Sir tham gia cua ngiroi dan trong qua trinh xay dung nong thon moi 6* khu vyc dong bang song Cuu Long: Thuc trang va van de dat ra
Nguyen Trpng Binh*''
Tom tat: Xdy dung ndng thdn mdi Id mdt chinh sdch dgc biet quan trgng, liin quan true tap den quyen, lgi ich vd cudc sdng cua ddng ddo cu ddn ndng thdn. Vi vgy, trong qud trinh triin khai chinh sdch ndy cdn coi trgng su tham gia cua ngudi ddn nhdm phdt huy vai trd chu thi ciia cu ddn ndng thdn. Dua tren cdc kit qud nghien cuu ly lugn vd khdo sdt thuc tien', bdi viit neu lin thuc trgng su tham gia cua ngudi ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi; ddng thdi chi ro mdt sd vdn de ddt ra lien quan din su tham gia ciia ngudi ddntrong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi a khu vuc ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long.
Tir khoa: Sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan, Xdy dung nong thon mdi, Ddng bang song Ciiu Long Abstract: Vietnam's target program on new rural development is a vital policy directly associated to the rights, benefits and livelihood of residents in rural areas. Accordingly, should there be focus on the inhabitants participation in order to promote their subjective role. Based on various theoretical and practical surveys, this article discusses the reality of rural resident participation in the process of building new rural areas through a case study ofthe Mekong delta area.
Keywords: Inhabitant Participation, New Rural Area Building, Mekong Deha
1. Mddau tmh/thanh phd, ttong dd 300 philu danh Dya tten ly ludn hien cd, nghien ciiu cho dpi ngu can bp Mat ttdn, cdc doan the nay tiln hdnh dilu tta, khao sat sy tham nhdn dan va 500 phieu ddnh eho ngudi dmi) gia cua ngudi dan trong qua trinh xay dyng tten cdc khia canh, nhu: (i) tham gia bdu ndng thdn mdi d khu vyc ddng bdng sdng cu Ban Phat trien lang/dp; (ii) sy cdng khai Ciiu Long (vdi 800 philu khao sat tai bdy minh bach thdng tin ctia chinh quyin; (iii) tham gia vao qua ttmh xdy dung chuang
" TS., Hoc vien Chinh trj khu vuc IV; tiinh, kl hoach, dy dn xdy dyng ndng thon Email: trongbinhI95@yahoo.com mdi thdng qua neu sang kien, thao ludn, ' Bai viet chii ylu su dung k6t qua nghien ciiu cua De phan bien vd quyet dinh; (iv) ddng gop
tai khoa hpc cip bp nam 2018-2019 "Nang cao hieu g^^ j ^ ^ , ^^^^ (,^^,j^ ^U n g u y e n ; ( v ) tU q u a n qua tham gia ciia nguoi dan trong qua trinh xay dung ' , , ' > A i - .^i -
- .u- '• • lu ji t.i c- ^- , ' t ttone qua trinh xay dung nong thon moi;
nong thon moi c khu virc dong bang Song Cuu Long " ^ " " 5 M " " " " " j^ . 6 &
do tac gia lam chii nhiem. (vi) giam sdt viec ttien khai chinh sdch, dy
52 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hoi, s6 9.2019 an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi; (vii) danh gid
va phan hdi y kien v6 miic dp bdi ldng ttong xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi.
2. Sir tham gia ciia ngirdi dan trong qua trinh xay dyng nong thdn mdi d dong hang song Cuu Long: l/u diem va han che, bat cap
1. iTudiem
Cd the khdi luge uu diem ve su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn trong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi d khu vyc dong bang sdng Cim Longqua mot sd phuang dien chii yeu sau:
Mdt Id vi bdu cic Ban Phdt trien dp, ket qua khdo sat cho thdy, cd 76% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho biet, bg co tham gia bdu cu Ban Phat trien dp; cd 83,3% sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rang. Ban Phdt trien dp lam viec mot each cdng khai, minh bach va dan chu.
Hai Id ve cdng khai, minh bgch thdng tin nhdm dam bao "quyen dugc biet" eua ngudi ddn, ket qud khdo sat cho thdy, cd 78% sd ngudi dugc hdi la can bd Mat trdn va cdc dodn the nhan ddn d co sd eho rang, hp biet ve Chuang ttinh muc tieu qudc gia xay dyng nong thdn mdi; 86% so ngudi dugc hdi biet ve bp tieu chi xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi; 87% biet ve chuong ttinh, ke hoach xay dung ndng thon mdicua huyen va xd; 45%) biet ve quy hoach xdy dyng ndng thon mdi cua xd; 42%) biet ve dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi va dy todn, quyet toan cac du dn xdy dung ndng thon mdi.
Con doi vdi ngudi ddn, 39% sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rang hg cd biet ve Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi.
