TAP CHi CONG THirifNG
NHAN TO ANH HlTdNG QUYET DINH THAM GIA BAO HIEM XA HOI TlT NGUYEN CUA NGlJOfi LAO DONG HUYEN GANG LONG,
TINH TRA VINH
• CO HONG LIEN - NGUYEN TH! THANH THUY - N G U Y I N THI D I I M TRINH - HUYNH MINH DAT
TOM TAT:
Bai vie't nghien ciJu cac nhan to' anh hifdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia Bao hi^m xa hoi (BHXH) trf nguyen cua ngtfdi lao dong (NLD) tai huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh. K€'t qua nghi§n ciJu cho thS'y co 5 yeu to tac dpng ciing chieu den quyet dinh tham gia BHXH tif nguyen cua NLD tai huyen Cang Long, tinh Trh Vinh, gom: (1) NhSn thiJc tinh an sinh xa hoi; (2) Thai do; (3) Hieu bie't ve BHXH; (4) Thu nhap va (5) Truyen thong. TiJf dd de xuS't cac giai phap nham thu hdt NLD tham gia BHXH tif nguySn.
Tuf khoa: Bao hiim xa hpi, bao hiem xa hgi Ui nguyen, ngUdi lao dpng, huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh.
1. D^t v§n d§
BHXH tu" nguyen la hinh thu'c bao hiem dupc Nha nu'dc tao ra nham dam bao cho moi NLD deu dUcJc hudng cac che dp hifu tri khi ve gia. Tuy nhien, so' lu'dng ngu'di tham gia BHXH tu nguyen hien nay tai Viet Nam con thap. Huyen Cang Long bat dau trien khai BHXH td nguyen tii nam 2007, tinh de'n euo'i nam 2018 da cd 210 ngu'di tham gia vdi tong so tien 565.990.217 dong. Trong do, co 97 ngu'di dUdc van dpng trong nam 2018, chu ye'u nhiJng ngUdi da cd thdi gian cong tac tham gia BHXH bat bupc muon dong them de dii dieu kien hu'dng che dp hu\i tri. So'lu'dng tren eon qua nho so vdi tiem nang va ky vong cua cac nganh chu'c nang, Nguyen nhan la do trinh dp hoc van, nhSn thtfc xa hoi, viec lam ba'p benh, thu nhap thS'p. Co
the tha'y, viec tham gia BXH tU nguyen chtTa dtfdc ngu6i dan coi la mot nhu cau cap thiet.
Vi the, viec tim hieu cac nhan to anh hxidng dS'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen cua NLD la rat can thiet va quan trpng de lam cd scf eho Nha nifdc ban hanh va thu'c thi chinh sach, do la ly do nhom tac gia tien hanh nghien ciJu de tai nay.
2. Ctf sd ly thuyd't
BHXH tif nguygn la loai hinh BHXH do Nha nifdc tao ra ma ngUdi tham gia diftJc lUa chon miJc dong, phUdng thu-e dong phii hpp vdi thu nhap ciia minh va Nha nudc co chinh sach h6 trp tien dong BHXH de ngifcfi tham gia hudng che dp hifu tri va tu: tuat [4]. Ngu'di tham gia BHXH tif nguyen la cong dan Viet Nam ti^ du 15 tuoi trd len, khdng thupc doi ttfdng tham gia BHXH bat buoc.
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2.1. Nhqn thdc tinh an sinh xa hgi Theo nghien cifu cua Lin Liyiie & Zhu Yu (2008): Viec nhan thu'c ve tinh an sinh xa hpi ciia loai hinh BHXH tif nguyen se giup ngifdi dan co suy nghi la thich hay khong thich tham gia BHXH tif nguyen, tif do hinh thanh quye't dinh tham gia hay khong tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen. Do do, co the thay miJc dp nhan thu'c ve tinh an sinh xa hpi ciia ngu'di dan cang cao thi quy6't djnh tham gia BHXH tif nguyen cang tang.
2.2. Thdi do
Trong khi do, nghien cifu ciia Ajzen, I., (1991) eho tha'y: Thai dp dai dien cho niem tin tich cUc hay tieu cUc cua con ngUdi va sU danh gia ve hanh vi ciia minh. Thai dp ndi de'n si/ danh gia ciia con ngu'di ve ke't qua cua mot hanh vi, thai dp the hien cam xuc ciia nguSi dan (tich cifc hoac tieu cifc) ve viec tham gia BHXH tif nguyen. M6t ngu'di ed thai dp to't ve viSc bao hiem noi chung va ich Ipi ciia BHXH ndi neng se anh hifdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen. Do do, thai dd ciia NLD cang tich cUc thi quyet dinh tham gia BHXH tu" nguyen cang tang.
