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MOI QUAN HE VAN HOA DA CU VA S0 KY DA M0I GiffA DAC VIET NAM VA NAM TRUNG QUOC
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a tfl lau, diia vao nhieu ngudn tai lieu khac nhau, cac nha khoa hgc nhan van coi khu vUe Nam Trung Qud'c (Hoa Nam) la mdt bg phan khang kbit cua Ddng Nam A thdi tien sd.Gidi nghien cUu khao cd Dong Nam A khi eoi vung Hoa Nam la mot khu viic dja ly de nghien cflu khao cd hgc da cd hai quan diem chii yeu. Quan diem thd nhdt cho rang Hoa Nam la khu viie rdng Idn bao gdm toan bd vung phia nam song TrUdng Giang. Quan diem thd hai khoanh vung hep hdn, ehi ban che Hoa Nam d khu viic phia Nam dai Linh Nam, tflc la vung Quang Tay, Quang Ddng va mot p h I n nhd tinh Van Nam va Phuc Kien. Tac gia bai viet nay theo quan diem thfl hai, do vay nhflng tai lieu trong khu vUe ndi tren dUde chu trgng.
Xet ve gdc do canh quan tU nhien, vung Bac Viet Nam va Nam Trung Qud'c cung chung mot he thd'ng sinh thai. Dac
50
TS. TRINH NANG CHUNG Vien Khao co
diem nay gdp p h I n khdng nhd tao nen nhflng dac trUng van hoa g i n gui gifla hai vung trong sudt thdi tien sii va sd sii.
Giao sU Bui Van Trung la ngudi diu tien dat cd sd cho viec nghien cflu moi quan he van hoa gifla mdt so' di tich hang ddng Nam Trung Qud'c vdi van hoa thdi dai d l Viet Nam. Nam 1935, sau khi phat hien dUOc 4 di chi hang d huyen Que Lam va Vfl Minh tinh Quang Tay, dng cho rang nhflng di tich nay mang nhieu dac trflng g i n gui vdi nhflng di tich Hoa Binh, Bac Sdn d Bac Ddng Dfldng, ndi phd bien nhflng ky nghe bach cuoi dUdc ghe deo mdt mat (20).
Tfl dd den nay, tU lieu khao cd hoc tien sii d vung Hoa Nam, Viet Nam va ca vung Dong Nam A cang phong phii, khdng it nha khao co hgc Viet Nam khi nghien cflu van hoa tien sU Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A da de cap den mdi quan he gifla Viet Nam, Ddng Nam A vdi khu viic Hoa Nam.
NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUdC sd 7(95) - 2009
Moi quan he van hda.
T r e n cd sd so s a n h , ddi chieu nhflng t u lieu k h i o cd hgc b i e n cd d N a m T r u n g Qudc vdi cac giai d o a n v a n hoa tien sU Viet N a m , c h u n g tdi cd' g a n g n e u len nhflng dac trflng v a n hoa g i n gui c u n g n h u mdi q u a n b e v a n hoa gifla h a i v u n g .
1. Giai d o a n so ky d a cu
Cho den n a y . B a c h Sac v a n dUdc eoi la v a n boa cd m e n dai cd nha't k h u viie N a m T r u n g Quo'c. Nhflng di v a t d a d i u tien ciia n e n v a n h o a n a y dflde biet den tfl eud'i n a m 1973, vdi 11 cdng cu d i u tien p h a t h i e n t r e n t h e m III va IV eiia sdng Hflu d t h d n ThUdng Tdng, h u y e n Bach S i c , t i n h Q u a n g Tay. Luc d i u , diia vao loai h i n h va ky t h u a t che tac cung n h u vi t r i p h a t b i e n cac di vat, cac n h a k h I o cd hgc T r u n g Qudc xep c h u n g vao h a u ky da cu (16).
TU dd cho d e n nhflng n a m 90 cua t h e ky trUde, cac n h a k h a o cd hgc T r u n g Qudc da tien h a n h n h i e u ddt dieu tra, tham sat, k h a i q u a t n h i e u dia diem cua nen van boa nay. Cho den nay da t h u lUdm dUde bdn 8000 hien v a t d g i n 100 dia diem p h a n bd' dgc ddi bd sdng Hflu d 5 huyen Bach S i c , Dien Ddng, Dien Dfldng, Binh Qua va Dien L a m (10).
Dae trflng ndi b a t cua bd sUu t a p Bach s i c la loai h i n h cdng cu riu tay, cdng cu c h a t m u i n h g n , cdng cu c h a t thd va cdng cu n a o dUdc lam tfl d l cudi cd kich t h u d c Idn. Ky t h u a t che tac chu yeu la ghe t r e n mdt m a t cudi, ky t h u a t ghe hai m a t c u n g c h i e m vj t r i d a n g k e t r o n g sUu t a p .
Do k h d n g p h a t hien dUdc boa thach ngudi va dgng vat. nen viec xac dinh nien dai v a n boa Bach Sac gifla cac n h a k h I o cd hgc T r u n g Qude r a t k h a c n h a u . G i n day, q u a n h i e u lan k h a o sat dja t a n g cac bac t h e m , p h a n Idn cac n h a n g h i e n cUu deu cho nhflng cdng cu Bach Sac n a m t r o n g Idp d a t dd gach d them bac HI sdng Hflu cd tudi t r u n g ky C a n h T a n ; tUOng dUOng vdi di chi Chu K h a u Diem, va xep n e n v a n boa nay thudc sd ky thdi dai da cu. (12;13).
Mdi day , cac n h a k b i o cd hgc Q u i n g Ddng da p h a t b i e n dUde 38 dja diem chUa dd da cu d bac t h e m sdng cd II va HI lUu viic sdng C h a u Giang. Theo doan djnh budc d i u , cac dia dicm iron cd nien dai sd ky da cu, cd tudi tU 150.000 n a m den 500.000 n a m each nay (23). Thoo c h u n g tdi thi nhUng cdng cu d (-Juang Dong cd nhieu dac diem khac vdi dd da Bach s i c , va tudi cua cac di tich nay cung c I n dUdc t h a o luan them.
