Ta UfU - OiNH CHfNH sCf UfU
"HO CHI MINH VA cude CHIEN TRANH ff VIET NAM"
TRONG H 6 | TUdNG COA KHRUSHCHEV
PHAM
H 6 N GTUNG*
N
ikita Sirgeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) la Bi thu thfl n h i t Ban chip hanh Trung Udng Dang Cpng san Lien Xd tU nam 1953 den nam 1964, kiem gifl ehflc Chii tich Hdi ddng Bp trudng Lien Xd tu nam 1958 den nam 1964. Ong la mpt nhan vat het sUe dac biet trong lich sii Lien X6 ndi rieng va trong lich sii Lhe gidi hien dai ndi ehung. Ten tudi cua Khrushchev gin lien vdi mpt loat sU kipn va qua trinh dac bipt trong IjcL sxi the gidi hipn dai, nhU cupc d i u tranh cndiig tp sung bai ca nhan Stalin, hoc thuyet "ehung sd'^ng hda binh"vdi nhflng no lUc hda hoan gifla Lien Xo vdi My va phUdng Tay va cupc xung dot Xd - Trung... Sau khi hi bude phai rdi khoi cUdng vi Bf thU thU n h i t Ban chip hanh Trung Udng va Chii tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng, dng v i n cdn la iiy vien Ban chip hanh Trung Udng Dang Cong san Lien X6 cho tdi khi nglu huu vao nam 1966.
Ngay trUde khi Khrushchev qua ddi vao ngay 11 thang 9 nam 1971 mpt tap hdi ky cua dng da dUde dich va x u i t ban d My vao nam 1970 vdi tieu de "Khrushchev Remembers" (Khrushchev nhd lgi) (1).
Trong bdi canh cua cupc Chien tranh lanh khi dd, vipe ngUdi My eho dich va cdng bd cudn hdi k^ tren day ciia Khrushchev la cd dyng ^ rd rang, n h i m cung c i p nhflng tfl li§u eho eae chien dieh chd'ng pha Lien Xd
va phong trao cdng san quo'c te ciia phUdng Tay, Trong lan x u i t ban dau tien nay, nha x u i t ban Little, Brown and Company khdng eho biet rd x u i t xfl cua tai lipu va vipc tai lipu nay da dUde dich va bien tap nhu the nao. Mac du khi dd Khrushchev cdn sd'ng, nhUng gidi nghien cflu ehfla tflng nghe t h i y b i t cfl phan hdi nao ciia dng vdi tu each la tac gia ve tinh xac thUe ciia tai lipu da dupe cdng bd d My. DUdng nhien, trong dieu kipn eiia Lien Xd lue dd va d vad vi the ciia minh, Khrushchev khd ed t h i cdng khai bpc Id thai dp ve cudn hdi ky, va du neu dng cd bde Id thai dp nhU the nao thi dieu dd cung khdng t b i dUde ecng bd cdng khai. Vi vay, vipe sii dung nhflng thdng tin va tu lipu dUcfc cung cip trong cud'n sach nay cin phai bet sUc cin trpng trong cac nghien cflu lich sii.
Do vi tri quyen Iflc ciia minh trong nhflng nam tU 1953 den 1964 chic chin Khrushchev ed vai trd r i t quan trpng ddi vdi mdi quan hp Xd - Vipt, dac bipt khi md'i quan he dd dUdc dat trcng bdi canh phUe tap cua eudc Chien tranh lanh, ciia cupc khang chien chd'ng thUe dan Phap va de qudc My cua nhan dan ta va trong nhflng b i t ddng va xung dot dien ra trong npi bp phe Xa hpi ehu nghia luc dd. Trong cudn hdi ky ndi tren Khrushchev ed danh mpt chUdng - chUdng sd 19, tU trang 480 den
PGS.TS. D^i hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi
98 Rghien cuu Lich sir. sg9-t-10.2008 trang 487 dUdi tieu de "Ho Chi Minh vd
cuoc chien tranh d Viet Nam" de ghi lai nhflng hdi tUdng va suy nghi cua dng ta ve lanh tu Hd Chi Minh va hai cupc khang chien cua n h a n dan Viet Nam. Chung tdi xin gidi thieu mot so' npi dung chinh ciia ehUdng sach nay de ban dpc cung tham khao va trao ddi.
