TRACH NHIEM CIIA NHA NlTOC VA CO QUAN NHA NlTOfC KHI THAM GIA QUAN HE DAN SU' THEO
BO LUAT DAN SU' NAM 2015
Nguyen Nggc Ha
Tom tat: Viec hS sung nhirng quy dinh ve irdch nhiem cua Nhd nuac vd ca quan nhd nuac khi tham gia quan he dan su Id moi Irong nhimg diem mai cua Bo luqt Dan su nam 2015 so vcri Bo iuat Dan su nam 2005 Dieu ndy gop phan xac djnh ro dia vi phdp ly cua Nhd nuac vd ca quan nhd nuac khi tham gia giao dich dan su vai cac chii the khdc. Bdi Viet tap tning lam ro- 1) Not ham vd y nghia cua cac quy dinh lien quan den viec tham gia vao quan he dan su cua Nhd nuac vd ca quan nhd nuac; 2) Cac quy dinh hen quan den trdch nhiem ve nghia vu dan su cua Nha nuac vd ca quan nhd nuac: 3) Dua ra cdc ket luan.
Abstract: The supplement of provisions on responsibility of the State and State agencies when they participate in civil relations is one of the new issues oj the Civil Code of 2015 in comparison with ihe Civil Code of 2005. That clarifies the legal status of State and State agencies in such civil relations with other subjects. This article focuses on: !) Content and meaning of civil relation participation of Stale and Slate agencies; 2) Provisions on responsibility of civil obligations by Slate and Stale agencies;
3) Some relevant remarks.
K
hi tham gia quan he dan su voi cac CO quan nha nuoc o trung uong hay dia phuang, (sau day ggi chung la ca quan nha nuac) va Nha nuac, cac chu the tu CO the se phai doi mat voi nhiing rao can duoc tao ra bai quyen mien trii tu phap ma Nha nuoc va co quan nha nuac dirge hiriVng. Bai trong truang hgp nay, toa an se bac dan kien cua cac chii the tu' doi vai Nha nuoc hoac ca quan nha nuac (quyen mien trir xet xu). Dong thai, Nha nuac co the dugc huong quyen mien trii ve dam bao so bo cho \'u kien. quyen mien tru' thi hanh an va quvcn mien trir doi voi tai san thugc so huu cua quoc gia . Do do, chu the tu se gap" TS.. Khoa Luai. Dai hoc Ngoai thuong
• Xem ihcm- Hazel hox CMG QC & Philippa Webb, Tlh' Lini of Srarc Inunuiiiiy, Oxford Uni\ersii> Press, 2013. ir. 644. \SHURST. Stare Immiuuiv - An
rat nhieu kho khan khi yeu cau Nha nuac hay CO quan nha nuac thuc hien trach nhiem cua minh doi voi nhirng hanh vi vi pham ciia ho trong nhung quan he do.
De giai quyet van de nay cung nhu dam bao nguyen tac hinh dang ciia cac chii the khi tham gia vao quan he pliap iuat dan su, phap luat mot so nuoc da xay dung va ban hanh nhu'ng quy dinh cu the ve trach nhiem ciia nha nuac va co quan nha nuoc trong quan he dan sir vcn cac chu the khac". Dong
OuTWL'u. Quick Guides. .May 2016, t r . l ! lai.
http,s //www ashuist com/doc aspx''id_Resourcc=765 5 iruv cap ngay 02/06/2016. REDRESS, ImmumlC' c Re.sponsabihie Enidc de la rclalion enire I 'imniiinilc iies Etals el la respon'iahilite pour lorturc el mures graves crimes uUeniatiouaiix. The Redress Trust, London, dccembrc 2005, ir. 9-41,
- Vi du Luat ngay 01/09/1988 cua Luxembourg ve trach nhiem dan su cua Nha nuoc va co quan com;
quyen (Loi du Icr sepiembre 19S8 relative a la
\HA .woe I '.4 PHAP LL.ATSO 80016
thai, mot so nuoc dua ra quy dmh ve quyen mien trir tu phap tucmg doi. theo do, nha nirac hay ca quan nha nuac sc khong dugc huang quyen mien trir neu tham gia vao giao dich dan su hay thuong mai . Dai hgi d6ng Lien hgp qu6c da thong qua Cong uoc v^ quySn mien trir tai phan doi voi quoc gia va tai san cua quoc gia (Convenlum des Nations Unies siir les imimmili's jundiclionnelles des Elals ei de lews biensf vao nam 2004. Dii den nay Cong uoc nay van chua c6 hieu luc", tuy nhicn cac quy dinh trong Cong uoc da lam ro han mot so van d^ con gay tranh cai ve quyen miln tru ciia nha nuoc khi tham gia giao dich dan sy.
6 \'ict Nam, Bg luat Dan su nam 2005 hien chua giai quy£t tnet de van dc nay khi khong CO quy dinh khang dnih ro trach nhicni ciia Nha niroc hay ca quan nha nuac khi tham gia vao giao dich dan su''. Do do.
lesponsiibilitc civile de I'Etat ct des collectiviles publiqiics), Luat ngay 10,02-2003 cua Bi vc tiach nhicm cua nhan vien thuc hien cong vice cua phap nlian cong quyen (Loi du 10 f"c\iicr 2003 relalivc a la lesponsabilik' des cl poui les incmbies du personnel au sei\ ice des peibonncs publiqucs) .
