LOCKE VA TRIET L t VE CON NGl/ClI
Le Cdng Sit*
Ljch sir chau Au thdi can dai ghi nhan c6ng lao to ldn cua eac tridt gia duong thdi trong viec dai ra va ly giai nhtrng cau hoi xoay quanh va'n dd con ngudi nhu: Con ngudi la gi? Qua trinh con ngudi lien ket vdi nhau d^ tao thanh c6ng ddng xa h6i didn ra nhu thd' nao? Nhan loai cdn lam gi d^ bao vd quydn tu nhidn con ngudi ma chd' d6 phong kid'n da cd tinh phu nhan? Nhan thiic ciia con ngudi didn ra nhu thd' nao? Lam thd' nao dd khai boa tri tud cho dai da s6 c6ng chung? Mdt trong nhtrng ngudi c6 nhidu suy tu Iran trd vdi nhung cau hdi ndu trdn la nha trid't hpc ngudi Anh, J. Locke.
John Locke sinh ngay 29 thang 8 nSm 1632 trong mpt gia dinh Thanh giao (Puritanism)' tai thanh phd Wrington nude Anh. Cha la luat gia cd tu tudng ca'p tid'n, dung vd phe nghj vien, chdng lai sii dPc quydn, chuydn chd' cua Vua Charles I; quan diem chinh trj nay ciia ngudi cha da anh hudng Idn dd'n chinh kidn eiia Locke. Ngay tir tudi a'u tha, cau be Locke da dugc gia dinh truydn day ldi sdng gian dj, dire tinh cdn cu, linh ydu lao d6ng va sir thai, didu nay da tae d6ng ldn dd'n sir hinh thanh nhan each cua tridt gia vd sau. Nam 1652, sau khi tdt nghidp Westminster School d London - m6t trong nhtrng trudng trung hpc hang ddu nude Anh, cau dugc gia dinh giri dd'n hpc d
* TS.; Giang vien trie't hpc, Dai hpe Ha Ndi.
' Puritanism (Thanh giao) - Giao phai ciia nhimg ngudi Anh Iheo Dao Tin lanh (Protestantism) d the' ky XVI va XVII. ho mud'n cac nghi le nha thd mang hinh thirc dem gian hem. Cdn Anglicanism (Anh gido) - La mdt loai hinh Thien Chua giao (Catholicism) theo kieu nudc Anh do Qudc Vuong dung dau. -
Christ Church College - la trudng dai hpc ndi tid'ng cua Anh Qudc tai Oxford. 6 day Locke hpc ng6n ngtr, toan hpc va trie't hpc.
Nam 1656 tdt nghiep cir nhan va nam 1661 hoan thanh thac sy, Locke dugc nha trudng nhan lam giang vien tie'ng Hy Lap, tieng La tinh. Long say md khoa hpc va su quan tam dd'n va'n dd siic khoe, Uang thai tam - sinh ly eiia eon ngudi da din Locke de'n vide nghidn ciiu y khoa - do la ly do d^ it nam sau, rdi bo Oxford nhan lam bac sT tu cho m6t chinh khach CO anh hudng ldn d London - ba tudc Shaftesbury (1621 - 1683). Ttr do Locke c6 CO h6i di tham quan nhidu noL tham gia cac c6ng vide ehinh trj eiia nude Anh. Sau do Locke sang Phap 4 nam (1675 - 1679), nghien ciru triet hpe Phap, dac bidt la Descartes, Gasendi. Nam 1681, ba tudc Shaftesbury - ngudi dung ddu dang Qud Huong, lanh tu ciia phe nghj vidn chdng lai nha Vua Charles de nhj bj kd't tPi phan qude;
ndn Locke bj lidn luy, phai trdn sang Ha Lan cu trii chinh trj, tai day Ong lam ed va'n cho William Orange va Mary of Orange. Sau cu6c each mang 1688, phe ddi lap bi lat d6, Locke ud vd td qud'c eiing William va Mary vdi tu each la Vua William HI va hoang Hau Anh qudc.
Nhtrng nam cudi ddi, dng dam nhan chire vu Uy vien toa phiic tham, Uy vidn Thuang mai va canh n6ng; nhung 6ng it tham gia cdng viec chinh tri - xa h6i ma chii ye'u tap trung thdi gian eho vide bien tap va xua't ban cae tac phdm: A Letter concerning Toleration (Thu ban vd sir khoan dung,
1689); An Essay Concerning Human Undestanding (Tid'u luan v^ tri nSng con
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Locke vd triet ly..
ngudi, 1690)^; Two Treat eses of Gouvernment (Khao luan thii hai v^ chfnh quydn, 1690); Some thoughts Concerning Education (Nhiing suy tu v^ giao due, 1693); The Reasonableness of Christianity (Tinh hgp ly ciia Kitd giao, 1695).
Ljch sir chau Au eho tha'y, cudi thd' ky XVI, dau the ky XVn, d chau luc nay ehu nghia tu ban da hinh thanh va tu khdng djnh minh trdn vii dai kinh te - chfnh tri thd gidi.