Ba Id vi hogt ddng neu sdng kien, thdo ludn vdphdn bien trong qua ttinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi, theo ket qua nghien cuu, cd 36% so ngudi dugc hdi cho biet. Mat trdn Td qudc vd cac dodn the nhan dan co neu sang kien ttong xdy dung ndng thdn mdi;
cd 92% sd ngudi dugc hdi la can bd Mat trdn vd doan t h i nhdn ddn cho biet. Mat ttan Td qudc va cdc doan the nbdn ddn cd thyc hien phan bien xa hdi ddi vdi dy thao chinh sdch, ke hoach xdy dung ndng thdn mdi; co 52% sd ngudi ddn dugc hdi cho rdng, hg cd nhieu ca hdi tham gia vao viec thao luan, bdn bac, neu y kiln ddi vdi k l hoach va quy hoach xdy dung ndng thdn mdi ciia xa; 6 8 % cho rdng, hp cd co hdi thdo ludn, ban bac va neu y kien ve miic ddng gdp cho cac dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi; 59% cho biet hp tiiam gia thdo ludn v l cdc du an xay dyng nong thon radi va miic ddng gdp thyc hien cac dy an xdy dyng nong thdn mdi trong cdc cudc thao ludn do chinh quyen xd td chiic (Nguyen Trpng Binh, 2019).
Bdn Id vi tham gia ddng gdp ngudn luc tu nguyin, kit qua khdo sat cho thdy, ttong s i nhiing ngudi dugc hdi cd 49,3% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt, hg cd tham gia ddng gdp ngudn lyc (dat dai, ngay cdng, tdi chinh, nguyen vdt lieu...) de xdy dyng cac dy an ndng thdn mdi; ttong sd dd, 23,3% thara gia hien ddt; 36% tham gia ddng gdp ngay cdng;
19,3% ddng gdp tai chinh (tien mat) va ban 20% tham gia ddng gdp hien vat.
Ndm Id vi hogt ddng kiim tra, gidm sdt eiia ngudi ddn, ket qud nghien ciiu cho thay, CO 68% sd ngudi dan dugc boi cho biet, hp cd theo doi vd cho y kien ddi vdi chinh quyen ve cdc van de lien quan den xdy dung ndng thon mdi, cilng nhu boat ddng cua he thdng chinh tti xa; cd 55% cho biet. Mat ttdn Td quic va cac doan the nhdn ddn thudng xuyen neu y kien, kien nghi doi vdi td chiic Ddng, chinh quyen v l cac vdn dl cd lien quan din xdy dung ndng thdn mdi. Vai trd kilm tta, giam sat cua Ban Thanh tra Nhan ddn va Ban Giam sat Cdng dong ttong qua ttinh xdy dyng nong thdn mdi ciing da dugc phat huy. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, c6
Sy tham gia ciia nguoi dAn..
76% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho rdng, boat ddng ciia Ban Thanh tta Nhdn dan va Ban Gidm sat ddu tu cua cdng ddng la hieu qua.
Sdu Id ve tu qudn cua ngudi ddn ttong qua ttmh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi ttong thdi gian qua, cac dia phuong thupc khu vyc ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long da xudt hien nhieu md hinh tu qudn cd hieu qua d dp, thu but sy tham gia cua nhieu ngudi ddn, nhu md hinh "tieng mo an ninh", phong ttao
"tii try", cdng rao an ninh, cac td td giac va phdng chdng tdi pham, td ty quan ddng tpc ve an ninh ttat ty ttong ddng bao Khmer, phong ttao chung tay bao ve va xay dyng cdnh quan mdi tmdng xanh, sach dep gdn vdi dac thu cua mien sdng nude... Ket qua nghien ciru cung cho thay, cd 54%i sd ngudi dugc hdi cho biet, hg cd tham gia qudn ly cac dy an xay dyng ndng thdn mdi sau khi cac du an hoan thanh.
Bdy Id vi Idy y kiin ddnh gid mdc do hdi long cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi ket qua xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi, ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay, cd 62% sd ngudi dugc hdi Id can bd Mat ttdn Td qudc, cdc doan the nhan dan cho rdng. Mat ttdn Td qudc va cac doan the nhdn dan da ttien khai viec Idy y kien ve miic dp hai ldng cua ngudi dan ddi vdi cac tieu chi dat dugc ve xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi. Ve phia ngudi ddn, cd 50% sd ngudi dugc hdi eho biet, hg cd tham gia vao viec danh gia hieu qua chinh sach, dy an xay dyng ndng thqn mdi..
2. Hgn chi vd bdt cap
Ben canh nhimg uu diem ndi tten, sy tham gia cua ngudi dan ttong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi d khu vuc ddng bang sdng Cihi Long van cdn khdng it han che va bdt cap, cu the la:
Thie nhdt, tinh tu chu cua ngudi ddn trong bdu cu Ban Phdt triin dp cdn chua cao. Ve ca hpi tham gia, van cdn 24% sd
ngudi dugc hdi khdng tham gia bau cur cac thanh vien cua Ban Phat triln dp; ve chdt lugng bau cir, ty le ngudi ttd Idi cho bilt ed ttr hai ling cii vien ttd len de ddn bdu Tmdng ban Phdt ttien dp la 53,68%; ty le ngudi ttd Idi cho bilt hinh thiic bdu cii Ban Phat ttien dp thdng qua bd philu kin la 83,48%; ty le ngudi tta Idi cho bilt kit qua bdu cii Tmdng ban Phat ttien dp va cac thdnh vien ciia Ban Phat ttien dp dugc niem yet cdng khai la 74,34%. Dac biet, miic do ty chii cua ngudi dan ttong viee lya chpn, quyet dinh cac thanh vien Ban phat trien dp chua cao khi ty le ngudi ttd Idi cho biet chinh quyen khdng ggi y bdu cu cho mot ling vien cu the la 22,85%i.
