho viec theo ddi, chiing tdi don cii vy vigc sau lam vi dy minh hga":
Doanh nghigp Sadaco ky hgp dgng mua bdt mi ciia mdt cdng ty nudc ngoai De chuyen hang tir cang BomBay ve cang thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Sadaco da thug Cdng ty dai Iy va dich vu van tai Sai Gdn Sau khi gap bao, tau bj mac cgn va chim tgi viing biln BomBay dan din Id hang bi tdn that hoan toan. Q day, ngudi vgn chuyin ed try sd d Viel Nam. Vay, doi vdi tranh c h i p phat sinh tir hgp ddng vgn chuyen nay, Tda an Viet Nam cd tham quyln rigng bigt theo Digu 411 tren Dieu dd cd nghTa la chi Toa an V g t Nam cd tham quyen giai quyet, Tda an noi xdy ra sy co khdng dugc giai quyet.
*Bmsscl Regulation niim 2001 cCia EU khong c6 bat ky quy djnh nao vc tham quyen rieng bigt hay tuygt doi vdl trucrng hijp nay
'° Xem Ihem quan diim tirang ty ciia Nguyen Tnmg Tin, "Tham quyln ciia loa dn Vigt Nam gidi quyet cdc vy vigc dan sy c6 yiu l6 nirdc ngodi", Tgp clii NghiSn cuu lap phdp, so 03/2004 vd Le Thj Nam Giang, Tu phdp Qudc tl Nxb DHQG Tp.HCM, ndm 2009, tt 213.
" Vi du dya vao Quyit djnh so 01/2002/HDTP- KT ngay 26-12-2002 cda Hgi dong Thim phan Toa an nlian dan t6i cao.
Giai phap nay phai chdng da hgp ly? Tgi sao Tda an An DQ noi tdu bj chim khdng cd tham quyen giai q u y i t ? Tgi sao, cde ben khdng the yeu c i u Tda an An Dg noi tau chim giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tu hgp dong van chuyen v Trong khi Tda dn ncri xdy ra sy eo hoan toan ed the gidi quygt tot vy vigc. Do dd, trong trudng hgp nay, thilt nghT gidi phdp hgp ly n h i t la Tda an Vigt Nam va Tda an An Dg deu cd t h i gidi quyit tranh chap tiiy theo ygu cdu ciia cac ben.
Do v | y , dilu lugt tren ngn dugc vigt nhy sau: Tda an V g t Nam cd t h i m quyen rieng bigt doi vdi "tranh chap phat sinh tu hgp dong vgn chuyen dugc thtrc hiin & Viet Nam ma ngudi van chuyen ed try sd chinh hogc ehi nhanh tgi Vigt N a m " Vdi hudng nay, chiing ta da gidi hgn phgm vi tham quygn rieng bigt ciia Tda an Vigt Nam doi vdi Iranh chap tir hgp ddng van chuyin.
3) Khd ndng gidi quyet bang phuang thuc trqng tdi doi v&i tranh chap ve hgp ddng thugc thdm quyen riing biet cda Tda dn Viet Nam
a. Thoa thudn chqn trqng ldi nuac ngodi Cd mgt van de nua ma chiing ta cin phai ban den, dd la ddi vdi mgt vy vigc thugc tiiam quyen rieng bigt ciia tda an Vigt Nam thi ro rang Tda an nudc ngoai khdng the cd tham quyen nhu da ngu d tten'^. Vay thi ligu ring trgng tdi nude ngoai ed thg cd thim quyen hay khdng ddi vdi nhflng vy vige nhu tten neu cde bgn ttong ttanh chap cd thda thugn chgn trgng tai de giai quyet ttanh chip.
Digu nay cdn la mOt van de bd ngd trong phap lugt Vigt Nam, Lien quan den cac dieu kign de khdng cdng nhan va cho thi hanh quyet dinh ciia trgng tdi n u d c ngodi tgi Dilu 370 BLTTDS khdng h i cd b i t ky quy djnh nao tuong tu nhu khoan 3 digu 356 ve nhflng trudng hgp de khdng cdng nhgn va cho thi hanh phan quyet ciia tda an nudc ngodi: "Vu dn thuoc thdm quyin rieng biet ciia Ida dn Viet Nam ".