Nhu mpt le tu nhien, de tdn tai, phat trid'n va the hien tfnh iru viet ciia minh so vdi che' dp phong kie'n, ehu nghia tu ban edn thie't phai cai tao gidi tu nhien va eai each cac thie't che' xa hpi; dl thuc hidn muc dfch nay, chii nghia tu ban khSng con su lua chpn nao khae ngoai vide ddy manh phat trien khoa hpc. Nhung mud'n phat triln khoa hpc, trudc hd'l cdn ly giai kha nang nhan thiie eon ngudi, "xem xet kha nang cua chinh chiing ta, va xem xet nhtrng su vat nao ma tri nang chiing ta cd thd' hay khdng thi thieh hgp dl xir ly"^ ttr dd thiie day trong eon ngudi nhiing tidm nang tri tue va khat vgng sang tao khoa hgc, edng hien that nhieu vi sir phdn vinh xa hdi.
La m6t trie't gia say md nghien ciiu nganh y va da timg hanh nghe bac sy, Locke CO CO sd thue tidn va bdng ehung khoa hpe dl quan tam dd'n va'n de ban ehdl va kha nang nhan thirc eua tri nang con ngudi - dd CO le la ly do dng vid't cudn sach ddu tay vdi nhan de An Essay Concerning Human Undestanding (Tilu luan ve tri nang con ngudi)'*. Trong phdn Nhdp de eua tac phdm
^ Thuat ngir Essa-y ngudi Nga dieh la kinh ngiiiem (oput), do vay, ne'u dieh theo ban tie'ng Nga van thi tac pham nay gpi la: "Kinh nghiem ve nhan thirc ciia con ngudi".
' Xem: Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Ljch sir triei hpc va cac luan de, Nxb. Lao ddng 2004, tr.216.
•* Tuy xua't ban mudn (1690), nhung Locke da khai but viet cudn sach nay tir nam 1671 va hoan thanh vao nhihig nam cu trii chfnh tri tai Ha Lan.
ban chuydn sau vd vin dd nhan thirc nay, Locke da trinh bay quan dilm trid't hpc tdng quat cua dng khi cho rdng, vide tim hiiu ban chdt va kha nang tri nang con ngudi la mdt dl tai vd cimg phiic tap nhung ciing khdng kem phdn cao quy, khdng nhtrng giiip xae djnh dugc lgi thd' ciia con ngudi so vdi eac loai dgng vat khae, ma edn eho thdy ban cha't, kha nang va gidi ban nhan thiic ciia eon ngudi, tir dd mdi ngudi tu y thiic vl nang luc ban than, qua dd mdi xae djnh diing vj the cua minh trong td chiic cdng ddng xa h6i. Ong vid't: "Mgt tra ciiu vl tri nang thii vi va hiiu fch - vi trf nang la cai dat con ngudi d dia vj eao hon mpi loai cam giac, va eho con ngudi mpi lgi thd va sir thdng trj trdn mgi loai, ndn nd xung dang la mdt dl tai cao qui dang tim hiiu... Gidng nhu mat, tri nang cho phdp ehiing ta nhin va nhan thirc mgi su vat khae, nhung ddng thdi khdng dl y dd'n ban than nd; vi vay cdn nghd thuat va cdng siie dl dua nd ra khdi no va bieq, nd thanh dd'i tugng nghidn ciru cua chinh nd... Nd'u nhd vide tim hiiu nay vl ban cha't eua tri nang ma tdi cd thi kham pha ra cae kha nang va mire d6 eua trf nang... dl dimg lai d miie dd tdi da eua nd, va thanh than cha'p nhan tinh trang ngu ddt ciia minh vl nhiing dieu ma xet cho cung la vugt qua kha nang chiing ta"^. Nhung dl ed su hiiu bid't ddng vl tri nang, vide lam trudc hd't phai phd phan nhirng each hiiu sai ldm vl no trong tu tudng ciia cac trid't gia tiin bd'i ma Descartes la mdt vi du kha diln hinh*.
Nhu chiing ta da bid't, xudt phat tit mdnh de cogito ergo sum, (Tdi tu duy, ndn tdi tdn lai) Descartes (1596 - 1650) nha trid't hpc ngudi Phap da xay dung ly luan nhan thtic
"^Lxxke, Tieu liidn ve tri ndng con ngudi, din theo Forrest E. Baird, Tuyen tap danh tac triet hoc tir Plato de'n Derrida, Nxb. Van hoa thdng tin 2006, tr.388 - 418.
' Xem: V.V. Sokolov, Triei ligc clidu the ky W - y^n, Matxcova 1984 (tie'ng Nga).