Mdt sd n h a k h a o cd hoc Viet Nam ngay tU khi n e n van boa Bach Sac mdi p h a t hien da lifm be c h u n g vdi nen van boa Sdn Vi (8). G i n day mot sd tac gia cung n h a n ra n h i e u net van boa gan gui gifla v a n boa Bach S i c va ky nghe da d di chi Ddi T h d n g d t i n h Ha Giang. mot tinh ciic B l c nUdc ta (19; 26).
Di tich Ddi T h o n g p h a n bd tren dia p h a n phUdng T r i n P h u , thi xa Ha Giang, d vj t r i toa do 105" 00' kinh Ddng va 22" 34' vi B l c , each dja diem Bach s i c k h o a n g 150 km theo dUdng chim bay ve phia Tay N a m .
NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009
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TRINH NANG CHUNG
Toan bg di tich Ddi Thong nam tren bac them sdng cd, cd the la them bac II cua sdng Ld, Nghien eUu tai lieu dia t i n g di chi Ddi Thong cho thay nhflng cdng cu cudi ghe deo tho sd phan bd'tren be mat nen da phien va trong Idp dat dd nau, dudi Idp phu sa sdng mau vang.
Nen da phien dUdc xem nhU be mat cd tudi Canh tan sdm (Early Pleistocene).
Va nhu vay, cdng cu cudi ghe deo Doi Thdng nam trong dia tang cd tudi dia cha't thugc trung ky Canh tan muon, d i u hau ky Canh Tan sdm (late Mildde Pleistocene- early Late Pleistocene), each nay tren dudi mot tram nghin nam.
Dieu dang lUu y la, t i n g da't ehfla cdng cu cudi ghe deo d Ddi Thdng khdng cdn vet tich than tro, tan ti'ch ddng thiic vat.
Ve dia hinh canh quan khu vUc Ddi Thong gan giong vdi dia hinh sinh thai khu viic van boa Bach Sac. Dd la dang dja hinh ddi gd nui da't, xen ke la nhflng dai nui da vdi vdi nhflng dai dat bai soi chay dai dgc theo nhflng eon sdng Idn.
Hien vat di ehi Ddi Thdng duy nha't la dd da. Tong sd'hien vat thu thap d day la 846 tieu ban bao gdm nhflng cdng cu lao dgng nhU cuo'c tay hinh mui nhgn, cdng cu chat dap thd sd. nao eat vv...Ky thuat gia cdng da chu dao d sUu tap Ddi Thdng la ky thuat ghe deo, khdng cd ky thuat mai, cUa, khoan.
Suu tap Ddi Thdng va sUu tap Bach Sac cd mot so' dac diem g i n gui nhau nhu deu sii dung nhflng hdn cugi to va nang de lam cdng cu; it cong cu manh
tudc. Trong hai sUu tap. loai hinh cong cu mfli nhgn , cdng cu chat ria lUdi ngang giong n h a u ve kieu dang va cich thflc che tac. Dieu dang chu y la ca hai sUu tap deu cd mdt so' lUdng hiem hoi cdng cu mang da'u a'n ky t h u a t ghe mdt mat chung quanh vien cugi.
Ngoai nhflng diem gid'ng nhau, cdn tdn tai mdt vai diem k h I c nhau gifla bai sflu tap. Trong sUu tap Ddi Thdng ra't hiem loai riu tay, trong khi d Bach Sac, riu tay dUOc xem nhU mot loai hinh tieu bieu. Trong sUu tap Bach Sic, ky thuat ghe deo hai mat chiem vj tri dang ke, cdn dDoi Thong ky thuat nay rat it dUdc sii dung.
TU phan tich, so sanh tren cd the dii doan nien dai di tich Ddi Thdng tUdng dUdng hoac muon hdn chut it so vdi van hoa Bach Sac. Budc dau, chung tdi cho rang, cd the Bach Sac (Quang Tay) va Ddi Thdng (Ha Giang) la hai trung tam da cu, da cudi ghe deo sdm nha't Bac Viet Nam va Nam Trung Qud'c. Cung khdng loai trU kha nang 2 trung tam nay phat trien ddng quy va cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau. Viec nghien cflu sUu tap cong cu da va xac djnh nien dai cho ca hai di tich Ddi Thong va Bach Sac cdn cIn tiep tuc nhieu hdn nfla song mdi quan he gifla chung la cd the nhan ra.
Mat khac, chung ta cIn chu y den vai trd cua ddng sdng Ld cd khdi ngudn tfl vung rflng nui Tay Nam Trung Qudc chinh la mdt trong nhflng nhan td tU nhien tao nen md'i quan be dd.
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NGHIEN ClJrU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009Mdi quan he van hda.
2. Giai doan hau ky da cu
2.1. Cho den nay, theo nhflng tai lieu khao cd hgc hien biet d khu viic Ludng QuIng da phat hien dUdc hang chuc di tich cd nien dai hau ky da cfl, trong dd nhieu di tich da dUde khai quat.
Can cU vao dac diem phan bd' cd the chia cac di tich nay t h a n h 2 loai hinh:
Loai hinh hang dgng, mai da va loai hinh ddi gd them sdng. Trong sd' cac di tich tren dang chu y la nhflng di tich hang Ba.ch Lien Dgng (h. Lieu Chau) (1;21) hang Dinh Md (h. Dien Ddng) (22), hang Bao Tich Nham (t/p Que Lam (29) thugc tinh Quang Tay va hang Ddc Thach Tii (h. Dfldng Xuan)(14) thugc tinh Quang Ddng v.v...Nhflng dia diem nay cd y nghia vd cung quan trgng dd'i vdi viec nghien cflu sfl chuyen bien van hoa tfl thdi dai d l cfl sang thdi dai da mdi, cung nhU sU chuyen bien khi hau cd d khu viie Nam Trung Qudc va Ddng Nam A.
