TAP CHi CONG THIfdNB
THAM QUYEN CUA TOA AN NHAN DAN TRONG TO TUNG DAN Si/
• PHAN THANH DUCJNG
TOM TAT:
Theo quy dinh ciia Luat to chu-c TAND nam 2014 va BLTTDS nam 2015 thi tham quyen giai quy&'t vu vi6c dan si/ cua Toa &n c6 nhieu sifa doi, bd sung quan trong. Tham quyin gi^i quyet vu viec dan sir cua Toa an cd the tiep can dUdi 3 goc d6: Tham quyen loai viec, tham quy^n theo ca'p xet xu" va tham quyin theo lanh thS. Bai viel ban ve tham quyen cua T6a an nhan dan trong To' tung dan si/.
Tit khoa: Tham quyen, toa an nhan dan, t6' tung dSn si/.
1. Dgt van d§
Toa an la c(J quan xet xi( cua nu'dc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam cd nhiem vu xet xu"
nhUng vu an hlnh si/, dan si/, hdn nhan va gia dinh, lao ddng, kinh te, hanh chinh va giai quyet viec khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat de bao ve quyen con ngu'di, quyen cong dan, bao ve chedo xa hoi chu nghTa va quyen lam chu ciia nhan dan, bao ve tai san cua Nh^ nu'dc, cua tap the, bao ve tinh mang, tai san, tiX do, danh di/, nhan pham cua cong dan.
De cd cdsd phap ly choToa an nhan dan thi/c hien nhiem vu, quyen han cua minh trong viec thUc hien nhiem vu xet xu" ve dan si/. Phap luSt To'tung dan si/ hien hanh quy dinh Toa an nhan dan CO quyen thu ly va giai quye't nhffng loai viec nha't dinh de giai quye't theo thu tuc to' tung dan sif. Dong thdi, khi giai quyg't theo tham quyen Toa an cd quyen ra cac quye't dmh giai quye't vu viec do. Cac tham quyen tren hcfp thanh tham quyen dan SI/cua Toa an khi thu ly va giai quye't cac vu viec dan sif.
Tham quyen giai quyet cac vu viec dan si/ cua Toa an la quyen xem xet, giai quye't cac vu vi§c va quyen han ra cac quye't dinh khi xem xet giai quyg't cac vu viec do theo thu tuc to'tung dan si/
cua Toa an. Viec xac dinh nipt each khoa hoc va hdp ly tham quyen dan sif cua Toa an tranh drfdc si/ chong cheo trong viec thi/c hien nhifim vu giiJa Toa an vdi cac cd quan nha nirdc gii?a cac Toa an vdi nhau va xac dinh cac dieu kien can thie't bao dam cho Toa an thi/c hien tot chiJc nang nhieni vu cua minh.
Tren the gidi, ve cd ban d cac nu'dc theo he thd'ng chau Au luc dia va cac nirdc theo he thd'ng Anh - My de cap van di tham quyen cua Toa an la tham quyen cua Tda an theo loai viec va tham quyen theo pham vi lanh tho. Tai Viet Nam, dac thu ve to chi/c he thd'ng Toa an nen, tham quyen dan su- cHa Toa an du'dc tiep can diTdi 3 gdc do:
tham quyen dan su' cua Toa an theo loai viec, tham quyen dan sif cua Tda an cac ca'p, tham quyen dan si/ cua Tda an theo lanh th6\
Khi khdi kien VADS thi cac chu the phai thoa
S o 9 - T h a n g 5 / 2 0 1 9
LUAT
man cac di^u kien ve khdi kien va cu the hdn la dieu kien v^ tham quyen cua Tda an. Theo do, thifc cha't d4 dap iJng diiu ki^n khdi kien thi cac chu the khi thi/c hifin vi6c khdi ki$n phai xac dinh diing tham quyen cua Tda an theo loai viec nham phan dinh tham quyen giiJa Tda an vdi cac cd quan to chiJc khac hay phan dinh giBa viec giai quyet tranh cha'p, mau thuin thong qua thu tuc to' tung tai Tda an vdi cdche giai quye't cua cdquan, td chi/c khac. Tuy nhien, muc dich cua cac chu the khi khdi kien VADS la de nham Tda an thu ly vu an dan den viec giai quye't VADS bao ve quyen va \&i ich hop phap cua ho chiJ khong chi viec thu'c hien quyen khdi kien thong qua hoat dpng nop ddn khdi kien. Viec thu ly giai quye't VADS cung chinh la ye'u to' anh hifdng den hieu qua cua hoat dpng khdi kien VADS. Do do, de dam bao viec khdi kien diing quy dinh cua phap luat, tLf dd quyen va Idi ich hdp phap difdc phap luSt bao ve thi cac chii the khi khdi kien cung phai tuan thu cac quy dinh ve tham quyen cua Tda an theo ca'p va theo lanh tho'.