48 NghlSn ciiU Con ngudi sd3 (42) 2009
cua minh, ma hat nhan la thuyd't y nidm bdm sinh (theory of innate idea). Theo Descartes, mpi ui thirc con ngudi xua't phat ttr ba ngudn gdc: 1) M6t sd xuai phat tir thd' giai bdn ngoai, la kd't qua tac ddng cua cac su vat, hidn tugng ldn giac quan con ngudi nhu nudc, lira, anh sang mat trdi, v.v; 2) M6t sd tri thirc khae do hoat dgng tri tud eon ngudi tao ra nhu eac khai niem vl dep, xa'u, thien, ac, v.v; 3) Mpt sd tri thire khae tilm dn trong ddu dc, khi sinh ra con ngudi da co ma kh6ng cdn de'n kinh nghidm va hpc hoi;
chiing ed tinh tdt yeu va phd quat, dugc mpi ngudi c6ng nhan nhu cac tien dd loan hpc, eac djnh ly khoa hgc tu nhien, eac phan doan, suy luan logic. Tu tudng nay vl sau dugc Ixibniz (1646 - 1716) tid'p bid'n, cho rdng, linh hdn con ngudi tua nhu phid'n edm thach ed v6 sd nhtrng dudng van tidm dn nang lire nhan thire va chan ly vinh ciru;
nhan thiic con ngudi ddng vai trd nhu nha didu khdc, c6 nhidm vu khai thac, lam 16 ro nhiing nang lire tilm dn bdm sinh do^.
Danh gia cao vai tro ciia tri nang trong qua trinh nhan thirc va hoat ddng sdng cua con ngudi, song Locke khdng di theo I6i mdn duy ly eiia tridt hge Descartes, ma ngugc lai, 6ng kidn quydi chdng lai thuydt y nidm bdm sinh ciia nha tridt hgc ngudi Phap nay. Bdi theo dng, tri nang dii cd kha nang va uu thd dd'n mdy cQng khdng thi giup eon ngudi tranh dugc nhtrng djnh kidn sai ldm truyin thdng, khdng giiip con ngudi loai bd dugc nhung ngdu tugng (idol)* da can trd nhan thirc con ngudi va am anh no trong sudt ca cude hanh trinh truy tim chan ly, trong vide nhan ra mgi chan gia trj cua eudc sd'ng hidn tai. Trong Quyin I vdi nhan dl
"Khdng cd cdc nguydn ly va cdc y nidm ' Xem: Lich sir uiet hpc. gdm 3 tap, Nxb. Tu tudng vdn iiod. 1991,1.2.
' Xem: Le Cdng Su, Vdn di con nguin trong met hoc Francis Bacon. Nghien cu:u Con ngudi, 6 - 2006. tr. 11 - 20.
bdm sinh" cua tac phdm ndi trdn Locke da phan bac Descartes vdi nhiing ldi le day sire thuyd't phuc: "Tdi co thi thuyet phuc cac ddc gia khdng thanh kie'n vl su sai lim cua thuyd't y nidm bdm sinh, ehi can tdi chirng minh rdng, ngudi ta eo thi dat toi mpi tri thirc hp CO nhd sir dung cac kha nang tu nhidn cua hp ma khdng can sir giiip da eua eac a'n tugng, eac khai niem hay nguyen ly bdm sinh nao"'. Dua tren viec khao sat tam hiiu bie't cua cac tre nho, Locke eho rdng, ne'u ta't ea cac djnh ly khoa hpe, cac y niem vl nilm tin, vl cdng bdng, vl thien chtia diu bdm sinh "thi khdng mdt diia tre nao co thi khdng bie't chiing; cae tre so sinh, va mpi loai CO linh hon, bat budc phai ed cae mdnh dd a'y trong tri khdn, bid't su that eiia chiing, va nha't tri vdi chting"'", nhimg trong thirc td diiu do hoan khdng xay ra; bdi vi eudc sd'ng chirng minh rdng, tre nho va tham chi ea nhirng ngudi ldn khdng co ca hdi hpe tap va cap nhat kidn thu:c, nhiing th6 dan Anh didng diu khdng bill nhtrng kid'n thiic khoa hpc, nhting quan nidm tdn giao, chinh trj - xa hdi so ddng.
Dua trdn lap trudng chu nghia kinh nghidm trong trid't hpc Francis Bacon, Locke tap trung nghidn ciru va'n dl ngudn gdc y nidm va cae nguyen tdc nhan thirc thdng qua kinh nghidm con ngudi. "Mpi tri thirc eiia ehiing ta - Locke vid't - duge hinh thanh vk xuai phat ttr kinh nghidm. Sir quan sat cua chiing ta hoae hudng tdi ve bd ngoai cua dd'i tugng cam tinh hoae hudng tdi hanh vi bdn trong eua tam hdn"". Noi ngdn gpn, cam giac va phan xa (reflection) la hai ngu6n gd'c eiia tri thire, ttr dd mpi y nidm (idea) dugc hinh thanh - dd la co sd thuc tidn va tidn dl ly luan dl dng di den luan dilm: "tabula
^ Locke, Tie'u luan..., Sdd, tr. 391.
'" Locke, Tieu luan..., Sdd, tr.393.
" Locke, tuyen tap gdm 2 tap, Matxcova 1960, t.l, XX. 128.