1. Khrushchev va nhiing hoi tudtag cua ong Thdi diem ma Khrushchev viet nhflng trang hdi ky nay h i n la vao cudi nam 1969 hoac ngay dau nam 1970, khi Chu tieh Hd Chl Minh vfla qua ddi va vao gifla luc de qudc My dang hi sa liy trong cupc chien tranh phi nghia d Viet Nam. Md diu, Khrushchev viet: "Khi quan xam lUdc My bi bupe phai ngUng nhflng cupc nem bom mien Bic Viet Nam, ehung da phai ginh chiu that bai nang ne. Gid day, theo nhflng gi bao chi dUa tin, thi cd the t h i y rd r i n g My khdng b i n da tuan thii nhflng cam ket khi hp ngUng nem bom, nhUng thUe te la My bupe phai ngUng ndm bom la do cupc khang chien anh dung eiia nhan dan Viet Nam.
Cupc khang chien dd da dUdc td chUe dudi sU lanh dao ciia vi cd' Chu tich - mpt con ngUdi dac biet - Ddng chi Hd Chi Minhs" (2).
Tiep dd, Khrushchev da danh nhUng dong hdi tUdng r a t dae biet ve Hd Chi Minh. Ong nhd lai: "Trong cupc ddi boat dpng chinh tri cua minh, tdi da gap rat nhieu ngUdi, nhUng Hd Chi Minh da tao eho tdi nhflng i n tUdng theo mpt each thUc rat dac biet. Nhflng tin dd ton giio thUdng ndi ve nhflng thien sfl thieng lieng (holy apostles). Theo each sd'ng ciia minh va theo each ma dng tao nen nhflng an tUdng ddi vdi ngUdi khae, Hd Chi Minh gid'ng nhU mpt trong nhflng "thien sfl thieng lieng" dd.
Ong la mpt Thien sfl eua Cach mang" (3).
Ve dac tinh "thien sfl cua Cach mang"
ma dng cam nhan dUdc d Hd Chi Minh,
Khrushchev viet: 'Tdi se khdng bao gid quen dflde anh m i t nhin eua dng, eii nhin trung trUc toat len mpt ve thanh that va trong sang rat dac bipt. Dd la sU thanh thUe cua mpt ngUdi cpng san liem khiet va sU trong sang cua mdt con ngUdi da luon tuan thu nhflng nguyen t i e va hy sinh cho sfl nghiep. Ong ed the gianh dflde thien cam cua b i t ky ai nhd sfl chan thanh va niem tin tUdng vflng chic r i n g sfl nghiep cpng san la mpt sfl nghiep chinh nghia ciia nhan dan ciia dng va cua tat ea loai ngfldi.
Dudng nhu mdi ldi ndi cua dng deu toat len niem tin tUdng, r i n g tat ca nhflng ngUdi cpng s i n deu la anh em va do vay t i t ea nhflng ngUdi cpng san deu phai thanh that va chan thanh khi hp lam vipe vdi nhau. Hd Chi Minh thUe sU la mpt trong sd nhflng 'vi Thanh' cpng san" (4).
Khrushchev nhd lai, r i n g dng da gap Hd Chi Minh lan d i u tien tfl khi Stalin con sd'ng. Dd chinh la dip Hd Chi Minh thfle hien chuyen tham bi mat d i u tien tdi Lien Xd vao t h i n g Hai nam 1950 (5).
Khrushchev cdn nhd viee Hd Chi Minh da ke lai cho eae nhd lanh dao Xd viet nghe ve hanh trinh chuyen di ciia NgUdi tfl nui rUng Viet Bic tdi Matxcdva nhU the nao.
Sau dd dng ke lai:
"Trong lue ndi chuyen. Ho Chi Minh ludn ludn cham chu nhin Stalin vdi anh m i t r i t la. Tdi ed the ndi r i n g trong anh m i t ciia dng cd eai ve gi dd gidng nhU sfl ngay thd eua con tre (childlike nauvete). Toi cdn nhd mpt l i n dng da thd tay vao trong cap va liy ra mdt cud'n tap ehi Xd viet - tdi nghi dd la td Liin Xd trin dUdng xdy dUng (The USSR under Construction) - rdi hoi xin chfl ky tay eiia Stalin. 6 Phap ngfldi ta hay xin chfl ky kieu nay va Hd Chi Minh da lam theo tuc lp dd. Ong mud'n sau nay ve nUdc se cho ddng bao dng xem chfl ky tay
Tt6 Chi muih va cuOc chien fronh 6 Viet Ram" 99 cOia Stalin. Stalin da cho Hd xin chfl ky
nhflng ngay sau dd da chi dao liy cip lai cudn tap ehi vi dng ta lo ngai khdng biet Hd se sii dung chfl ky tay ciia minh lam gi.
