Tables
1. Trends in School Enrollments, 1987−93 link
2. Target School age Groups by Quintile, 1992−93 link 3. School Enrollments by Quintile, 1992−93 link 4. School Enrollment Rates by Expenditure Quintile, 1993 link 5. Public and Private Sector Shares of School Enrollment, 1992−93 link 6. Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Fees Per Student, 1993 link 7. Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on PTA Contributions Per
Student, 1993
link
Education Data 30
8. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Uniforms Per Student, 1993
link
9. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Books Per Student, 1993
link
10. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Transport Per Student, 1993
link
11. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Food and Lodging Per Student, 1993
link
12. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Other Schooling Costs Per Student, 1993
link
13. Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on all Schooling Costs Per Student, 1993
link
14. Aggregate Private Expenditure on Education, 1993 link 15. Aggregate Public Expenditure on Education, 1992−93 link 16. Sources and Uses of Education Expenditure, 1992−93 link 17. Public and Private Shares of Education Financing, 1992−93 link 18. Public Subsidies and Cost Recovery for Public Education,
1993
link
19. Incidence of Public Subsidies for Education by Quintile, 1992−93
link
20. Effectiveness of Targeting Public Subsidies for Education, 1992−93
link
21. Efficiency of Targeting Subsidies for Education, 1992−93 link 22. Lorenz Distributions of Public Subsidies for Education,
1992−93
link
23. Availability, Distance and Travel Time for Public Education in Rural Areas
link
24. Official Fee Structure for Grades VI through XII link 25. Official Criteria for Fee Discounts in Grades VI through XII link 26. Official Criteria for Fee Discounts in Post Secondary Schools link 27. Proportions of Students Who Pay Zero in Public Schools, 1993 link 28. Average Nonzero Expenditures for Students in Public Schools, 1993
link
29. Affordability of Public Schooling, 1993 link 30. Average Price of Schooling in Rural Areas link 31. Access to Scholarships for Public Schooling link 32. Access to Public Schools While Enrolled, 1993 link
33. Quality of Schooling in Rural Areas link
Education Data 31
34. Most Important Reasons for not Attending School in Rural Areas
link
35. Most Important Problems with School in Rural Areas link Table 1:
Trends in School Enrollments, 1987−93 (in millions)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Primary 8.666 8.635 8.583 8.862 9.175 9.435 9.701
Lower secondary 3.291 3.038 2.759 2.708 2.727 2.729 2.996 Upper secondary 0.926 0.844 0.691 0.528 0.521 0.535 0.612 Technical vocational 0.102 0.118 0.092 0.105 0.096 0.070 NA Secondary vocational 0.143 0.136 0.131 0.118 0.118 0.120 NA Higher education 0.133 0.132 0.139 0.122 0.096 0.108 0.119 Memo:
post secondary 0.245 0.254 0.224 0.223 0.214 0.190 NA
population 61.75 63.26 64.77 66.23 67.77 69.41 70.98
Source: Ministry of Education & Training Table 2:
Target School age Groups by Quintille, 1992−93
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
In million
Primary 2.510 2.362 2.024 1.689 1568 10.153 1.633 8.520
Lower secondary
1.369 1.363 1.405 1.440 1.307 6.884 1.212 5.672
Upper secondary
0.785 0.892 1.025 1.108 1.043 4.854 0.934 3.921
Post−secondary 1.197 1.434 1.784 1.989 1.894 8.298 1.799 6.499
% of population