6 Vigt Nam cung nhu trong cde hg thdng l I Y p m t h n J l n l .ti^ii ISfi RI T m - ; „5.
LUAT Q U O C T E
phap lugt khac ma chiing tdi biet, Trgng tai cd thdm quyen gidi q u y i t tranh c h i p v l hop ddng nhung khdng dudi danh nghTa Nha nudc (vi la to chire phi chinh phu).
Tuy nhign, Trgng tai nudc ngoai vdn chju sy gidm sdt cua Tda an nudc ngoai. Do dd, ve nguyen tac, khi tda an nudc ngoai khdng the cd tham quyen ddi vdi nhung trudng hop ddc bigt nay thi, theo ehiing tdi, trgng tai nudc ngodi cung khdng t h i ed thim quyen,
b. Thda thudn chqn trqng tdi Viet Nam Cdn doi vdi trgng tdi trong nudc thi sao?
Khi nghien ciru Lugt Trgng tdi Thuong mgi nam 2010, chiing ta cung khdng lim thay bat ky quy djnh ndo lign quan dgn vigc hgn che quyen ciia trong tai ddi vdi eac tranh chap trong ITnh vuc hgp ddng thuong mgi CO yeu td nude ngoai khi nd thuge tham quyen rigng biet ciia tda an Vigt Nam.
Trgng tai Viet Nam Id td ehirc phi chinh phil nen khdng nhan danh Nha nudc giai quyet cac tranh chap, Tuy nhien, khi giai quyet tranh chap cung nhu sau khi cd phan quyet, Trgng tdi Vigt Nam van chju sy gidm sat eiia Tda an Vigt Nam nhat la thdng qua CO che hiiy bd phan quygt trgng tai ngn thuc chat cdi "uy" cua Nha nudc ddi vdi cac tra- nh chap khdng bj mat.
Ciing vdi tu duy ngudi dan dugc lam nhflng gi ma phdp lugt khdng c i m , chung ta nen theo hudng trgng tai Viet Nam van cd the cd tham quygn ddi vdi cac tranh ehap nay ngu dugc cac ben thda thugn, Digu nay cung phii hgp vdi xu t h i tang cudng phuong thirc giai quyet tranh chap tu tgi Viet Nam nhim giam tai cho phuang thirc giai quygt tranh chdp bang tda dn,
II- Tham quyen c h u n g cua Tda an Viet Nam
' T h i m quyen chung eCia Tda an Viet Nam doi vdi cac tranh chap lign quan dgn hgp ddng dan sy ed y i u td nudc ngoai duoc xac dinh tai Dilu 410 cua BLTTDS. Trong dieu lufit nay, chiing ta ed quy dinh lign quan din thdrn quyen ciia Tda an Vigt Nam ddi vdi h(r"^:S^fri^ .^r'r.)^ thu"" hi^" *ri '^^•^^ "^^':"i
vd ddi vdi hgp ddng khdng dugc thyc hign tgi Viet Nam
1) Tranh chap lien quan den hgp diing cd yeu td nu&c ngodi dugc thuc hi?n tai Vip Nam
a. Tliu chi can cu vdo nai thuc hiin hgp ddng
Tgi khoan 2 Dieu 410 BLTTDS, ede nha lap phap da dua ra 07 diem xac dinh tham quygn ciia Tda an Vigt Nam khi vy vigc cd yiu td nude ngodi. Digm e eiia khodn 2 quy dinh true tiip van de tham quyen cua Tda an Vigt Nam doi vdi tranh chap phdt sinh tir hgp ddng cd yeu to nudc ngodi.
Cy the, "Tod dn Viet Nam gidi quyet cdc vu viec ddn su cd yeu id nu&c ngodi trong cdc tru&ng hgp sau day: Tranh chdp phdt sinh tir hgp ddng md viic thuc hien todn bq hogc mot phdn hgp ddng xdy ra trin lanh thd Viet Nam ".
Nhu vdy, dau hidu dg tda an Vigt Nam xem xet thdm quyen ciia minh la dua tren ygu td "nai thuc hien hgp ddng". Dieu dd cung cd nghTa la vige xac dinh noi thuc hign hop ddng la can thigt de dp dyng dung quy dinh tren,
b. Xdc dinh nai thuc hiin hgp ddng Noi thuc hign hgp dong, trudc het se Id noi duge eae bgn thda thuan Irong hgp ddng, dya tren nguygn tae vang eiia ITnh vuc hop ddng la ty do thda thugn, Trong trudng hgp nay, noi thuc hign hgp ddng ed the duge xae dinh mgt each dg dang, ehi can can eii vao thda thugn cua cdc ben trong hgp dong la hodn toan cd thg xae djnh dugc noi thyc hign hgp d o n g " Tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp cdc bgn khdng ed thda thudn'"*, thi xac djnh nhu the ndo?