Vet tich cU tru va boat dgng kiem sdng cua cU dan hau ky da cu d Hoa Nam dUdc biet hien nay la nhflng thanh tao t i n g van hoa mau vang xam va mau nau, day tren 1 met, cd dja diem day tren 2 met, ehfla xUdng cot ddng vat the CInh Tan thugc phflc he Ailuropoda- Stegodon, vd cac loai nhuyen the sdng trong mdi trfldng can hoac sdng sudi, cung vdi cac vet tich bep, di cdt ngUdi Homo sapiens sapiens, dac biet la td hdp cdng cu bang da , b l n g xUdng va nhflng di vat khac.
Mdt bd phan chu yeu cua cU dan hau ky da cu Nam Trung Qud'c smb sdng trong cac hang dgng da vdi hoac dudi cac mai da, trien khai cac boat ddng kiem an trong cac vat rflng them sdng, con sudi thudc cac thung lung karst. Mdt bd phan nhd cU dan thdi ky nay sinh tu tren cac ddi gd cd ngudn gdc them phu sa cd. Hoat ddng kinh te chinh cua bg la san bat hai lUdm.
Dae trUng van hoa ndi bat ciia cac di tich hau ky da cu Hoa Nam la thudc ve td hdp cdng cu da. Cdng cu xUdng da xuat hien nhUng khdng ddng vai trd dang ke. Ngudn nguyen lieu chinh de che tac la cugi sdng sudi, chat lieu da dang cd Inh hUdng tnic tiep den ky thuat va hinh dang cdng cu. Trong giai doan hau ky da cu d Nam Trung Quoc cd 2 ddng ky nghe che tac cdng cu cung tdn tai: Dd la ddng ddng ky nghe manh tUdc kieu Bach Lien Dgng (1; 21) va ky nghe cudi ghe kieu Bao Tich Nham (29).
Dia dicm Bach Lien Ddng d ngoai vi thanh phd Lieu Chau, tinh Quang Tay.- Hang dUde khai quat nhieu lan vao cac nam 1973. 1981va 1982. Dia t i n g t r i m tich hang day hdn 2 met. Mat cat dia t i n g phia Ddng cd 8 Idp. cdn phia Tay cd 10 Idp. Ldp 7 phIn Ddng va Idp 2 phIn Tay la ranh gidi t r i m tich giUa Pleistocene d dUdi va Holocone d tren. Di chi dUde chia thanh 5 t i n g van boa. 2 t i n g dudi vdi nhflng cdng cu manh tUdc.
Dd la t i n g 5, gdm ldp 7 va 5 thudc mat c l t Tay, cd boa thach dgng vat da tuyet
NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUfHC sd 7(95) - 2009
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TRINH N A N G CHUNG
chiing, khdng vd d'c, nien dai Cl4 la 28.000 ± 2.000 BP. Tang 4 (gdm ldp 4 phia Tay) ehfla it o'c, cd cdng cu manh tudc tu chinh, cd mfli ten k h i hoan chinh. Nien dai C l 4 la 19.910 ± 180 BP va 21.575 + 150 BP.
Cac nha khoa hgc Trung Quo'c cho rang trong giai doan ky nghe manh Bach Lien Dgng phat trien , khi hau kha khd va lanh (21)
Trong ky nghe manh Bach Lien Dgng, da xua't hien ky t h u a t tach manh tUdc tfl hach da, dang lUu y la ky thuat tach manh d Bach Lien Dgng kha dac biet tao ra phong each ky t h u a t rieng ciia ky nghe manh vung nay. Viec gia cong va tu chinh dUOc sii dung ca 2 phUdng phap: ghe nhe tnic tiep va tu chinh ep.
Loai hinh cong cu dac trUng nhat la nhflng mui nhgn, dao, nao,v.v... Xem xet khuynh hfldng phat trien cua ky nghe manh cho tha'y sii hoa hdp eiia chung vao con dfldng phat trien cdng cu cudi ghe d giai doan cuoi hau ky da cfl.
Cung phong each ky nghe vdi Bach Lien Dgng cd di tich Ly NgU Chuy (giai doan van hoa I)
Di tich hang Bao Tich Nham d huyen Que Lam, tinh Quang Tay. Dia diem nay duoc khai quat nam 1979, t r i m tich gdm 3 ldp: Ldp tren cung phii thach nhu ran chic, men dai C14 la 24.760 ± 900 BP;
ldp gifla da't set vdi ket dinh mau vang, khdng vd o'c, ehfla dam da vdi, di vat khao cd va di ed't ngUdi; nien dai Cl4; 35.600 ± 1500 BP. Dudi cung la ldp set vang mem,
min, gap hoa thach Homo sapiens sapiens; phflc he dgng vat Ailuropoda- Stegodon cung 12 di vat da (29).
Ky t h u a t che tac dac trUng nhat trong ky ghe cugi ghe kieu Bao Tich Nham la ghe tnic tiep tren mot mat cugi, theo mot hUdng va han che d ria canh vien cudi, gifl lai tdi da vd cugi tii nhien, khdng phd bien ky thuat bd va chat be cugi. Loai hinh cdng cu dac trflng la cdng cu chat tho va va nao cd ria lUdi ngang hoac doc vien cugi. Khdng phat trien ky t h u a t gia cong manh tUdc lam cdng cu.
Cflng chung truyen thd'ng vdi Bao Tich Nham cd cac di tich : Dinh Md, Dgng Nham, Cai Dau, hang Trau, TrIn Gia Nham, Hang Oai, cum di tich Ha Loan, NgUu P h I n Xung (Quang Tay), Dgc Thach Tii, Hoang Nham Dgng, Khuat Cai Nham, La Ket Nham, Dai Sa Nham va Chu Tha't Nham (QuIng Ddng)(24).