2.3. Hieu Met ve BHXH
Nghien cu'u ciia H. Hayakawa, Fischbeck & B.
Fischhoff (2000) eho rang: Hieu bie't ve bao hiem la nhifng hieu bie't ciia ban than ve cac loai hinh bao hiem va each sii dung bao hiem de giai quye't khi cd tdn that.
2.4. Anh hudfig xd hoi
Theo nghien cifu ciia Fishbein va Ajzen (1975):
Anh hu'dng xa hpi lien quan de'n ap life chung ciia xa hpi de thuc hien hay khong thu'c hi6n hanh vi, Nhu'ng quyet dinh mua san pham ciia ngifdi tieu dung phu thudc vao: mifc dp manh Het d thai dp phan doi hay ling hd ciia nhifng ngifdi cd anh hu'dng ddi vdi viSc mua san ph^'m va ddng cd ciia ngu'di tieu diing lam theo mong mud'n ciia nhiing ngu'di cd anh hudng nay, nhifng ngifdi nay thich hay khong thich ho tham gia BHXH lif nguyen.
2.5. Thu nhap
Nghien cifu ciia Zhen & Wang (2007) da chiJng minh rang nhan to' "thu nhap" cd anh hufdng de'n y dinh tham gia BHXH tu' nguyen.
Theo nghien ciJu, thu nhap la phan chenh lech giifa khoan thu ve va khoan chi phi da bd ra, bao gom: Thu nhap tif lao dpng, thu nhap tai chinh va thu nhap khac. Mifc thu nhap cd anh hifdng tich
cifc de'n nhu clu bao hi^m, khi thu nhiip cao hdn hp cang mud'n tham gia BHXH.
2.6. Truyen thong
Trong nghien ctfu ciia Dang Thi Ngpc Diem (2010): Yeu to' truyen thdng ed tac ddng de'n viec tie'p can va sil dung BHYT tif nguyen ciia ngUdi dan hien nay. Mat khac, qua phdng van thu" cac chuydn gia, thao luan nhdm vdi mdt so'NLD ndng thon deu cho tha'y ye'u td' truyen thdng la rat etn thie't. Vay nen, mifc dp truyin thdng cang td't thi quyet dinh tham gia BHXH tif nguyen ciia NLD cang cao.
3. Phu'dng phap nghi&n cifu
Tren cd sd ke't hdp cac ly thuye't cd lien quan, bai vie't xay dUng md hinh nghien cifu cac nhan td' anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen ciia NLD huydn Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh, nhu sau:
Hinh 1: Mo hinh cac nhan td'anh hUdng den quye't djnh tham gia BHXH tiJ nguyen cua NLD huyen Cang Long, tinh Trd Vinh
Nh^nthiJcttnh an sinh xa hpi Thai d6 Hieu biet ve
BHXH Anh hudng
xahpi Thu nh|p Tmyen thong
H1+
H2+
H3+
H4+
H5+
Quyet djnh tham gia
BHXH tii nguyf n cua
NLD huy^n Cdng Long, ' tinh Trd Vinh
H6+
Cach chpn mSu: n=5xm=5x34 = /7tf quan sat (Hair va cdng sU, 1992), nhdm tac gia gu:i phie'u phdng va'n den 230 NLD huyen Cang Long, so' phieu thu ve hdp le la 206 phieu du'dc dUa vao thifc hien nghidn cifu chinh thifc.
Nghien cdu sif dung thang do Likert 5 cap do:
1 la hoan toan khdng dong y; 2 la khdng dong y, 3 la khdng y kie'n, 4 la dong y, 5 la hoan toan dong y.
Nghien ctfu dUdc tie'n hanh qua 2 btfdc: (1) Nghien ctfu dinh tinh dtfdc tie'n hanh thdng qua viec thao luan tay ddi bang each phdng va'n
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chuyen gia theo mdt dan bai dtfdc chuan bi s^n.
(2) Nghien ctfu dinh Itfdng thdng qua stf hd trd ciia phan mem SPSS 20.0 blng viec stf dung he so'tin cay Cronbach's Alpha de kiem tra mtfc dp chat che ma cac muc hdi trong thang do tUdng dUdng vdi nhau; phan tich nhan to' (EFA) diing de kiem dinh cac nh§n to' anh hudng va nh|n dien cac ye'u to' dtfdc cho la phu hdp; ddng thdi stf dung phSn tich hoi quy da bie'n nham xac dinh cae nhSn to' anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen ctia NLD huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh.