Luat vc quyen mien Iru cua nha nuoc nuac ngoai nam 1976 cua i ioa Ky (Foreign Sovereign Inimunities Act of 1976), Luat vc quyen mien liu Nha nuoc nam 1978 cua Vuong qii6c Anh (Stale Iinmunily Act 1978), Luji \ e quy^n mi6n iru nha nuoc nam 1985 cua Canada .
Xcni tai hups //licaties.un org/doc/souice/
RcconlTcxts/French 3_13 pdf. tiuy cap ngay 05/06 2016
' Tinh den h^l thang 05/2016, Cong uoc nay da co 2K quoc gia ky kel va 21 quoc gia phc chuan Theo Di£u 30 cua Cong uoc, Qim'^ uoc sc co hicii luc khi co du 30 quoc gia phc chuan Xem them Ihong lin \6 cong uoc nay tai liiip,s7/ireatics,un org/pages/
VicwDetaiIsaspx?sic-TREATY&mtdsg_no=III- 1 v'vLliapler=3&lang-en. liuy cap ngay 05/06/2016.
" Banh Quoc Tuan. ••Quyen mien tru cua quOc gia trong lir phap quoc le v'lel Nam", Tap chi Nghi^cn L'uu lap phap, 2010. so 13(174), ii 14-14
vice Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 c6 04 dieu luat digu chinh su tham gia vao quan he dan su ciia Nha nuac Cong hoa Xa hgi chu nghTa Viet Nam. co quan nha nuoc a tmng uong va dia phuang tai Chuang V dugc coi la mot trong nhung diem moi quan trgng.
I. Cac quy dinh ve viec tham gia ^ao quan he dan sy ciia Nha nuoc va co" quan nha nuoc
Thij- nhat, ve doi tugng dieu chinh. cac quy dinh tai Chuong V chi ap dung doi vm Nha nuoc va ca quan nha nuac. Cac phap nhan khac (thuong mai hay phi thuong mai) khong thugc pham vi dicu chmh ciia chuong nay. Do do, Ciic phap nhan nhu don vi vii trang nhan dan, to chuc chinh trj, to chiic chinh tri - xa hgi, to chuc chinh tri, xa hoi- nghe nghiep, to chirc xa hgi, to chiic xa iioi- • nghe nghiep, cac don vi su nghiep cong lap, , quy xa hoi va cac doanh nghiep nha nuac* ' se dugc dieu chinh bdi cac quy dmh v^
phap nhan tai Chuang IV Bg luat Dan su nam 2015.
T/ji'f hai, ve nguyen tac tham gia quan he dan su, Dieu 97 khang dinh, "Nhd nuoc Cong hda xd hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam, ca quan nhd nuoc a trung uang. a dia phuang khi tham gia quan he dan su thi binh dang v&i cdc chu the khdc". Quy dinh nay lam ro hon noi ham cua nguyen tac binh dang da dugc neu tai Dieu 3 cua Bg luat Dan sir niim 2015, theo do, trong mot quan he dan sir giii-a mot ben la Nha nuac hoiic co quan nha nuac va ben kia la chu the lir, thi hai ben deu CO dia vi phap ly nhu nhau, Nguyen tac nay khong trao cho Nha nuoc va co quan
' Xem khoan 2 Dicu 76 cua Bo luai Dan su nam 2015.
" Khoan 8 Dic'U 4 Luai Doanh nghiep nam 2014 quy dmh "Doanh nghiep nha nmh hi doanh iii^hie/i da ,\'hd nuoc ndn, gnr /Ot)% ran du'-u le '
TRACH NHIEM CUA NHA NUOC.
nha nuac nhiing dac quyen khac so vai cac chu the tu, do do, se gop phan tao ra moi truong phap ly binh dang, nhat la trong cac quan he kinh tệ Nhan djnh ve van de nay, tac gia dong tinh vai y kien cho rang: "F/ec khang dinh .m binh dang ndy Id thuyet phuc.
diem tien bo dang quan lain cua Bo ludi Ddnsundm20!5"'".
Thir bạ ve dai dien cho Nha nuoc va CO quan nha nuac tham gia vao quan he dan su, Dieu 98 khang djnh viec dai dien nay se phai man thii cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve chiic nang, nhiem vu, quyen han va to chuc bg may ciia ca quan nha nuac. Dieu 98 cung cho phep co ngoai le, ca nhan hoac phap nhan dai dien cho Nha nuac hoac co quan nha nuac khac klii tham gia vao quan he dan su theo quy dinh ciia phap luat co lien quan.
Co the thay, quy djnh cua Dieu 98 con kha chung chung. Ve nguyen tac. co the ap dung Dieu 85 ciia Bo luat Dan sir nam 2015 - dai dien ciia phap nhan cho truong hgp nay, nghia la nguai dai dien cua Nha nuoc hay CO quan nha nuoc se bao gom nguoi dai dien theo phap luat hoac ngirai dai dien theo uy quyen, Tuy nhien, truac thuc te la doi
\"ai CO quan nha nuac, viec uy quyen thuong dugc tien hanh tren co so cac quyet
" Khoan 2 Dicu 51 Hien phap nam 20)3 quy dinh.
