Thuc day sir tham gia cua cac ben lien quan trong bao ve tai nguyen nu&c ben vuhg
O TS. Bill DUfC HIEN Vien Nha nudc va Phap iuat NhCfng nam qua, tai nguyen nudc (TNN) cua Viet Nam phai ddi dien vdi hai van de chinh ia d nhiim mdi trudng (ONMT) nudc va suy thoai TNN. Hai van de nay xay ra ngay cang tram trgng va chim cd xu hudng giam, anh hudng rat Idn den ddi song, san xuat, sU ton t^i, phat trien cija con ngudi va sinh v0t cung nhu qua trinh phat trien ben vUng dat nudc. De bao ve TNN ben vUng, trach nhiem nay thudc ve cac co quan nha nudc cd tham quyen, cac chu nguon thai, chu the khai thac, sCfdung va cdng dong.
Trach nhiem cua Nha nudc Nha nude ddng vai trd chu dao va chiu trach nhiem eao nha't trong kiem soat d nhilm, suy thoai TNN.
Ddi vdi cac ed quan lap phap can hoan thien ddng bp, thdng nha't cae quy dmh phap luat ve bSo ve TNN trong cac van ban luat. TrUde mat, tien hanh sCfa ddi Luat TNN nam 2012 va Luat Bao ve mdi trUdng (BVMT) nam 2014 ddng bd vdi cac Luat Quy hoach nam 2017, Luat Thuy Ipi nam 2017, Luat Da dang sinh hpe nam 2008 tren cd sd tie'p tuc coi nude la mot loai tai nguyen dac biet va la mot loai hang hda; quy djnh vd quy hoach bao v§ TNN phu hpp vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh te-xa hpi; quy hoach sCf dung dat;
quy hoaeh BVMT; quy hoach bao tdn da dang sinh hpc... Tich hdp cac quy hoach nay trong quy hoach tdng the qude gia, quy hoach nganh qude gia va quy hoach cap tinh theo Luat Quy hoach nam 2017. Coi trong sCfa ddi phan djnh rd rang, ranh maeh chUc nang, nhiem vy, quyen ban giUa Chfnh phu vdi cac bd, UBND cac cap; quan he giij'a Bd TN&MT vdi cac bd khac, giUa cac bd vdi UBND cac cap va quy dmh trach nhiem phap ly manh me.
djnh lUdng ro rang hdn vdi cae ehu the khong thuc hien dung chUe trach, nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh trong bao ve TNN; sap xep lai bd may quan ly nha nude d trung UPng va dia phUPng ve quan ly TNN theo hUdng thdng nhat ve mdt mdi, de quan ly toan dien, hieu luc, hieu qua TNMT nude.
Ben canh dd, nang cao hdn nCfa vai trd giam sat cua Qudc hpi va cae uy ban, ban thudc Qudc hpi, thudc Uy ban ThUdng vy Qudc hdi va Hdi ddng nhan dan eac ca'p vdi hoat ddng cua cac cd quan nha nudc, chu the cd trach nhiem ve quan ly TNN. Viec
giam sat khdng chi dUng d viee chuyen ddn thu cdng dan va yeu cau ed quan quan ly nha nudc tra Idi khi ed ke't qua. ThUc tiln cho thay, viec giam sat nay rat hinh thUc va hau nhu khdng mang lai hieu qua quan ly. Do vay, phai tap trung vao giam sat chuyen de, giam sat tUng vu viee, giam sat ndi dung vu viec tdi cung va trach nhiem giai trinh, minh bach, ap dung trach nhiem phap ly chat che neu cac cd quan nha nude, chu the cd tha'm quyen khdng tuan thu.
Ddi vdi cd quan thyc hien quyen hanh phap, phap luat hien
Tai nfluyan va Moi IfiifolnH oo
Kyi -Thdng 3/2020 ^ ^
h a n h quy d m h cho qua nhieu ed quan ed t h a m quyen B V M T , trong d d cd bao ve T N N tU: Chfnh p h u , B p T N & M T , Bp N d n g nghiep va Phat tnen ndng thdn (NN&PTNT), B p Giao t h o n g v a n tai ( G T V T ) , d e n U B N D cac ca'p, s d , p h o n g , ban... T h a m q u y e n giCfa eac eP quan nay chdng c h e o , m a u t h u I n gay lang phf nhan luc, ngan s a c h , d a n tdi hieu q u a k h d n g eao, c d t h a n h tfch eung nhan, nhung khi ed v a n de lai do Idi cho nhau, khd xae dinh trach nhiem phap ly. V i d u : Hien nay, chung ta cd it nhat hai ed quan chuyen traeh quan iy, khai t h a c , sCf d u n g T N N va rat nhieu c d quan khac q u a n ly lien q u a n de'n nUde tU t r u n g y d n g den dja phUdng, n h u : C y c Q u a n ly T N N { B d T N & M T ) va T d n g cue T h u y Idi (Bp N N & P T N T ) , d dja phUPng c d U B N D cac c a p , S d T N & M T , S6 GTVT, S d NN&PTNT, S6 Y te... Do vay, can phan quyen, p h a n ca'p rd rang theo hUdng tap t r u n g c h o mdt c d q u a n dau m d i trung UPng va dia phUdng q u a n ly ve m d i trUdng, trong dd ed T N N ; giUa cac c d q u a n trung Udng va dja phUPng trong q u a n ly m d i trUdng ndi c h u n g , phap luat c u n g c a n p h a n q u y e n rd rang va trach nhiem phap ly k e m theo.
