Incapable 6.64 6.71 4.64 6.50 3.90 5.95 Parents do not care 13.90 12.48 14.74 16.24 16.67 14.33
Working 4.67 2.28 1.82 0.23 0.35 2.37
Lower secondary
Too far 10.63 11.09 10.59 8.85 12.03 10.55
Too expensive 51.58 54.27 52.94 53.08 53.53 53.03
Illness 6.79 3.23 3.76 4.29 2.90 4.34
Incapable 15.38 16.17 19.76 20.91 21.58 18.39
Parents do not care 9.28 9.47 10.12 6.97 3.73 8.36
Working 5.20 4.39 2.12 2.41 1.66 3.34
Table 35:
Most Important Problems with School in Rural Areas
I II III IV V Average
Primary
Poor conditions 72.69 67.11 61.09 63.34 58.51 66.02
Low teacher pay 17.71 24.56 30.13 27.38 34.75 25.22
School budget 2.95 3.76 1.82 4.87 3.19 3.23
Lack supplies 4.92 2.68 4.47 2.09 2.13 3.55
Poor quality teachers 1.72 1.88 2.48 2.32 1.42 1.98 Lower secondary
Poor conditions 67.73 58.03 53.14 49.06 49.79 56.20
Low teacher pay 17.85 23.74 31.40 34.85 34.44 27.78
School budget 6.85 7.19 5.56 8.31 9.13 7.23
Lack places 1.71 2.88 0.48 0.27 0.00 1.19
Lack supplies 4.65 5.52 7.49 3.49 3.32 5.07
Poor quality teachers 0.73 1.68 1.45 2.41 2.90 1.73
1. Trends in Utilization of Health Services, 1986−93 link 2. Health Service Contact by Provider and Expenditure Quintile,
1993
link
3. Utilization rates for Health Services by Quintile, 1993 link 4. Public and Private Sector Shares of Health Service Utilization,
1993
link
5. Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Fees per Health Service Contact, 1993
link
6. Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Drugs per Health Service Contact, 1993
link
7. Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Fees and Drugs per Health Service Contact, 1993
link
8. Aggregate Private Expenditure on Fees for Health Services, 1993
link
9. Aggregate Private Expenditure on Drugs, 1993 link 10. Aggregate Private Expenditure on Health, 1993 link 11. Aggregate Public Expenditure on Health, 1993 link 12. Sources and Uses of Aggregate Health Expenditures, 1993 link 13. Public and Private Shares of Aggregate Health Financing, 1993 link 14. Public Subsidies and Cost Recovery for Public Health
Services, 1993
link
15. Benefit Incidence of Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 link 16. Effectiveness of Targeting Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 link 17. Efficiency of Targeting Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 link 18. Lorenz Distributions of Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 link 19. Availability of Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 link 20. Distance to Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 link 21. Travel Time to Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 link 22. Official Fee Structure for Public Health Services link 23. Criteria for Exemption from Fees for Public Health Services link 24. Percent of Users Who Pay Zero per Public Sector Contact,
1993
link
25. Average Nonzero Expenditure on Health per Public Sector Contact, 1993
link
26. Affordability Ratios for Public Health Services, 1993 link 27. Probability of Consulting a Doctor per Public Health Contact, 1993
link
Health Data 51
28. Major Health Problems in Rural Areas, 1993 link 29. Major Problems with Health Services in Rural Areas, 1993 link Table 1:
Trends in Utilization of Health Services, 1986−1993
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
In millions
Consultations 129.718 114.999 77.893 66.904 NA 79.619 66.096
Inpatients 6.510 6.270 5.105 4.515 NA 5.207 6.427
Rates
Consult/person 2.10 1.82 1.20 1.01 NA 1.15 0.93
Inpatients/1000 105 99 79 68 NA 75 91
Memo:
Population (in millions)
61.750 63.263 64.774 66.233 67.774 69.405 70.983