Trong ele di chi nay, chung ta cd the nhan tha'y nhieu dac trUng van h o i gin gui vdi nen van h o i Sdn Vi d Viet Nam.
2.2. O Viet Nam, trong giai doan hau ky da cu cung tdn tai 2 ddng ky nghe che tac cdng cu da: Ky nghe NgUdm tieu bieu cho ddng ky nghe manh va van hoa Sdn Vi dai dien cho ddng ky nghe cudi ghe deo.
- Ky nghe NgUdm, lan d i u tien dUdc biet den d tinh Thai Nguyen, trong dd cd 2 di tich tieu bieu la di chi Mai da NgUdm va hang Mieng Hd (7).
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= NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009Moi quan he van hda.
Di chi Mai da Ngudm dUde phat hien va dao tham s i t nam 1980. Lien tiep trong 2 nam 1981 va 1982, di ehi dUde khai quat vdi quy mo Idn.
Dja t i n g van hoa ciia di ehi NgUdm day 1,45 m, dUde chia lam 3 t i n g van boa phat trien ke tiep nhau tU sdm den muon nhu sau;
T i n g van boa I d do sau 1,20- 1,45m, la t i n g da't set vdi mau vang nhat ehfla mdt td hdp cdng cu gdm chu yeu lu nhflng mfli nhgn, dao, nao lam tfl nhflig manh tUdc cudi cung mdt it cdng cu bach cudi. XUdng rang ddng vat d day deu ban boa thach, gdm dudi Udi Pongo sp., Idn Sus scrofa, nai Rusa sp. , nhim Hystrix... Nien dai Cl4 la'y d nOi giap ranh gifla t i n g I va t i n g II cd tudi 23.000 1 200 BP. Nhu vay t i n g van boa I cd tudi cd hdn 23.000 nam each nay.
Ting van hoa II d do sau tU 0, 60- 1,20 m, dUde ca'u tao tU da't set vdi tdi xdp mau xam nhat chUa xUdng rang ddng vat ehdm hoa thach nhU dUdi Udi Pongo sp. , bd Bos sp., liing Idn Arctonyx eollanis, khi Macaea sp.v.v..Da xua't hien nhieu vd d'c nui, it de sudi. Cdng cu da kha phong phu, manh tude nhieu, song cdng cu manh tUdc giam nhieu so vdi giai doan trUdc. Cong cu ghe deo tang len. T i n g nay cd tudi C14 la 23.000 nam each nay.
T i n g van hoa III, cd do day trung binh 0,60 m la ldp dat set vdi tdi xdp, mau xam xlm, ehfla nhicu vd nhuyen the chii yeu la d'c sudi, mdt it xUdng rang
ddng vat va nhieu di vat da. Nien dai C14 tang nay d do sau 0,60 m la 19.040 ± 400 BP va 18.600 ±200 BP.
Nhin chung, 3 t i n g van boa d NgUdm phat trien lien tuc. khdng hi ngan each bdi t i n g vd sinh, nhUng cd sii thay ddi kha ro trong to hop di vat va thanh phIn ddng vat tU Canh Tan muon den diu Toan Tan.
Ve t i n g van hoa dudi cung (ting I), cac nha nghien cflu cho rang td hdp di vat d day dac trUng cho ky nghe it nhieu phan biet vdi ky nghe manh tudc d Ddng Nam A va chung tao nen mdt ky nghe vdi dac thu rieng: Ky nghe NgUdm thudc hau ky da cu, cd tudi sdm hdn van boa SdnVi (7).
Dien mao cd b i n cua ky nghe NgUdm dUde nhan biet bdi vai trd chu the cua cdng cu manh va cua nhflng ky nghe che tac manh. Theo y kien cua mot so' nha nghien cflu, ky nghe NgUdm cd the so sanh dUde vdi ky nghe Bach Lien Dgng d QuIng Tay (5).
Trong ky nghe NgUdm va Bach Lien Ddng, ngoai so' lUdng Idn cong cu manh tudc, cdn tdn tai mdt so' lUdng nha't dinh cdng cu bach cudi, chung deu la san p h l m cua ky thuat che tac gid'ng nhau.
Xem xet dien bien cua loai hinh cdng cu, ta thay ca hai ndi ky nghe cdng cu minh phat t n e n manh d giai doan sdm nhUng suy giam d giai doan sau, thay vao dd la sii tang trUdng d i n cua cong cu bach cudi. Diem ket thuc chung la sii boa nhap vao eon dUdng phat trien cdng cu
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009
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TRINH N A N G CHUNG
bach cugi. Hoat ddng kiem so'ng cua cU dan NgUdm va Bach Lien Dgng chii yeu la san bat va hai lUdm. Sii cd mat ciia nhflng cdng cu mui nhgn nhd, d i u mui ten b l n g manh tudc tim tha'y d ca hai ndi la minh chflng cho sU phat trien ciia boat dgng san b i t . Dd'i tUdng san b i t la nhflng gid'ng loai dgng vat hau ky Canh Tan bao gdm ca nhflng gid'ng loai da bj tuyet tich hay tuyet diet nhU dUdi Udi Pongo (d NgUdm), voi rang kiem Stegodon, ga'u tre Ailuropoda, te giac Rhinoceros, (d Bach Lien Ddng).
Qua so sanh tai lieu gifla ky nghe NgUdm va ky nghe Bach Lien Ddng tfl nhieu gdc do khac nhau nhU : khdng gian eU tru va kiem sdng, dieu kien khi hau, dac trUng ky nghe, xu hUdng. phat trien va nien dai, chung tdi cho rang: Ky nghe NgUdm va ky nghe Bach Lien Dgng la nhflng ky nghe manh tudc cd tudi hau ky Canh Tan, xua't hien trong dieu kien khi hau kho lanh. Gifla chung cd nhieu diem tUOng ddng ve dien mao van hoa va xu hudng p h I t trien cua ky nghe, ve phUdng thUc kiem sdng v.v... Dieu nay phan anh gifla chung cd mdi quan he g i n gfli. Phai chang do hoan canh dia ly lien ke nhau va cung chju anh hfldng mdi trfldng khi hau nhU nhau, cac cU dan NgUdm va Bach Lien Dgng cd chung mdt kieu thich nghi vdi moi trUdng tU nhien va mdt he qua ta't nhien la trong hanh vi cdng cu the hien md'i tUdng ddng gifla ky nghe NgUdm va Bach Lien Ddng.