Vi dy, mgt cdng ty A ciia Vigt Nam ky hgp ddng bdn hgt didu eho mgt cdng ty B
" Luu y la neu cac ben thda ihugn noi thyc hign licrp dong khong is Vigt Nam (ma d nirdrc ngoai) nhung thyc te hgrp dong duyc thyc hign is Vigt Nam thi chimg ta khong nen chap nhgn noi thyc hign tiieo th6a thugn md SIX dyng iici thyc hign hgp dong tiiyc te.
'^ Vy tranh ch^p duyc phan tich is phin sau sg cho Ihiy dieu nay.
68 TAPCHiKHOA HQCPHAPLYSO 3/2012
cua Singapore Vao thdi diem ky k i t hgp dong, Id hgt dieu dang ndm tgi Trung Quoe.
Sau dd. nd dugc chuygn chd lir Trung Quoc sang Singapore bang dudng bg tren lanh tho Vicl Nam, sau dd la bang dudng bien Igi Cang Sai Gdn. Tren dudng chuyen d i d , hang hda bi tdn that, lam phat sinh tranh chip gifla A va B Dja diem thyc hign hgp dong nay la d dau? () Vigt Nam.
Trung Quoc hay Singapore*' BLTTDS ghi nhgn tham quyen cua Tda an Vigt Nam doi vdi Iranh chap hgp dong tren eg sd "noi thye hign hgp ddng tgi Vigt Nam" nhung Igi khdng cho biel xae djnh noi thyc hign hgp ddng nhu the nao neu cae bdn khdng cd thda thuan va khdng thong nhat ve diem nay'-' Chiing ta ap dung phdp luat nudc nao d l xac dinh noi hgp ddng dugc thyc hign?
Ve xac djnh luat dieu chinh quan hg hgp ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai, Bd Lual dan sir cd quy djnh lien quan den nai thyc hign hgp ddng. Cu the, theo doan mgt khoan 1 Dieu 769, "Quyen va nghTa vu ciia cdc ben theo hgp ddng duge xac dinh theo phap luat eiia nudc nai Ihuc hien hgp ddng, neu khdng cd ihoa thuan khac", De biet duoc noi thuc hign hap ddng, doan 3, khoan 1, dieu 769 BLDS 2005 quy dinh "Trong Irudng hop hgp ddng khdng ghi noi thuc hien thi vigc xac djnh noi thyc hign hgp ddng phai tudn Iheo phdp luat Cgng hda xa hgi chii nghTa Viet Nam". Thiet nghT, dg xae djnh noi thye hign hop ddng theo quy dinh tren eiia BLT- TDS nhdm xdc dinh tham quygn ciia Tda an Viet Nam, chiing ta eung nen ap dyng tuong ty nhu quy djnh ve xae dinh lugt digu chinh eua BLDS: Noi thyc hign hgp ddng dirge xdc djnh theo phap lugt Vigt Nam neu cac ben khdng cd thda thuan vg noi thye
" So sanli vd-i pluip lual EU, ta nlign ihay, van de nay duyc quy dinti rat cu the tai section 2. chucmg 2 ciia Bmssel Regualtion:
- "ill the case of the sale of goods, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the goods were delivered or should liave been delivered,
- in Ihe case of the provision of services, the place m a Member State where, under the contract, the ser-
\'ices were provided or should have been provided,"
hign hgp dong.