Primary 18.195 16.994 14.628 12.135 11.236 14.629 11.779 15.341 Lower
secondary
9.925 9.808 10.152 10.347 9.367 9.919 8.743 10.213
Upper secondary
5.693 6.418 7.411 7.963 7.477 6.994 6.734 7.059
Post−secondary 8.679 10.320 12.894 14.286 13.573 11.956 12.976 11.702 Memo:
Population
Education Data 32
in millions 13.796 13.899 13.837 13.920 13.953 69.405 13.864 55.541 in percent 19.877 20.026 19.937 20.056 20.103 100.000 19.975 80.02 Table 3:
School Enrollments by Quintile, 1992−93 (in millions)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Net
Primary 1.698 1.826 1.633 1.431 1.351 7.940 1.402 6.538
Lower secondary
0.255 0.350 0.510 0.637 0.732 2.484 0.676 1.808
Upper secondary
0.015 0.027 0.071 0.142 0.287 0.542 0.273 0.270
Post−seconday 0.000 0.006 0.018 0.039 0.133 0.196 0.119 0.077 Gross
Primary 2.214 2.362 2.134 1.852 1.674 10.236 1.621 8.615
Lower secondary
0.332 0.448 0.667 0.862 1.008 3.316 0.907 2.409
Upper secondary
0.024 0.036 0.104 0.193 0.365 0.726 0.356 0.365
Post−secondary 0.000 0.015 0.024 0.047 0.166 0.252 0.148 0.104 Age−specific
Primary 1.867 1.971 1.775 1.541 1.479 8.633 1.749 7.092
Lower secondary
0.750 0.083 0.999 1.064 1.085 4.754 0.931 3.823
Upper secondary
0.080 0.136 0.213 0.311 0.498 1.239 0.430 0.809
Post−secondary 0.012 0.024 0.041 0.086 0.193 0.356 0.169 0.187 Table 4:
School Enrollment Rates by Expenditure Quintile, 1993 (percent of target age group at each level)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Net
Primary 67.7 77.3 80.7 84.7 86.2 78.2 85.8 76.7
Lower secondary
18.6 25.7 36.3 44.2 56.0 36.1 55.7 31.9
Upper secondary
1.9 3.0 6.9 12.8 27.6 11.2 29.2 6.9
Post−seconday 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.9 7.0 2.4 6.6 1.2
Education Data 33
Gross
Primary 88.2 100.0 105.4 109.6 106.8 100.8 99.3 101.1
Lower secondary
24.2 32.8 47.5 59.9 77.1 48.2 74.8 42.5
Upper secondary
3.0 4.0 10.1 17.4 34.9 15.0 38.1 9.3
Post−secondary 0.0 1.0 1.3 2.4 8.8 3.0 8.2 1.6
Age−specific
Primary 74.4 83.4 87.7 91.2 94.3 85.0 107.1 83.2
Lower secondary
54.8 6.1 71.1 73.9 83.0 69.0 76.8 67.4
Upper secondary
10.2 15.3 20.8 28.1 47.7 25.5 46.0 20.6
Post−secondary 1.0 1.7 2.3 4.3 10.2 4.3 9.4 2.9
Table 5:
Public and Private Sector Shares of School Enrollment, 1992−93 (as percent of gross enrollments)
I II III IV Vietnam Urban Rural
Public schools
Primary 98.4 98.4 97.4 97.6 98.2 98.0 96.7 98.2
Lower secondary
98.2 98.7 98.7 97.3 97.1 97.8 94.1 99.1
Upper secondary
100.0 100.0 94.3 96.9 92.7 93.9 93.3 95.9
Post secondary NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Private
schools
Primary 1.6 1.6 2.6 2.4 1.8 2.0 3.3 1.8
Lower secondary
1.8 1.3 1.3 2.7 2.9 2.2 5.9 0.9
Upper secondary
0.0 0.0 5.7 3.1 7.3 6.1 6.7 4.1
Post secondary NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Education Data 34
Table 6:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Uniforms per Student, 1993 (thousand of dong per year)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 0.8 0.9 1.5 2.1 14.7 3.6 15.0 1.4
Lower secondary
19.5 21.5 19.1 29.9 42.1 29.3 44.3 23.7
Upper secondary
38.1 24.5 71.9 79.5 96.6 83.3 112.2 55.3
Post secondary NA 15.8 124.8 301.4 356.7 314.7 330.1 288.3 Private
Primary 9.9 14.1 28.5 35.7 39.0 25.1 39.6 20.4
Lower secondary
17.0 13.5 75.0 92.4 41.0 58.9 36.6 130.4
Upper secondary
NA NA 60.0 35.3 291.0 200.7 207.4 191.7
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 500.0 500.0 500.0 NA
All schools
Primary 1.0 1.2 2.4 3.0 15.2 4.1 15.9 1.8
Lower secondary
19.4 21.4 19.7 31.7 42.1 29.9 43.9 24.5