V e b a o ve T N N tai cac luu vUc s d n g (LVS). Ddi vdi eac LVS x u y e n bien gidi, trong dd cd sdng M d C d n g d a n g bj suy thoai tram t r p n g do cac qud'c gia t r o n g luu vye d at xay d u n g nha m a y thuy dien va hd chUa nUdc. Hiep dmh ve h d p tac phat trien b e n vUng L V S M e C d n g n a m 1995 da k h d n g the kiem soat dupe hoat d p n g nay. Do v a y , eac q u d c gia can thdng nhat sCfa Hiep dinh nay theo hudng nhUng hoat d p n g kinh te cd n g u y cP tac d p n g tieu c y c d e n T N M T LVS c a n t h y c hien d y a t r e n C P che d d n g t h u a n , k h d n g the nhU hien nay m a n h
0 ^ T a i n g u y e n v a M o i trufofng
^ ^ Ky 1 - Thang 3/2020
nudc nao, nude dd phat t h e n dap t h u y d i e n , hd chUa n u d c . C a n nang cao vai trd eua Uy hpi S d n g M e C d n g trong quye't dinh cac v a n de lien quan den T N M T d d n g S d n g . Keu goi sU tham gia hd trd, giup dd eua cac dinh che qudc te, cac q u d c gia, n h u : Lien H p p Qude, A S E A N hay Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Uc trong h p p tac chia se ngudn lUc, kinh n g h i e m , c d n g nghe trong b a o ve T N N L V S Me C d n g ; t a n g e u d n g m o t each thuc chat vai trd c u a to chUe xa hdi trong tham v a n , giam sat hoat d d n g kinh te tae d p n g den LVS... Khi ehuasCfa doi dupe cac quy dinh nay, cac qudc gia trong Uy hdi va trong lUu vUc c a n hpp tac tam dUng hoat d p n g xay dUng hd chUa, dap thuy dien tren sdng Me C d n g , tham v a n v a danh gia nghiem tuc tac d p n g tieu cue den T N M T toan bp LVS trude khi tiep tyc thuc day tiep cac dU an nay.
Viet N a m c a n c d sU v a n d p n g m a n h m e cae qude gia trong lUu vUc va qudc te trong qua trinh nay bdi Viet Nam la qude gia ehju anh hudng nang ne nhat. Ddi vdi eac LVS lien tinh d Viet N a m , hien nay da ed bude tien nha't dinh vdi viec ehu tich U B N D tinh la thanh vien cua cac Uy ban, nhung hoat ddng kiem nhiem va t h a m quyen c u a cac Uy ban c u n g ehua rd r a n g , thieu quy dinh rang budc trach nhiem phap ly vdi cac thanh v i e n va Uy ban nen hoat d d n g chua hieu qua. Do vay, can thanh lap cd quan quan ly LVS ddc lap c d ehUe n a n g , n h i e m v y , q u y e n han rd r a n g , vdi tam nhin bao quat toan bd LVS va hanh d p n g ey the tai tUng dja p h y p n g trong lUu vUc; coi trpng, de cao thuc s y vai trd c u a ngUdi dUng dau Uy ban cac LVS trong tat ca hoat d d n g anh hudng de'n mdi trudng L V S . C d n vdi cac L V S npi tinh, U B N D c a p tinh phai chiu trach
n h i e m cao nhat viec k i e m soat, khai thae, sD d u n g T N N t^i eac LVS nay va c d quan lam dau mdi t h a m mUu giup viec eho U B N D tinh ve t o a n bd v a n de T N & M T lien q u a n d e n LVS c a n cd s u t h d n g nhat v a o m o t eP quan chuyen trach.
T o m lai, b e n c a n h viec quy dinh cy the trach nhiem eua cac CP q u a n nha nude, ehu the cd t h a m q u y e n thi quy dmh va ap d u n g traeh nhiem phap ly manh m e v d i eac co q u a n , ngUdi co t h a m q u y e n khdng t h y c hien d u n g chUe traeh, nhiem vy cua minh gay d nhiem, suy thoai TNN.