"Cac thanh phan kinh te deu la bo phan cau ihanh quan uong cua nen kinh ic quoc dan Cac chu the thuoc cac ihanh phan kinh te binh dang, hop tac \a canh tranh then phap luai" Dieu K khoan 2 Luai To chirc chinh phu nam 2015 cung neu ro mot trong nhumg nhicm \ u cua Chinh phii trong quan ly \ a phat men kmh le la " ... tao moi truong binh dang, canh tranh \a hgp lac giiJa cac thanh phan kinh te"
'" Nau\6n Ho Bich Hang - Nguyen Ngoc Hong Phuang. "Chuong 3. Chu the trong phap luat dan su", trong Do \'an Dai (chu bien). Binh luan khoa hoc nhung dieni nuiri cua Bo luat Dan .fir nam 2015 (sdeh chincn khao) \ \ b . Hong Dire - i-ioi Luai gia
\'icl Nam. 2016. doan 91. tr.99.
dinh phan cong cong viec, nhiem vu giúa nguoi dimg dku voi c^p pho va voi cac phong ban, don vi chuc nang cap duai, nen d^ xac dinh dugc tu each nguoi dai dien cho CO quan nha nuac khi tham gia giao djch dan su nhieu khi cung khong dan gian.
Ngoai ra, d6i vai chu the la Nha nuac, 6 Viet Nam. Chu tjch nuac hay Thu mang Chinh phu se la nguai dai dien tham gia vao giao djch dan sủ Cau hoi nay ciing kliong CO giai dap ro rang. Dieu nay se gay kho khan trong viec xac dinh nguoi chju trach nhiem dan su neu c6 su vi pham nghTa vu tií phia Nha nuac hay co quan nha nuoc.
Mot trong so nhiing ITnh vuc co quy dinh cu the vc vice tham gia ciia co quan nha nude vao quan he dan sir ia dau tu theo hinh thuc hgp tac cong t u " . Theo quy djnh tai Di^u 8 Ngh! djnh so I5/20I5/ND-CP ngay 14/02/2015 ciia Chinh phu ve dau tú theo hinh thiic doi tac cong tu, bg, nganh, Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh la ca quan nha nude CO tham quyen ky ket hgp dong du an thugc chiic nang, nhiem vu va quyen han cua minh. Dong then, cac co quan nay co the uy quyen cho cac to chiic thugc bg, nganh hoac co quan chuyen mon ciia Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh hoac Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen ky ket va thuc hien hgp dong du an thugc nhom B va C ' ' Trong truong hop nay, viec uy quyen phai dugc lap thanh van ban "' va trach nhiem ciia co quan nha nude uy quyen va ca quan nha nude dugc uy quyen. ve co ban, van tuan thu nhung
Xem them Nguyen Ba Di^n (chu bien). Gido iiinh Tu phdp quiK lẹ N.xb. Dai hoc Qu6e L'ia Ha Noị
2013,tr. 161-163
' Viec phan loai du an B hay C sc can cu vao quy dinh ciia Luat Dau tu cong nam 2014 Luat DSu tu cong nam 2014 phan chia cac du an thanh b6n nhom- du an quan trong quoc giạ cac du an nhom Ạ B va C.
•' Khoan 3 Dieu S Nghi dinh so 15/2015/ND-CP.
13
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT SO 8/2016
nguyen t i c co ban vk uy quySn cua Bg luat Dansu.
2. Trach nhiem v l nghia vu dSn s y cua Nha nu-d^c va cff quan n h a nu'Ofc trong cac quan he d a n sy
2.1. Pham vi dp dung
Theo quy dinh tai Di6u 99 Bg luat Dan sir nam 2015, pham vi ap dung la cac trach nhiem phat sinh tu viec vi pham nghTa vu dan su, khong chi tren ca so hgp dong ma con tren co sd cac can cu phat sinh nghia vu dan sir khac theo Dieu 275 cua Bg luat Dan s y n a m 2 0 1 5 ' ^
Dfii vdi trach nhiem boi thuong ngoai hgp d6ng, Di6u 598 cua Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 b6 sung them: Nha nude co trach nhiem boi thuong thiet hai do hanh vi trai phap luat ciia nguoi thi hanh cong vy gay ra. Viec boi thuong thiet hai nay se dugc thuc hien tren co sd Luat Trach nhiem boi thuong cua Nha nude nam 2009 va cac van ban hudng dan co lien quan.
2.2. Cdc quy dinh chung
Cac quy dinh chung ve trach nhiem dan sy ciia Nha nude va co quan nha nude dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 99, vdi ba noi dung ca ban:
Thii- nhat, ve viec xac dinh trach nhiem, khoan 1 Dieu 99 neu ro: "Nhd nuac Cong hoa xd hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam, ca quan nhd nuac a trung uang vd a dia phuang chiu trdch nhiem ve nghia vu ddn su cua minh ". Quy djnh nay cho thay cac chu the neu tren phai chiu trach nhiem vk nghTa vy dan sy ciia minh khi tham gia quan
'* Ngoai hgp dong, Difiii 275 con quy djnh them cac can cu phat sinh nghTa vu nhu: hanh vi phap ly don phuong; thuc hien cong viec khong co liy quy^n, chifim hfrn, siJ dung tai san hoac dugc Igi ve tai san khong CO can cii phap luat; gay thiet hai do hanh vi trai phap luat; can cir khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat.