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Locke vd triet ly..
rasa" (tdm bang trdng). Theo Locke, tam hdn cua diia tre liic mdi sinh ra gidng nhu
"mdt td gidy hay tdm bang trdng, trdn dd ehua timg ed mdt ky hidu hay y nidm nao ca", mpi ky hidu va y nidm diu duge hinh thanh nhd kinh nghidm earn tfnh, ehfnh vi vay ma "khdng cd cai gi trong ly tfnh ma trudc dd lai khdng ed trong cam tinh".
Trong quyin II vdi nhan dl "Cac y niem"'^, Locke da danh kha nhilu tam huyd't cho vide khao sat qua trinh hinh thanh cac y nidm. Trdn co sd khao sat qua trinh hinh thanh va phat triln ciia ngdn ngii, dng eho rdng, mpi y nidm trong con ngudi ndi chung dugc chia thanh hai dang: 1) 7 niem cam tinh dan gidn, la y nidm ehi bao ham nhiing tri giac va bilu tugng dan nghia. Loai y niem nay chia thanh hai tilu loai. Nhdng y niem thupe tieu logi thd nhdt phan anh cae dac tinh hay cae chdt cd trudc, ehiing hidn didn khach quan trong cac dd'i tugng; vi du cae y nidm: quang tfnh, hinh thiie, van ddng, dung ydn. Nhimg y niem thupe tieu logi thd hai, phan anh cac dac tfnh hay eac ehdl ed sau, chiing khdng hidn didn khach quan trong ban than eac dd'i tugng ma chi eo trong cam giac chii quan eiia eon ngudi nhu am thanh, mau sdc, mill vj, v.v... 2) Y niem phdc tgp la nhtrng y niem dugc hinh thanh ttr cae y nidm don gian nhd su boat ddng tu than eiia trf tud eon ngudi; bdi vi "tdt ca eac y nidm dan gian lidn kd't trong mdt cai Substratum chung dy tao thanh eac y nidm phiic tap eua ehiing ta vl eae loai ban thi, tdt ca diu dugc chiing ta ddn nhan tii cam giac"'l
Bd qua nhiing han chd' nhu tfnh may mdc, sidu hinh, chiing ta thay quan nidm cua Locke vl su hinh thanh cae y nidm cd nhtrng gia trj tfeh cue dang luu y. Vdi con mdt tinh tudng ciia mdt nha trid't hge theo khuynh '^ Xem, Locke Tieu ludn.... Sdd, tr. 394-409.
" Locke, Tieu ludn, Sdd, tr. 406.
hudng kinh nghidm chu nghia, dng da nhin thdy tinh da dang, phiic tap cua cac su vat, hidn tugng trong thd' gidi, va tuong iing vdi dac tfnh dd eua thd' gidi hidn thuc la tfnh da dang, phiic tap cua cac y nidm hay khai nidm, pham trii. Ong eung da phat hidn ra rdng, su cam nhan thd' gidi eiia eon ngudi la mdt van dl vd ciing phiic tap, ddy nan giai;
bdi nd vira mang tfnh khach quan (phan anh cae dac tinh cd trudc cua su vat) lai viia mang tinh chii quan (phan anh cac dac tinh eo sau ciia su vat). La mdt tac pham trid't hgc ddc dao ban ve khd nang nhan thiie eon ngudi. An Essay Concerning Human Undestanding cua Locke da gay tid'ng vang ldn trong ljch si, diing nhu nhan dinh cua Bryan Magee:
"Trong tac phdm nay Locke, dl xudng mdt hudng truy tdm dugc tid'p tue theo dudi bdi mdt sd guong mat kidt xudt Uong trid't hpc sau dng - Hume va Kant d thd' ky XVm, Schopenhauer thd' XIX; rdi dd'n Russell, Wittgenstein va Popper thd' ky XX"'"*. Khdng ehi cd vay, theo quan dilm chiing tdi, ly luan vl kha nang nhan thtic eon ngudi ma Locke dl xudng trdn phuang didn nao dd co thi van dung vao linh vuc giao due hpc, gitip cae nha chidn luge dua trdn kha nang nhan thiic eiia ttrng loai dd'i tugng dl hoach djnh ndi dung chuang trinh va phuang phap giao due, lam eho trid't ly giao due phii hgp vdi tu tudng cua eae trid't gia Hy Lap c6 dai nhu Plato: "Giao due khdng phai la eai dugc djnh nghia bdi mdt sd ngudi chii truang dua tri thiic vao mdt linh hdn khdng cd nd, nhu the hg cd thi dua anh sang vao nhtrng con mdt mil lod"'^ va Plutaque: "Con ngudi khdng phai cai binh de rdt nudc ddy vao, ma la nggn lira phai dot chay ldn". Theo logic dd cua cd nhan, chiing ta thdy, mue dieh ciia '" Bryan Magee, Cdu chuyen triet hpc, Nxb. Thdng ke 2003, tr.l28.
" Forrest E. Baird, Tuyen tap danh tdc thit hpc tit Plato de'n Derrida, Nxb. Van hoa thdng tin 2006, tr.79.