c Phgm vi thdm quyin tren ca s& nai thtrc hien hgp dong
Theo cac quy djnh trgn, Tda an Vigt Nam ed t h i m quyen ddi vdi "tranh chap phdt sinh tir hgp dong md vigc thyc hign toan bg hogc mgt phan hgp dong xdy ra tren lanh tho Vigt N a m " Ngu hgp ddng duge thyc hign lodn bg a Viet Nam thi Tda an Vigt Nam cd t h i m quyen glai quygt toan bg tra- nh ehap ve hgp dong nay
v i n de tiep theo can giai quyet dd chi- nh la phgm vi thdm quyen eua tda dn Vigt Nam n l u hgp ddng ehi d u g c thyc hign mdt phdn Igi Viet Nam Cd y kien eho rang tham quyln xet xit ciia Tda dn Vigt Nam sfi bj gidi hgn trong nhflng van dg tranh chap irong phan hgp ddng d u g e thyc hign d Vigt Nam, N h u n g eung cd y kign cho rang "Tda dn dd thij li gidi quyit tranh chdp hgp ddng Ihi phdi gidi quyet todn bq cdc nqi dung tranh chdp cua hgp ddngdy"^^.
Theo quan diem cua chiing tdi, neu xet tir gdc dg li lugn, x u i t phat tir tinh thong nhdt eiia mgt hgp ddng dan sy, vigc xac dinh mdt tranh chap phdt sinh tir phin nao ciia hgp ddng Id khdng can thiet vd bit hgp Iy. Trong qud trinh xet xii eiia Tda an doi vdi mgt tranh chap, trong nhigu trudng hop phdi xem xet dgn toan bg eae yeu to cua hgp ddng Chinh vl vgy, khdng the gidi hgn thdm quyen xet xii eiia Tda an trong trudng hgp ndy, Mgt khdc, cung khdng cd bat cir quy dinh nao ciia phdp lugt hign hdnh hgn che tham quyen tai phdn cua Tda an Vigt Nam trong trudng hgp ndy. Ndi each khac, neu hgp ddng d u g c thuc hien mgt phan d Vigt Nam vd mgt phan d nude ngodi thi Tda an Viet Nam cd tham quygn va Tda an ed t h i m quygn de giai q u y i t ca tranh chap ddi voi phan hgp ddng d u g c thyc hign d nudc ngoai.
2) Tranh chap hgp ddng coyiu td nu&c ngodi khdng dugc thuc hiin t^i Viet Nam
N I U tranh c h i p phat sinh tir hgp ddng ddn so 454
LUAT QUOC TE 69 sued yeu Id nudc ngoai ma viec thuc hien
hgp ddng khdng xay ra tren lanh thd Viet Nam thi tda an Viel Nam cd thim quyln hay khdng?
Cd quan diim cho rang vi quy djnh tai diim e, khoan 2, dilu 410 cua BLTTDS 2004 Id quy dinh dac thu rieng danh eho ttanh chap Irong ITnh vyc hgp ddng nen nlu khong cd cdn cii nay Ihi tda an khdng the phdt sinh tham quyen ciia minh dugc ' \
Trong mdl tranh chap dugc giam ddc thim nam 2008, dirdng nhu Tda an nhan dan tdi cao cung theo hudng khdng thira nhan tham quyen ciia Tda an Viet Nam.
a. Thuc lien xet xir. Cii the nhusau: Ngay 31/01/2004 va ngay 08/03/2004, hai ddng nguyen don la Cdng ty ECE Nhat Ban va Cong ty ECE Viel Nam gui den Tda an nhdn dan tinh Long An don khdi kien, )eu cdu Cdng ly Nggc Phong thanh loan tiln theo thoa thuan tu van xay dyng ky ngay 24/06/2002 giua Cdng ty ECE Nhat Ban.
CdngTy ECE Viet Nam vdi Cdng ty Nggc Phong. Ciing ngay 08/03/2004, Cdng ty ECE Nhat Ban gui den Tda an nhan dan tinh Long An don khdi kien, yeu cau Cdng ty Ngpc Phong Ihanh toan tien theo thda thuan tu vin xay dyng ky ngay 02/9/2002 giaa Cdng ty ECE Nhat Ban vdi Cdng ty Ngpc Phong.