14
he dan su. Do do, Nha nude Hay co quan nha nude khong t h i "choi bo" trach nhiem do vi pham nghTa vu'^. Noi each khac, khi CO sy vi pham nghTa vy tir phia cac co quan nha nude va Nha nude, eac chu t h i khac co quyin ap dyng eac bien phap bao ve quyen dan sy dugc quy dinh tu Diiu 11 d i n Diiu 14 ciia Bo luat Dan sy nam 2015,'^ Tuy nhien, viec yeu ciiu Nha nude hay co quan nha nude thyc hien trach nhiem v l nghTa vu dan sy phai dam bao "thoi hieu khdi kien"'^. Do do, doi vdi cac quan he dan sir trong nude, n l u cac chu the khac khong tuan thii thdi hieu khdi kien, hg se mat ca hgi su dung bien phap yeu cau thyc hien trach nhiem cd tinh cuong c h i cao n h k
Th^ hai, v l tai san de thyc hi|n trach nhiem, khoan 1 Dieu 99 xac dinh Nha nude va CO quan nha nude chiu trach nhiem ve nghTa vu dan sy "bang tdi sdn md minh la dai dien chu sa huu vd thong nhat quan ly".
Co the noi day la quy dinh ngoai le ciia khoan 2 Dieu 87 Bo luat Dan su nam 2015.
'^ Do^in 2 khoan 1 Dieu 351 ciia Bp lu^t Dan su nam 2015 dmh nghTa: "Vi pham nghia vu la viec ben co nghia vu khong thuc hi$n nghia vu diing thai hgn.
tliuc hien khong day du nghia vu hoac thuc hi?n khong dung noi dung ciia nghia vu ".
'* Ve cac dieu khoan nay, xem them- D6 Van Dai,
"Chuong 2: Xac lap, thyc hien, bao ve quyin dan su", trong Do Van Dai, tidd, doan 38 va tiSp theo.
Vict Nam hien nay co nhieu quy djnh ve thai hieu khai kien khac nhau d6i vcn hgp dfing. DiSu 429 Bo iuat Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh thoi hieu khai kien de yeu cau toa an giai quyet tranh chap hop dong la 03 nam, ke tir ngay nguoi co quyen yeu cau biet hoac phai biet quyen va Igi ich hgp phap ciia minh bi xam pham. Dicu 319 Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 quy dinh thoi hieu khai kicn d6i voi cac tranh chap thuong mai la hai nam ke tir ngay quyen va Igi ich hgp phap bi xam pham. Bg luat Hang hai nam 2015 ciing dua ra nhieu quy dinh vc thai hieu khac nhau lien quan den hgp dong van chuyen theo chirng tir van chuyen, hgp dong van chuyen bang tau chuyen, hgp dong bao hiem hang hai ...
TRACH NHI$M CUA NHA Nif6c...
Theo khoan 2 Dieu 87, phap nhan chiu trach nhiem dan sy bang "tai san cua minh". Tuy nhien, do eo quan nha nude la dai dien cho Nha nude trong viec sd huu va quan ly nhimg tai san do Nha nude giao, khong co
"tai san ciia mmh", nen quy dinh nay la hgp ly . Ngugc lai, vi eo quan nha nude chi chiu trach nhiem bang "tai san cua Nha nude" chu khong bang "tai san cua minh", nen co the dan tdi han che ve "gidi han trach nhiem".
Jftif ba, ve trach nhiem thuc hien nghTa vy dan sy, cac khoan 2, 3 va 4 cua Dieu 99 da cu the hda hon nua quy dinh cua khoan 2 Dieu 87. Cac phap nhan se ty chiu trach nhiem ve nghia vy dan sy cua minh, ma khong phai chiu trach nhiem ve nghia vy dan sy ciia phap nhan khac, ngay ca la trach nhiem cua mot phap nhan do phap nhan do thanh lap. Vi vay:
- Phap nhan khong chiu trach nhiem ve nghTa vy phat sinh tu quan he dan sy ciia Nha nude va co quan nha nude da thanh lap ra minh (khoan 2);
- Nha nude va co quan nha nude khong chiu trach nhiem ve nghTa vu dan sy ciia phap nhan do minh thanh lap, bao gom ca doanh nghiep nha nude, tru truong hgp Nha nude, CO quan nha nude bao lanh cho nghTa vy dan sy ciia phap nhan nay theo quy djnh cua phap luat (khoan 3);
- Ccs quan nha nude khong chiu trach nhiem ve nghTa vy dan sy ciia Nha nude, ca
'" Xem them: Nguyen Ho Bich Hang - Nguyin Ngpc H6ng Phugng. tIdd. doan 104, tr. 113; Nguyen Thi Kim Thoa va Phan Thj Tuong Vi, "'Mot so gop y lien quan den che dinh phap nhan theo du thao Bo luat Dan sir", trong Tap chi Nghien cim lap phap va Dai hoc Qu6c gia thanh pho Ho Chi Minh - Truang Dai hoc Kinh te - Luat, Ky yeu Hgi thao Hoan then Du thao Bo luat Ddn su (sua doi), Tp. Ho Chi Minh, ihang 05/20(5, tr. 212.
quan nha nude khac, trii truong hgp luat lien quan c6 quy dinh khac.