Hd Chi Minh da ke lai vdi ehung tdi ve cupc da'u tranh eiia ddng bao dng chdng lai Ifle lUdng chiem ddng P h i p va de nghi ehung toi giup dd ve vat chit, n h i t la sung dan. Sau khi rdi Matxcdva, Hd Chi Minh viet thu yeu cau ehung toi cung cip thudc quinine vi lue dd ddng bao eua dng dang phai chiu dUng dich sdt ret. Nen cdng nghiep dUdc pham cua ehung tdi khi dd san xuit rat nhieu thudc quinine va Stalin da to ra bet sflc hao phdng khi ra lenh 'giii cho ong ta niia t i n " (6).
Khrushchev cho biet, sau nay dng ta eon gap Hd Chi Minh nhieu lan, nhat la trong khoang thdi gian hpi nghi Geneva.
Khrushchev viet: 'Tdi nhd viec ehung toi da cung nhau lam viee trong thdi gian cupc Hpi nghi Geneva (nam 1954). Vao thdi gian dd ehung tdi v i n cdn cd quan hp r i t tdt vdi Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'e. TrUde Hpi nghi Geneva ed mpt cupc hpp tru bi d Matxcdva. Chu An Lai dai dipn ehe Trung Qudc, cdn Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Thu tudng Pham Van Ddng dai dipn cho Vipt Nam. Chung tdi thao luan ve lap trUdng ciia minh tai Geneva dUa tren ed sd tinh hinh d Viet Nam. Tinh binh khi dd r i t xiu.
Phong trao khang ehien d Vipt Nam khi dd dang b ben bd cua sU sup dd. NhQng ngUdi khang chien [bd dpi Vipt Nam - PHT] trdng chd viee Hpi nghi Geneva se mang lai mpt ban bipp dinh dinh chien cho phdp hp gifl dupe nhflng gi ma nhan dan Viet Nam da gianh dflde trong cupc vat ldn vdi quan chiem ddng Phap... Sau mdt trong nhflng budi hpp dien ra tai Phdng Catherine trong dipn Kremlin, Chu An Lai niu ao va ldi tdi ra mpt gdc. Ong ta ndi: 'Ddng chi Hd Chi
Minh bao vdi tdi r i n g tinh hinh d Viet Nam la tuyet vpng va r i n g neu ehung ta khdng sdm dat dUde mpt hiep dinh dinh chien thi ngUdi Viet Nam khd cd the cam cU dUde vdi bpn Phap. Vi vay, hp da quyet dinh se nit len bien gidi Trung Qudc neu cin thiet, va hp edn mudn Trung Quo'c s i n sang dUa quan vao Viet Nam nhU ehung tdi da lam d Bic Trieu Tien. Ndi each khae, ngUdi Viet Nam mud'n ehung tdi giup hp duoi ngUdi Phap di. Chung tdi thi di nhien khong the dam bao vdi ddng chi Hd Chi Minh ve nhflng yeu eiu dd. Chung tdi da mit qua nhieu ngUdi d Trieu Tien - cupc ehien dd thUc sU lam ehung toi bi tdn hai. Dieu kien hien nay khong cho phep ehung tdi dinh liu vao mpt cupc chien nfla" (7).
Khrushchev ke tiep: 'Toi cung dfla ra de nghi eiia minh vdi ddng chi Chu An Lai:
'Mpt cupc d i u tranh quan trpng cdn dang dien ra' - tdi ndi - va ngfldi Vipt Nam dang chien diu ngoan cUdng. Bpn Phap dang chiu tdn that nang ne. Khdng cd ly do gi de ddng chi ndi vdi Hd Chi Minh r i n g cae ddng chi se tfl chdi giup dd dng ta neu quan dpi cua dng i y rut len bien gidi Trung Qud'e de tranh bi quan Phap t i n cdng. Tai sao ddng ehi khdng eho Hd mpt ldi ndi ddi vd hai? Hay de eho ngUdi Vipt Nam tin r i n g cac ddng chi se giup bp neu can thiet, va dd se la mpt nguon nhi't tinh cho nhflng chien si Viet Nam chd'ng lai ngUdi Phap". Chu An Lai ddng y khong ndi vdi ddng chf Hd Chi Minh ring Trung Qudc se khdng tham ehien ehdng lai quan Phap tren lanh thd Vipt Nam".