Mat khac, cU dan cd NgUdm va Bach Lien Dgng do cd tinh di ddng cao va sdng trong mdt vung rong cd dieu kien sinh thai khi hau g i n gid'ng nhau thi khdng cd trd ngai nao ngan can viec giao lUu, trao ddi van hoa gifla cac bg lac, cac mien da't xa nhau khi ma nhu c l u boat dgng san bat, hai lUdm cdn ddng vai trd quan trgng.
- Van hoa Sdn Vi la van hoa khao cd cd nien dai ha^i ky da cu, thuoc ky nghe cugi ghe va la coi ngudn ciia van hoa Hoa Binh. Nien dai van boa Sdn Vi tdn tai trong khung nien dai tfl g i n 30.0000 nam den 11.000 nam each nay. Den nay cd hdn 200 dja diem van boa Sdn Vi dUde p h I t hien d Viet Nam (9).
Cu dan van hoa Sdn Vi la nhflng ngUdi san bat hai lUOm. Hg sinh cU rong rai tren cac them sdng cd cac eon sdng Idn, tren cac vung ddi gd mien trung du hoac trong mot so' hang dgng da vdi, keo dai tu ele tinh mien nui bien gidi phia Bac, den cac tinh Trung Bg.Trong mot so hang dgng van hoa Sdn Vi, cIc di tich hoa thach dgng vat deu thudc quIn ddng vat Ailuropoda- Stegodon gid'ng nhU vung Hoa Nam dUdng thdi.
Van hoa Sdn Vi cd dien mao rieng, dac thu rieng, phan biet vdi cac van hoa cugi khac trong khu viic.
Diem ndi bat trong td hdp cdng cu da van hoa Sdn Vi la viec sii dung da cugi sdng sudi de che tac cdng cu. Ky thuat duy nha't cua ngUdi Sdn Vi la ghe deo da de che tac cong cu. NgUdi Sdn Vi sii dung
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NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC sd7(95) - 2009Moi quan he van hda...
tdi da hinh dang tii nhien cua hdn cudi de ghe mdt ldp, hay nhieu ldp tao mdt ria tac dung hay nhieu ria tac dung. Ky thuat che tac dac trUng nhat la ghe tnic tiep hudng tam, ghe ban che d ria canh vien cudi va tren mdt mat cugi, gifl lai phIn Idn vd cugi. Khdng phat trien gia cdng cdng cu manh tfldc.
Loai hinh cdng cu Sdn Vi kha phong phu va da dang. Chung bao gdm chii yeu nhflng hdn cugi dUdc ghe theo chieu dgc, phIn hai chieu dgc, chieu ngang, bai d i u hoac xung quanh tao thanh loai hinh mui cam, hinh de quat, p h I n tU vien cudi, cdng cu mui nhgn. Hoan toan vang mat cdng cu mai lUdi kieu Bac Sdn va cdng cu manh tUdc kieu NgUdm.
Trong thdi ky d i u nghien eUu van boa Son Vl, mdt so' nha nghien eUu da lien he nhflng cdng cu tim tha'y d mdt so' hang ddng Nam Trung Qud'c vdi van boa Sdn Vi. Chlng ban nhfl d Ky Lan Sdn, huyen Lai Tan tim thay 1 cdng cu ria lUdi dgc va 2 manh tUde lam tU da quartzite, ky thuat gia cdng thd sd, tap trung d mdt ria canh vien cudi tao thanh ria luoi sac, nien dai hau ky da cfl. Cong cu Ky Lan Sdn rat gid'ng cdng cu dang mui budi eiia van boa Sdn Vi. 6 vung Ddng Blc Quang Tay trong di chi khao cd hgc da cu hang sd 6142 da tim tha'y cdng cu kieu Sdn Vi trong t i n g ehfla boa thach quIn ddng vat Ailuropoda- Stegodon(8).
Nhfl chung ta da biet, nhflng so sanh nay la diia vao nhflng phat hien le te tfl trfldc thap ky 70 vdi sd Ifldng di vat it,
ehfla dflde nghien cflu cd he thd'ng. Cho den nay vdi so' lUdng hang chuc di tich trong dd cd nhieu di tich da dUde khai quat, chung ta cd dieu kien hdn de dd'i sanh va phan tich md'i quan he gifla bai vung.
So sanh nhflng dac trUng van boa gifla van hoa Sdn Vi va ky nghe cudi ghe d Nam Trung Qud'c chung tdi nhan thay gifla chung tdn tai nhieu diem tUdng tii nhau ve dac diem phan bd', cung nhU ky thuat che tac va loai binh cdng cu.
Gin day, kbi tiep can vdi cac sUu tap dd da d Bao tang Quang Tay, chung tdi nhan thay di vat d sUu tap Bao Tich Nham, Hang Trau, NgUu PhIn Xung va nhdm di tich Ha Loan cd nhieu net gan gui vdi cdng cu da Sdn Vi. Nhflng cdng cu cudi d Ddc Thach Tu d DUdng Xuan, Quang Ddng mang dam dau an cua phong each ky nghe Sdn Vi.
Nhin chung vung LUdng QuIng Trung Qudc cd nhieu di tich ehfla di tdn dd da gid'ng cdng cu dac trUng cua van boa Sdn Vi. Nhflng tU lieu tren cho phep chung ta nghi den sii hien dien cua di tich Sdn Vi tren da't Nam Trung Qudc.