Ddi vdi T d a a n , can nang cao tfnh ddc lap c u a T d a a n . 6 day can d a m bao: 1) T d a an phai doc lap so vdi c d quan lap p h a p , cd quan t y p h a p ; 2) T d a an cap dudi phai ddc lap vdi T d a an cap tren;
3) C a c t h a m phan va C h a n h an, Phd C h a n h a n , Hpi t h a m nhan dan phai doc lap vdi nhau trong xet XLf. B e n c a n h d d , phai nang cao trinh dp n a n g lue c u a tham p h a n , hpi t h a m nhan d a n , vai trd luat s u trong viee giai quyet cac tranh chap ve mdi trudng va tang eudng s y giam sat cua Vien Kiem sat va T h a n h tra T d a an ddi vdi hoat dpng xet xCf cua T d a an theo h u d n g t h y e chat. T h y c te cho thay, d e n nay ra't ft vy an tranh chap ve mdi trudng dupc dUa ra giai quyet tai T d a a n .
T r a c h n h i e m c u a c a c c h u n g u o n t h i i i , c h u t h e k h a i t h a c , SLf d u n g t a i n g u y e n nUdc
Hien nhieu quy dmh da lac hau va c o n nhieu bat cap. V i d u , theo Nghi djnh s d 155/2016/
N D - C P mUc xCf phat vi p h a m phap luat mdi trUdng, trong d d c d m d i t r u d n g nudc qua t h a p , cao nhat la 1 ty ddng/hanh vi vi pham c u a ea nhan v a cao nhat 2 ty d d n g / h a n h vi vi p h a m c u a phap nhan. MUc xCf phat nay la chua du
sUc ran de va thuc t i l n c u n g chUa ed ca n h a n , p h a p n h a n n a o bj xd phat 6 mUc cao nhat. Do vay, viee cd nhiJng ehu t h e sSn s a n g n o p phat de xa thai c h a t gay d n h i l m khdng phai la hiem m a vy V e d a n xa t h a i g a y d n h i l m m d i t r u d n g nude s d n g T h i V a i la mdt vf du dien hinh. V e traeh nhiem hinh s y ap d u n g vdi ca n h a n , phap n h a n vi p h a m c u n g c h y a d y p e hieu q u a . ThUc te eho t h a y , mac du Tdi gay d n h i l m m d i trudng dype quy djnh bat dau tif B d luat Hinh s u n a m 1 9 9 9 , m d i t r u d n g dat, nUdc, khdng khf bj d n h i l m tram t r o n g n h u n g de'n nay chUa ed ca n h a n , to chUe vi p h a m p h a p luat m d i t r u d n g n a o bj xCf ly ve tdi nay . V e traeh n h i e m bdi t h u d n g thiet hai mdi t r u d n g , Luat B V M T n a m 2 0 1 4 , Nghj dmh s d 0 3 / 2 0 1 5 / N D - C P , Bp luat Dan s u n a m 2 0 1 5 , Nghi q u y e t s d 03/2006/NQ-HDTP... quy dinh cdn q u a Chung c h u n g , ehua eu the ve lUdng gia thiet hai he sinh thai;
khd khan trong xae djnh mdi quan he n h a n qua giC^a hanh vi vdi thiet hai ve suy g i a m chUe n a n g , tinh hiJu ich c u a m d i trUdng, dac biet la t h i e t hai ve sUc k h d e , tfnh m a n g , tai s&n va cac Idi ich hdp p h a p khac... Do v a y , p h a p iuat c a n q u y djnh cu t h e , ro rang ve c a c v a n de t r e n . H d n nOa, p h a p luat t d t y n g c a n sCfa doi theo h u d n g g i a m dieu kien de chu the bi thiet hai ve m d i trUdng d u p c khdi kien; quy dmh ve d a o nghTa vy ehUng minh tU ben bi thiet hai s a n g ben bi nghi ngd gay ra thiet hai (ben bj nghi n g d gay ra thiet hai phai chUng minh minh khdng c d h a n h vi vi p h a m p h a p luat m d i t r u d n g v a k h d n g gay ra thiet hai t r e n ) ; n g h i e n cUu bo s u n g trach n h i e m bdi t h u d n g nha nudc khi cac c d quan nha nUdc khdng t h y c hien d u n g , k h d n g thuc hien
day du chUe t r a c h , nhiem vy q u y e n han c u a minh d i n tdi thiet hai ve m d i trUdng va thiet hai ve sUc k h o e , tfnh m a n g , tai s a n va Ipi fch hpp phap c u a ngudf dan va to chUe, ca n h a n bi thiet hai d u p e khdi kien ra T d a y e u c a u cac c d quan nay phai bdi t h u d n g thiet hai.