Source: Ministry of Health Table 2:
Health service Contact Rates by Provider and Expenditure quintile, 1993 (percent of persons reporting ill last month who sought treatment)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Public providers 11.5 14.3 15.5 15.9 19.5 15.4 18.8 14.5
Hospital inpatient 2.1 2.3 3.7 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.1 2.9
Hospital outpatient 3.3 4.2 5.1 7.1 12.1 6.4 11.7 5.0
Commune health center
5.7 7.0 5.7 4.6 2.5 5.1 1.9 5.9
Other clinic 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.0 2.2 0.7
Private providers 14.5 17.0 20.5 17.5 25.0 19.0 22.0 18.2
Doctor 3.7 4.7 8.6 9.6 18.2 9.1 17.1 7.0
Paramedic 10.3 11.l 11.1 7.2 6.0 9.1 3.6 10.5
Traditional healer 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.6
Other providers 0.1 0.2 − 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1
Self−medication 70.2 66.2 62.6 65.8 54.7 63.8 58.5 65.2
No treatment 3.8 2.5 1.5 0.8 0.7 1.8 0.7 2.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Memo:
High quality providers 9.00 11.21 17.42 19.85 33.63 18.40 31.88 14.92
Health Data 52
Table 3:
Utilization Rates for Health Services by Quintile, 1993 (annualised rate per person per year)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Public providers 0.348 0.502 0.497 0.537 0.663 0.509 0.640 0.477 Hospital inpatient 0.063 0.081 0.119 0.106 0.116 0.097 0.104 0.095 Hospital outpatient 0.098 0.146 0.164 0.239 0.411 0.212 0.399 0.165 Commune health
center
0.172 0.245 0.182 0.154 0.086 0.167 0.063 0.193
Other clinic 0.015 0.030 0.033 0.038 0.050 0.033 0.073 0.023
Private providers 0.439 0.595 0.659 0.592 0.852 0.627 0.748 0.597
Doctor 0.111 0.166 0.278 0.325 0.618 0.299 0.582 0.229
Paramedic 0.313 0.391 0.356 0.242 0.204 0.301 0.121 0.346
Traditional healer 0.013 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.019 Other providers 0.003 0.008 0.000 0.003 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.003 Self−medication 2.124 2.325 2.015 2.222 1.863 2.110 1.992 2.139
Total 2.912 3.422 3.172 3.351 3.377 3.246 3.381 3.213
Memo:
Average length of stay (days per inpatient)
7.600 8.125 8.255 7.683 7.217 ? ? ?
Table 4:
Public and Private Sector Shares of Health Service Utilization, 1993 (percent of total)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Inpatient
Public 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Outpatient
Public 39 41 36 42 39 40 42 39
Private 61 59 64 58 61 60 58 61
Self−medication
Private 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
All services
Public 14 17 19 19 24 19 23 17
Private 86 83 81 81 76 81 77 83
Health Data 53
Table 5:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Fees per Health Service Contact, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Public providers
Hospital inpatient 7.6 15.3 25.2 32.4 44.7 27.6 44.9 23.1
Hospital outpatient 1.8 2.1 8.3 5.3 4.7 4.8 4.4 5.0
Commune health center
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.1
Other public 0.3 1.8 0.5 3.3 3.5 2.3 1.1 3.2
Private providers
Doctor 0.6 1.2 1.2 3.0 3.2 2.4 3.9 1.4
Paramedic 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
Traditional healer − 0.4 0.2 − 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.9
Other providers − − − 1.0 − 0.1 − 0.3
Table 6:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Drugs per Health Service Contact, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Public providers
Hospital inpatient 66.7 147.2 173.9 186.1 277.2 182.9 201.8 177.8
Hospital outpatient 41.2 49.9 52.8 73.9 93.0 71.9 63.5 77.0
Commune health center
12.9 29.7 30.8 42.9 51.9 31.2 35.7 30.8