Upper secondary
38.1 21.8 71.2 78.1 111.6 90.5 118.9 62.4
Post secondary NA 15.8 124.8 301.4 359.0 316.8 333.2 288.3 Table 7:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on PTA Contributions per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 7.6 8.3 9.4 11.8 19.2 10.9 22.2 8.7
Lower secondary
8.5 10.6 12.3 15.4 24.6 16.3 28.8 11.6
Upper secondary
27.9 9.0 14.3 16.0 29.0 22.4 26.6 18.3
Post secondary NA 2.5 38.3 29.6 42.4 38.1 29.3 53.5
Private
Primary 4.5 4.0 2.0 12.9 0.7 5.0 39.6 4.9
Education Data 35
Lower secondary
0.0 10.0 43.5 20.4 12.1 16.9 21.6 1.8
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 4.5 7.2 5.3 6.8 3.3
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA
All schools
Primary 7.6 8.2 9.2 11.8 18.8 10.8 21.7 8.6
Lower secondary
8.3 10.6 12.7 15.6 14.3 16.3 28.4 11.5
Upper secondary
27.9 8.0 13.5 15.6 27.3 21.4 25.2 17.6
Post secondary NA 2.5 38.3 29.6 43.4 38.8 30.6 53.5
Table 8:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Uniforms per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 3.4 5.4 9.2 15.8 32.3 12.2 27.6 9.2
Lower secondary
5.7 10.6 20.1 32.9 63.6 34.0 63.2 23.2
Upper secondary
0.0 33.9 20.3 57.2 77.7 59.0 83.9 34.7
Post secondary NA 36.7 100.7 41.5 9.2 49.6 43.6 60.7
Private
Primary 1.1 8.4 0.4 5.3 12.8 4.7 13.3 2.1
Lower secondary
30.0 25.0 30.0 62.5 97.1 64.3 81.3 1.0
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 50.0 51.7 40.4 53.8 22.5
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA
All schools
Primary 3.4 5.4 9.0 15.5 31.9 12.0 27.2 9.0
Lower secondary
6.2 10.8 20.2 33.7 64.3 34.6 64.2 23.1
Upper secondary
0.0 30.5 19.0 56.9 75.7 57.8 81.8 34.1
Post secondary NA 0.0 36.7 1007 40.8 49.1 42.9 60.7
Education Data 36
Table 9:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Books per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 17.9 19.8 22.1 25.9 35.1 23.6 34.6 21.5
Lower secondary
32.9 39.4 44.6 51.7 59.9 49.3 59.0 45.7
Upper secondary
83.9 73.1 71.2 77.7 82.0 78.9 78.3 79.6
Post secondary NA 108.0 75.0 141.6 121.4 142.5 84.5
Private
Primary 9.3 10.5 10.6 26.8 21.0 15.1 24.4 12.0
Lower secondary
95.0 35.0 34.0 73.8 52.4 61.2 75.3 16.0
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 75.0 66.7 53.6 71.3 30.0
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 80.0 80.0 80.0 NA
All schools
Primary 17.8 19.6 21.7 25.9 34.9 23.4 27.2 9.0
Lower secondary
34.1 39.3 44.5 52.4 59.7 49.5 59.9 45.5
Upper secondary
83.9 65.0 66.9 77.6 80.8 77.4 77.8 77.0
Post secondary NA 20.5 108.0 100.7 140.5 120.9 141.4 84.5
Table 10:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Transport per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.1
Lower secondary
0.1 0.1 0.9 1.8 6.7 2.7 4.2 2.1
Upper secondary
0.0 1.1 7.0 5.5 4.4 4.8 2.3 7.1
Post secondary NA 0.0 44.0 29.3 31.9 30.6 27.5 36.0
Private
Primary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 1.8 7.9 0.0
Education Data 37
Lower secondary
0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 5.0
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.0
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA
All schools
Primary 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.8 0.1
Lower secondary
0.1 0.1 1.0 1.7 6.5 2.6 3.7 2.1
Upper secondary
0.0 1.0 6.5 5.3 4.2 4.5 2.2 6.8
Post secondary NA 0.0 44.0 29.3 31.3 30.2 26.9 36.0
Table 11:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Food & Lodging per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 3.0 7.5 15.6 27.8 76.3 23.5 54.3 17.5