Trong vu viec tren, nguyen don la Cdng ty ECE Nhat Ban cd try sd tgi 1-2-4-5 Kashivi'agi Aobaku. Sendai Miyagi Japan;
do ong Koji Okamoto dai dien theo Giay iiy quyen ciia ong Giam doe Keigo Nakajo ngay 08/03/2004. Bi don la Cdng ty Nggc Phong); CO try sd tai xa My Hanh Nam.
huyen Dire Hda, linh Long An; do dng Nguyen Van Kha dai dien theo Giay iiy quyen cua dng Tdng giam ddc. Theo Hdi dong tham phan, "day la vu dn co yeu td nu&c ngodi theo quy dinh Igl khodn 2 Diiu 405 BLTTDS-'. Sau khi khdng dinh day la VLi an cd yeu td nudc ngoai, Hdi ddng tham phdn da xet ring "Cd hai bdn thoa thudn
dugc ky giUa Cdng ly ECE Nhdt Bdn v&i Cdng ty Ngoc Phong diu khong ghi dia clieiu Ihda thugn. nai (hue hien. Toa dn cdp sa thdm vd cdp phiic thdm khong thu thgp chimg cii. xdc minh de ldm rd hgp ddng du&i hinh time hai thoa thugn tu vdn neu tren cd dtivc Irien khai (hire hien tgi Viet Nam hay khong.. Tit do, xdc dinh vu dn CO thudc thdm quyen gidi quyit ciia Tda dn Viel Nam hay khong theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt (khodn 2, Diiu 410; khodn J, Diiu 411 BLTTDS) Id thiiu sot cdn dugc khac phuc khi xet xu lai vu dn " '".
Trong vu viec tren, Tda an cip so thim va Tda an cap phiic tham da giai quyit npi dung Iranh chip nen dd thira nhan thdm quyen ciia Tda an Vigt Nam nhung theo Hoi ddng tham phan "Toa dn cdp .^a thdm va cdp phiic tham khdng thu thgp chung cu. xdc minh de ldm ro hgp dong dudi hinh thiec hai thoa thugn (ic vdn neu tren co dugc trien khai thuc hien Igi Viet Nam hay khdng... " la thieu sdt. Vdi each lap luan Iren, ehiing la thay, neu hgp Abn^'khong dugc irien khai thuc hien Igi Viet Nam " thi, dudng nhu theo Hdi ddng tham phan, Tda an Viet Nam khdng cd tham quyen.
b. Nhdn xe/Lien quan den hgp ddng khdng dugc thuc hien tai Viet Nam nhung van CO quan he vdi Viel Nam (nhu do bj don cd eu Iru hay try sd tai Viet Nam) chung tdi ed nhan xet sau:
Dau hieu xac dinh tham quyen ciia Tda an Viel Nam ddi vdi tranh ehap hgp ddng cd yeu id nudc ngoai duge quy dinh-irc tiip tai diim c. khoan 2 Dilu 410 BLTTDS va diem b khoan 1 Dilu 411 BLTTDS nhu chiing la da thay d phdn trgn. Tuy nhien, day khdng la dau hieu duy nhat de xdc dinh thim quyen ciia Tda an Viet Nam ddi vdi tranh ehap ve hgp ddng cd ygu td nudc
'« Quyet djnh so 06/2008/KDTM-GDT ngay 20/6/2008 ciia Hgi dfing thSm phan T6a dn nhSn dan t6i cao (vl quyit djnh niy, xem Do Van D?i va Nguyen Van Tiln, Tuyen tap cdc bdn dn. quyet dinh cua Tda dn Viet Nam ve td lung ddn su , Nxb. Lao dong nam 2010, tr, 514 va tllp theo).
70 TA P CHi KHOA HQC PHAP Ltsd 3/2012 ngodi. Chiing ta van cdn cd nhieu eg sd
phdp ly khac de thira nhgn gidn Iiep thim quyen cua Ida an Vigt Nam. Trong vy vige trgn, gia sir hgp dong khdng dugc thyc hign tgi Vigt Nam nhung bi don cd try sd tgi Vigt Nam thi day la digu kign dii de xac djnli tham quyen cua Tda an Vigl Nam''^ N l u chiing ta theo hudng khdng cd tidu ehi Iruv tiep vd do dd Tda an Vigt Nam khdng cd tham quyen nhu vira ngu thi vd hinh chung chiing ta sg ldm vd higu hda cde tidu ehi xac dinh thdm quyen gidn tiep nhu tieu ehi trgn CO sd noi cu trii, try sd ciia bi don (d day phdp lugt khdng quan tdm tdi ngi dung tranh c h i p nen tranh chdp ndo cung cd the dugc coi la thugc tham quygn eiia Tda an)
Vi v|y, chiing la cd the k h i n g djnh, vigc hgp ddng khdng d u g c thyc hign tgi Vigt Nam khdng loai trir tham quyen lai phdn ciia Tda an Vigt Nam Tda an Vigt Nam van cd tham quyen ngu tdn tgi d i u higu khae thira nhan tham quyen quyen ciia Tda an Vigt Nam^f"
c. Kinh nghiem nu&c ngodi.