4. K€^t qua nghien cifu 4.1. Thong tin mdu nghien cdu
Trong 206 bang cau hoi hdp le thu ve, dd'i ttfdng chtfa tifng tham gia BHXH chie'm 29,5%;
dd'i tUdng da ttfng tham gia BHXH chie'm 70,5%
trong m§u la kha phu hdp vdi tinh hinh thUc te tai huyen Cang Long.
Bdng 1. Cd cdu nghe nghiep tql huyen Cdng Long, tinh Trd Vinh
LTnh virc Nong, lam nghiep - Thuy san Cdng nghiep - Xay dung Giao due dao tao, y te, hoat ddng xa hdi Thuong nghiep
Tyl$
46,8%
20,1%
23,0%
10,1%
Ket qua tai Bang 1 cho thay tinh dai dien ciia mlu khao sat kha phu hdp vdi tinh hinh thtfc te tai huyen Cang Long. Trong do, cd 82,7% ngUdi tham gia phdng va'n tham gia BHXH tu nguyen vdi muc dich tich luy cho tud'i gia, 7,2% de dtfdc htfdng lUdnghtfu va 10,1% la nang cao gia tri ban than.
Bdng 2. Thu nhdp cua NLD tgi huyen Cdng Long, tinh Trd Vinh
Thu nh$p Dudi 2 tneu dong/thang Tif 2 - 3,5 trieu dong/thang Tif 3,5 - 5 tneu dong/thang Tren 5 trieu dong/thang
ryi$
15,1%
43,9%
29,5%
11,5%
Ke't qua tai Bang 2 cho tha'y thu nhap cua NLD ttfdng dd'i hdp ly vdi dieu kien kinh te' va thu nhap binh quan d huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh.
Theo bao cao td'ng hdp thu BHXH ttf nguyen ciia huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh giai doan 2014-2018 nhtf sau:
Bdng 3. So' lieu thu BHXH tif nguyen giai dogn 2014-2018
^ " ^ \ ^ ^ C h i tieu Nam ^ ^ - ^ ^
Nam 2014 Nam 2015 Nam 2016 Nam 2017 Nam 2018
So ngudi
186 190 127 108 210
SotiSnthuBHXH tu nguy$n (dong) 533.032.000 584 496.000 431 868 373 445.196.129 565.990 217 Ngudn • Bdo cdo thu clu BHXH lU nguyen
huyen Cdng Long, 2018
Ke't qua cho tha'y, sd' ngtfdi tham gia BHXH tu"
nguyen 2017 giam 19 ngtfdi so vdi 2016 la do dd'i ttfdng can bd chuyen trach chuyen sang BHXH bat budc.
4.2. Kit qua kiem dinh do tin cdy cua thang do Ke't qua kiem dinh do tin cay ciia thang do cho tha'y: Dp tin cay ciia cac thang do da so'deu cd he sd' Cronbach's Alpha > 0,6 (cu the ti^ 0,724 - 0,888) va phan Idn cac he sd' ttfdng quan bien tong deu Idn hdn 0,3 cho nen cac thang do la hoan toan hdp ly va anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen. Tuy nhien, cae thang do XU (An sinh xa hOi), X44 (Anh htfdng xa hdi), X53 (Thu nhap), X57 (Thu nhap) va X66 (Truyen thdng) vdi he so' tUdng quan bie'n tong la 0,174 - 0,204 deu nhd hdn 0,3 nen chung bi loai ra trong cac phan tich tie'p theo.
4.3. Ke't qud phdn tich nhdn td khdm phd Phan tich EFA cho bie'n ddc lap gom 25 bien quan sat trong to hdp 6 yeu to' ddc l^p, bao gom:
Nhan thtfc tinh An sinh xa hdi (XI); Thai dd (X2);
Hieu bia't ve BHXH (X3}, Anh htfdng xa hdi (X4);
Thu nhap (X5): va Truyen thdng (X6) cho thay chi sd KMO la 0,716 > 0,5 thda man yeu cau va kiem dinh Bartlett's Test cd y nghTa thd'ng ke (Sig. <
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0,05) nen cac bie'n quan sat cd ttfdng quan vdi nhau trong tong the', vi vay phan tich nhan td' trong trifdng hdp nay la phu hdp.
Ke't qua EFA eho tS't ca cac thang do dUdc 65,347%, ta't ca cac quan sat hdi tu ve thanh 6 nhdm nhan td' vdi he sd' tai nhan to' deu Idn 0,5 va chi so' KMO la 0,716. Vi vay, ta't ca cac quan sat nay deu dUdc giC lai cho btfdc phan tich tie'p theo va cd anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen.