50 NghlSn cuu Con ngudi sd3 (42) 2009
giao due la hudng tdi viec phat huy kha nang tu duy ngudi hpc, theo diing nghia tir gdc education: gdc tidng La tinh ed nghia la riit tri thirc ttr bdn Uong ra bdn ngoai'^ chii khdng phai bao ca'p tu duy, bao bidn ^ tudng, nhdi nhdt tri thirc tiT ngoai vao ddu 6c cho nhtrng ngudi khdng cd du kha nang ha'p thu, tai ehd tri thire do.
Khdng dimg lai d vide tim hiiu ban chat nhan thiic, kha nang va vai trd cua tri nang con ngudi, diiu lam cho Locke quan tam nhidu hon ca khi tid'p can va'n dl con ngudi la su hinh thanh va phat triln phdm tinh tu do va quyin tu nhidn (nhan quyin). Ljch su trid't hpc ehung minh rdng, va'n dl tu do va quyin tu nhidn con ngudi da dugc dat ra tir thdi c6 dai, nhung sang dd'n thdi can dai, vdi sy phat triln nhanh chdng cua ehii nghia tu ban, ddi hdi phai giai phdng eon ngudi khoi nhimg luat Id trdi bude khdt khe phong kid'n thi va'n dl nay dugc dat lai mdt each ca'p thid't ban; tac phdm Khdo ludn thd hai ve chinh quyen eiia Locke ra ddi dap irng nhu cdu thdi sir nay.
Trdn ca sd hiiu bid't vl khao cd hpc, dan tdc hpc, khao sat tid'n trinh phat tridn eiia ljch sir nhan loai, Locke khdng djnh rdng, trgng thdi sdng ddu tien ciia lodi ngiCdi Id trgng thdi tu nhien chua cd nha nudc, "do la mdt trang thai binh ddng, khi ma ta't ca quyin lire va quydn thyc thi cdng ly cd tfnh hd tuong, khdng mdt ai cd nhilu ban ngudi khae"". Sy binh ddng nay khdng phai do ly tinh con ngudi nguydn thuy bay dat, ciing khdng phai kdt qua cude ddu tranh xa hdi, ma do ban nang ty nhidn con ngudi mang lai. Trong trang thai ty nhidn do, mpi ngudi sd'ng theo luat ty nhidn, khdng ai dugc phep
"• Xem: R. Assagioli, Bong Itong tdm linh liay su plidi then sieu cd nhdn. in trong Phan tam hpc va van hod tam linh, Nxb. Van hda thdng tin 2002, U-.493.
' ' Locke, Khdo ludn thu hai ve chinh quyen, Nxb.
Tri thu'c 2007, u. 33.
lam hai dd'n sinh mang, siic khoe, ty do hay tai san ciia ngudi khae; ta't ea mpi ngudi cd thi phai bj ngan chan dl khdng di xam hai eae quyin cua ngudi khae, mdi ngudi deu ed quyin trung phat ngudi vi pham va deu la ngudi ty giac cha'p hanh luat ty nhien.'*
Do sy phat triln cua san xua't va ddi sd'ng xa hdi, do ban tinh con ngudi ddn din thay doi ndn trang thai ty nhidn cua loai ngudi ta't ye'u dugc thay bang trgng thdi chien tranh,
"trang thai eua sy thu djeh va huy diet".
Nguyen nhan xua't hien trang thai chien tranh, dugc Locke ly giai: "Ngudi nao trong trang thai ty nhidn ma la'y di ty do vd'n thudc vl ngudi khae, thi nha't thiet cdn gia djnh rdng, cung se co y dd la'y di thii khae ntia, dd chinh la sy ty do cua ta't ca nhirng ngudi cdn lai... va vi the ngudi dd bj xem nhu dang trong trang thai chid'n Uanh"", tire la tid'n hanh viec tranh gianh quyin lgi vdi ngudi khae bang vti lyc.
Chid'n tranh gitra cae thanh vidn trong cdng ddng hay giua cac cdng dong vdi nhau lam phat sinh trgng thdi no le, vi "trang thai nd Id khdng la gi khae ngoai mdt trang thai chid'n tranh dugc tie'p ndi, gitra nguoi di chinh phat hgp phap vdi ngudi bj bdt"^". Ne'u trong trang thai ty nhidn, mpi ngudi sdng dya trdn sy ban phat ciia ngudi me ty nhidn, thi trong trang thai nd le, do ngudn eiia eai nay ngay cang khan hiem nen lao ddng da trd thanh vide lam ca'p thid't. Lao ddng chinh la ngudn gd'c trye tid'p tao ndn quyin sd hiru;
vi lao ddng da dua sy vat ra khdi ddi tay cua ngudi me ty nhidn, thdm vao sy vat mdt eai gi dd vdi muc dfch loai trir quyin ehung ciia nhtrng ngudi khae, lam cho sy vat nay tro thanh quyin sd hiru ridng eua ngudi tao ndn nd; vi du, nude trong sudi la eiia chung, nhung nd'u ed ai dd miic nd dd vao binh cua
'*Xem:Locke,5J(^,tr. 34- '''Lxx:ke,5^^, tr. 5 0 - 5 1 . '" Locke. Sdd. tr. 59.