Thyc ra viec thira nhgn tham quyen eiia Tda an ddi vdi tranh chap hgp ddng khdng duoc thuc hien tren lanh thd eua nudc cua Tda an cung duge ghi nhgn trong phap lugt nudc ngoai
Vi dy, theo Dieu 14 vd 15 Bg lugt dan su Phap, Tda an Phap ed thdm quyln giai quyet nhflng bat ddng ma d dd mgt bgn la ngudi Phdp (Id nguygn don theo Dilu 14 hay bj^don theo Digu 15). 6 day, chi cin mgt ben la ngudl Phdp cdn ban e h i t tra- nh chap, phap lugt digu ehinh tranh c h i p khdng quan trgng. Ben eanh dd, theo an lg Phap thi khi hgp ddng dugc thyc hign tgi Phap thi Tda an Phap cd tham quyen gial quyet tranh chap cd ygu td nudc ngoai. V i n de dat ra Id ddi vdi tranh ehap ve hgp ddng khdng dugc thye hign tgt Phap, Tda an Phdp cd tham quyen khdng. Vi dy, mgt ehl
" Ve dau higu ndy. xem them D6 Vdn Dai vd Mai Hong Quy, Sdd, ph^n so 56 va tiep theo.
^° Ve cac dau higu nay, xem them D6 VSn Dai va Mai Hong Quy, Sdd, phan so 45 va tiip Iheo.
nhanh eiia Ngan hang Phdp tgi Hongkong cho mgt khdch hang tgi Hongkong vay tiln va ddi bgn phat sinh tranh cliap. O day hgp dong khdng duge thyc hign tgi Phap nen khdng the cdn cii vao tieu chi tryc tiep tten CO sd nai thyc hign hgp dong de thira nhgn tham quyen ciia Tda an Phap, Tuy nhien, trong tranh c h i p nay cd mgt bgn la Ngdn hang Phap ngn Tda an Phdp da thira nhan tham quygn trgn eo sd Dieu 14 ciia Bg lugt dan sy neu tren^'.
Vi dy tren eho t h i y d nudc ngoai, Toa dn ed thim q u y l n khi hgp ddng dugc thyc hign tren Idnh tho ciia Tda an nudc dd. Tuy nhien ddy chi la tigu ehi true tiep xde djnh thim quyen ciia Tda an ddi vol tranh chap ve hgp dong. Bgn egnh dd, Tda an van co tham quyen doi vdi tranh ehap v l hgp dong cd ygu td nude ngoai neu cdc tigu chi khdc (tigu chi gidn tiep) ghi nhan tham quyen ciia Tda an. Day la kinh nghigm tdt doi vdi Vigt Nam lign quan dgn xdc dinh tham quyen ciia Tda an Vigt Nam doi vdi tranh ehap ve hgp ddng cd ygu td n u d c ngoai.
K e t luan Qua nghien ciiu cac van de phdp ly vd thyc tien ap dung cdc quy dinh ciia phap lugt Vigt Nam ve tham quygn cua Tda dn Vigt Nam doi vol tranh chip hgp ddng ed ygu to n u d c ngoai chiing tdi nhdn thdy cdn nhigu van de can phai xem xetva digu chinh duoi gdc dg lap phdp. Sy chua cu t h i cung nhu cac quy dinh b i t hgp ly vg tham quyen xet xii rieng bigt va tham quyen xet xii chung eiia Tda an Vigt Nam se khiin cho Tda an liing tiing trong qua trinh thy ly giai quyet tranh chap. Vigc giai quyet d u g c nhflng bai toan nay khdng chi giiip qua trinh giai thieh va dp dyng phap lugt vao thye tien d u g c d l dang ban ma con giiip qua trinh giai q u y i t tranh chap dugc nhanh chdng vd kha nang phan quyit ciia Tda dn Viet Nam d u g c cdng nhgn va thi hdnh d n u d c ngoai se cao hon. •
*' CA de Paris, 28 fevrier 2001, Societe Agricul- tural Bank of China/LE Credit Lvonnais: Juris Daia