Thic hai, viec thuc hiin cdng khai thdng tin vd bdo ddm di ngudi ddn, Mat trgn Td qudc vd cdc dodn the nhdn ddn neu sdng kiin, thdo ludn, phdn biin vd quyet dinh trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cdn nhiiu hgn che. Miic dp tiep can thdng tin ciia ngudi dan ttong qua trinh xdy dung nong thdn mdi cdn ban che, nhdt la tiep can thdng tin lien quan den quy hoach xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi, du an xay dyng ndng thdn radi va thu chi ngdn sach lien quan den dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi. Ty le ttd ldi cho rdng hp tilp can dugc thdng tin ve cac ndi dung nay tuong ung la 20%, 7% vd 5,3%.
Kit qud nghien ciiu cho thdy, ttong sd ngudi dugc hoi cd 64% cho biet. Mat ttdn Td qudc va cac dodn the nhdn dan khdng neu sang kiln chinh sach ttong xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi; 48% cho biet, hp it hoac khong cd ca hdi tham gia vdo viec thao ludn, ban bac ddi vdi ke hoach, quy hoach xay dyng ndng thdn mdi ciia xd; 44%) cho biet, hg khdng cd CO hdi ban bac, de xudt vdi chinh quyen vl cdc dy an xay dyng ndng thdn radi; 32%
cho bilt, hg khdng cd co hdi tham gia ban bac ve miic ddng gdp de thuc hien cac dy an
54 Thdng tin Khoa hpc x& h$i. s6 9.2019 xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi can cd sy ddng gdp
ciia ngudi ddn; 42,7% cho bilt, dai dien hd gia ffinh khdng dugc chinh quyin mdi tham du cac cudc hgp de ldng nghe y kiln cua hg ttong xay dung ndng thdn mdi. Phdn bien xd hgi cua ngudi ddn. Mat trdn Td qudc vd cdc dodn the nhdn ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi ciing con nhiiu hgn che. Cd 44% ngudi ddn dugc hdi cho biet, hp khdng cd CO hdi de phdn bien ddi vdi de xudt dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi ciia chinh quyen.
Viic bdo ddm di ngudi ddn thuc hiin quyin quyit dinh ddi vdi cdc vdn di quan trgng liin quan den xdy dung ndng thdn mdi dgt ty 14 thdp. Theo ket qua nghien ciiu, cd 65% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, viec xac dinh thii ty uu tien ttong cae dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi la do Ban Chi dao xay dung ndng thdn mdi cua xa va huyen quyet dinh; chi 11,3% cho rang do ngudi ddn quyet dinh thdng qua hpp dp; 72%> cho biet, miic ddng gdp de thyc hien cac dy an xay dyng ndng thdn mdi cdn cd su ddng gdp cua ngudi dan la do chinh quyen quyet dinh; chi cd 28%
cho biet la do ngudi dan quyet dinh.
Thu ba, hieu luc vd hieu qud gidm sdt ciia ngudi ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cdn chua cao. Ve gidm sat qua thuc Men khieu nai, td cao, khuyen nghi va td gidc, ket qud nghien ciin cho thdy, 25,9% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho biet, bp dd gyi khuyen nghi, td cao, td giac, khieu nai tdi chinh quyen; 46,7% cho biet, hp khdng quan tam den viec trien khai cdc dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi va boat dpng ciia td chiic Dang, chinh quyen. Mat ttdn Td qudc, cac doan the nhdn dan va Ban Phat ttien dp; chi cd 21,89% cho biet, chinh quyen da phiic dap thoa dang ddi vdi cdc khuyen nghi, td cao, td giac, khieu nai cua hp. Gidm sat cua ngudi dan thdng qua boat ddng cua Ban Gidm sat ddu tu ciia cdng ddng va Ban Thanh tta
Nhan dan cimg cdn mdt sd bat c$p. Ket qua khdo sat cho tiiay, cd 42% so ngudi dugc hoi cho rdng, boat ddng ciia Ban Giam sat dau tu cua cdng ddng va Ban Thanh ti^ Nhdn ddn la khdng hieu qua.
Thd tu, su tham gia ddng gdp ngudn luc tir nguyen cua ngudi ddn de thue hien cdc die dn xdy dung ndng thdn moi con chua cao. Cy till la: (i) miic tiiam gia ddng gdp nhin chung cdn chua cao. Trong giai doan 2011-2015, vdn huy ddng do ngudi ddn ddng gdp chilm 14,82% tdng ngudn vdn ddu tu cho xay dyng ndng thdn mdi.
NIU so vdi miic ddng gdp ty nguyen eiia ngudi ddn ttong Phong ttao Lang mdi d Han Qudc vao nhiing nam 1970-1980, miic ddng gdp ngudn lyc cua ngudi dan d khu vyc ndy nhu vdy la chua cao. Bdi le, chi tinh rieng miic ddng gdp vl tai chinh (chua kl ddng gdp vl ngdy cdng, hien dat...) thi miic tai chinh ma ngudi dan Han Qudc ddng gdp dl thyc hien cac dy an Lang mdi ttong nhiing nam 1970-1980 cao hem rdt nhilu, binh quan chiem 49%o, nam cao nhdt la 78% (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1980);
(ii) phuang thiic huy ddng su ddng gdp cua ngudi dan cung chua that hgp ly khi van cdn 13,3%) sd ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, viec ddng gdp ngudn lyc de thuc hien cac du an xay dung ndng thdn mdi cua hd gia dinh Id do chinh quyen bat budc.