3. Giai doan so ky da moi
Van boa Hoa Binh dUde phat hien, nghien cUu g i n mdt the ky. Day la bien tUdng ddc dao, phUe tap trong thdi dai da d Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A. Trong sudt thdi gian qua, nhd nhflng phat hien mdi d Viet Nam cung nhU trong khu vUc, nhan thflc cua chung ta ve dien mao van boa nay ngay cang sang td.
NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUdC Sfi 7(95) - 2009
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Cho den nay, tren 140 di tich thudc van hoa Hoa Binh dUde biet den d Viet Nam, trong dd cd nhieu dia diem da dUdc khai quat va nghien cflu cd he thd'ng.
Dia ban phan bo' eiia cac di tich van hoa Hoa Binh chu yeu tap trung trong vung nui da vdi cac tinh phia Bac, trong cac hang dgng hoac mai da; di chi ngoai trdi them song, them sudi r a t it. Dang chu y la da tim tha'y di tich Hoa Binh d vung sat bien gidi phia Bac. Dac diem ndi bat ciia t i n g van hoa Hoa Binh la t i n g da't set vdi xen lan vd cac loai nhuyen the, cung tan tich xUdng dgng vat, than tro, di ed't ngUdi va di vat da.
Ldp s6t vdi nay cd do gan ket yeu, p h I n Idn la loai tich tu bd rdi, tdi xdp cd tuoi sau Canh Tan (Post Pleistocene).
Dac trUng ndi bat cua van hoa Hoa Binh la thugc ve td hdp di vat gdm dd da, dd xUdng va dd gom. Trong dd chii yeu la di vat da. Chu nhan van hoa Hoa Binh da sii dung cugi song, sudi de che tac cdng cu.
Thii p h i p ky thuat dac trUng la ghe mdt mat, ghe xung quanh hudng tam vien cugi, dd la ky thuat Sumatralith, Ky thuat mai cdng cu d l da dUde sii dung, nhUng khong phat trien. To hdp cdng cu da van boa Hoa Binh phong phu va dn dinh trong mot sd' loai hinh dac trUng nhU nhflng cdng cu cd hinh hanh nhan, hinh dia, hinh 0 van (cdng cu Sumatralith), hinh tam giac, va riu ngan. Do gom da cd trong giai doan muon cua van hoa Hoa Binh tuy so lUdng it.
Dac diem ndi bat trong phfldng thflc mai tang cua ngUdi Hoa Binh la md chdn trong hang dgng ndi cU tru, ngUdi chet dUOc chdn trong tu the nam co bd gdi hoac nam thang. Qua cac tai lieu cd nhan phat hien trong van boa Hoa Binh cho tha'y dang australo-Mongoloid, mot dang cdn gifl kha nhieu dac diem nguyen hinh chUa phan hoa ro tdn tai kha lau trong giai doan d l mdi sd ky (11). Tinh hinh nay cflng tfldng tfl nhfl vung Nam Trung Qud'c
Trong cd ca'u thflc an cua dan cfl thdi ky nay, dgng vat nhuyen the, thuy sinh va thflc vat bat d i u tflng budc chiem ty le cao va viec san ban ddng vat loai Idn CO the da giam sut. Den giai doan Hoa Binh phat trien, nen kinh te trdng trot da xua't hien nhUng cdn d trang thai manh nha, sd khai.
Den nay p h I n Idn cac nha nghien cflu deu thfla nhan van hoa Hoa Binh nam vat ngang tfl the Canh Tan sang the Toan Tan vdi tudi tuyet ddi tfl 17.000 nam den 8.000 nam each ngay nay. Vdi mot khung nien dai nhfl tren, van hoa Hoa Binh tUdng flng vdi giai doan muon ciia hau ky da cu va sd ky da mdi d Hoa Nam. Day cung la thdi ky khdng co nhflng bien ddi Idn ve mdi trUdng. Ve cd ban cung g i n gid'ng nhu hien nay, ndng am mUa nhieu (11).
0 Viet Nam, cac nha khao cd hgc da chUng minh trong truyen thd'ng ky thuat cudi ghe d Bac Viet Nam cd diln ra budc
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009Mdi quan he van hda.
p h a t t r i e n t h e o t r a t t u " Sdn Vi- Hoa Binh".
N g h i e n eCcu md'i q u a n he gifla ky n g h e cugi ghe h a u ky d a cu N a m T r u n g Qude vdi van h o a Sdn Vi, c h u n g tdi cho r i n g da cd sfl h i e n d i e n cua v a n boa Sdn Vi d N a m T r u n g Qudc. O day, v a n de dflde d a t r a lieu t r o n g t r u y e n thd'ng ky n g h e cudi ghe tU h a u ky d a cu d e n sd ky da mdi Hoa N a m cd budc p h a t t r i e n "Hda Binh" hoa n h u d B a c Viet N a m k h d n g ? De lam ro v a n de n a y , c h u n g t a h a y trd lai vdi t u lieu vflng N a m T r u n g Qud'c.
O N a m T r u n g Qud'c, giai d o a n sd ky da mdi md d i u vao k h o a n g t r e n dUdi 10.000 n a m each nay, t r u n g hop vdi sfl md d i u eiia t h e T o a n T a n . TrUdc day gifla cac n h a k h a o cd hgc T r u n g Qud'c cd cudc t h a o l u a n Idn ve v a n de cd h a y khdng giai d o a n d a gifla n a m xen ke gifla thdi dai d a cu va thdi dai da mdi d N a m T r u n g Qud'c. H i e n n a y q u a n diem chd r i n g thdi d a i d a mdi p h a t t r i e n t n i c tiep tfl thdi dai da cu, k h d n g t r a i qua giai d o a n d a gifla dflde k h a n h i e u n h a khao cd hgc T r u n g Qud'c c h a p n h a n . G i n day cd hgc g i l coi ta't ca cac di tich cd nien dai s a u da cfl d e u la nhflng di tich epipaleolithie (30).