Lower secondary
2.4 7.4 17.9 27.5 91.0 39.6 75.8 26.4
Upper secondary
0.0 0.6 10.9 112.0 96.2 81.1 77.2 84.8
Post secondary NA 206.3 269.8 121.0 184.5 179.3 121.1 284.0 Private
Primary 3.1 4.7 24.2 49.4 132.4 34.5 30.9 35.5
Lower secondary
0.0 0.0 25.0 22.5 205.7 79.5 90.0 46.0
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 0.0 271.1 174.3 92.5 283.3
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 300.0 300.0 300.0 NA
All schools
Primary 3.0 7.4 15.8 28.4 77.3 23.7 53.6 17.9
Lower secondary
2.4 7.3 18.0 27.3 93.5 40.4 76.6 26.5
Upper secondary
0.0 0.6 10.2 108.4 109.9 86.8 78.3 95.3
Post secondary NA 206.3 269.8 121.0 186.4 180.7 124.4 284.0
Education Data 38
Table 12:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on Other Schooling Costs per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 2.5 4.3 5.2 9.2 30.2 9.4 34.3 4.6
Lower secondary
5.1 7.4 13.1 24.5 73.3 32.9 81.0 15.0
Upper secondary
10.8 17.5 33.7 82.8 127.1 92.7 135.2 51.4
Post secondary NA 7.8 186.0 44.4 45.8 52.1 60.2 37.9
Private
Primary 1.4 4.0 0.3 14.0 22.3 6.9 17.4 3.6
Lower secondary
47.5 30.0 12.5 94.0 79.3 70.8 91.7 4.0
Upper secondary
NA NA 0.0 60.0 42.8 36.1 60.6 3.3
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 NA
All schools
Primary 2.5 4.3 5.0 9.3 30.0 9.4 33.7 4.6
Lower secondary
6.1 8.0 13.1 26.5 73.5 33.6 81.6 14.9
Upper secondary
10.8 15.6 31.7 82.1 120.6 89.2 130.0 48.9
Post secondary NA 7.8 186.0 44.4 45.0 51.5 59.1 37.9
Table 13:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditures on all Schooling Costs per Student, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public
Primary 35.1 45.0 63.4 91.9 214.9 82.9 199.6 61.1
Lower secondary
73.8 94.7 127.3 180.0 359.6 201.1 357.9 144.9
Upper secondary
160.7 253.2 222.9 420.4 537.2 431.3 541.7 327.5
Post secondary NA 385.2 788.5 726.8 838.2 786.9 724.8 879.3 Private
Primary 28.6 45.6 66.0 140.8 224.9 91.4 133.1 78.0
Education Data 39
Lower secondary
189.5 113.5 395.0 365.5 564.2 414.3 392.8 469.4
Upper secondary
NA NA 60.0 224.8 731.6 511.0 493.6 534.2
Post secondary NA NA NA NA 890.0 890.0 890.0 NA
All schools
Primary 35.0 45.0 63.5 93.1 215.0 83.1 197.5 61.4
Lower secondary
75.9 95.0 130.9 185.1 365.7 205.8 360.0 147.7
Upper secondary
160.7 233.7 213.9 414.4 551.5 435.9 538.5 337.4
Post secondary NA 385.2 788.5 726.8 839.7 788.9 730.1 879.3 Table 14:
Aggregate Private Expenditure on Education, 1993 (billions of dong per year)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Public 104 161 256 430 1,026 1,976 906 1,069
Primary 76 105 132 166 353 832 313 517
Lower secondary
24 42 84 151 352 652 306 346
Upper secondary
4 9 22 79 182 294 180 115
Post secondary NA 6 19 34 139 198 107 91
Private 2 2 8 16 43 72 41 30
Primary 1 2 4 6 7 19 7 12
Lower secondary
1 1 4 9 17 31 21 10
Upper secondary
0 0 0 1 20 22 12 8
Post secondary NA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
All schools 106 163 264 446 1,069 2,048 946 1,099
Primary 77 106 136 172 360 850 320 529
Lower secondary
25 43 87 160 368 683 326 356
Upper secondary
4 8 22 80 201 316 192 123
Post secondary 0 6 19 34 139 199 108 91
Education Data 40
Table 15:
Aggregate Public Expenditure on Education, 1992−1993 (in billions of dong)
1992 1993 1992−93
Central Local Total Central Local Total School year
Education 100 990 1,090 210 1,640 1,850 1,470
Preschool − 49 49 − 99 99 74
Primary − 632 632 − 885 885 759
Lower secondary − 238 238 − 384 384 311
Upper secondary − 59 59 − 167 167 113
Targeted 100 − 100 210 − 210 155