Other public 37.6 32.7 22.4 52.1 41.5 38.1 39.6 37.0
Private providers
Doctor 32.6 37.4 52.0 52.2 56.7 50.9 50.1 51.4
Paramedic 16.3 21.1 33.9 42.8 49.5 30.5 38.1 29.8
Traditional healer 104.0 33.1 44.2 105.1 67.9 64.7 92.4 51.8
Other providers 15.0 6.0 − 10.0 37.0 21.2 27.0 16.6
Self−medication 10.2 12.4 15.4 19.7 25.2 16.5 18.1 16.1
Health Data 54
Table 7:
Average Out of Pocket Expenditure on Fees & Drugs per Health service contact, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Public providers
Hospital inpatient 74.3 162.5 199.1 218.5 321.9 210.5 246.7 200.9
Hospital outpatient 43.0 52.0 61.1 79.2 97.7 76.7 67.9 81.9
Commune health center
13.1 29.8 30.8 43.0 52.6 31.4 36.2 31.0
Other public 37.8 34.5 22.9 55.4 45.0 40.4 40.7 40.2
Private providers
Doctor 33.2 38.7 53.2 55.2 59.8 53.3 54.0 52.8
Paramedic 16.8 21.6 34.6 43.3 50.1 31.1 38.7 30.5
Traditional healer 104.0 33.5 44.4 105.1 69.1 65.1 92.5 52.7
Other providers 15.0 6.0 − 11.0 37.0 21.3 27.0 16.9
Self−medication 10.2 12.4 15.4 19.7 25.2 16.5 18.1 16.1
Table 8:
Aggregate Private Expenditure on Fees for Health Services, 1993 (in billions of dong)
I II III IV V Total Urban Rural
Public providers 10 23 62 68 104 269 93 177
Hospital inpatient 7 18 42 49 74 190 66 125
Hospital outpatient 3 4 19 18 27 72 25 47
Commune health center
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1
Other public 0 1 0 2 3 5 1 4
Private providers 3 6 9 15 30 63 33 32
Doctor 1 3 5 14 28 50 32 18
Paramedic 2 3 4 2 1 12 1 13
Traditional healer − 0 0 − 0 1 0 1
Other providers − − − 0 − 0 − 0
All health services 13 29 71 84 134 331 125 210
Memo:
Population (millions)
14.19 14.20 14.18 14.21 14.20 70.98 14.16 56.82
Health Data 55
Table 9:
Aggregate Private Expenditure on Drugs, 1993 (in billions of dong)
I II III IV V Total Urban Rural
Public providers 157 390 505 653 1,092 2,799 728 2,071
Hospital inpatient 60 169 293 280 457 1,257 296 961
Hospital outpatient 57 104 123 251 543 1,081 359 722
Commune health center
31 103 79 94 63 371 32 339
Other public 8 14 10 28 30 90 41 49
Private providers 143 220 392 422 665 1,841 528 1,315
Doctor 51 88 205 241 497 1,081 413 670
Paramedic 72 117 171 147 144 652 65 587
Traditional healer 19 14 16 34 19 102 46 56
Other providers 1 1 − 0 5 7 4 3
Self−medication 307 409 439 622 666 2,472 510 1,961
All health services 607 1,019 1,336 1,697 2,424 7,112 1,767 5,347 Memo:
Population (millions) 14.19 14.20 14.18 14.21 14.20 70.98 14.16 56.82 Table 10:
Aggregate Private Expenditure on Health, 1993 (in billions of dong)
I II III IV V Total Urban Rural
Public providers 167 413 567 721 1,197 3,065 821 2,248
Hospital inpatient 66 186 335 329 530 1,446 362 1,086
Hospital outpatient 60 108 142 269 570 1,150 384 768
Commune health center
32 104 79 94 64 373 32 340
Other public 8 15 11 30 32 96 42 53
Private providers 146 226 400 438 695 1,906 561 1,347
Doctor 52 91 210 255 525 1,133 445 688
Paramedic 75 120 175 149 145 663 66 599
Traditional healer 19 14 16 34 20 103 46 57
Other providers 1 1 − 0 5 7 4 3
Self−medication 307 409 439 622 666 2,472 510 1,961
All health services 426 687 984 1,205 1,721 5,051 1,317 3,735 Memo:
Health Data 56
Population (millions) 14.19 14.20 14.18 14.21 14.20 70.98 14.16 56.82 Table 11:
Aggregate Public Expenditure on Health, 1993 (in billions of dong)
1992 1993
Central Local Total Central Local Total
Hospitals 153 687 840 311 1,002 1,312
Central 117 − 117 237 − 237
Branch 36 − 36 74 − 74
Provincial − 450 450 − 656 656
District − 237 237 − 345 345
Comm health centers/a
− 21 21 − 31 31
Prevention 75 − 75 39 − 39
Training 32 − 32 48 − 48
Research 4 − 4 9 − 9