"Va rdi dieu m i u nhipm da say ra. Khi cac doan dai bieu den Geneva de dfl Hpi nghi, bd dpi Viet Nam da gianh dflde thing ldi vi dai va chiem dUde can cU Dipn Bien Phii. Ngay trcng phien hpp diu tien, trUdng doan Phap, Mendes France de nghi gidi ban chiem ddng phia Bic eua quan
100 Rghien curu Lich 5i3r. sg 9-I-10.2008 Phap la Vi tuyen 17. Tdi phai thu that la
khi ehung tdi nhsln dUdc thdng tin ndi tren tfl Geneva, ehung tdi da ha hdc mom vi ngae nhien va sung sUdng. Chung tdi da khdng mong ddi mpt dieu gi tudng tu nhU vay. Vi tuyen 17 la dieu tdi da tuyet ddi (absolute maximum) ma ehung ta cd the ddi hdi (...) Sau mpt thdi gian tranh cai ngin, ehung tdi chap nhan de nghi ciia Mendes France va hiep dinh dUdc ki ket. ChUng tdi da thanh cdng trong vipe ciing cd'viing chic nhflng gi ma nhflng ngUdi cpng san Viet Nam da dat dUdc" (8).
Ktirushehev cung chi ra, r i n g le ra mpi viec se deu td't dep neu t i t ca cac ben cung tdn trpng nhflng cam ket tai Hipp dinh Geneva. Theo dd, mpt cupc tdng tuyen cii se phai dupe td ehflc vao hai nam sau va chic chin la Hd Chi Minh va nhflng ngfldi cdng san va tien bp d Viet Nam se gianh t h i n g lpi. NhUng nhflng ngUdi nhfl Dulles va nUdc My dd can thiep va day ngUdi Viet Nam vao mdt cupc chien kdo dai.
Doan tiep theo cua chUdng sach nay Khrushchev danh de ndi ve "nhflng khd khan ma ngUdi Viet Nam phai ddi mat do cupc xung dot gifla Lien Xd va Trung Qudc".
TrUdc het la nhflng hdi tfldng ciia Khrushchev ve cupc Hpi nghi cac Dang Cpng sail va cdng nhan toan the gidi nam
1960 tai Matxcdva va nhflng cd' ging ciia Hd Chi Minh trong vipe hda giai mau t h u i n gifla Lien Xd va Trung Quo'c. Ong ke: "Trong phien hop sau cung eua cupc hpi nghi cac dang cpng san va cong nhan toan the gidi, mpi ngUdi deu ddng y ky vao Ban Tuyen bd' cua Hdi nghi, trfl doan Trung Qudc - nhflng ke Udng bUdng tU chdi mpt trong nhflng diem trong van ban. Day la mpt diem quan trpng va vipe dUa diem nay vao Ban Tuyen bd' - ddi vdi ehung tdi, la mpt va'n de nguyen tic. Vi the ehung tdi
khdng the n h a n nhUdng vdi ngUdi Trung Qudc."
Trong tinh hinh dd, Hd Chi Minh da the hipn vai trd hda giai r a t quan trpng va day cd le la mdt trong nhflng ddng gdp to ldn cila NgUdi vao phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qud'e te ma ehung ta cdn it dUde biet tdi. Khrushchev ke: "Hd Chi Minh da den gap tdi va ndi: 'Ddng chi Khrushchev, cae ddng chl nen nhUdng bd cac ddng ehi Trung Qud'e ve diem nay.' 'Chung tdi nhUdng bp the nao dUdc?' - toi dap: 'day la mpt v i n de nguyen tie'. 'Ddng chi Khrushchev, Trung Qudc la mdt nUde r i t ldn vdi mdt dang cung rat ldn Cae ddng chi khdng the cho ph6p phong trao bi chia re. Cac ddng chi phai dam bao r i n g eae ddng chi Trung Qud'e se ky vao ban tuyen bd' cung vdi ta'^t ea ehung ta. Chl khi nao van ban dd dUde thdng qua tren ed sd n h i t tri h o i n toan thi nd mdi ed mpt tam quan trpng qudc te*'.
TrUdc cd g i n g thuyet phuc eiia Hd Chi Minh, Khrushchev giai thieh: "Ddng chi Hd Chi Minh, doan dai bieu ehung tdi dang no lUc bet minh de duy tri khdi thd'ng n h i t eua phong trao cdng san. DUng nghi ring ehung tdi xem thUdng dia vi va sUe manh cua Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc. Chung tdi dang lam t i t ea nhflng gi cd the de gifl Trung Quo'c trong khdi cae dang cpng san anh em. Nhflng chic b i n ddng ehi cung hieu la ehung tdi khdng the nhan nhUdng ve nguyen t i c . (...) Ddng ehi ndi r i n g Trung Qudc la mpt nude ldn va dang Trung Qudc la mpt dang ldn. Chic c h i n ddng chf cung ddng y r i n g Lien Xd cung khdng phai la mpt nUde nho va dang cua ehung tdi cung khdng nho. NhUng dd chi la v i n de phu.