Thic nam, chdt lugng vd hiiu qud tu qudn cita ngudi ddn d dp vd tu qudn xd hgi trong xdy dung ndng thdn mdi vdn cdn thdp.
Viec xay dung huong udc, quy udc la nhdm phdt huy vai ttd ty quan cua cdng ding dan cu. Tuy nhien, d mdt sd noi, chua that sy phdt buy su tham gia ciia ngudi danttong xay dyng quy udc, huong udc. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, cd 34%) sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rdng, hp khdng dugc tham gia vdo qud trinh xdy dyng huong udc, quy udc. Y tiuic tu giac
Su tham gia ciia nguoi dan.. 55 ciia ngudi dan ttong thyc hien ty quan theo
huang udc, quy udc cdn bat cap khi ed gan 40% sd ngudi dugc hdi nhdn dinh rdng, raiic dp ty nguyen thyc hien theo huong udc, quy udc ciia cac hd gia dinh la chua tdt. Tu quan ciia ngudi dan d dp thdng qua viec thanh lap va boat ddng ciia cac td, dpi, hdi ty qudn van cdn nhieu ban che khi cd den 46% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho biet, hg khdng la thanh vien ciia bdt cii dpi, nhdm tu qudn ndo ttong dp.
Thu sdu. viic Idy y kien phdn hdi ciia ngudi ddn ddi vdi kit qud xdy dung ndng thdn mdi vd muc do hdi long cita ngudi ddn ddi vdi kit qud dgt dugc trongxdy dung ndng thdn mdi cdn mang tinh hinh thuc. Han che d phuang dien ndy the bien tren mot sd khia . caph sau: (i) chua da dang hda cdc "kenh"
khac nhau de ngudi dan tham gia danh gia va phan hdi y kien; (ii) linh tu chii va dpc lap cua Mat trdn Td qudc trong viec Idy y kien ve miic dp hai ldng cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi ket qua xay dung ndng thdn mdi tmdc khi cdng nhdn dat chudn ndng thdn mdi cdn chua cao; (iii) viec lay y kien danh gia cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi ket qua xay dyng ndng thdn radi va y kien hai long ciia ngudi dan chu yeu dugc thyc hien trudc khi xa lara thii tyc de dugc cdng nhdn la xa dat chuan nong thdn radi, ma chua dugc tien hanh thudng xuyen sau khi da dugc cdng nhan la xa dat chudn ndng thdn mdi.
Tdm lai, ben canh nhiing uu diem thi sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn ttong qua trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long van cdn nhieu han che va bdt cap. Neu dya tren tieu chi danh gia hieu qua sy tham gia ciia ngudi ddn do Sherr Amtein (1969) neu len thi hieu qud tham gia ciia ngudi ddn ttong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi mdi dimg lai d cap dp mdt (chinh quyen giu vai trd chii dao) hoac d cap dp hai (ngudi ddn cd su tham gia nhung
sy anh hudng cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi chinh sdch thdng qua sy tham gia la khdng cao);
ma chua phdi la cap dp cao nhdt (su tham gia cua ngudi dan cd anh hudng thyc chdt doi vdi qua trinh va kit qua chinh sach).
3. Mot so van de dat ra ve sy tham gia ciia ngirdi dan trong qua trinh xay dung nong thdn mdi d dong bang sdng Cuu Long
Qua nghien ciiu ly ludn va thyc tiln, cd the neu len mdt sd vdn de dat ra vl sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn trong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi d khu vuc ddng bdng song Ciiu Long nhu sau:
Thic nhdt, yeu cdu ddm bdo vai trd chu thi ciia ngudi ddn vd phdt huy su tham gia cua ngudi ddn chua dugc dam bdo (chua that sir coi trgng vai trd chd thi ciia ngudi ddn vd su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn). Nghi quyet Hpi nghi Idn thii Bay Ban Chdp hanh Tmng uong khda X ve ndng nghiep, ndng ddn, ndng thdn dd nhdn manh vai tro chil the cua ndng dan khi khdng dinh: "Trong mdi quan he mat thiet giiia ndng nghiep, ndng dan va ndng thdn, ndng ddn la chii the cua qua trinh phdt ttien" (Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam, 2008). Xet tii yeu to nguon luc, ddng lyc va muc tieu, xdy dyng ndng thon radi d Viet Nam ddi hdi phat huy ddy du vai trd chu the ciia ngudi dan thdng qua sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan. Tuy nhien, thuc tiln d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cho thay, vai trd chu the ciia ngudi dan trong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn radi vdn chua dugc phdt huy day dii. Vi vdy, lam the ndo de nang cao hieu qua tham gia cua ngudi ddn nhdm phat huy ddy dii han vai trd chu the cila ngudi ddntrong qua ttinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi la mdt van de dang dat ra hien nay.
Thir hai, yeu cdu ddm bdo cdc ndi dung tham gia vd da dgng hda hinh thuc tham gia chua dugc ddm bdo (chua coi trgng cdc ndi
54 ThPng fin Khoa hpc xa hpi. s6 9.2019
xay dyng ndng thdn mdi cdn cd sy ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan; 42,7% cho bilt, dai dien hd gia dinh khdng dugc chinh quyin mdi tham dy cae cudc hgp de ldng nghe y kiln ciia hg ttong xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi. Phdn bien xd hgi eda ngudi dan, Mat trdn Td quoc vd cdc dodn the nhdn ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung nong thdn mdi cdng cdn nhiiu hgn chi. Co 44% ngudi dan dugc hdi cho biet, hp khdng cd CO hdi dl phdn bien ddi vdi de xudt dy an xay dyng ndng thdn mdi ciia chinh quyen.