39.
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Locke vd triet ly..
minh thi nude dd se trd thanh vat sd huu rieng eiia anh ta; nhu vay, "lao ddng vao liie khdi dau, da dem lai quydn sd hiiu"^'.
Su xua't hidn quyin sd hiiu la budc ddt pha can ban lam phat sinh xd hpi chinh tri hay xd hpi ddn su ton tai dd'n tan ngay nay.
Phan tich nguydn nhan hinh thanh xa hdi dan sy, Locke vid't: "Nd'u con ngudi trong trang thai ty nhidn la rdt ty do, vay tai sao anh ta lai cho di ty do cua minh, tai sao anh ta lai se tu bo quyen hoan loan kiem soat cua minh dl ty minh phye tung mdt quyin lyc khae? Cau tra ldi la rat ro rang: Quyin sd htru ma anh ta thy hudng trong tinh trang nay rat khdng an loan, rat khdng bao dam, lam cho anh ta lo sg va khdng phai la khdng cd ly khi anh ta nhdm de'n vide tim kid'm va sdn sang lien kd't vdi ngudi khae. Muc dieh eao quy va chu yeu trong vide hgp nhdt eua eon ngudi thanh edng dong qud'c gia va dat ehfnh hp dudi mdt ehfnh quyin, la sy bao loan dd'i vdi sd hiru cua hp. Day la diiu ma trong trang thai ty nhidn edn thid'u vdng, boi vi: Thd nhdt, d dd thieu vdng ludt phdp dupe thie't dinh, xem nd la chudn mye cua diing va sai va la edng eu ehung dl giai quyd't mpi tranh cha'p gitra nhtrng ngudi sd'ng trong trang thai dd. Thu hai, trong trgng thdi tu nhien thieu ngudi quan tod duac mpi ngUdi bie't de'n vd cd tinh trung lap, cd thdm quyin dl quyd't djnh mpi di bidt theo luat phap.
Thd ba, trong trang thai ty nhidn thudng thid'u quyin lyc hau thudn cho ban an diing ddn va dem lai eho nd sy thi hanh thieh dang. Vi thi ma loai ngudi da mau chdng chuyen thanh xa hdi dan sy" ^^.
Xa hdi dan sy thudc trgng thdi vdn minh ma theo each gpi cua nha trid't hpe Anh la cpng dong qudc gia, trong dd chfnh quyin nha nude dugc thid't lap. Locke can cii vao tfnh chat, each thiic lap phap dl xae dinh '' Locke, Sdd, tr.83 .
" Locke, 5<irf, tr. 173-174-175.
eac kilu va eac hinh thiic chfnh quyin nha nudc. Theo dd thi, trong lich sir giai doan tiin tu ban, nha nude tdn tai dudi nhirng dang: 1) Nen ddn chu hodn hao - dd la mdt quyin lyc toan thi ciia edng ddng trd thanh eai duong nhidn cd d hg, va da sd dd ed thi thudng xuydn sir dung tdt cd quyin lye nay trong vide lam ra luat cho cdng ddng va thyc thi eac luat dd bang cac quan chirc do chfnh hp bd nhidm; 2) Chinh the ddu sd, khi quyin lam luat dat vao tay mdt sd' ngudi chpn Ipc va nhiing ngudi thura kd' hay kd vi ciia so nay. 3) Chinh the qudn chd - nd'u quyin lap phap dat vao tay mdt ngudi. Khi quyin lye duge danh eho dng va nhOng ngudi thira ke cua dng, dd la mdt nin quan chii cha truyen con ndi. Cdn khi nd dugc danh cho dng trgn ddi nhung vao liic dng chd't di, quyin dl eir mdt ngudi kd' vj \xb vl vdi sd ddng, thi dd la nIn qudn chu tuyen cu"'.
Tid'p thu tu tudng vl quyin lyc nha nudc eua Hobbes^'', Locke cho rdng, khi mdt cdng ddng qude gia mdi thanh lap, ddng thai ban ddu cdn lam la thid't lap co quan lap phap.
Co quan nay khdng nhiing la quyin lyc tdi eao eiia cdng ddng qud'c gia, ma cdn la quyin lyc thidng lidng va khdng thi hoan ddi mdt khi cdng ddng da dat nd vao cuong vj dd ^^. Tai sao vide thanh lap ea quan lap phap cd tdm quan trgng nhu vay? Bdi vi:
Thd nhdt, nd khdng thi la quyin lyc chuydn chi dat Udn eudc sd'ng va van mdnh ciia nhan dan, sy tdn tai eua nd chi la mdt quyin lyc lidn kd't cac thanh vidn trong xa hdi da nhudng lai cho ea nhan hay mdt nghj vidn.