Mot cau hoi dugc dat ra la: gidi han h-aeh nhiem eua Nha nude va ca quan nha nude la nhu the nao? Khoan 1 Diiu 99 cho thSy, gidi ban trach nhiem cua co quan nha nude d trung uong hay dia phuong la toan bg tai san ma co quan do dugc nha nude giao quan ly. Tuy nhien, day la trach nhiem hihi han hay v6 han? Neu trach nhiem do la huu han, thi quyen tgi cua cac chu the tu se khong dugc dam bao, vi du nhu khi nhieu CO quan nha nude khong dii ngan sach de thanh toan cac khoan ng lien quan den cac hgp ddng xay dyng co ban ky ket vdi cac chii the dd.
Do do, de dam bao quyen Igi ciia cac chu the trong quan he dan sy vdi co quan nha nude, trach nhiem nay phai la trach nhiem v6 han, nghTa la khi nao cd tai san dugc nha nude giao thi lai tiep tuc thyc hien trach nhiem. Dieu nay ciing phii hgp vdi thyc tien d Viet Nam va mot so nude tren the gidi, khi khong ton tai che do pha san doi vdi cac co quan nha nudc'^ va Nha nude cd the "bo sung can doi ngan sach"^" hoac
"bo sung cd muc tieu""' cho co quan nha nude de cd the tra dugc ng.
Andre Dehon, "L'insolvabilite des entiles publiques autres que I'Elat", Revue internaUonal de droit compare, 2002, vol. 54, n". 2, p. 603-612.
"" Khoan 21 Dicu 4 Luat Ngan sach nha nuoc nam 2015 CO dira ra khai niem so bo sung can doi ngan sach, theo do "so bo sung can doi ngan sach la khoan ngan sach cap tren bo sung cho ngan sach c3p diicri nham dam bao cho chinh quyen cap duoi can doi ngan sach cap minh dc thuc hien nhiem vu dugc giao".
' ' Khoan 22 Dicu 4 Luat Ngan sach nha nuoc nam 2015 quy djnh: "So bo sung c6 muc tieu la khoan ngan sach cap tren bo sung cho ngan sach cap ducri de ho trg thuc hien cac chuang trinh, du an, nhicm vu cu the".
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NHA NU&C VA PHAP L UAT S6 8/2016
Tuy nhien, lap luan nay lai khong hoan toan phu hgp vdi nguyen tac doc lap trach nhi?m ve nghTa vu dan sy, bdi van cd sy chi phoi ciia Nha nude d mot muc do nao do de CO quan nha nude cd the thuc hien dugc trach nhiem ve nghTa vy dan sy ciia minh.
Dong thdi, dieu nay ciing cd the tao nen tinh trang "y lai" vao Nha nude va co quan nha nude cap tren trong viec thuc hien trach nhiem ve nghia vu dan sy ciia co quan nha nude do.
2.3. Cdc quy dinh dp dung doi v&i quan he dan stt co yeu to nw&c ngoai
Doi vdi quan he dan sy giiia Nha nude va CO quan nha nude vdi Nha nude, ca nhan, to chuc nude ngoai, Dieu 100 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 dugc xay dung tren co sd cua quyen mien tru tu phap. Trong khoa hgc phap ly ciia Viet Nam, quyen mien trir ciia Nha nude khi tham gia vao cac moi quan he thugc ve tu phap quoc te con ton tai nhieu quan diem khac nhau. Quan diem thu nhat cho rang, quyen mien tru tu phap nay la quyen mien trir tuyet doi^^. Nhirng hgc gia di theo quan diem thu hai thi cho ring,Viet Nam nen chap nhan thuyet quyin mien trir tuong doi cho Nha nude nude ngoai tham gia quan he dan su tai Viet Nam^^ Quan diem thu ba khong the hien rd sy ung hg cho viec ap dung quyen miln trir tuong ddi hay tuyet ddi khi nhan djnh; "Vi cdc hoc thuyet ndy. den nay vdn con nhiiu y kiin
-- Truong Dai hoc LuEit Ha Noi, Giao trinh Tu phdp quae te. Nxb. Cong an Nhan dan. Ha Noi 2013 ir 115-118.
•' Do Van Dai va Mai H6ng Quy, Tu phdp quoc t^
Viet Nam. Nxb. Dai hoc qu6c gia Tp. H6 Chi Minh, 2006, doan 75-76, tr, 73-75; Banh Qu6c TuSn, "Viet Nam vai viec gia nhap Cong uoc Lien hgp (ju6c \'c mien trir tai phan va miln trir tai san cua quoc gia".