Viic bdo ddm de ngudi ddn thuc hiin quyen quyit dinh ddi vai cdc vdn de quan trgng liin quan din xdy dung ndng thdn mdi dgt ty le thdp. Theo ket qud nghien ciiu, cd 65% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, viec xac dinh thii tu uu tien ttong cdc dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi la do Ban Chi dao xay dung ndng thdn mdi cua xa va huyen quyet dinh; chi 11,3% eho rdng do ngudi ddn quyet dinh thdng qua hgp dp; 72% cho biet, miic ddng gdp de thuc hien cdc dy an xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi can cd sy ddng gdp cua ngudi ddn la do chinh quyen quyet dinh; chi cd 28%
cho biet la do ngudi dan quyet dinh.
Thu ba, hieu luc vd hiiu qud gidm sdt cua ngudi ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cdn chua cao. Ve gidm sat qua thyc hien khieu nai, td cdo, khuyen nghi va td gidc, ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, 25,9% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho biet, bg da giii khuyen nghi, td cao, td giac, khieu nai tdi chinh quyen; 46,7%) cho biet, hp khdng quan tdm den viec trien khai cdc du dn xdy dung nong thdn mdi va hoat dpng cua td chiic Dang, chinh quyen. Mat tran Td qudc, cac dodn the nhdn ddn vd Ban Phat ttien dp; chi cd 21,89% cho biet, chinh quyen da phiic dap thoa ddng ddi vdi cac khuyen nghi, td cao, td giac, khieu nai cua hp. Gidm sat ciia ngudi dan thong qua boat dpng cua Ban Gidm sat ddu tu cua cdng ddng va Ban Thanh tra
Nhdn ddn ciing cdn mpt so bdt cap. Ket qua khdo sat cho thay, cd 42% sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rdng, boat ddng ctia Ban Giam sat dau tu cua cdng dong va Ban Thanh tra Nhdn dan la khdng hieu qua.
Thu tu, su tham gia ddng gdp ngudn luc tu nguyin cua ngudi ddn di thuc hien cdc du dn xdy dung ndng thdn mdi con chua cao. Cu thi la: (i) miic tham gia ddng gdp nhin chung cdn chua cao. Trong giai doan 2011-2015, vdn huy ddng do ngudi dan ddng gdp chilm 14,82%o tdng ngudn vdn dau tu cho xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi.
NIU so vdi miic ddng gdp ty nguyen cua ngudi dan ttong Phong ttao Lang mdi d Han Qudc vao nh&ig nam 1970-1980, miic ddng gdp ngudn luc eda ngudi dan d khu vyc ndy nhu vdy la chua cao. Bdi le, chi tinh rieng miic ddng gdp ve tai chinh (chua kl ddng gdp ve ngdy cdng, hien dat...) tlu miic tai chinh ma ngudi ddn Han Qudc ddng gdp de thuc hien cac du an Lang mdi ttong nhung nam 1970-1980 cao hon rdt nhieu, binh quan chiem 49%), ndm cao nhat la 78% (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1980);
(ii) phucmg thiic huy dpng su ddng gdp eda ngudi dan ciing chua that hgp ly khi van cdn 13,3% sd ngudi dugc hdi eho rang, viec ddng gdp ngudn lye de thyc hi6n cac dy an xay dyng ndng thdn mdi ciia hd gia dinh la do chinh quyen bdt budc.
Thic ndm, chdt lugng vd hieu qud tu qudn ciia ngudi ddn a dp vd tie qudn xd hgi trongxdy dung ndng thdn mdi vdn cdn thdp.
Viee xay dyng huang udc, quy udc Id nhdm phdt huy vai ttd tu quan ciia cdng dong ddn cu. Tuy nhien, d rapt sd noi, chua that sy phat huy sy tham gia cua ngudi ddnttong xdy dung quy udc, huong udc. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, ed 34%) sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rdng, hp khdng dugc tham gia vao quS trinh xay dyng huor^ udc, quy udc. Y thiic tu giac
Sy thzun gia ciia ngudi ddn.. 55 ciia ngudi dan ttong thuc hien ty qudn tiieo
hucmg udc, q i ^ udc cdn bat cap khi cd gdn 40% sd ngudi dugc hdi nhan dinh rang, miic dp ty nguyen tiiuc hi|n tiieo huong udc, quy udc ctia cac hd gia dmh la chua tdt. Tu quan cua ngudi ddn d dp thdng qua viec thanh lap va boat ddng cua cdc td, ddi, hgi ty quan vdn cdn nhieu ban che khi cd den 46% sd ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt, hp khdng la tiidnh vien cua bdt cii ddi, nhdm ty qudn nao ttong dp.