Thic hai, eo quan lap phdp khdng thi ndm la'y cho minh quyin lye eai trj bdng nhirng sdc ldnh chuydn quyin va tuy tidn, mk bj
" Xem: Locke, 5^c/, tr. 179.
^* Xem: Le Cdng Sy, Thanms Hobbes vd triei ly vi' con ngicdi, Nghiin ci'cu Con ngudi. 2 - 2(X)7, tr.9 -19.
" Xem: Locke, 5^^, tr. 183.
52 NghlSn cdu Con ngudi s63 (42) 2009
rang budc bdi cac quyin cua thSn dan. Thu ba, quyin lyc tdi cao dd khdng My ba't ky phdn sd htru ciia ai ma khdng cd sy chap thuan ciia hg. Thd tu, co quan lap phap khdng thi ehuyin giao quyin lam luat vao tay bdt ky ai khae, vi nd dugc uy nhidm ttr nhan dan - mdt sy ehuyin nhucng theo khd uoc ty nguyen, xae thyc^^.
Theo lap luan cua Locke, sy hinh thanh va phat triln eae hinh thtic cdng dong ngudi ttr trang thai ty nhidn dd'n trang thai cdng dan phan anh tid'n trinh tid'n hoa ban tfnh ty do cua con ngudi. Trudc Hegel, Stuart Mill, John Raws, ed le Locke la ngudi ban vl va'n dl ty do ciia con ngudi mdt each ddy du va can ban han ca; bdi dng khdng ehi la mdt trid't gia ma eon la mdt chfnh khach da qua nhidu trai nghidm trdn chfnh trudng tranh ddu ddy khd khan phiic tap ciia nhtrng ngudi ty do dan chu cdp tid'n chd'ng lai ehi dd quan chii chuydn ehd' phong kid'n d Anh qud'c duong thdi.
Cac hpc gia hidn dai khi nghidn ciiu trid't hpc can dai ludn dat cau hdi: Tai sao cae trill gia thdi ky nay hay ban vl ty do va hoai nidm vl trang thai ty nhidn nguydn thuy dd'n vay? diiu nay dugc ly giai mdt each kha thii vj trong cudn Dgi cuang lich sic triet hpc phuang Tdy: "Mdn cam ljch sir sau sdc ciia cae nha trill hgc can dai thi hidn d chd cho rdng, khi tu duy vl ban than minh thdng qua eae thuat ngtr "ty do", "binh ddng", khi hanh ddng trong linh vye ddu tranh thyc t l vi ty do va binh ddng, da sd mgi ngudi diu tdt yd'u cd thidn hudng chd dgi, ddi hdi hay ft nhdt eung ma ude vl sy binh ddng hoan loan, vd vide loai bd mpi han che bdn ngoai, vl ty do tuyet ddi cho ban than minh"".
Nhung chiing ta tha'y, trong ddi sd'ng thyc tl,
"• Xem: Locke, Sdd. tr. 185 - 195.
" Dd Minh Hpp, Nguyen Thanh, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Dai cumg heh sif inei Iwc pluccmg Tdy.
Nxb. Tdng hop thanh phd Hd Chi Minh 2006, tr.397.
thidn hudng ty do, binh ddng kilu tuydt ddi nhu vay la phi hidn thyc, bdi theo Locke thi trang thai ty nhidn da ud vl dl vang, edn trong hidn tai thi "ty do cua con ngudi... thi hidn d chd cdn phai sd'ng phti hgp vdi luat phap dn dinh, la chung dd'i vdi mdi ngudi d trong xa hdi dd va do quyin lap phap xae lap;
day la ty do tuan theo nguydn vpng eiia ban than trong mpi trudng hgp, khi ma luat phap khdng ca'm diiu dd, va khi trd nen khdng phu thudc vao y chi rd rang, ddc doan ciia ngudi khae, ty do ty nhidn dong thdi cting the hidn d ehd khdng bj rang budc bdi mdt cai gi ngoai quy luat eua ty nhidn"^^ Han nira, "con ngudi nhu da ndi, theo ty nhien, ta't ca deu ty do, binh ddng va ddc lap, khdng mdt ai ed thi dua ra khoi tinh trang nay va phai khuai phuc trudc quyin lye ehfnh tri cua ngudi khae ma khdng cd sy chdp thuan cua ehinh ngudi bj dat ra. Cach duy nha't ma theo dd mdt ngudi tudc bo cua chinh minh quyin ty do ty nhidn va gdn vdi nhung rang bude eua xa hdi dan sy, la bdng sy ddng thuan vdi nhung ngudi khae dl cimg lidn kd't va hgp nhai trong mdt cdng ddng, vi cude sd'ng tidn lgi, an loan va thanh binh giua hp vdi nhau, trong sy thu hudng mdt each bao dam ddi vdi sd hihi ciia hp, va mdt sy an ninh ldn han"^''.
Nhu vay, theo each hiiu eiia Locke thi eon ngudi ehi cd ty do khi nd dugc phap luat thira nhan va bao vd. Vdi tu each la mdt ban khe ude xa hdi (social contract), phap luat ghi nhan quyin sd htru, bao vd con ngudi khoi mpi su chuydn ehd trong cae xa hdi tiin tu ban, nd ddng thdi giiip eon ngudi xa lanh mpi thdi hu tat xa'u thudc vl ban cha't.