Tap chi Phat trien khoa hoc va cong nghe 2012 vol' 15, n". l,tr-67-76
khdc nhau can duac tiep tuc xem xet can than duoi anh sang cua nhirng thong tin phdp luat hien dai vd quan diem chinh thuc cua tung quoc gia
Cong udc eua Lien hgp quoc ve Quy8n mien tru tai phan doi vdi quoc gia va tai san ciia qude gia nam 2004 quy dinh ro rang va cy the ve van de nay . Dieu 5 eua Cong udc quy djnh: "Nhd nuac vd tdi sdn cua Nhd nuac huang quyen mien trir tdi phdit truac toa dn cua mot nuac khdc, trie truang hap Cong u&c ndy co quy dinh khdc". Day la nguyen tac chung ve quyen mien trir tai phan ciia Nha nude va tai san cua Nha nude va dong thdi phii hgp vdi cac nguyen t5c ciia luat phap quoc te. Mot diem quan trgng can luu y la, Cong udc di theo hudng thiet lap quyen mien trir tuong doi khi dua ra nhiing truong hgp Nha nude va tai san cua Nha nude khong dugc hudng quyen mien trir, nhu trudng hgp lien quan den cac giao djch thuong mai (Dieu 10); hgp dong lao dgng (Dieu 11); cac hanh vi xam pham din tinh mang ciia ca nhan hoac thiet hai ve tai san (Dieu 12); viec xac dinh quyin hoac Igi ich ciia Nha nude dd ddi vdi b^t dgng san nam tren lanh tho cua nude toa an, ddi vdi dgng san hay bat dgng san phat sinh tu viec thiia ke, vien trg (Dieu 13); viec xac dinh quyen ciia mot Nha nude ddi vdi cac doi tugng cua quyen sd hu'u tri tue (Diiu 14);
viec khai thac tau bien ma Nha nude co quyen sd hiru hoac khai thac (Diiu 16)...
Den nay, da cd 21 quoc gia phe chuan Cong udc, Khi Cong udc nay cd hieu luc, no se trd thanh cong cu phap ly quan trgng de dieu
Nguyen Ba Dien (chu bien), ildd. tr. 158.
^^David P. Stewart, "The UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property", The American Journal of International Law, 2005, voL 99, n". 1, pp. 194-211.
TRACH NHIEM CUA NHA NUdc..
chinh ve quyen mien tru cua Nha nude va tai san cua Nha nude tren pham vi qude t l .
O Viet Nam, quyen mien trir tu phap tuong ddi da tung dugc quy dinh trong Nghi dinh s6 60/CP ngay 06/06/1997 ciia Chinh phu hudng dan thi hanh cac quy dinh cua Bg Iuat Dan sy ve quan he dan sy cd ylu td nude ngoai^*'. Sau dd, Bg luat T6 tung dan sy nam 2004 va Bg luat Dan su nam 2005 lai khong quy dinh v l v i n d l nay. Do dd, viec Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 dua vao cac quy dinh ve trach nhiem ciia Nha nude va CO quan nha nude trong quan he dan sy vdi Nha nude, ca nhan, td chuc nude ngoai tren CO sd ttr bd quyen mien trir tu phap la su bd sung edn thiet. Theo nhan dinh cua Bg Tu phap: "Viec bo sung quy dinh ndy trong Bo luqt Ddn su Id thuc su can thiet, tao ca sa phdp ly cho Nhd nuac, ca. quan nhd nuac tham gia vdo cdc giao dich ddn su. thuong mgi CO yeu to nuac ngodi, nhat Id trong boi cdnh Viet Nam dang thuc hien tdi ca cdu dau tu cong. tap trung vdo phdt trien mo hinh dau tu theo hinh thirc doi tdc cong - tu (PPP). ciing nhu ca saphdp ly cho cdc giao dich ddn su, thirang mgi ciia cdc cd nhan. to chuc Viet Nam vai cdc Nhd nuac, ca quan nha nuac nuac ngodi "^^
Tuy nhien, viec tir bd quyen mien trir cho Nha nude va co quan nha nude ciia Viet
" Khoan 3 Dieu 9 cua Nghj dinh nay quy djnh: "Tai san ciia Nha nuoc Cong hoa xa hgi chu nghTa Viet Nam dugc hucmg quyen mien tni tu phap; neu su dung vao muc dich kinh doanh thi khong dupe huong quyen miln trir tu phap; trir truong hop phap luat Vict Nam co quy dinh khac".
"^ Bg Tu phap. Ban thuyet minh Du ihdo Bo luai Ddn su (sua doi) trinh Uy ban Thuong vu Quoc hoi cho y kien tgi Phieii hop thu 31. thang 09/2014, tr.
13-14, xem tai: http://duthaoonlinc.quoc hoi.
vn/DuThao/Lists/DT DUTHAO LUAT/View Detai L3spx?liemlD-588&Tablndex=-2&TaiLieulD-1617 truy cap ngay 12/06/2016.
Nam khi tham gia quan he dan su doi vdi Nha nude, phap nhan, ca nhan nude ngoai la khong duong nhien, ma chi dugc thyc hien tren co sd: (i) Dieu udc qude te ma Viet Nam la thanh vien; (ii) Thda thuan cua cac ben trong quan he dan'sy; va (iii) Hanh vi tir bd quyin miln trir dan phuong cua Nha nude va eo quan nha nude (khoan 1 Dieu 100)^^.