Phan tich EFA cho bie'n phu thudc bao gdm 4 quan sat vdi ket qua chi sd KMO la 0,798 > 0,5, thda man yeu cau va kid'm dinh Bartlett's Test co )' nghTa thd'ng kd (Sig. < 0,05) nSn cac bie'n quan sat cd tUdng quan vdi nhau trong tdng the, vi vay
pha n tich nhan td' trong trtfdng hdp nay la phil hdp.
4.4. Ket qud phdn tich hoi quy
Ke't qua phan tich hoi quy da bie'n dtfdc trinh bay d Bang 4 va Bang 5 cho tha'y cd 5 bie'n ddc lap deu dat mtfc y nghia 5% (Sig. < 0,05). He sd Beta ciia 5 bie'n dpc lap the hien mtfc do anh hudng len bie'n phu thupc quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen va deu mang da'u dUdng, phu hdp vdi gia thuye't dat ra. He so' Adjusted R Square = 0,614, cd nghia la 61,4% phtfdng sai bie'n phu thudc quye't djnh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen dtfdc giai thich bdi 5 bien ddc lap nay Tuy nhien, biS'n "Anh hudng xa hdi" khdng dat dtfdc cd mtfc y nghTa 5% (Sig. < 0,05) cho nen bi loai ra khoi md hinh.
Bdng 4. Tdm tat ke't qud phdn tich hoi quy Modei
1 R ,794a
R Square ,631
Adjusted R Square ,614
Std. Error of ttle Estimate ,41318
Durbin-Watson 1,871 a. BiSn doc lap- (Hang so), X6, X4, X2, X5. X3, X1
b Bien pliu thuoc: Y
Ngudn Ket qud phdn lich hdng SPSS lit dieu tra sd lieu Bdng 5. He so' hoi quy
Model
1 (Constant)
XI X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
Unstandardized Coefficients
B -2,965
.289 ,151 ,201 ,051 ,469 ,594
Std. Ennr ,553 ,058 ,054 ,053 ,071 ,054 ,065
Standardized Coefficients
Beta
,269 ,151 ,206 ,040 ,465 ,503
t
-5,362 5,019 2,787 3.777 0,715 8,737 9,152
Sig.
,000 ,000 ,006 ,000 ,476 .000 ,000
Coiiineerity Statistics
Toierance
,977 ,947 ,938 ,915 ,989 ,924
VIF
1.024 1,056 1,066 1,093 1,011 1.082 a. Bien pt)u thuoc- Y
Ngudn: Ket qud phdn tich bdn^ SPSS tU dieu tra so lieu
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Nhtf vay, phtfdng trinh hdi quy the hien mdi quan he giiJa bien phu thudc quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen se trd thanh:
Quyet dinh tham gia BHXH tit nguyen
= 0,269*Nhdn thdc tinh an sinh xa hoi + 0,151^Thdi dQ + 0,206*Hieu Met + 0,465'^Thu nhap + 0,503*Truyen thong Ke't qua cho tha'y: Nhan td' Truyen thdng (0,503) cd tac ddng manh nha't de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tif nguyen va Thai dp (0,151) tac ddng de'n Quyet dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen d mtfc dp tha'p nha't. Dieu dd cung cd y nghia la trong cac dieu kien cae nhan td'khac khdng thay ddi, ne'u Truyen thdng tang len 1 ddn vi thi Quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen ciia NLD tang len 0,503 ddn vi. Ttfdng ttf, sU tang len mdt ddn VI ciia Thu nhap, Nhan thtfc, Hieu biet ve BHXH va Thai dp se lam tang Quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen ciia NLD len 0,465; 0,269;
0,206; 0,151 ddn vi.
5. K^'t luan va de xua't
Ke't qua nghien ctfu cho tha'y cae nhan to anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH cua NLD tai huyen Cang Long gdm 5 ye'u td' chinh: Nhan thtfc tinh an sinh xa hpi. Thai dd, Hieu bie't, Thu nhlp, Truyen thdng.
Md hinh giai thich dtfdc 61,4% stf bie'n ihien ciia quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen. 5 yeu to' anh htfdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen deu cd tac dpng cilng chieu de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH tu nguyen. Mtfc do tac dpng cua 5 ye'u td' anh htfdng quye't tham gia BHXH ttf
nguyen lan lUdt xe'p theo thtf ttf la: Truyen thdng, Thu nhap, Nhan thtfc, Hieu bie't ve BHXH va Thai do. Trong do, gia tri Truyen thdng cd tac ddng manh nha't va gia tri Thai dp tac ddng tha'p nha't de'n quye't dinh tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen.