Sy ra ddi eua khe ude xa hdi nhu mdt dot pha khau, mdt phuang thiie ehuyin tid'p xa hdi loai ngudi ttr trang thai ty nhidn sang xa hdi cdng dan, ma d dd ty do di liln vdi ly
-* Locke, Tdc phdm. gdm 3 tap, Matxcova 1985, t.2, tr.273.
" Locke, Khao luan..., Sdd. tr. 137
NghlSn cdu Con nguiM sd 3 (42) 2009 53
Locke va triet ly..
tfnh va nguge lai, ma't ty do la sy bilu hidn eua tam ly didn rd, Khdng hen ma gap, y tudng nay cua nha trid't hgc Anh thdi can dai that gdn nghia vdi luan diem eiia Engels trong lac phdm Chdng Duyrinh: "Ty do la d sy chi phd'i dugc chfnh ban than va ty nhidn ben ngoai, mdt sy ehi phd'i dya trdn sy nhan thiic dugc nhtrng tat ye'u ciia ty nhidn; do dd, ty do la san phdm tat yd'u eiia sy phat triln ljch sir. Nhiing con ngudi vijra mdi tach khoi loai vat thi trong ta't ca mpi mat ea ban ciing deu khdng cd ty do, chdng khae gi ban than loai vat. Nhung mdi budc tid'n trdn con dudng van hoa la mdt bude tid'n tdi ty do"^°.
Nhtrng trinh bay Udn mdi chi la net cham pha ban ddu trong birc tranh tdng thi phan anh quan nidm cua Locke vl kha nang nhan thire eon ngudi, vl sy hinh thanh va ban chdt phdm tfnh ty do eua nd. Tir each tid'p can duy vat bidn ehung Marxist, nhtrng quan nidm dd con nhilu dilm cdn xem xet lai, vi thdi dai Locke qua each xa chiing ta, ndn each nhin vl con ngudi cua dng cdn nhidu didu han che va khdng tranh khdi sy thidn lech; trdn quan didm ljch sir - cu thi. ehiing ta tha'y nhtrng han che dd hoan loan ed thi thdng cam dugc. Tuy sd'ng each xa ehiing ta hon ba thd ky, song quan dilm vl con ngudi eiia Locke dd'n nay vin cdn ed gia tri nhat djnh. Cimg vdi cac nha tu tudng tiin bdi, duong thdi va hau the nhu MacehiavelUe, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Montesqiueu, Rouseau, Kant, Stuart Mill, John Raws, v.v.
Locke da dat nIn mdng cho quan dilm vl nhan thiic luan, vl nhan hpc, nhan quyin, vl ty do, binh ddng xa hdi. La nha boat dpng
each mang, ddng thdi la mdt trid't-gia theo chu nghia tu do cdp tid'n, diiu mong ude ldn nhdt cua Locke la nhan loai cdn phai lam gi va lam nhu the nao dl kid'n tao mdt xa hdi dan ehu, hoa binh, ty do, binh ddng; mdt xa hdi khdng cd chid'n tranh, tdi ac va bao lye.
Tdm anh hudng eua John Locke trong ljch sir tu tudng nhan loai la khdng nhd, vi dng
"da lam dugc nhilu hon bat cii trid't gia don le nao Uong vide cung ca'p nhtrng ca sd ly luan cho che dd dan chu tu do. Nhung thanh vidn soan thao hien phap My ludn ed dng trong y thirc... dng cung gieo mdt anh hudng tuong tu nhu the dd'i vdi tu tudng Phap sud't thd' ky XVm, nhiing nha bidn soan Bach khoa toan thu Phap tim thdy Uong dng khdng chi tu tudng chfnh trj ma cdn nhiing tu tudng vl dao diic, giao due va trid't hgc"''.
Trong sy nghidp xay dung chu nghia xa hdi d Viet Nam hidn nay, chdc chdn chiing ta edn phai nghidn eiru, tham khao, khai thac va tid'p bien nhilu tu tudng tid'n bd vl con ngudi trong trude tac eac trid't gia can dai ndi ehung, eua John Locke ndi ridng dl van dung vao thyc tidn ddi sd'ng nhdm xay dyng mdt nha nudc phap quyin xa bdi chii nglua, dong thdi tao dung bdu khdng khf xa hdi dan chii, lanh manh cho vide hinh thanh va phat triln nhan each eon ngudi, dap iing nhu eau phat triln ngudn nhan lyc phuc vu cdng eupe edng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoa da't nudc va hdi nhap kinh t l qud'c id' vi muc dfch:
"Dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi edng bdng, dari ehii, van minh".
^ C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, todn tap, Nxb. CTQG Ha Ndi 1995, t. 20, tr. 164.
" Bryan Magee, 5^J, t r . l 33.
54 NghlSn cdu Con ngudi sd3 (42) 2009