Trach nhiem cua cpng ddng ve bcio ve tai nguyen nddc
C a n m i n h dinh hdn ve khai n i e m c p n g d d n g , t h e o d d c p n g d d n g d day khdng chi hieu hep la edng d d n g d a n c u m a c p n g d d n g d u p e h i e u la t a p h d p nhUng c a n h a n , to ehUe, c d n g d d n g dan cU ed m d i lien he gan b d , tUdng tac vdi nhau d u a tren cae mdi quan t a m Chung ve m d i t r u d n g , theo d d , cdng d d n g la mdt trong ba try cot chfnh t h a m gia v a o quan he B V M T , dd la: Nha nude, cac chu the san xuat kinh doanh va c p n g d d n g . C p n g d d n g ed vai trd dac biet quan t r p n g trong p h a n bien d u d n g Idi, chfnh s a c h , phap luat ve B V M T n u d c ; p h d n g ngUa, phat h i e n , n g a n c h a n , xif ly d n h i l m , suy thoai T N M T nUdc.
T u y n h i e n , eac quy djnh p h a p luat hien nay c d n ehUa tao dieu kien c h o c d n g d d n g dUdc phat huy day du kha n a n g eua minh.
Vf d y , de c d n g d d n g ed c d s d t h y c hien q u y e n c u a minh thi hp p h a i biet dUPc t h o n g tin ve tinh hinh m d i t r u d n g ndi e h u n g , m d i trudng nude ndi rieng. Phap luat hien hanh quy djnh cpng ddng c d t h e biet t h d n g tin ve moi t r u d n g b a n g hai hinh thUc: Mot la, cd q u a n nha n u d c , c h u n g u d n thai c d n g b d ; hai la, c p n g d d n g y e u cau thdng q u a dai dien c u a m i n h . T u y n h i e n , ca n h a n lai k h d n g d u p e t y minh y e u c a u cP q u a n n h a nude ed t h a m q u y e n c u n g ca'p t h d n g tin ve m o i t r u d n g . P h a p luat h i e n h a n h chUa quy
djnh ve q u y e n khdi kien tap the ve m d i t r u d n g , t h e o d d m o t to chUc cd the dai dien dUPng nhien c h o n g u d i d a n khdi kien ra t d a y e u eau c h u the gay d n h i l m phai bdi t h u d n g thiet hai m d i trudng. Phap luat cung c h u a quy djnh cy the ve q u y e n lap hdi (ehUa CO Luat ve Hdi); q u y e n d u p e bieu tinh ve m d i t r u d n g (Luat Bieu tinh); ehua quy dinh ve q u y e n eua edng d d n g dUdc khdi kien y e u c a u bdi t h u d n g thiet hai ve suy giam ehUc n a n g , tfnh hOu tfch c u a m d i trudng... Luat M a t t r a n T o q u d e Viet Nam nam 2015 da quy djnh ve vai trd eua Mat tran T o q u d c trong p h a n b i e n chinh s a c h , p h a p luat c u a Nha nUde; g i a m sat viec thUc hien phap luat ve BVMT... Tuy nhien, t h y c tien Mat tran To qud'c Viet N a m va M a t tran T d q u d c eac ca'p v l n chua thuc hien hieu q u a quy djnh nay. Do vay, viee giam sat c a n t a p trung g i a m sat ndi d u n g vy viee va m a n g tfnh t h u c eha't hdn
D e bao ve T N N d Viet Nam hudng tdi phat trien ben vUng c a n dac biet coi trpng nghien eUu, Ung d y n g khoa hpc, c d n g nghe dac biet la thanh tyu c u a cupc C a c h m a n g C d n g nghiep lan thU 4 vao p h d n g ngUa, phat hien n g a n c h a n , xCf ly d n h i l m mdi t r u d n g nudc; t a n g eudng bao ve v a phat trien rUng; cd chien lupc qude gia ve thu hut d a u tU phu hdp vdi C h i e n lupe Phat trien ben vOng va Chien lupc T a n g trudng x a n h , theo d d loai bd han che cac n g a n h edng nghiep, cac c d n g nghe lac hau k h d n g t h a n thien mdi t r u d n g ; dUng phat then thuy d i e n , dac biet t h u y dien nho v a vUa. nhiet dien. t a n g e u d n g k h u y e n khfch cac nganh c d n g nghiep than thien mdi trudng phat t h e n ; m a n h dan ap d y n g cdng cy kinh te trong B V M T . "
T a i nguyen va Moi litfcfng o c Ky 1 - Thdng 3/2020