Other − 12 12 − 105 105 59
Training 269 281 550 439 411 850 700
University/college 216 − 216 360 − 360 288
Higher 13 − 13 19 − 19 16
Targeted 40 − 40 60 − 60 50
Technical − 143 143 − 208 208 176
Vocational − 112 112 − 175 175 144
Other − 26 26 − 28 28 27
Total 369 1,271 1,640 649 2,051 2,700 2,170
Table 16:
Sources and Uses of Education Expenditure, 1992−93 (in billions of dong) SOURCES:
Public Private All
sources
USES: Fees PTA Uniforms Books Other All
private
Public 2,170 267 187 285 481 755 1,976 4,146
Primary 759 36 109 122 237 327 832 1,590
Lower secondary 311 95 53 110 160 234 652 963
Upper secondary 113 57 15 40 54 128 294 407
Post secondary 623 79 10 13 31 66 198 821
Other 365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Private 0 5 15 32 86 144 72 72
Primary 0 2 8 16 43 72 19 19
Education Data 41
Lower secondary 0 2 4 6 7 19 31 31
Upper secondary 0 1 4 9 17 31 22 22
Post secondary 0 0 0 1 20 22 0 0
All uses 2,170 106 163 264 446 1,069 2,048 4,218
Table 17:
Public and Private Shares of Education Financing, 1992−93 (percent of aggregate expenditure)
SOURCES:
Public Private All
sources
USES: Fees PTA Uniforms Books Other All
private
Public 51.4 6.3 4.4 6.8 11.4 17.9 46.8 98.3
Primary 18.0 0.9 2.6 2.9 5.6 7.8 19.7 37.7
Lower secondary 7.4 2.3 1.3 2.6 3.8 5.5 15.5 22.8
Upper secondary 2.7 1.3 0.4 1.0 1.3 3.0 7.0 9.6
Post secondary 14.8 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.6 4.7 19.5
Other 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Private 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.8 2.0 3.4 1.7 1.7
Primary 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.4
Lower secondary 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7
Upper secondary 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5
Post secondary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
All uses 51.4 2.5 3.9 6.3 10.6 25.3 48.6 100.0
Table 18:
Public Subsidies and Cost Recovery for Education, 1993
Total: Per student Cost
Enrollment (millions)
Costs (billions)
Fees (billions)
Subsidy (billions)
Cost (thou)
Fees (thou)
Subsidy (thou)
recovery (%)
Primary 10.032 794 36 759 79.2 3.6 75.6 5
Lower secondary
3.242 406 95 311 125.2 29.3 95.9 23
Upper secondary
0.682 170 57 113 249.1 83.3 165.8 33
Post secondary 0.252 702 79 623 2,787.8 314.7 2,473.1 11
Education Data 42
Table 19:
Incidence of Public Subsideis for Education by Quintile, 1992−93 (thousand dong per capita)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Primary 11.9 12.6 11.4 9.8 8.9 10.9 8.6 11.5
Lower secondary 2.3 3.0 4.6 5.8 6.7 4.5 5.9 4.1
Upper secondary 0.3 0.4 1.2 2.2 4.0 1.6 4.0 1.0
Post secondary NA 2.6 4.2 8.4 29.4 9.0 26.4 4.6
All programs 14.5 18.7 21.3 26.2 49.1 26.0 44.9 21.3
Memo:
per capita consumption 541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 Table 20:
Effectiveness of Targeting Public Subsidies for Education, 1992−93 (as % per capita consumption)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Primary 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.4 1.0
Lower secondary 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4
Upper secondary 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Post secondary NA 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.4
All programs 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8
Memo:
per capita consumption 541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 2,406.4 1,156.5 Table 21:
Efficiency of Targeting Public Subsidies for Education, 1992−93 (as % of public subsidies for education)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Primary 21.7 23.2 20.7 18.0 16.4 100.0 15.6 84.4
Lower secondary 10.1 13.6 20.3 25.9 30.2 100.0 26.3 73.7
Upper secondary 3.5 5.2 14.3 27.4 49.6 100.0 48.7 51.3
Post secondary NA 5.9 9.4 18.8 65.9 100.0 58.8 41.2
All programs 11.1 14.4 16.3 20.2 37.9 100.0 34.4 65.6
Memo:
% of aggr consum 7.7 11.4 15.1 21.2 44.6 100.0
Education Data 43
Table 22:
Lorenz Distributions of Public Subsidies for Education, 1992−3 (cumulative percentages)
I II III IV V
Primary 21.7 44.9 65.6 83.6 100.0
Lower secondary 10.1 23.7 44.0 69.8 100.0
Upper secondary 3.5 8.7 23.0 50.4 100.0
Post secondary NA 5.9 15.3 34.1 100.0
All programs 11.1 25.5 41.8 62.1 100.0
Memo:
% of population 19.9 39.9 59.8 79.9 100.0
% of aggr consum 7.7 19.1 34.2 55.4 100.0
Table 23:
Availability, Distance and Travel Time for Public Education Areas in Rural Areas
I II III IV V Average
In commune (%)
Primary 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Lower secondary 85.3 87.5 88.5 86.3 84.2 86.6
Upper secondary 8.1 6.0 11.3 11.0 15.5 10.1
Distance (km)/a
Primary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lower secondary 7.9 4.5 3.7 3.2 3.0 4.7
Upper secondary 8.7 8.1 7.2 6.6 6.7 7.5
Time (min)/a
Primary 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lower secondary 99.2 48.7 35.3 30.5 30.0 52.5
Upper secondary 64.6 53.5 47.2 44.9 43.6 51.1
/a To nearest school If not available in commune
Source: Merged VLLS community and household surveys.
Table 24:
Official Fee Structure for Grades VI−XII (in dong per student)
Per month Per year/a
Grade: Urban Rural Urban Rural
VI 3,000 2,000 27,000 18,000
Education Data 44
VII 4,000 3,000 36,000 27,000
VIII 5,000 4,000 45,000 36,000
IX 6,000 5,000 54,000 45,000
X 7,000 5,000 63,000 45,000
XI 8,000 6,000 72,000 54,000
XII 9,000 7,000 81,000 63,000
/a Monthly fees are paid for a 9 month school year
Source: Joint Ministerial Circular on Guidance for Tuition Fees for Public Basic Education, Ministry of Education & Training and Ministry of Finance, No. 14/TT−LB, September 4, 1993.
Table 25:
Official Criteria for Fee Discounts in Grades VI−XII Exemptions:
Handicapped students Boarding in minority areas Orphan students
Children of fallen/seriously wounded soldier High mountainous/remote areas
50% reduction:
Children of slightly wounded/seriously sick soldier
Children of government employees disabled by work injury Ethnic minority students
Children of families who are poor or face difficult circumstances (as certified by local authority)
Table 26:
Official Criteria for Fee Discounts in Post Secondary Schools Exemptions:
Labor heroes
Wounded and sick soldiers as classified by MOLISA
Children of fallen, seriously wounded and seriously sick soldiers Students distinguished in study
Orphan students
Ethnic minority students with parents in mountainous area/remote island Kinh students with parents in high mountainous area
Students studying dangerous disciplines (eg toxicology)
Education Data 45
50% reductions:
Children of slightly wounded soldiers
Children of government employees disabled by work injury Ethnic minority students
Children of families who are poor or face difficult circumstances
Note: Fees range 20,000−60,000 dong per month payable for a 10 month school year
Source: Joint Interministerial Circular on Guidance of Fee for Higher Education, Secondary Technical Schools and Vocational Training Schools, No.20/TT−LB, October 28, 1993.