Thu sdu, viec lay y kiin phdn hdi cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi kit qud xdy dung ndng thdn mdi vd muc do hdi long cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi kit qud dgt dugc trongxdy dung ndng thdn mdi eon mang tinh hinh thuc. Han che d phuang dien nay the hien tten mdt sd khia . caph sau: (i) chua da dang hda cdc "kenh"
khac nhau de ngudi ddn tham gia danh gid va phan bdi y kien; (ii) tinh ty chii va dpc lap ciia Mat ttdn To qudc ttong viec lay y kien ve miic do hai ldng cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi ket qud xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi tmdc khi cdng nhan dat chudn ndng thdn mdi cdn chua cao; (iii) viec Idy y kien ddnh gia eda ngudi ddn ddi vdi ket qud xay dyng ndng thdn mdi vd y kien hai long ciia ngudi dan chii yeu dugc thuc hien ttudc khi xa lam thu tyc de dugc cdng nhan la xa dat chudn ndng tiion mdi, raa chua duoc tien hdnh thudng xuyen sau khi da dugc cdng nhan la xa dat chuan ndng thdn mdi.
Tdm lai, ben canh nhung uu diem thi sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn trong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long van cdn nhieu ban ehe va bdt cap. Neu dya tren tieu chi danh gia hieu qud sy tham gia eda ngudi dan do Sherr Amtein (1969) neu len thi hieu qua tham gia ciia ngudi ddn trong qua ttinh xay dyng ndng thdn mdi mdi dimg lai d cap dp mot (chinh quyen giii vai ttd chu dao) hoac d cap do hai (ngudi ddn cd sy tham gia nhung
su anh hudng cila ngudi ddn ddi vdi chinh sdch thdng qua sy tham gia la khdng cao);
ma chua phai la cdp do cao nhdt (su tham gia cua ngudi dan cd anh hudng thyc chdt ddi vdi qua trinh va ket qua chinh sach).
3. Mot so van de dat r a ve sy tham gia cua ngiroi dan trong qua trinh xay dung nong thon mdi a dong bang song Cihi Long
Qua nghien ciiu ly ludn va thyc tien, cd the neu len mdt sd vdn de ddt ra v6 sy thara gia cua ngudi ddn trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn radi d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, yiu cdu dam bdo vai trd chu the cua ngudi ddn vd phdt huy su tham gia eda ngudi ddn chua dugc ddm bdo (chua that su coi trgng vai trd chit thi ciia ngudi ddn vd su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn). Nghi quyet Hdi nghi ldn thii Bdy Ban Chdp hdnh Tmng uong khoa X ve ndng nghiep, nong ddn, ndng thdn da nhdn raanh vai trd chii the ciia ndng ddn khi khdng djnh: "Trong mdi quan he mat thiet giiia ndng nghiep, ndng dan vd ndng thdn, ndng dan la chii t h i cila qua ttirtii phat ttien" (Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam, 2008). Xet tii yeu td ngudn lyc, dpng lyc vd myc tieu, xdy dung nong thdn mdi d Viet Nam ddi hdi phat huy day dii vai tro chd till ciia ngudi ddn thdng qua sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn. Tuy nhien, thyc tiln d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cho thdy, vai ttd chu the ciia ngudi ddn ttong qua ttinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi van chua dugc phat huy ddy dii. Vi vay, ldm thi nao d l nang cao hieu qud tham gia cua ngudi ddn nhdm phat huy day du hem vai trd chii t h i cila ngudi ddntrong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn radi la mot van de dang dat ra hien nay.
Thd hai, yiu cdu ddm bdo cdc ngi dung tham gia vd da dgng hda hinh thdc tham gia chua dugc ddm bdo (chua coi trgng cdc ngi
56 Thfing tin Khoa hpc xa hpi. sd 9.2019 dung tham gia vd hinh thdc tham gia chua
da dgng). Tir gdc dp chinh sach cdng cd the thay ngudi dan cd the tham gia vao qua trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi tten nhieu ndi dung khac nhau vd thdng qua nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau. Nhung thyc tien d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long eho thay, chinh quyen cdc cap chua coi ttpng sy tham gia cua ngudi dantten tdt cd cac npi dung, hmh thiic tham gia cua ngudi ddn ciing chua da dang, cac co che de thyc hien sy tucmg tdc giiia chinh quyen va ngudi dan van chua dugc xac lap mdt cdch cy the va da dang. Do dd, lam the nao de thdng qua cac hinh thiic da dang nhdm tang cudng sy tham gia cua ngudi ddncung la mdt vdn de ddt ra hien nay.
Thic ba, yeu cdu cdn cd co quan hdnh chinh "md" cUng nhu trdch nhiim, kynang cua cdn bg, cdng chicc trong viec thue ddy su tham gia cua ngudi ddn chua dugc ddm bdo (cdn khep kin trong hogt dgng cua mgt sd ca quan hdnh chinh vd viec chua thuc hiin ddy du trdch nhiim cua dgi ngii cdn bg, cdng chuc). Tinh "md" ttong boat ddng cua ca quan hanh chinh ciing nhu viec thyc hien ddy du ttach nhiem cdng vy eda dpi ngii cdn bp, cdng chiic la nhiing dieu kien cdn thiet de thiic day su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn ttong qua ttinh xay dyng ndng thdn mdi. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay, mdt sd co quan hanh chinh van chua that su "md", chua that su Idy ngudi ddn lam tnmg tam, chua coi trpng thyc bien ddy du quyen tham gia ciia ngudi ddn; chua coi ttpng cdng khai, minh bach thdng tin; chua biet chia se quyen lyc cho xa hdi va ngudi ddn; cdn nhdn raanh vai ttd ddc tdn cua chinh quyen ttong qud trinh xay dyng ndng thdn mdi. Vi vdy, lam the nao de thiet lap md hinh hanh chinh nha nude
"md" nhdm thiic ddy sy tham gia cd hieu qua cua ngudi ddn ciing la mot van de dat ra hien nay.
