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If + thì quá khứ hoàn thành, S + would/ could/ should + have PII + O.
4. Loại 4: Cấu trúc này dùng để diễn tả một sự việc trái với Quá khứ dẫn đến một kết quả trái với hiện tại. Loại này hay gây nhầm lẫn cho thí sinh khi đi thi vì thí sinh hay dựa vào mệnh đề If để xác định loại câu điều kiện
- If I had been born in town, I _______ life there now. a) would like b) would have liked Sẽ rất nhiều thí sinh chọn đáp án b vì dựa vào mệnh đề If. Tuy nhiên các bạn phải để ý đến ý nghĩa của câu để xác định cho chính xác. (The fact that I wasn‟t born in town, so I don‟t like life there now) Thường đối với mệnh đề If hỗn hợp kiểu này, mệnh đề chính thường chứa từ now, today.
Do đó, trong quá trình làm bài, các bạn lưu ý trường hợp này nhé If + thì quá khứ hoàn thành, S+ would + V
III. Các cách diễn đạt khác của câu điều kiện
But for/ without/ were it not for + noun, S would/ could/ should + V 1. Loại 2
Ví dụ: - You help me everyday so I can finish my work. → But for your daily help, I couldn‟t finish my work. - She encouraged him and he succeeded. → Without her encouragement, he wouldn‟t have succeeded. - The teacher explained and we understood. → Were it not for the teacher‟s explanation, we wouldn‟t have understood. 2. Loại 3
Ví dụ: - If he hadn‟t got my book, he couldn‟t have written well the thesis. -> But for my book, he couldn‟t have written well the thesis. - If they hadn‟t helped me, I wouldn‟t have finished that work. -> Without their help, I wouldn‟t have finished that work. - It rained and we had to cancel the match. -> Had it not been for the rain, we wouldn‟t have cancelled the match. IV. Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện 1. Điều kiện loại I
• Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề “if“, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu.
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- If he should ring, I will tell him the news. → Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
• Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mƣợn “should” - If he has free time, he‟ll play tennis. → Should he have free time, he‟ll play tennis. - If she comes early, we‟ll start. → Should she come early, we‟ll start. 2. Điệu kiện loại II
• Cấu trúc: Nếu trong câu có were ở mệnh đề “if” thì đảo were lên đầu câu và bỏ if đi.
- If I were a bird, I would fly. → Were I a bird, I would fly. - They would answer me if they were here. → Were they here, they would answer me.
• Nếu trong câu không có động từ “were” thì mƣợn “were” và dùng “to V”. - If I learnt
Russian, I would read a Russian book. → Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
- If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming. → Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming. 3. Điều kiện loại III
• Đảo trợ động từ của thì quá khứ hoàn thành. - If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. → Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home. - If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. → Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
• Chú ý: Ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ: - Had it not been so late, we would have called you. V. Cách dùng với unless Lưu ý rằng “Unless” cũng thường được dùng trong câu điều kiện, lúc đó Unless = If ... not - Unless we start at once, we will be late = If we don‟t start at once, we will be late. - Unless you
study hard, you won‟t pass the exams = If you don‟t study hard, you won‟t pass the exams.
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BÀI TẬP (Các bạn xem đáp án và giải thích chi tiết cuối sách nhé) Question 1: If you __________ my bike, I __________ you with the Maths homework.
A. repair/ will help B. repairs/ will help C. will repair/ help Question 2: We ______________
John if we‟d known about his problems.
A. will help B. helped C. would have helped Question 3: Would you go out more often if you_______ so much in the house?
A. don‟t have to do B. didn‟t have to do C. hadn‟t had to do Question 4: If I _____ a $100 bill on the street, I would keep it.
A. had found B. find C. found Question 5: If they______________ new batteries, their camera would have worked correctly.
A. use B. had used C. used Question 6: It‟s good that Ann reminded me about Tom‟s birthday. I ___________ if she hadn‟t reminded me.
A. would have forgotten B. will forget C. forget Question 7: I‟m sure she _______ if you explained the situation to her.
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Question 8: Many people would be out of work if that company ________ down.
A. close B. closed C. closes Question 9: If she sold her car, she _______ much money for it.
A. would not get B. will not get C. don‟t get Question 10: Would George be angry if I ______
his bicycle without asking?
A. took B. take C. had taken Question 11: If you _____________ a minute, I‟ll come with you.
A. had waited B. waited C. wait Question 12: Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people ________ the same language?
A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak Question 13: If I _______ you, I ______ do that.
A. am/ will B. were/ would C. were/ will D. had been/ would Question 14: If I go shopping, I _______ some food.
A. buy B. would have bought C. would buy D. will buy Question 15: Unless you ______ all of my questions, I can‟t do anything to help you.
A. answer B. answered C. are answering D. would answer
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Question 16: Had you told me that this was going to happen, I ______ it.
A. hadn‟t believe B. don‟t believe C. would have never believed D. can believe Question 17:
_________ you study harder, I won‟t pass the final exam.
A. if not B. unless C. without D. if Question 18: If she had gone abroad, she would have let you know.
A. Had gone she abroad, she would have let you know. B. Had she gone abroad, she would have let you know. C. Because she had gone abroad, she would have let you know. D. While she had gone abroad, she would have let you know. Question 19: I shouldn‟t go there at night, if I _____
you.
A. be B. am C. was D. were Question 20: If I lived nearer the centre, I wouldn‟t be always late.
A. Was I to live nearer the centre, I wouldn‟t be always late. B. Were I to live nearer the centre, I wouldn‟t be always late. C. Because I lived nearer the centre, I wouldn‟t be always late.
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