Khi tiep nhan ddn khdi kien thi tham phan du'dc phan cong phai xem xet ddn khdi kien thuoc tham quyen dan si/ cua Tda an theo loai viec du'dc quy dinh tai cac dieu 26,28, 30, 32 BLTTDS nam 2015 hay khdng hoac trong trUdng hdp cac dieu luat nay khdng liet ke day du thi nhiJng vu viec dd phai khdng thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua CO quan, to chi/c khac, Ne'u da thuoc tham quyen cua Tda an thi phai dd'i chie'u vdi cac Dieu 35, 36, 37, 38 de xem xet vu viec do thuoc tham quyen xet xu" sd tham cua TAND cap tinh hay TAND ca'p huyen, vu viec dd cd thuoc tham quyen cua Tda an da tiep nhan ddn khdi kien hay thuoc tham quyen cua Tda an cung ca'p khac (tham quyen cua Tda an theo lanh tho'). Trong tru'dng hdp vu viec khdng thuoc tham quyen cua Tda an thi tuy triTdng hdp tham phan phai ra mot trong cac quye't dinh nhu" tra lai ddn khdi kien.
chuyen ddn khdi kien cho Tda an khac, chuyen vu viec cho Tda an cd tham quyen hay dinh chi giai quye't vu an khi Tda an da thu [y nhifng khdng phat hien vu viec khdng thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua minh.
2. Tha'm quyen cua Toa an theo loai vi^c Tham quyen giai quye't tranh cha'p theo loai viec la td'ng hdp cac loai vu vi6c ve dan st/ ma
Tda an cd tham quyen thu ly va giai quye't theo thu tuc TTDS. Tham quyen ve loai vi^c cua Tda an se phan dinh vdi nhiing vu viec dan si/ thuoc tham quydn giai quy6't cua cd quan khac.
BLTTDS nam 2015 du'dc xay di/ng di/a tren Hien phap nam 2013 va theo do nguyen tac quyen yen cau Tda an bao ve quyen va Idi ich hdp phap cua cac chu the difdc ghi nhan tai Dieu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015. Dang chii y la si/ bd sung khoan 2 Dieu luat nay: "Tda an khdng dUOc tu"
cho'i giai quye't vu viec dan si/ vi ly do chu'a cd dieu luat de ap dung", day cd the ndi la si/ thay ddi quan trong nha't cua BLTTDS nam 2015 so vdi BLTTDS nam 2004 (su'a ddi, bd sung nam 2011) nham dam bao quyen con ngifdi, quyen cong dan, quyen tiS'p can cong ly cua ngiTdi dan difdc thi/c hien. Chinh vi vay each quy dinh ciia BLTTDS nam 2015 khac so vdi BLTTDS nam 2004 (BLTTDS su'a ddi, bd sung nam 2011). Theo BLTTDS nam 2004 (BLTTDS su'a ddi, bd sung nam 2011), Tda an cd tham quyen giai quye't cac tranh cha'p khac ve dan si/ khac ma phap luat cd quy dinh ngoai cac tranh chS'p du'dc BLTTDS quy djnh. Dieu nay cd nghia Tda an chi cd tham quyen giai quye't cac tranh cha'p khac ve dan si/
ne'u cd mot van ban phap khac dang cd hieu li/c thi hanh quy dinh vu viec dd thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua Toa an. Khac vdi dieu nay, cac dieu khoan quel cud'i cdng cua cac Dieu 26, 28, 30, 32 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh "... triif trifdng hdp thuoc tham quyen cua cd quan, td chi/c khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat", dieu nay cd nghia, Tda an chi cd quyen lit chd'i thii y giai quye't cac tranh chap dan siT khi phap luat quy dinh thuoc tham quyen cua cd quan, td chi/c khac.