Thu tu, yeu cdu ddm bdo the chi ve su tham gia eda ngudi ddn chua dugc dam bdo (thuc ti cdn mgt sd bdt cap vi the che ddn chu vd su tham gia). Trong thdi gian qua, mot no lyc va thanh tyu quan ttgng a nude ta dd la, t h i c h l ddn chii khdng ngung dugc hoan thien. Tuy nhien, tii thyc te ciing d l nhan thdy sy bdt cap v l t h i che ddn chii tmdc yeu cdu thiic ddy va nang cao hieu qua su tham gia cua ngudi ddn trong qua ttinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi hien nay.
Sy bdt cap nay t h i hien d nhilu mat, chu y l u la: (i) ddm bdo sy thara gia cua ngudi ddnchua dugc xera la mdt ttong cac tieu chi quan ttgng d l danh gid xa dat chudn ndng thdn mdi; (ii) t h i c h l danh gia ket qud xdy dung ndng thdn mdi ciing chua cd tieu chi danh gid ve miic do cdng khai thong tin ciing nhu mdc dp dam bao sy tham gia ciia ngudi ddn d co sd ndi chung, ttong xay dung ndng thdn mdi ndi rieng; (iii) chua cd quy dinh cu the ve bao dam su tham gia cua ngudi ddn ttong qud ttinh xay dyng ndng thdn mdi; (iv) mot sd npi dung va cac hinh thiic tham gia cua ngudi dan dugc neu ttong Phap lenh thyc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, thi trdn da khdng cdn phu hgp tmdc su thay ddi cua thyc tien va tmdc yeu cau tang cudng sy tham gia ciia ngudi ddn;
(v) lang, thdn, dp cd vai ttd quan ttgng de ngudi dan thyc hien quyen "bau cii ddn chu", "quylt sdch dan chu", "quan ly ddn chil" va "giam sat ddn chu". Nhung dang tile la cac quy dinh phdp luat v l phuong dien nay cdn chua ddy dii.
Thu ndm, yiu cdu ve "tu cdch vd tinh thdn cdng ddn" chua dugc ddm bdo (thuc ti cdn mdt sd bdt cap ve y thicc vd ndng luc thuc hdnh ddn cha cua ngudi ddn). Gabriel A. Almond (1987) cho rang, d l dap ung yeu cdu tham gia vdo qudn ly nhd nude, van hda chinh tti ma ngudi dan cdn la
Sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan..
"van hda chinh tti ciia ngudi tham gia" ma khdng phai la "van hda chinh tti dan ldng".
Nhin tdng the, hien nay, van hda chinh tti cua ngudi dan d khu vyc ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Cihi Long co ban van la "van hda chinh tri ddn ldng", ma chua phai la
"van hda chinh tri cua ngudi tham gia".
Dieu nay the hien d rapt sd phuong dien chu yeu: (i) mdt bp phan ngudi ddn van chua biet dugc day du cdc quyen ma minh dugc hudng; (ii) mdt bd phan ngudi ddn chua tich cyc va ty gidc tham gia vao cdng viec chung ciia cdng ddng ciing nhu ttong qua trinh xay dyng ndng thdn radi; (iii) do nhieu nguyen nhdn nen rapt bd phdn dan cu chua coi ttpng lgi ich chung cua cdng ddng, chua cd tinh thdn diing cam de ddu tranh vdi cac hanh vi, viec lam chua diing cua chinh quyen ciing nhu can bp, cdng chiic... Do dd, lam the nao dl hinh thanh
"vdn hda chinh tri cua ngudi tham gia" d cu dan ndng thdn, qua dd thiic day sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan ttong qua trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi la mdt vdn de ddt ra tiep theo cdn giai quyet hien nay.
Thd sdu, yeu cdu ndng cao hieu qud qudn tri diin tu chua dugc dam bdo (thuc ti cdn nhiiu bdt cap ve qudn tri diin tic d vung ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Cuu Long).
Viec phat ttien cdng nghe thdng tin va iing dung cong nghe thdng tin ttong boat dpng cua chinh quyen (gpi tat la quan tri dien tii) cd tac dung tang cudng su thara gia cila ngudi dan. Tuy nhien, vdn de dat ra hien nay d khu vuc ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Cihi Long do la: su lac hdu ve cdng nghe thong tin va hieu qua thdp trong viec ling dyng cdng nghe thdng tin ttong boat ddng cua chinh quyen dia phuong. Theo Bao cao Hieu qud quan tti va hanh chinh edng cdp tinh d Viet Nam (PAPI) nam 2018, diem ve chi sd quan tti dien tu d khu vyc ddng
bang sdng Ciiu Long cdn rat thdp. Dilm dat dugc cua khu vue nay dao dgng tir 2,1 din 3,08 (Bao cao Hieu qua quan ttj vd hanh chinh cdng cdp tinh d Viet Nara, 2018). 6 khu vyc ddng bdng sdng Ciiu Long hdu het cac huyen deu cd cdng thdng tin dien tu nhung cac dia phuong chua coi day la kenh hieu qua de tucmg tac vdi ngudi ddn va tdng cudng sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn.