Administration 2 − 2 3 − 3
Other − − − − − −
Total 265 709 974 410 1,033 1,442
Memo:
Off−budget expenditure on commune health centers/b
132
/a Estimate based on number of CHWs paid by state budget /b Estimate based on total number of CHWs
Table 12:
Sources and Uses of Aggregate Health Expenditure, 1993 (in billions of dong) SOURCES:
Public Private: All
sources
USES: Fees Drugs Total
Public 1,442 269 2,799 3,065 4,507
Hospitals 1,312 262 2,338 2,600 3,912
Health centers 31 2 371 373 404
Prevention 39 0 0 − 39
Other 60 5 90 95 155
Health Data 57
Private − 63 4,313 4,377 4,377
Providers − 63 1,841 1,906 1,906
Self−medication − − 2,472 2,472 2,472
All uses 1,442 331 7,112 7,442 8,884
Memo:
Per capita
(in thousands of dong)
20 5 100 105 125
Table 13:
Public and Private Shares of Aggregate Health Financing, 1993 (as percent of aggregate expenditure)
SOURCES:
Public Private: All
sources
USES: Fees Drugs Total
Public 16.2 3.0 31.5 34.5 50.8
Hospitals 14.8 2.9 26.3 29.3 44.0
Health centers 0.4 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.5
Prevention 0.4 − − − 0.4
Other 0.7 0.1 1.0 1.1 1.7
Private − 0.7 48.5 49.3 49.3
Providers − 0.7 20.7 21.4 21.4
Self−medication − − 27.8 27.8 27.8
All uses 16.2 3.7 80.1 83.8 100.0
Table 14:
Public Subsidies and Cost Recovery for Public Health Services, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
Total: Per unit: Cost
Utilisation (millions)
Costs/a (billions)
Fees (billions)
Subsidy (billions)
cost (thous)
subsidy (thous)
recovery (%) Hospital
inpatients
6.874 999 190 809 145 118 19
Central 0.338 172 33 140 511 414 19
Provincial 3.300 558 106 452 169 137 19
District 2.765 188 36 152 68 55 19
Branch 0.471 81 15 65 171 138 19
Hospital outpatients
15.039 575 72 504 38 33 12
Health Data 58
Central 1.821 111 14 97 61 53 12
Provincial 4.970 234 29 205 47 41 12
District 7.350 221 27 193 30 26 12
Branch 0.898 10 1 9 11 10 12
Comm health centers
11.887 165 2 31 14 3 1
/a Hospital costs based on econometric estimates of hospital marginal costs Table 15:
BENEFIT INCIDENCE OF PUBLIC SUBSIDIES FOR HEALTH, 1993 (in thousands of dong per capita)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Hospital inpatients 7.4 9.5 14.0 12.5 13.6 11.4 12.2 11.2
Hospital outpatients 3.3 4.9 5.5 8.0 13.8 7.1 13.4 5.5
Commune health centers
0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.5
All public programs 11.2 15.0 19.9 20.9 27.6 18.9 25.7 17.2
Memo:
Per capita consumption
541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 2,406.4 1,156.5
Table 16:
Effectiveness of Targeting Public Subsidies for Health, 1883 (percent of per capita consumption expenditure)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Hospital inpatients 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.0
Hospital outpatients 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5
Commune health centers
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
All public programs 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.5
Memo:
Per capita consumption (in thousands of dong)
541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 2,406.4 1,156.5
Health Data 59
Table 17:
Efficiency of Targeting Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 (percent of aggregate public expenditure on health)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Hospital inpatients 13 17 24 22 24 100 21 79
Hospital outpatients 9 14 15 23 39 100 38 62
Commune health centers
20 29 22 18 10 100 8 92
All public programs 12 16 21 22 29 100 27 73
Memo:
% of aggregate consumption
7 11 15 21 46 100
Table 18:
Lorenz Distributions of Public Subsidies for Health, 1993 (cumulative, percent of, aggregate public subsidies for health)
I II III IV V
Hospital inpatients 13 30 54 76 100
Hospital outpatients 9 23 39 61 100
Commune health centers 20 50 71 90 100
All public programs 12 28 49 71 100
Memo:
% of population 7 40 60 80 100
% of aggregate consumption 7 18 33 54 100
Table 19:
Availability of Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 (percent of persons with provider available in the commune)
I II III IV V Average
Hospital 6 7 8 9 12 8
Dispensary 26 29 33 40 47 33
Pharmacy 63 66 72 78 87 71
Clinic 94 95 96 94 94 95
Doctor 40 42 40 58 60 46
Physician 97 100 100 100 100 99
Nurse 95 97 96 95 95 96
Pharmacist 67 63 63 67 71 66
Midwife 93 91 92 93 95 93
Health Data 60
Bonze 92 95 94 97 100 95
Healer 75 75 75 84 90 79
Table 20:
Distance to Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 (distance if provider not available in the commune; in kilometers)
I II III IV V Average
Hospital 11.32 10.35 10.54 9.36 10.34 10.44
Dispensary 7.2 7.0 7.1 6.3 8.2 7.1
Pharmacy 9.2 8.3 8.6 8.6 7.7 8.7
Clinic 8.0 7.7 5.7 4.1 4.0 6.2
Doctor 7.2 7.4 7.5 6.7 6.7 7.2
Physician 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 NA 8.0
Nurse 4.4 8.1 8.2 4.5 1.7 5.5
Pharmacist 7.5 7.5 8.1 6.8 6.2 7.4
Midwife 3.5 5.8 7.1 5.8 3.8 5.4
Bonze 7.0 7.8 9.0 10.0 8.1 8.0
Healer 10.3 8.8 9.4 8.3 7.9 9.2
Table 21:
Travel Time to Health Providers in Rural Areas, 1993 (travel time if provider not available in the commune; in hours)
I II III IV V Average
Hospital 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.4
Dispensary 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.7
Pharmacy 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0
Clinic 1.9 2.0 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.5
Doctor 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8
Physician 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 NA 1.5
Nurse 1.0 1.9 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.3
Pharmacist 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.7
Midwife 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.3 0.8 1.4
Bonze 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.8
Healer 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 2.1
Health Data 61
Table 22:
Official Fee Structure for Public Health Services (in dong) Consultation
fee
Fee per inpatient bed−day
Central hospitals
− Internal medicine 500 1,000 1,200 1,500
− Obstetric surgery &
intensive care
500 1,000 1,500 2,000
Provincial hospitals
− Internal medicine 500 800 1,000
− Obstetric surgery &
intensive care
500 1,000 1,200 1,500
District hospitals 300 500
Source: Interministerial Circular Letter Guiding the Implementation of the Council of Ministers on the Partial Collection of Users' Fees in Health services, No. 14 TTLB, Hanoi, June 15, 1989
Table 23:
Criteria for Exemption from Fees for Public Health Services
− Those who rendered meritorious services to the revolution and who receive monthly allowances
− Parents or spouse of children of war dead who receive monthly allowances
− Handicapped, orphans and unaided elderly
− TB, mental and leprosy patients
− Ethnic minorities living in mountainous areas (at discretion of provincial people's committee)
− Workers in new economic zones who receive monthly allowances
− Public employees, pensioners, disabled, cadres of communes/wards, armed forces, pupils and students of vocational schools
− Parents, spouse or dependents aged <18 of civil servants and armed forces
− Children aged <5
Source: Inteministerial Circular Letter Guiding the Implementation of the Council of Ministers ..