T i t ca cie dang cdng san deu binh ding va deu phai ed quyen binh d i n g va cd hpi nhU nhau. v a theo each dd thi t i t ca nhflng cao vpng ciia ehung ta deu phai dat dudi mpt
fl6 Chi fffmh vb cu^c chi^n franh d Vi&t Ram' 101 mue tieu ehung, va mue tieu dd la sU t h i n g
ldi eua phong trao cdng san".
Khrushchev ke: "Hd Chi Minh ddng y vdi tdi, nhUng dng ndi: "Vipe dd vdi ehung tdi dudng nhU rat khd. Dflng quen r i n g Trung Qud'e la l i n g gieng cua ehung tdi'.
Sau khi ndi ebuypn vdi tdi rd rang la Hd Chi Minh da di ndi chuyen vdi ngrudi Trung Qud'e. Sau cung, do nd lUc ciia dai dipn doan ehung tdi sau nhflng cupc thfldng thac keo dai vdi ngUdi Trung Qud'e, ehung toi da tim dUde each dien dat ma ca hai ben cung CO the chip nhan va Trung Qud'e ddng y ky vao Ban Tuyen bd" (9).
Tuy nhien, nhU ehung ta da biet, du Ban Tuyen bd da dUdc Hpi nghi 81 Dang Cpng san va cdng nhan qudc te thdng qua, nhflng b i t ddng gifla Lien Xd va Trung Quo'c ngay eang trd nen sau s i c vh eay g i t bdn. Cudi cung, xung dot vu trang da nd ra tren bien gidi Xd - Trung. Tfl nhflng gi Khrushchev ke lai, ehung ta cd the hinh dung dflde Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da dau long nhfl the nao trUde sU chia re, xung dot npi bd cila phe Xa hpi chii nghia. Vi vay, trong Di chdc cua minh, NgUdi da viet: "Ve phong trdo cdng sdn thi'gidi... Ld mot ngUdi sud't ddi phuc vu cdch mgng, tdi cdng tU hdo vdi sii ldn manh cua phong trdo cdng sdn vd cdng nhdn qudc te bao nhiiu, thi tdi cdng dau ldng bdy nhiiu vi sii bdt hoa hien nay gida cdc ddng anh em! Tdi mong rdng Ddng ta se ra sdc hogt dgng, gdp phdn ddc lUc vdo viic khdi phuc lgi khdi dodn ki't gida cdc ddng anh em trin nen tdng chd nghia Mdc - Linin vd chu nghia qudc te ud sdn, cd ly, CO tinh. Tdi tin chdc rdng cdc ddng anh em vd cdc nUdc anh em nhdt dinh se phdi dodn ki't lgi" (10).
Day chinh la ldi bde bach, la quan diem va hy vpng ciia Hd Chi Minh - mpt ngUdi ma Khrushchev gpi la 'Thien sU ciia Cach
mang" va "Vi T h i n h Cdng san". Can phai luu y r i n g trong tat ea cac ban thao Di chdc cua minh, Hd Chi Minh chi mpt lin phai dung chfl "dau long" khi ndi ve sfl bat hda trong phong trao cdng san the gidi.
Cdn ve phia Khrushchev, ong viet: 'Tdi da r i t dau long khi Trung Qudc cudi cung da cit dflt ta't ea cac mdi quan he chinh tri vdi ehung toi" (11). Tuy nhien, ong ta lai nhan dinh kha chii quan ve thai do ciia Ho Chi Minh va Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam khi d6. Khrushchev vie't- "Khi sfl chia re gifla Dang Cdng san Lien Xo va Dang Cone san Trung Quoc trd nen cdng khai. Trung Qudc b i t d i u lanh dan Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam bing mpt Rdi day thUng. Mot bo phSn ldn dan cU d Viet Nam • do do mpt bp phan ldn ciia dang la ngUdi Trung Qudc. Trung Qudc da bSt dau dung anh hUdng dang ke cua minh de gay ra sU tranh cai gifla Vipt Nam va Lien X6 va hUdng Dang Vipt Nam den chd chd'ng lai ehung tdi Gid day mdt sd vi tri ehii ehdt trong lanh dao Dang Vipt Nam deu do cac ddng ehi than Trung Qudc n i m gifl. Trong luc ehung tdi lam t i t ca mpi viee kha di ed the giiip Vipt Nam thi nhflng nhan td than Trung Qudc lai ra sflc lam t i t ca nhflng gi c6 the dUdc dl khiSn cho Trung Qudc hai ldng. Ndi each khae, hp khdng nhflng lam nhflng viec chdng lai ehung tdi ma cdn chdng iai ldi fch cua chfnh Viet Nam That la dang tiec" H'^) Khrushchev cdn viet them; "Chung toi da ludn thanh that va hao phdng trong cac nd Iflc chi vipn cho Viet Nam. va sU thu dieh hudng ve phia ehung tdi cua nhflng nhan to than Trung Qudc b Vipt Nam la mpt vien thude d i n g khd nudt trni" (13).