Vi du: Ve viec xac dinh Gia'y ChCfng nhan quyen siJ dung da't trong viec giai quye't cac tranh cha'p ve quyen su^ dung da't. Trifdc day khi Luat Da't dai nam 2013 chi/a cd hieu li/c thi tranh chap quyen siJ dung da't ,se du'dc giai quye't theo hUdng di/a tren viec cd hay khdng cd giay chi/ng nhan quyen siJdung da't de lam can ciJgiai quye't cdc tranh chap ve da't dai. Ndi each khac, ne'u chu the cd gia'y chiJng nhan quyen sij dung da't hoac cac gia'y td hdp le diroc quy dinh tai Dieu 100 Luat Da't dai nam 2003 thi TA se giai quyet theo thu tuc TTDS. Ngu'dc lai, ne'u chu the khdng cd gia'y chiJng nhan quyen su" dung da't hoac cac
So 9^ Thong 5/2019
TAP CHl CONG THIfONG
giay td hdp le khong difdc khdi kien yeu cau TA giai quye't ma phai giai quye't d UBND ndi cd da't dang tranh cha'p. Hi6n nay, khi Luat Da't dai 2013 cd hieu li/c thi dd'i vdi da't khdng cd gia'y chiJng nhan quyen su" dung da't hoac cac gia'y td hdp le: cac difdng sir cd quyen li/a chon TAND hoac UBND la ndi giai quye't tranh cha'p. Quy dinh nhif vay cd philn hdp ly hdn bdi cd nhif vay mdi dam bao difdc quyen tiep can cong ly cua cong dan.
3. Tham quyin cua Toa an theo c3'p Theo quy dinh cua Luat To chiJc Tda an nam 2014 quy dinh ve he thd'ng td chi/c Tda an thi TAND ca'p huyen va TAND ca'p tinh cd tham quyen xet xu" sd tham dd'i vdi cac VADS. Do vay, viec xac dinh dung tham quyen cua Tda an theo ca'p chinh la viec xac dinh xem dd'i vdi mot VADS cu thd TAND cap huyen hay TAND cap tinh se cd tham quyen giai quye't. Viec xac dinh tham quyen cua Tda an theo cap difdc quy dinh tai Dieu 35, 37 BLTTDS nam 2015 difa tren tinh chS't phiJc tap cua tCfng loai vu viec, difa vao dieu kien cd sd vat ch§'t, trinh do chuyen mdn nghiep vu thi/c te'cua ddi ngu can bp Tda an.
Theo dd, tham quyen cua Tda an ca'p huyen hien nay difdc quy dinh: (i) Tranh cha'p ve dan SI/, hdn nhan v^ gia dinh quy dinh tai Dieu 26 va dieu 28 cua Bo luSt nay, tru: tranh cha'p quy dinh tai khoan 7 Dieu 26 Bd luat nay; (ii) Tranh cha'p ve kinh doanh thifdng mai quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 30 Bd luat nay; (iii) Tranh cha'p ve lao dpng quy dinh tai Dieu 32 Bd luat nay; (iiii) NhiJng tranh cha'p tren ma cd difdng si/ hoac tai san d nu'dc ngoai hoac can uy tac tu" phap cho cd quan dai dien cua Viet Nam d nifdc ngoai, cho Tda an nifdc ngoai khdng thudc tham quyen cua Toa an cap huyen. Tuy nhien, theo khoan 4 Dieu 35 "Tda an nhan dan cap huyen ndi cu' tru cua cdng dan Viet Nam huy viec ket hdn trai phap luat, giai quyet viec ly hdn, cac tranh cha'p ve quyen va nghia vu ciia vd chdng, cha me va con,-", trifdng hdp nay xua't hi6n ye'u to' du'dng SI/ d nu'dc ngoai nhifng van thuoc tham quyen cua Tda an cap huyen. Thu'c chat, day khdng phai van de mdi difdc de cap den trong BLTTDS nam 2015 ma khi xay di/ng BLTTDS nam 2015 cac nha lam luat da ke thiifa quy dinh cua khoan 2 Dieu 7 Nghi quye't so 03/2012/NQ-HDTP'
nham hoan thien quy dinh ve cac vu viec dan si/
thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua Tda an.
Theo Dieu 37 BLTTDS nam 2015, thi TAND cap tinh cd tham quyen giai quye't cac tranh chap dan sif, hdn nhan va gia dinh, kinh doanh thifdng mai, lao dpng thuoc tham quyen giiii quye't cua Tda an theo loai viec trii tranh chap thuoc tham quyen giai quye't cua TAND cap huyen. Cd the nhan thay tham quyen cua Tda an ca'p huyen va ca'p tinh du'dc phan dinh rd rang, tranh tinh trang viTdt cap hay thu ly nham. Cac chu the khi khdi kien can nam ro nhiing quy dinh nay de xac dinh tranh cha'p cua minh la tranh cha'p gi, thudc tham quyen cua Tda an ca'p nao nhif vay mdi cd th6 gu"! ddn khdi kien de'n dung Tda an diing ca'p cd tham quyen giai quyet, til do giiip tiet kiem thdi gian, cdng siJc trong viec di kien.