Table 24:
Percent of Users who pay Zero per Public Sector Contact, 1993
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Hospital inpatients
Fees 36 38 32 48 39 39 34 40
Drugs 8 − 4 5 2 4 7 3
Hospital outpatients
Health Data 62
Fees 67 48 55 57 57 56 56 56
Drugs 3 − 2 1 6 3 6 1
Commune health centers
Fees 91 92 94 87 68 89 68 91
Drugs 16 3 4 3 − 6 − 6
Memo:
Per capita consumption
541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 2,406.4 −
Table 25:
Average Non−Zero Expenditures on Health Public Sector Contact, 1993 (in thousands of dong)
I II III IV V Average Urban Rural
Hospital inpatients
85.3 173.3 219.4 258.6 361.5 236.9 290.0 222.7
Fees 12.8 26.1 37.7 63.2 78.2 47.1 72.3 40.1
Drugs 72.5 147.2 181.6 195.4 283.4 189.8 217.7 182.6
Hospital outpatients
47.8 54.0 72.3 87.2 109.6 85.1 77.6 89.4
Fees 5.5 4.1 18.7 12.5 11.1 11.1 10.2 11.6
Drugs 42.3 49.9 53.6 74.7 98.5 74.0 67.4 77.9
Commune health centers
19.4 31.9 33.0 45.0 54.6 34.9 38.4 34.6
Fees 4.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 2.8 1.9 2.7 1.7
Drugs 15.4 30.7 32.1 44.4 51.9 33.1 35.7 32.9
Memo:
Per capita consumption
541.9 802.3 1,064.6 1,492.4 3,203.1 1,475.9 2,406.4 1,156.5
Table 26:
Affordability Ratios for Public Health Services, 1993 (cost per contact as percent of per capita food consumption)
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Quintile average cost
Hospital inpatient 45.7 57.7 46.6 31.8 18.8 34.9 21.1 44.5
Hospital outpatient 26.5 18.5 14.3 11.5 5.7 12.7 5.8 18.2
8.0 10.6 7.2 6.3 3.1 5.2 3.1 6.9
Health Data 63
Commune health centers
Vietnam average cost
Hospital inpatient 145.7 84.1 55.5 34.5 13.8 39.3 20.2 52.5
Hospital outpatient 52.3 30.2 19.9 12.4 5.0 14.1 7.3 18.9
Commune health centers
21.5 12.4 8.2 5.1 2.0 5.8 3.0 7.7
Memo:
Per capita food consumption
162.6 281.6 426.9 686.5 1,713.6 603.7 1,171.9 451.0
Table 27:
Probability of Consulting a Doctor per Public Health Contact, 1993
I II III IV V Vietnam Urban Rural
Hospital inpatient 0.84 0.81 0.89 0.83 1.00 0.89 ? ?
Hospital outpatients 0.85 0.86 0.97 0.87 0.94 0.91 ? ?
Commune health centers
0.09 0.11 0.08 0.15 0.24 0.12 ? ?
Table 28:
Major Problems with Health Services in Rural Areas, 1993 (percent of persons living in communes with identified problem)
I II III IV V Vietnam
Malaria 27 26 33 26 27 28
Complications of childbirth
6 8 5 4 1 5
Child malnutrition 46 44 36 38 35 40
Childhood diseases 3 3 4 4 6 4
Dysentery 2 1 1 3 2 2
Respiratory diseases 15 18 19 23 24 19
Table 29:
Major Problems with Health Services in Rural Areas, 1993 (percent of persons living in communes with identified problem)
I II III IV V Vietnam
Lack of facilities 54 59 63 60 66 60
Not enough medicine 10 7 5 5 3 6
Poor quality services 13 13 13 12 10 13
Weak management 3 3 2 3 1 3
Health Data 64