Giai thich cho vipe tai sao Khruschehev lai viet ra nhflng dieu tren day vao thdi diem do (1970), dng ta viet- 'Toi dfla nhflng dieu nay ra bdi le nd lien quan tdi van de
102 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9-t-10.200a ehung tdi cd the hy vpng gi khi ma gid day
Hd Chi Minh da mat".
Theo nhflng ngudn tin ma Khrushchev va ban lanh dao Lien Xd khi dd nhan dflde thi: "Gid day, vdi cai chet ciia ddng chl Hd Chl Minh, sU ldn manh cua anh hudng than Trung Quo'c se cd the lan truyen rpng ldn hdn bao gid het. Va neu dieu nay xay ra thi dd la mpt dieu rat dang tide, va dd se la each tdi tp nhat de tUdng nhd ve ddng chi Hd Chi Minh, ngUdi da dd'c bao nhieu sUe lUc va suy nghi de cung ed' tinh hflu nghi gifla td qud'e eiia dng vdi Lien Xd" (14). Khrushchev da dpc ky nhieu tai lipu lien quan den vin de nay dflde cdng bd' tren bio chi, dae bipt la ban Di chuc cua Chu tich Hd Chf Minh dUde cdng bd' sau khi NgUdi qua ddi va dng khdng giiu giem sU quan ngai khi khdng tim t h i y trong dd mpt eau nao ndi ve sU giiip dd to ldn eua Lien X6 doi vdi each mang Viet Nam.
Sau cung, Khrushchev bdy to hy vpng ciia dng va ban lanh dao Lien Xd ve mpt sU cai thien quan he gifla Lien Xd va Viet Nam vi t h i n g ldi cua cupc khang chien cua nhan dan Viet Nam va vi phong trao cpng san the gidi ndi ehung.
2. Mot vai n h a n x e t
2.1. Nhu da trinh bay d tren, tap hdi ky cila Khrushchev dUde xua't ban lan d i u tien d My trong mpt thdi diem dac bipt nhay cam, sau khi dng ta da hi ha be va Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vUa mdi qua ddi, lai vao gifl lue cupc Chien tranh lanh dang d cao trao, mdi bat hda Xd - Trung cung vd cung eang thang va cupc k h i n g chien chd'ng My cua nhan dan Viet Nam dang d vao giai doan het sflc khd'c liet. Trong bdi canh dd, nhflng thdng tin do tap hdi tudng nay cung cap chic c h i n dUde cac the lUc de qud'e, dae biet la My, ldi dung de chd'ng pha phong trao cpng san qudc te ndi ehung va each mang Viet Nam ndi rieng.
2.2. Do x u i t xfl va tinh hinh chuan hi ban thao cho lan xuat ban cua cudn hdi ky nay khdng dUde cdng khai va nhieu thdng tin trong tai lieu nay chi la hdi Uc eua mpt ea nhan Khrushchev nen tfnh xac thUe eua nd khd dupe xdc nhan neu khdng dUde kiem chUng chec (cross-checked) bdi nhflng ngudn sii lipu khae thi chi cd y nghia tham khao n h i t dinh trong nghien cflu s i hpc. Day la nguyen t i c ehung trong khai thac va phe phan thdng tin ddi vdi ngudn s\i lieu hdi ky - mpt ngudn sii lieu thfl cap va gian tiep.
2.3. Du cdn ed nhieu eho tdn nghi, nhflng mpt so' diem sau day cd the dUde coi la dang tin eay:
Thd nhdt, dd la nhflng cam nhan ca nhan cua Khrushchev ve nhan each va nang Iflc cam hda ngUdi khae eua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh. Trcng tap hdi ky nay Khrushchev da md ta Hd Chl Minh nhfl
"mpt vi thien sfl each mang", "mpt vi thanh cdng san" vdi i n tfldng r i t manh ciia dng ve sU chan thanh, trung trUe va trong sang toat len trong anh m i t , ldi ndi, eii cbi va viee lam cua Hd Chi Minh. Day cung la i n tUdng va cam nhan da dUde nhieu ngUdi ghi nhan khi cd dip tiep xuc vdi Hd Chi Minh. Dieu dae bipt b day la: Khrushchev da ghi nhan lai i n tUdng dd vdi tu each la nha lanh dao Xd viet eao c i p n h i t .