Table 27:
Proportion of Students who pay zero in Public Schools, 1993 (in percent)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Fees
Primary 87.9 83.3 82.9 81.5 76.0 82.7 76.9 83.8
Lower secondary 17.3 15.4 16.2 11.3 13.3 14.1 14.9 13.8
Upper secondary 0.0 8.3 0.0 12.7 12.3 10.0 12.5 7.6
Post secondary NA 40.0 37.5 25.0 30.4 30.6 30.0 31.4
PTA
Primary 15.9 12.9 11.8 10.5 14.2 13.1 11.3 13.4
Lower secondary 16.4 16.1 12.2 13.1 12.4 13.4 13.9 13.3
Upper secondary 0.0 0.0 12.1 25.4 19.3 18.3 24.1 12.7
Post secondary NA 60.0 37.5 68.8 57.1 57.6 64.0 48.6
Books
Primary 3.0 2.9 2.3 1.1 2.3 2.4 4.7 2.0
Lower secondary 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.6 0.6 2.1 0.1
Upper secondary 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.8 4.4 3.9 7.1 0.8
Post secondary NA 0.0 0.0 6.3 1.8 2.4 4.0 0.0
Table 28:
Average Nonzero Expenditures for Students in Public Schools, 1993 (in thousands of dong per student per year)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Fees
Primary 14.2 14.0 16.1 17.5 72.7 34.8 79.4 16.0
Lower secondary 24.2 25.7 23.4 34.0 49.2 34.6 52.6 28.0
Education Data 46
Upper secondary 38.1 28.0 71.9 91.5 111.1 93.3 129.2 60.3
Post secondary 0.0 31.5 249.7 422.0 497.7 455.7 460.4 446.9
PTA
Primary 9.3 9.7 10.8 13.3 22.5 12.7 25.3 10.2
Lower secondary 10.5 12.8 14.3 17.9 28.4 19.1 33.7 13.6
Upper secondary 27.9 9.0 16.4 21.7 36.5 27.8 35.7 21.3
Post secondary 0.0 10.0 76.7 138.3 92.7 92.9 74.1 123.4
Books
Primary 18.5 20.5 22.7 26.2 36.0 24.3 36.4 21.9
Lower secondary 32.9 39.4 44.6 52.7 60.3 49.6 60.3 45.7
Upper secondary 83.9 73.1 73.6 81.7 86.0 82.4 84.7 80.3
Post secondary 0.0 20.5 108.0 80.0 143.9 124.3 148.0 84.5
Table 29:
Affordability of Public Schooling, 1993 (cost/income ratio in percent)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Quintile average cost
Primary 21.6 16.0 14.9 13.4 12.5 13.7 17.0 13.5
Lower secondary 45.4 33.6 29.8 26.2 21.0 33.3 30.5 32.1
Upper secondary 98.8 89.9 52.2 61.2 31.4 71.5 46.2 72.6
Post secondary NA 136.8 184.7 105.9 48.9 130.4 61.8 195.0
Viet Nam average cost
Primary 51.0 29.4 19.4 12.1 4.8 13.7 7.1 18.4
Lower secondary 123.7 71.4 47.1 29.3 11.7 33.3 17.2 44.6
Upper secondary 265.3 153.2 101.0 62.8 25.2 71.5 36.8 95.6
Post secondary 484.0 279.4 184.3 114.6 45.9 130.4 67.1 174.5
Memo:
pc nonfood cons (in '000 dong)
162.6 281.6 426.9 686.5 1,713.6 603.7 1,171.9 451.0
Table 30:
Average price of Schooling in Rural Areas (in thousands of dong per student per year)
I II III IV V Average
Fees/PTA /a
Education Data 47
Primary (I−III) 15.4 20.1 27.4 31.7 27.2 22.7 Primary
(IV−V)
18.4 23.3 32.6 40.2 30.7 27.0
Lower secondary
47.7 67.9 74.0 82.7 101.1 71.8
Upper secondary
117.6 185.2 168.7 209.5 206.3 177.0
Free books (%) /b
Primary 9.2 1.7 1.0 1.4 − 3.5
Lower secondary
5.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 − 1.9
Upper secondary
3.7 1.4 − − − 1.0
/a Average fees/PTA contributions charged in nearest school to children in the rural target age group
/b Proportion of students whose nearest available school provides free textbooks Table 31:
Access to Scholarships for Public Schooling
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
% scholarship