4. Th^m quyen cua Toa an theo lanh tho va theo SI/ li/a chgn cua cac ben du'dng si/
Ve nguyen tac viec phan dinh tham quyen cua Tda an theo lanh tho phai difdc tie'n hanh di/a tren cd sd bao dam viec giai quyet vu viec dan sif cua Tda an difdc nhanh chdng, dung dan, bao dam viec bao ve Idi ich cua Nha nu'dc, quyen va Ipi ich hdp phap cua cac difdng si/ nhifng van dam bao Tda an cd tham quyen giai quye't la Tda an thuan Idi nha't cho viec tham gia to' tung cua du'dng SI/, la Tda an cd dieu kien thuSn Idi nha't de giai quye't vu an. Ve can ban cac quy dinh v6 tham quyen theo lanh thd tai Dieu 39 va Dieu 40 BLTTDS nam 2015 da ke'thtfa cac quy dinh cua BLTTDS trirdc day.
Tuy nhien, ciing cd nhijng didm khac biet nha't dinh. Theo quy dinh tai diem c Khoan 1 Dieu 35 BLTTDS nam 2004 (su'a ddi, bd sung nam 2011) thi Tda an ndi cd bS't dpng san cd tham quyen giai quye't nhiJng "tranh chS'p ve bd't ddng sa n ". Quy dinh ta i diem c Khoan 1 Dieu 39 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi theo hifdng cu the hdn 1^
"Dd'i tifdng tranh cha'p la bat dpng san thi chi Tda an ndi cd ba't ddng san cd tham quyen giai quyet". Quy dmh nay cua BLTTDS nam 2015 du'dng nhif da di theo hudng gidi han hdn tham quyen cua Tda an ndi cd bat dpng san ch! doi vdi trifdng hdp cd dd'i tifdng tranh cha'p la ba't dpng san chii' khdng bao ham ca trifdng hdp tranh chap ve quyen tai san lien quan d^'n ba't dpng san.- Quy dinh nay thi/c chat du'dc xay di/ng tren
10 So9-Thang5/2019
IDAT
quan mem can phai tao dieu kien thuan Idi nha't cho Tda an trong viec giai quyet tranh cha'p. Xet ve thufc te'thi cac ho sd, gia'y td ve ba't dpng san do cdquan quan ly nOi cd baft dpng san nam giu', CO quan nay nam viJng thi/c trang, ngudn gd'c cua bat dpng san. Do vay, Tda an ndi cd ba't ddng san la Tda an cd dieu kien thuan Ipi hdn ca trong viec tie'n hanh cac biSn phap xac minh, dam bao cho viec giai quye't vu kien sat vdi thi/c te' si/
viec nhd xem xet, thim dinh tai chd (xac minh thi/c dia); tie'n hanh dinh gia tai san; thu thSp tai lieu ti/cdquan nha da't...Hien nay, BLTTDS nam 2015 chifa cd mot quy dinh cd tinh dinh nghia chinh thi/c nhu'the'nao la trifdng hpp "dd'i tifdng tranh chap la bat ddng san" de khi van dung cd the bao qu^it va xac dinh chinh xac Tda an cd tham quyen dd'i vdi cac tranh chap dan si/.
Ngoai ra. diem b Khoan 1 Dieu 39 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Cac du'dng si/ cd quyen ti/
thda thuan vdi nhau bang van ban yeu cau Tda an ndi ciftrii, lam viec cua nguyen ddn...". Nhif vay, quyen ti/ dinh doat cua cac du'dng si/ da difdc phap luat dl cao, tdn trong, theo dd ne'u bi ddn ddng y vdi nguyen ddn v^ viec giai quyet vu In tai Tda an nguyen ddn cif tru lam viec thi Tda an dd khdng difdc lii chd'i thu ly. Tuy nhi6n, dd'i vdi tranh cha'p ma dd'i tifdng tranh cha'p la ba't ddng san thi cac ben khdng difdc thda thuan ma van la Tda an ndi cd bat ddng san giai quye't.