Thd hai, dd la mpt sU xac nhan chic chin ve nhflng nd Iflc khdng mpt mdi ciia Hd Chi Minh n h i m ngan chan, hda giai nhflng bit ddng, ciing cd' khdi thd'ng n h i t , doan ket cd ly, cd tinh trong phong trao cpng san va cdng nhan qudc te. Ghi nhan eiia Khrushchev ve boat dpng cila Hd Chi Minh tai cupc dai hpi cac dang cpng san va cdng nhan the gidi tai Matxcdva vao nam 1960 la mpt minh ehflng cu the ve tam huyet va t i m vdc qudc te cila lanh tu Hd Cbi Minh.
Tl6 Chi m i n h va c u ^ c c h i ^ franh 6 Vi^t Ram" 103
Thfl ba, nhflng q u a n n g a i s a u s i c cua K h r u s h c h e v ve cai gpi la "nhflng n h a n t d t h a n T r u n g Qud'e" va "ehdng Lien Xd" t r o n g Dang Lao d d n g Vipt N a m va dae bipt la trong b a n l a n h dao eua D a n g s a u k h i nhflng b i t d d n g Xd - T r u n g cdng k h a i b u n g nd cd t h e dUde xay dUng dUa t r e n nhflng ngudn t h d n g t i n k h d n g xac thfle, k h d n g c h i c c h i n . N h f l n g t a p hdi ky cua K h r u s h c h e v da cho e h u n g t a t h i y r i t rd rang, r i n g sU t d n t a i e u a nhflng q u a n n g a i , nghi ngd, t h a m ehi la ea nhflng d a n h gia tieu efle eiia gidi l a n h dao Xd Viet doi vdi lanh dao va D a n g L a o d d n g Viet N a m thdi ky 1964-1970 la mpt sfl t h a t . Dd la sfl tdn tai cila nhflng "vien thuo'c d i n g khd nud't trdi" t r o n g cd h o n g eiia b a n l a n h dao Xd viet luc dd. Sfl t h a t n a y b i t n g u d n tfl d a u thi c i n cd nhflng n g h i e n cflu k h a e , dfla t r e n sfl k h a i t h a c n h i e u n g u d n t a i lieu lUu trfl d Matxcdva, B i c K i n h va H a Npi mdi cd t h e dflde l u a n giai va m i n h ehflng d i y du. T u y nhien, chi r i e n g vdi vipe cho biet sfl tdn t a i nhflng q u a n n g a i , n g h i ngd va d a n h gia tieu efle nhU t r e n t a i M a t x c d v a da eho t h i y p h i n nao nhflng k h d k h a n , phfle t a p cua cupc d a u t r a n h cila D a n g Cpng s a n Vipt Nam khi dd n h i m m p t m a t gifl vflng dfldng ldi l a n h dao dpc l a p , tU chil, m a t k h a e ed the t r a n h t h u dUpe sU giup dd, u n g hp to
ldn ciia ca Lien Xd, T r u n g Qudc va cae nUde a n h em, cac lUc lUdng t i e n bp t r e n toan t h e gidi de t a o n e n sUe m a n h tdng hdp, vUdt q u a thii t h a c h , g i a n h t h i n g ldi cudi eung t r o n g cupc k h a n g chien chdng My cflu nfldc.
T i m h i e u s a u s i c b d n nhflng q u a n ngai, n g h i ngd va nhflng d a n h gia tieu efle ten tai d Matxcdva n h u da dupe bde Id ra trong nhflng ddng hdi tfldng cua K h r u s h c h e v se gdp p h i n m a n g lai nhflng k i n h nghiem quy b a u cho chien Ifldc ddi ngoai cua D a n g va N h a nfldc t a t r o n g giai doan each m a n g hipn nay.
2.4. C i n phai n h i n m a n h mpt lan nfla, r i n g mpt so' thdng tin Khrushchev dfla ra trong cudn bdi ky nay c i n phai dflde tiep n h a n bet sflc t h a n trpng, c h i n g b a n nhfl nhflng dien bien hen quan den Hpi nghi Geneva va tac dpng ciia cude xung dot Xd - T r u n g ddi vdi Dang Lao ddng Vipt Nam... Chi khi nao nhflng thdng tin dd cung dflde xac n h a n bdi nhflng ngudn sii lipu khach quan khae thi ehung ta mdi ed the k h i n g dinh dflpc gia tri xac thfle cila ehung. Du sao day cung chi la sfl ghi n h a n va p h a n anh cua mpt ea n h a n n h a n vat hch sii - mdt ngfldi trong cupc d mpt vi the r i t te nhi, n h a y cam la nguyen Bi thfl thfl nha't Ban C h i p h a n h Dang cpng san Lien Xd Nikita S. Khrushchev.