Primary 0.4 − 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3
Lower secondary 3.6 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 0.4 0.7 1.7
Upper secondary − 8.3 − 11.1 4.4 5.7 4.5 6.8
Post secondary NA 40.0 62.5 563 32.1 40.0 32.0 51.4
Value ('000 dong)
Primary 30.0 − 15.0 162.3 140.0 95.4 185.0 75.4
Lower secondary 29.3 75.0 20.7 101.3 218.5 95.8 55.0 101.6
Upper secondary NA 21.0 NA 168.9 229.2 180.7 114.4 222.1
Post secondary NA 497.5 402.8 346.1 331.8 355.8 282.7 420.7
Memo:
% student cost:
Primary 85.5 − 23.6 176.5 65.2 115.0 92.7 123.5
Lower secondary 39.6 79.2 16.2 56.2 60.8 47.7 15.4 70.1
Upper secondary NA 8.3 NA 40.2 42.7 41.9 21.1 67.8
Post secondary NA 129.16 51.08 47.62 39.58 45.21 39.00 47.85
Education Data 48
Table 32:
Access to Scholarships for Public Schooling, 1993 (during the last 7 days)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Days open
Primary 4.97 5.00 4.92 4.95 4.89 4.95 4.94 4.95
Lower secondary 5.74 5.66 5.72 5.59 5.22 5.53 5.44 5.57
Upper secondary 5.50 5.40 6.00 5.55 5.51 5.58 5.55 5.62
Post secondary NA 6.00 2.00 5.73 5.63 5.60 5.41 6.00
Hours attending
Primary 16.70 17.05 16.48 17.69 19.02 17.29 19.19 16.84
Lower secondary 22.78 22.05 22.55 21.54 21.56 21.95 21.92 21.96 Upper secondary 24.00 20.30 25.31 23.05 24.57 24.04 24.32 23.71
Post secondary NA 24.00 14.00 29.73 28.21 28.11 25.02 35.11
Table 33:
Quality of Schooling in Rural areas
I II III IV V Average
Student/teacher
Primary 33.35 34.08 34.64 35.98 35.79 34.44
Lower secondary 19.34 21.29 22.97 25.96 22.96 22.34
% no textbooks
Primary 15.62 9.80 7.78 6.96 6.03 10.23
Lower secondary 9.39 7.78 5.23 6.56 6.25 7.14
Upper secondary 3.31 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80
% some not enough
Primary 26.32 25.64 24.50 17.63 17.73 23.62
Lower secondary 38.26 28.77 31.35 20.49 12.50 27.81
Upper secondary 23.21 30.36 20.54 12.50 13.39 8.74
Table 34:
Most important Reasons for not Attending School in Rural Areas
I II III IV V Average
Primary
Too far 19.07 15.30 21.03 17.63 17.38 18.12
Too expensive 38.50 45.10 44.87 46.64 53.19 44.21
Illness 16.48 16.11 12.25 12.76 8.51 14.16
Education Data 49
Incapable 6.64 6.71 4.64 6.50 3.90 5.95 Parents do not care 13.90 12.48 14.74 16.24 16.67 14.33
Working 4.67 2.28 1.82 0.23 0.35 2.37
Lower secondary
Too far 10.63 11.09 10.59 8.85 12.03 10.55
Too expensive 51.58 54.27 52.94 53.08 53.53 53.03
Illness 6.79 3.23 3.76 4.29 2.90 4.34
Incapable 15.38 16.17 19.76 20.91 21.58 18.39
Parents do not care 9.28 9.47 10.12 6.97 3.73 8.36
Working 5.20 4.39 2.12 2.41 1.66 3.34
Table 35:
Most Important Problems with School in Rural Areas
I II III IV V Average
Primary
Poor conditions 72.69 67.11 61.09 63.34 58.51 66.02
Low teacher pay 17.71 24.56 30.13 27.38 34.75 25.22
School budget 2.95 3.76 1.82 4.87 3.19 3.23
Lack supplies 4.92 2.68 4.47 2.09 2.13 3.55
Poor quality teachers 1.72 1.88 2.48 2.32 1.42 1.98 Lower secondary
Poor conditions 67.73 58.03 53.14 49.06 49.79 56.20
Low teacher pay 17.85 23.74 31.40 34.85 34.44 27.78
School budget 6.85 7.19 5.56 8.31 9.13 7.23
Lack places 1.71 2.88 0.48 0.27 0.00 1.19
Lack supplies 4.65 5.52 7.49 3.49 3.32 5.07
Poor quality teachers 0.73 1.68 1.45 2.41 2.90 1.73