Ben canh cac quy dmh vi xac dinh tham quyen nhiTtren thi de dam bao thuan tien cho nguyen ddn
trong viec tham gia td' tung, Dieu 40 BLTTDS nam 2015 ke thiifa va tie'p thu quy dinh ciia BLTTDS nam 2004 (su'a ddi, bd sung nam 2011) da quy dinh mdt so' tru'dng hdp nha't dinh phap luat cho phep nguyen ddn difdc lifa chpn mot trong so' cac Tda ancd tham quyen giai quye't de yeu cau giai quye't vu viec Tuy nhien, quy dinh nay khac vdi quy dinh tai diem b khoan 1 Dieu 39 BLTTDS nam 2015 d chd nguyen ddn, ngu'di yeu cau cd the li/a chpn Tda an ma khdng can sif ddng y cua bi ddn, ngu'di yeu cau. Quy dinh nay hoan toan phil hdp vdi thu'c tien, tao dieu kien thuSn Idi, hnh hoat cho chu the khdi kien thi/c hien viec li/a chpn Tda an cd tham quyen giai quye't cho minh, trao cho ho sif chu ddng trong viec lifa chon Tda an giai quye't tranh chap trong mdt so' trifdng hdp nha't dinh nhu':
Nguyen ddn khdng biet ndi ciftrii, lam viec, tru sd cua bi ddn; tranh chap ve bdi thtfdng thi6t hai ngoai hdp ddng;..
Viec gxli ddn khdi kien den diing Tda an cd tham quyen giai quye't la mot yeu td rat quan trong de xem xet viec thu ly vu an. Ne'u vu an thudc tham quyen giai quye't cua cd quan, td chitc khac thi Tda an se tra lai ddn khdi kien, ne'u giJi ddn khdi kien de'n sai Tda an cd tham quyen xet xi theo cap hay theo lanh thd thi se phai chuyen ddn khdi kien sang diing Tda an cd tham quyen.
Do do, de tranh ma't thdi gian, cdng svtc ngifdi khdi kien phai het siJc chii y de'n van de nay de dam bao ddn khdi kien cua minh cd the difdc thu ly nhanh chdng •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
Wg/ii quyet 03/20J2/NQ-HDTP n^ay 03/12/2012 ciia HDTPTANDTC hudiig dan llu hciiib mot so quy dinh trong Phan thCtnhal "Nhifng quy dinh chung" cua BLTTDS dd diMc si(a dot bo sung theo Ludt SCtadoi. bo sung mot so dieu ciia BLTTDS.
^TranAnh Tuan (2018), Tteu chi xac dmh tham quyen dan sU cua Toa an theo lanh tho twng quy dmh ciia BLTTDS nam 2015. Ky y^'u hoi thao Nhang quy dinh chung ciia BLTTDS nam 20]5, Ha Ndi 6/2018, tr. 54-59.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Nghi quyet 03/2012/NQ-HDTP ngdy 03/12/2012 ciia HDTPTANDTC hudng dan thi hanh mot so quy dinh Irong Phan ihvCnhdt "NhSng quy dinh chung" ciia BLTTDS dd duac sHa doi bo sung theo Luat SHa doi, bo sung mot so dieu ciia BLTTDS.
So 9 - T h o n g 5/2019 11
TAP CHi CONG THirUNG
2. Tran Anh Tuan (2018). Tieu chi xac dinh thd'ni quyen ddn si/ ciia Toa an tlieo lanh tho trong quy dinh ciia BLTTDS nam 2015, Ky yeu hoi thao: NhQng quy dinh chung cua BLTTDS nam 2015. Ha Noi 6/2018, tr. 54-59.
Ngay nh$n bai: 15/4/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chCTa: 25/4/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 5/5/2019
Thong tin tac gia:
PHAN THANH DlTONG
Giang vi^n Tri/cfng Dai hoc Luat Ha Ngi
THE JURISDICTION OF THE PEOPLE'S COURT UNDER THE CIVIL PROCEDURE
• PHAN THANH DUONG Lecturer, Hanoi Law University
ABSTRACT:
Under provisions of the Law on Organization of the People's Courts in 2014 and the Civil Procedure Code in 2015, there are many important amendments and supplements related to the jurisdiction to resolve civd cases of the People's courts. The jurisdiction to resolve a civil case of the People's courts can be approached under three angles including the authority in accordance to the jurisdiction, the authority according to jurisdiction level and the territorial authority. This article discusses the jurisdiction of the People's Court under the Civil Procedure.
Keywords: Jurisdiction, People's Courts, civil proceedings.