CHU THICH
(1). Xem: Khrushchev, Nikita S., Khrushchev Remembers, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1970.
(2), (3), (4), (6), (8), 9), (11), (12), (13), (14).
Khrushchev, Nikita S., Khrushchev Remembers,
sdd, tr. 480, 480, 480-481, 481, 482-483, 483-483, 484, 484, 485, 485.
(5). CClng di thim Lien X6 djp niy con c6 Mao Tr^ch Dong v i Chu An Lai. Xem mo ta dien bien
(Xem tU(p trang 96)
96 Rghi&i curu Lich sir, sg 9+10.2008 (13). "1.000 stux diverse porceleynen, 100 soo
schotels, als pierings en copiens voor de taeffeF.
(Chii thich 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, 19-12-1663) (14). "50 stucken porceleyne bloem flessen, lang en small". (Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, 4 Maert 1666)
(15). Hoing Anh Tui'n, Silk for Silver: Dutch- Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700, Leiden-Boston:
Brill, 2007, Appendix 11, p. 238. Tic gia da cung ci'p nhQng so lifu kha cv t h i trong nghien cflu cua minh.
(16). Chii thich 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, 24 June 1681, pp. 389-390.
(17). "Instruction for Anthonij van Brouckhorst to Tonkin, Nagasaki, 22 October, 1644", inNIHON KANKEI KAIGAI SHIRYO : HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES RELATING TO JAPAN (JAPANESE TRANSLATION) SELECTION I : GRAND A SHOKANCHO NIKKI, Volume VIII (Part II), bien soan bdi Vi$n Nghien ciiu Ljch sii ciia D^i hoc
Tokyo, 1997, pp. 128-130 k6m theo v i n ban gfic, 1993, pp. 289-292.
(18). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register BatavUi, 1661, p. 32.
(19). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno 1666, 1667, 1668, 1672, 1675, 1678, 1681; Chii thich 15, Hoang Anh Tui'n (2007), Appendix 8, pp.
231-232.
(20). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno 1661, 1663, 1664, 1666.
(21). Bang thong ke niy cin cii vio so li^u lien quan den buon ban tai Phu luc 10 trong cuon sich Silk for Silver cua Hoing Anh Tui'n (Chii thfch 15:
Hoing Anh Tui'n, pp. 236-237). Nguon t i i Ii$u Hoing Anh Tui'n tham khao tii cac so li^u ch^t loc trong Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren; BL OIOC G/12/17; Dagh-register Batavia 1624-1682; Volker, Porcelain. P h i n danh diu "*" l i do toi b^ sung them cho chi tifi't.
(22). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno 1666, 1667, 1668, 1678.
"Hd CHi MINH VA CUOC CHIEN THANH
II(Tidp theo trang 103)
chinh cua chuyen thim Lien X6 ciia Ho Chf Minh trong: Hoc Vifn Chfnh trj Quoc gia Ho Chf Minh - Vi^n ho Chi Minh, Hd Chi Minh - Bien nien tieu sd. Tip 4, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia. H i Noi, 2006, tr. 404-407 v i Duiker, William J., Ho Chi Minh. A Life, Hyperion, New York, 2000, tr. 421-422.
(7). Nhfl tren, tr. 482. Theo Hd Chi Minh- Bien nien tieu sd , t i p 5, do NXB. Chfnh tri Quoc gia i n h i n h nim 2007 thi trong thdi gian tfl khi Chien dich Di?n Bien Phu b i t d^u (13-3-1954) cho tdi khi Hi?p dinh Geneva dfl^c ky ket (21-7- 1954) thi Chu tich Ho Chf Minh khong tham d\l cupc hpi nghi nio
d Matxcdva. De thong nhi't6 lip trUdng tai H$i nghj Geneva, Ho Chf Minh chi tham di^ m$t cu^c hpp t^i Lilu Chau (Trung Quoc) til ngiy 3 d^n ngiy 5 thing 7 n i m 1954. Tham di^ h^i nghj vl phia Trung Quoc c6 Thii tudng Chu An Lai. VI phia Viet Nam, ngoii Ho Chf Minh con c6 V6 Nguyen Giap v i Trin Vin Quang. (Xem: Vi$n Nghien cfiu Ljch sii Dang, Hd Chi Minh - Biin nien tieu sd , t i p 5, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hi Npi, 2007, tr. 470). Nhu v^y. th5ng tin mi Khrushchev dUa ra vl cupc hpp b MatxaJva r i t dang lUu y, cin du<?c kiem tra l^i.
(10). Ho Chf Minh, Toan tdp, t i p 12, Nxb.
Chfnh trj Quoc gia. H i Npi, 2002, tr. 511-512.