Diiu nay cd nghTa la, neu quyen mien trii khong bi tijr bd theo mot trong ba trudng hgp neu tren thi Nha nude va co quan nha nude se hudng quyen mien trir, va tu dd, tir chdi thyc hien trach nhiem ve nghTa vy dan sy cua minh trong quan he dan su vdi Nha nude, phap nhan, ca nhan nude ngoai.
Quy dinh nay dang gay nen mot sd tranh luan sau:
7%tf- nhat, ve chu the hudng quyen mien m i theo khoan 1 Dieu 100, chu thi hudng quyen miln trir d day la Nha nude va eo quan nha nude (d trung uong va dia phuang). Cd quan diem khac cho rang, quyen mien tru chi ap dung cho Nha nude va CO quan nha nude d trung uong^^. Tuy nhien, ngudi viet dong tinh vdi quy djnh ciia Bg luat Dan su nam 2015, vi mgt sd ly do sau day:
- Cong udc nam 2004 cd each hiiu rk rgng ve khai niem "Nha nude". Dilm b khoan 1 Diiu 2 Cong udc quy dinh: "Nha nude" dugc hieu la: "ij Nhd nuac vd cdc ca quan chinh phu khdc nhau cua Nhd nuac;
ii) Cdc bo phdn cua Nhd nuac lien bang hoac cdc thirc the chinh tri cap duai cua
'* Tuong tu, khoan 2 Di^u 100 giai quyat vdn d6 v^
trach nhiem ve nghia vu dan su ciia Nha nuac. co quan nha nuac nuoc ngoai trong quan he dan su vol Nha nuoc, ca quan nha nuoc, phap nhan, ca nhan a Viet Nam.
-"Do Van Da^ va Mai H6ng Quy, sdd. doan 77, tr.
75; TS. Nguyen H6 Bich HJng - Nguyin Ngoc H^ng Phugng, tldd. ghi chii s6 48, tr, 115.
17
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUATSO 8/2016
Nhd nuac co tham quyen de thuc hien cdc hanh vi trong viec thuc hien cdc quyen chu quyen hoac hdnh dong nhan danh dieu ndy;
iii) Cdc to chuc hoac dan vi cda Nhd nude hoac cdc thuc the khdc, ngay khi ho co tham quyen de thuc hien hoac dd thuc hien nhimg hdnh vi Irong viec thuc hien quyen chu quyen ciia Nhd nuac; iv) Nhirng ngudi dgi dien cho Nhd nuac hdnh dong nhan danh dieu ndy"^". Nhu vay, bat ky ca quan nao cd tham quyen de thyc hien cac hanh vi trong viec thyc hien quyen lyc ciia Nha nude la nhan danh Nha nude, do do, thugc ve bg may nha nude va deu thugc pham vi dieu chinh cua Cong udc. Cach hiiu nay ciing phu hgp vdi quan diem v l ca quan nha nude d Viet Nam hien nay.
- Tren gdc do tai san, co quan nha nude d trung uong hay dia phuang diu la dai dien quan ly tai san ciia Nha nude. Cac co quan nha nude nay deu dugc coi la phap nhan, vi vay, khi tham gia quan he dan su, cd dia vi phap ly binh dang ngang nhau va chju trach nhiem bang tai san ma Nha nude giao cho quan ly. Do dd, quyen miln tru dugc ap dyng cho ca ca quan nha nude d trung uang va dia phuong la hgp ly.
Thu hai, ve quyen mien trir trong quan he dan su giua Nha nude Viet Nam (co quan nha nude) vdi Nha nude (co quan nha nude) nude ngoai, theo Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015, quyen miln trir nay cd thi bi tir bd theo mgt trong ba trudng hgp da phan tich d
Le terme « Etat» designe i) L 'Etat et ses divers organes de gouvemement; u) Les composantes d'un Etat federal ou les subdivisions politiques de VEtat qui sont hahilitees a accomplir des actes dans I exercice de lautorite souveraine et agissem a ce litre: ui) Les etahlissements ou orgaimmes d'Etal ou aulres entiles, des lors quits sont habilites a aecompUr et accomphssent effectivemem des actes dans I exercice de lautorite souveraine de I'EtaV IV) Les represenlants de I -Etat agissani a ce litre ".
tren. Co the nhan thay, quy dinh cua Bg luat Dan sir nam 2015 dang khong tuong thich vdi Cong udc nam 2004. Diem a khoan 2 Dieu 10 Cong udc nam 2004 quy dinh: viec tir bd quyen mien trir dugc neu tai khoan 1 ciia Dieu nay se khong dugc ap dung nlu giao dich thuong mai dd dugc thye hien giiia cac Nha nude vdi nhau. Quy dinh nay eua Cong udc la kha hgp ly, bdi mdi quan he dugc hinh thanh giiia Nha nude vdi Nha nude, thi yeu to cong va tu se kho tach biet.
Cae qude gia cd the vien dan eac quy dinh va nguyen tac ciia cong phap quoc t l d l giai quyet van de phat sinh. Trong trudng hgp dd, quyen mien tru thuong se dugc ap dung ma khong bi tir bd.