Hdu het cac xa d khu vyc ddng bdng sdng Cim Long deu chua cd cong thdng tin dien tii. Chinh dieu nay da dnh hudng khdng tdt den viec dam bao quyen tiep can thong tin cung nhu tang cudng sy tuong tac giiia ngudi ddn va chinh quyen trong qua trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi.
Thu bdy. yeu cdu phdt trien cdc td chuc xd hgi vd ndng cao tinh tu chu cua Mat trgn Td qudc, cdc dodn thi nhdn ddn hien cd chua dugc ddm bdo (thuc trgng td chuc xd hgi chua phdt trien. tinh tu chu ciia Mat trdn Td quoc vd edc dodn the nhdn ddn cdn chua cao). Sy phat trien va tinh ty chu cua cac td chiic xa hpi la mdt ttong nhung dieu kien de ndng cao hieu qud tham gia cua ngudi ddn ttong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi.
Tuy nhien, mot van de dat ra hien nay d khu vyc ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Cim Long, la: cac td chiic xa hdi mang tinh tu nguyen, cdng ich vd phuc vu cdng chua dugc phat trien tuong xiing d khu vyc ndng thdn, nhdt la d xa. Cu dan ndng thdn hien nay cd nhieu to chiic dai dien cho rainh nhu Mat ttan Td qudc, Dodn Thanh nien, Hpi Phy nii, Hpi Cyu chien binh..., nhung tinh ty chii ciia cdc td chiic nay cdn chua cao. Do do, lam the nao de phat trien manh me cac td chiic xa hdi mang tinh cdng ich, phuc vu cong d co sd vimg ndng thdn, ndng cao tinh ty chu ciia Mat tran Td qudc va cac doan the nhdn ddn d CO sd vung ndng tiidn cimg Id mot van de ddt ra hien nay.
58 Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi. so 9.2019 4. Ket lu^n
Sy tham gia ciia ngudi ddn ttong qua tiinh xay dyng ndng thdn mdi d khu vyc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long cd nhilu uu dilra, tuy nhien ben canh dd cung cdn khdng it ban che va bdt cap. Tii thyc tien khu vyc ddng bang sdng Curu Long cd the thdy, cd bay van de dat ra cdn gidi quyet nhara nang cao hieu qud tham gia cila ngudi dan, qua dd dam bao tdt hon vai ttd chii the ciia ngudi dan ttong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi a Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bdo cdo Hiiu qud qudn tri vd hdnh chinh cdng cdp tinh ndm 2018, http://
papi.org.vn/bao-cao-va-du-lieu-papi 2. Nguyen Trpng Binh (chii nhiem, 2019),
Ndng cao hiiu qud tham gia ciia ngudi ddn trong qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn
mdi a khu vuc ddng bdng sdng Ctcu Long. Bao cdo tdng hgp kit qua nghien ciiu de tai khoa hgc cdp bd nam 2018- 2019, Hpc vien Chmh tii khu vyc IV.
3. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam (2008), Vdn kiin Hdi nghi trung uong 7 5 a « Chdp hdnh Trung uong khda X, ngay 5/8/2008, Ha Npi.
4. Gabriel A. Ahnond (1987), Chinh tri hgc so sdnh - he thdng. qud trinh vd chinh sdch, Nxb. Dich vdn Thugng Hai, Tmng Qudc.
5. Ministry of Internal Affairs (1980), "10 years History of Saemul Undong" (Data Volume).
6. Sherry. R. Amtein (1969), "A Ladder of Citizen Participation", Journal of the American Institure of Planners, Vol. 35, No. 4.
(tiep theo trang 15) - Tdi lieu tieng Nhdt
31. Fumta Motoo CS'EaTt^) (2000), ''B^
ir W -5 -v' h t um%". 7KM>/L/^*x >
i^m%^m'^'X.<^t^r^>. ^M: t«:#
32. Krni Young-gun ( ^ ^ H ) (1943), < e p ^
^Mt:^:^t. 0)m%>. m ^ : ^ U J M . - Tai lieu tieng Anh
33. Bui Anh Tuan (1995), "Restiiacturing of Textile Industry in Vietnam", Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Intemational Studies, Yonsei University.
34. Lee Eun-ho (1972), "The Role of tiie Military in Nation-building: South Vietnam and Korea", PhD. Dissertation, Southem Illinois University-Carbondale.
35. Park Seung-woo (2013), "Tbe Historical Constmction of Southeast Asian Studies in Korea", Park Seung Woo and Victor T.
King, eds.. The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
36. Shimao Mmom & Sakurai Yumio (1999),
"Vietnaraese Studies in Japan, 1975-96", Acta Asiatica: Bulletin ofthe Institute of Eastern Culture (The Toho Gakkai), 76.
37. Tran Van Hoe (1995), "Intemational Trade Relationship between "Vietnam and Korea: Issues and Prospect", Master's Thesis, Graduate School of Intemational Studies, Yonsei University.
38. Yu Insun (1978), "Law and Family in Seventeentii and Eighteenth Century Vietnam", PhD. Dissertation, University of Michigan.
- Website
39. http://www.kri.go.kr (Korea Researcher Information website)
40. htip://www.riss.kr (Research Information Sharing Service website)