Cho den nay, d Hoa N a m da p h a t hien hdn 100 di tich sd ky da mdi, trong dd cd n h i e u di tich dUde k h a i q u a t vdi quy md Idn.
Dja diem h a n g T i n g Bi N h a m d Q u a n g T a y dflde xem la di chi thdi dai da
mdi sdm nha't va dien h i n h d k h u vUc Hoa N a m . Tai day. cac n h a k h a o cd hgc T r u n g Qudc k h d n g chi p h a t hien dUdc nhflng chflng cfl lien q u a n den canh tac n d n g n g h i e p n h u riu da mdi, dd gdm v.v... m a cdn p h a t bien dUde xUdng Idn da dUdc t b u i n dUdng trong t i n g van boa cd m e n dai k h o a n g 10.000 n a m each nay(28).
So vdi cac di tich b a u ky da cii thi dien p h a n bd' cua cac di tich sd ky da mdi da md r d n g hdn nhieu. Vao thdi ky nay, con ngUdi k h d n g chiu bd hep khdng gian sdng t r o n g nhflng t h u n g lung da vdi ma da s i n h tu d nhflng dai ddng b a n g trudc nui. Va dac biet hdn c l la da cd m a t d v u n g duyen hai, d a n h da'u sU tiep xuc Idn d a u tien cua con ngUdi vdi bien ca. Cac dl tich cd ca'u tao t a n g van boa do day mdng k h a c n h a u nhUng cd c h u n g dac diem la sii phong p h u vd cac loai n h u y e n t h e . Dac trUng van boa ndi bat cua cac di tich sd ky da mdi v u n g Hoa N a m dUde t h e hien qua to hdp cdng cu da, cdng cu xUdng va dd gdm.
Cd t h e eoi ky n g h e da d thdi ky nay la sU k e tuc cua ddng ky n g h e cudi ghe tfl h a u ky d a cu. Ve ky t h u a t che tac da, dai t h e cac cfl d a n sd ky da mdi Nam T r u n g Qud'c v l n duy tri each ghe deo truyen thd'ng. Dd la ghe b a n che t r e n mdt ria cudi va t r e n mot m a t cudi. Ky t h u a t ghe deo x u n g q u a n h b u d n g t a m (ky t h u a t S u m a t r a l i t h ) r a t it p h d bien. Cd the ndi, nhflng cdng cu cudi sd ky da mdi d vung
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nay ca ve hinh dang lan ky t h u a t che tac cdn mang dang dap cua nhflng cdng cu da cu. Cd ngudi ggi dd la " van hoa ke tuc hinh dang dd da efl"(15).
Cflng cd mot so' it di chi nhfl hang Tien Nhan Dgng (ldp dUdi), T i n g Bi Nham (ldp dUdi), Hoang Nham Ddng ben canh nhflng cdng cu ghe truyen thd'ng da xua't hien mot so' Ifldng it cdng cu hinh dia, hoac bau due dang Hoa Binh dflOe tao tU cac hdn cugi mdng, det cd hinh d van hoac g i n trdn, ria lUdi chiem g i n het chu vi hdn cudi (24). Dac trUng di vat dd da gid'ng vdi van hoa Hoa Binh, van hoa Bac Sdn dflng da cudi de che tac cdng cu. Loai hinh cdng cu da cdn kha thd sd, ghe deo ria tac dung la chu yeu.
Tuy nhien, so sanh vdi dd da van boa Hoa Binh dien hinh thi tha'y chung khdng hoan toan gid'ng bdi loai hinh cdng cu kieu Sumatra, loai riu ngan d cac di tich ndi tren that hiem hoi. Nhin chung sU cd mat hiem hoi cua cdng cu Sumatralith trong cac di tich da mdi sd ky Nam Trung Quo'c la didu can chu y.
Thoo giao sU Ha Van Tan, cdng cu kieu Sumatra hay Surnatralith dUde ghe deo mot mat la loai hinh bieu trUng ky nghe Iloji Binh. Sumatralith khdng nhUng la cdng cu dien hinh cua van hoa Hoa Binh ma cdn la bieu hien mot ky thuat che tac dac biet, cd the ggi la ky thuat Sumatralith. Do vay khdng the ggi la dl tich Hoa Binh neu khdng cd Sumatralith (6). Nhung tai lieu tU Tang
Bi Nham, Ddc Thach Tu, Hoang Nham Dgng, Khua't Cai Nham.., cho tha'y chung cd the thugc ve mot ky nghe
"gid'ng Hoa Binh" (like Hoabinh) hdn la mot Hoa Binh dac trUng. Nha khao cd hgc W. Meacham ggi nhdm di tich dd la mdt "Choi n h a n h cua nen gdc Hoa Binh"
(outgrows of Hoa Binh Substratum) (18).
Cd the trong truyen thd'ng ky thuat cugi ghe tfl hau ky da cu den sd ky da mdi d Nam Trung Qud'c, budc phat trien Hoa Binh boa" ehi ban che d mdt vai ndi nao dd, bang chflng la sfl cd mat cua mdt vai chiec riu Hoa Binh d mdt sd' di chi ndi tren.
Ky t h u a t mai da d Nam Trung Qudc da xua't hien tfl giai doan muon ciia hau ky da cu, nhflng den giai doan nay da phat trien ra't nhanh chdng vdi sU phd bien eiia hai loai di vat tieu bieu la riu va bdn mai lUdi. Cdng cu xUdng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng eU dan da mdi vung Hoa Nam .
Gd'm sdm da ra ddi d Nam Trung Qud'c vao k h o i n g tren dUdi 10.000 nam each nay vdi dac trUng la gdm thd van thflng.