Thir ba, cd quan diem cho ring, Diiu 100 ciia Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 tao ra mgt noi ham mdi cho quyen mien trir, do la quyen mien trir trach nhiem dan sy, ben canh quyen mien xet xii va miln thi hanh an Cd nhieu each d l thye hiSn trach nhiem ve nghTa vu dSn sy''^ va bao ve quyin dan su bi vi p h a m " , trong dd cd each khdi kien din toa an hoac khong. Mgt khi Nha nude va co quan nha nude khong thi?n chi trong viec thuc hien frach nhiem dan su va vien dan quyen miln tni tu phap d l tir ch6i thuc hien trach nhiem ve nghTa vu dan sy vdi phap nhan, ca nhan nude ngoai, thi thuc tS khong the huge Nha nude va co quan nha nude thyc hien trach nhiem dd. Dii mien tni trach nhiem dan sy va mien trir tu phap khong phai la mgt, nhung mien trir tu phap se dan den mien trir trach nhiem (bdi nlu Nha nude ty nguyen thyc hien trach nhiem,
Nguyen Ho Bich H5ng - Nguyin Nggc Hong Phugng, tldd, doan 104, tr. 115.
' Xem cac quy djnh ve trach nhiem dan sir tai muc 4 Chirang XV cua Bp luat Dan su nam 2015.
Xem Dieu 11 d6n Dieu 14 cila Bo luat Dan sy nam 2015,
TRACH NHI$M CUA NHA NUQfC..
thi dieu nay dong nghia vdi viec Nha nude cung da tii bo quyin miln trir cua minh).
r/ni- tir, eac quy dinh cua Diiu 100 chua giai quylt vAnde vl trach nhiem lien quan den moi quan he dan sy giira Nha nude, co quan nha nude Viet Nam vdi cac td chiic quoc te boat dgng tai Viet Nam.eting nhu giua to chiie quoc te mang tinh chk chinh phu boat dgng tai Viet Nam vdi cac phap nhan, ca nhan Viet Nam^". Cae td chiic qude te dd cd dugc hudng quyen miln tru hay khong? Hg se phai thyc hien trach nhiem ve nghia vu dan su cua minh nhu the nao?
Cd ;thl ndi, viec bo sung cac quy dinh ve sy tham gia cua Nha nude va co quan nha nude trong cac quan he dan sy la ein thilt de lam ro dia vi phap ly chu thi nay. Cac quy dinh lien quan den trach nhiem ve nghia vu dan sy ciia Nha nude hay co quan nha nude se gdp ph4n khing dinh quan diem cua Viet Nam vl viec ap dung quyen mien trir trong cac quan he thugc ve tu phap quoc te. Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh nay eon hoc Id mgt sd han che va van de cd the gay tranh luan, khd khan trong qua trinh ap dyng can dugc nghien eiiu sua ddi cho phu hgp.
Xem them: Nguyin Ba DiSn, sdd, tr. 157 va tiep theo.
(Tiep theo trang 10 - Mot so noi dung...)
khang, cac bien phap bao dam ddi vat da tao cho ben nhan bao dam mgt dac quyen uu tien. Theo dd, cac bien phap bao dam ddi vat cho phep ben nhan bao dam dugc uu tien thanh toan trude cac chu ng khac va rgng hon la trude cac chu the khac cd quyen, Igi ich xung dot vdi ben nhan bao dam tren eiing mgt tai san bao dam''^
Dac tinh truy ddi ciing la mgt he qua khac cua dac tinh ddi khang cua vat quyen bao dam dugc ghi nhan tai khoan 2 Diiu 297 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015. Theo dd, ben nhan bao dam cd dac quyen truy ddi tai san bao dam de xu ly"*^ cho dii tai san bao dam dang do ai nam giii hay da dugc chuyin dich cho bat cu ai, trir trudng hgp luat cd quy djnh khac, bdi viec chuyen dich tai san bao dam khong phai la sy kien lam chSm dut vat quyen ciia ben nhan bao dam.
Tren co sd cac phan tich, danh gia neu tren, cd the ndi, mac du edn cd cac y kien khac nhau nhung so vdi Bg luat Dan sy nam 1995 va Bg luat Dan sy nam 2005, cac quy dinh ve "Quyen sd hiru va quyen khac ddi vdi tai san" trong Bd Iuat Dan su nam 2015 td ra kha tuong dong vdi phap luat cac nude khi tiep can quyen tai san dua tren ly thuyit truyen thong ve vat quyen va trai quyin, cung nhu nhin nhan tuong ddi diiy dii dac tinh cua cac loai vat quyen can ban nay. Sy thay ddi nay cd y nghTa khong chi vl phuang dien hgc thuat, ma cdn cd y nghTa vl phuong dien xa hgi va kinh te bdi nd cho phep tai san cd the dugc khai thac tdi da gia tri va qua dd thiic day giao luu dan sy va phat tnen kinh te.
" Xem khoan 2 Dieu 297 Dieu 308 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015,
' Trir bien phap cam giit tai san boi chu the cam giir tai san khong co quy^n xu ly tai san.
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