Day chinh la nhtfng cC sd de tac gia dUa ra mdt s6^ de xua't sau:
Ddi vdi ngdnh BHXH: Chii trpng cdng tac tuyen truyen, chu ddng phd'i hdp vdi cac nganh, cac cap Hen quan de phat trien ITnh vtfc truyen thdng ve BHXH tu nguyen ca ve so' Itfdng va chat Itfdng de dtfa thdng tin chinh sach ve ldi ich ciia BHXH tu nguyen de'n NLD. Tang ctfdng dpi ngu cdng tac vien BHXH de'n cap huyen, xa, phUdng, thi tran nham tao dieu kien thuan ldi trong viec tie'p can va tham gia BHXH ttf nguydn cua ngUdi dan. Dao tao, boi dtfdng ddi ngu can bd lam cdng tac BHXH.
Ddi vdi Nhd ntfdc: Can nghien ctfu sau v£i thd'ng ke day dii thdng tin ve NLD de cd chinh sach BHXH ttf nguyen phu hdp nhtf: mtfc phi, hinh thtfc ddng BHXH ttf nguyen, thdi gian td'i thieu tham gia BHXH de hudng lUdng hUu, eac che' dp dtfdc htfdng khi tham gia BHXH ttf nguyen. Mat khac, phai can thie't phai hinh thanh quy BHXH ttf nguyen bach toan ddc lap, dupe stf bao hd va hd trd khi can thie't, nha't la trong cac trtfdng hdp rui ro ciia quy. Ngoai ra. can xay dtfng chinh sach BHXH ttf nguyen phu hdp cho lao ddng tren 45 tudi vdi nam va tren 40 tudi vdi nff tao dieu kien de ho dtfdc tham gia vao mang Itfdi ASXH gdp phan md rdng dUdc dp bao phii ciia chinh sach BHXH ttf nguyen •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Ajzen, I. (1991), "The iheoty of planned behavior". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process. (50), pp 179-211.
2. Lin Ttyue. Zhu Yu (2008), "Housing conditions of the floating population under the double residential status and the factors affecting them a case study in Fujian Province", Population Research. (3), tr. 48 - 57.
3. H Hayakawa, Fi-schbeck and B. Fischhoff (2000), "Automobile risk perceptions and insurance-purchasing decisions in Japan and Ihe United Slates". Journal of Risk Research 3 (l}.pp. 51 • 67.
4. Qudc hdi (2014), Ludt Bdo hiem xd hdi Ludt sd: 58/20I4/QH 13, ngdy 20/11/2014.
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5. Zhen. Wang (2007), "An Empirical Analysis on the Medical Insurance Coverage of Rural-urban Migrant Workers and Its Causal Factors: Evidence from the Survey in Five Chinese Cities J.", Chinese Journal of Population Science, (5), tr.60 - 71.
Ngay nhan bai: 12/3/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sii:a cbCta: 22/3/2019 Ngay cha'p nhjn dang bai: 1/4/2019
Thong tin tac gia:
1. ThS. c d HONG LIEN
2. ThS. N G U Y S N T H I THANH THUY 3. ThS. N G U Y I N T H I DIEM TRINH Trrftog Dai hpc Tra Vinh 4. ThS. HUYNH MINH DAT BHXH huyen Cang Long, tinh Tra Vinh
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PARTICIPATION OF WORKERS IN CANG LONG DISTRICT, TRA VINH PROVINCE
INTO THE VOLUNTARY SOCIAL INSURANCE
• Master. CO HONG LIEN
• Master. NGUYEN THI THANH THUY
• Master, NGUYEN THI DIEM TRINH Tro Vinh University
• Master. HUYNH MINH DAT Department of Social Insurance - Cang Long District, Tra Vinh Province ABSTRACT:
This study is to analyse factors affecting the decision to participate in voluntary social insurance of workers in Cang Long District, Tra Vinh Province. The results show that there are five factors affecting the decision lojoin voluntary social insurance of employees in Cang Long District, Tra Vinh Province, namely (1) Awareness of the social security; (2) Attitude; (3) Understanding about the social insurance; (4) Income and (5) Communication. Based on these results, some solutions were proposed to attract employees to participate in the voluntary social insurance.
Keywords: Social insurance, voluntary social insurance, workers, Cang Long District, Tra Vinh Provmce.
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