Ngoai nhflng dac trflng van hoa vat chat ndi tren, cU dan sd ky da mdi Nam Trung Quo'c thudng chdn ngUdi chet trong ndi cU tru vdi nhieu tang thflc nhfl chon nam ngiia co chan tay, nam nghieng co chan tay, chdn nam xa'p, ngdi bd gdi chdn lan hai (cii tang) va chdn hdp tang. Hoat ddng kiem sdng ciia con
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NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009Mdi quan he van hda...
ngUdi, tfl nhflng b o a t ddng s a n b a t ddn t h u a n trUde d a y bd h e p t r o n g nhflng t h u n g l u n g k a r s t la chii yeu n a y md r d n g ra v u n g ven sdng ven bien. Da cd sfl p h a t t r i e n n h a n h c h d n g ciia b o a t dgng d a n h b a t ca va cac loai t h u y sinh.
TrUdc day, k h i n g h i e n cUu nhflng dac trflng van boa budi d a u thdi dai da mdi d Nam T r u n g Qud'c, mdt sd' tac gia cho r i n g cd sU b i e n d i e n ciia v a n hoa Hoa Binh d k h u viic n a y (17; 25)._Gid day, vd.
khd'i lUdng tU lieu n g a y c a n g p h o n g piiu va vdi k e t q u a k h a o s a t t r e n thiic te tai T i n g Bi N h a m , Ly NgU Chuy, H o a n g N h a m Ddng va mdt so'dja diem sd ky da mdi k h a c d N a m T r u n g Qudc, c h u n g tdi cho r i n g , t u y cd n h U n g diem gid'ng n h a u ve b i n h thUe cU t r u (eU t r u h a n g ddng);
ve b i n h thUe s i n h b o a t k i n h te va ddi sdng (san b i t , h a i lUdm va ndng nghiep sd khai, nhflng t a p t u c m a i t a n g ) , nbUng dau an cua v a n h o a H o a B i n h t h e hien qua cac loai h i n h cdng cu dac trflng ehfla dUdc rd n e t t r o n g cac di tich sd ky da mdi d N a m T r u n g Qud'c.
2- T r o n g giai d o a n sd ky da mdi d Viet N a m , gidi k h a o cd hoc cdn xac n h a n sfl hien dien c u a v a n boa Bac Sdn tdn tai trong k h u n g m e n dai tfl 11.000 n a m den 6.000 n a m each n g a y n a y (2).
H l u b e t cac dja diem v a n boa Bac Sdn p h a n bd t r o n g vflng sdn khd'i da vdi B l c Sdn t h u d c t i n h L a n g Sdn. lien ke vdi khu viie T a y N a m Q u I n g Tay. Cu d a n van boa B l c Sdn s i n h sdng chu yeu
t r o n g cac h a n g ddng hoac mai da. Hoat ddng kiem sdng chii yeu cua hg la san b a t hai lUdm. Cdng cu da Bac Sdn dUdc che tac tfl n g u d n cudi sdng sudi vdi loai h i n h dl v a t dac trflng la riu mai ludi (cdn ggi riu Bac Sdn) va d a u Bac Son.
P h a n tich quy t r i n h ky t h u a t che tac riu mai lUdi Bac Sdn cho tha'y. cU dan cd Bac Sdn che tac riu mai lUdi t h e e met quy t r i n h k h a c vdi cU d a n N a m T r u n g Qud'c. T r o n g di chi H o a n g N h a m Ddng, nhflng chiec r i u mai lUdi kieu Bac xua't hien k h a phd bien. Tide r a n g nhflng trfldng hdp nhU vay van cdn it.
Xet ve m a t che tac cugi thi ky t h u a t bd tach cudi va ky t h u a t ghe deo che tac cong cu kieu Bac Sdn cung it gap trong cac di tich sd ky da mdi v u n g Hoa N a m .
T r o n g tUdng q u a n gifla cac vung van boa da cugi thi van boa Bac Sdn cd le cd a n h h u d n g t n i c tiep va ro net hdn ca k h d n g nhflng dd'i vdi ven bien hai dao Ddng B l c Viet N a m ma ca vdi ven bien hai dao Ddng N a m T r u n g Qud'c. "Da'u B l c Sdn" c u n g la di vat cdn hiem tha'y d N a m T r u n g Qudc. (3 Hdng Kdng. da'u B l c Sdn dUdc tim tha'y cung t a p hdp riu bdn cd vai, cd nac (27). Loai riu da mai b i n h chu n h a t hai m a t ldi (tiet dien n g a n g h i n h b l u due) k h a phd bien trong cac dl tich da mdi t r u n g ky r a t cd the cd ngudn gdc tfl riu m a i Bac Sdn.
Ddi vdi thdi dai da mdi duyen hai va h l i dao Ddng N a m T r u n g Qud'c. gidi n g h i e n cUu T r u n g Qude cung cd xu
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hudng nhin nhan ngudn gdc cua nd tfl cac di tich thugc van hoa da cugi phan bd' dgc theo chi lUu cua cac ddng song dac biet la sdng Tay Giang bat ngudn tfl Quang Tay bay la Bac Viet Nam.
Con dudng phat t n e n van hoa ra ven bien cd the dien ra phong phu nhUng thudng hay theo lUu viic cac con sdng.
TU phia Bac va Ddng Bac Viet Nam cd nhflng ddng song nhd Bang Giang (Cao Bang), Ky Cung (Lang Sdn) chay theo budng Ddng Bac nhap vao Ta Giang rdi dd vao Tay Giang nhap vao Chau Giang va ra bicn. Dd cd the la cac ddng tai van hoa, tham gia ddng gdp hdi nhap vao van hoa da mdi lUu viie Tay Giang, Chau Giang sau dd lan toa ra von bien va hai dIo Ddng Nam Trung Qude.
Phan tich dac trUng va xu budng phat trien cua van boa ky nghe cudi ghe Nam Trung Quo'c trong budi dau thdi dai da mdi, chung toi cho rang tuy cd nhflng dac trflng gid'ng nhau ve van hoa cU tru, ve van boa mai tang va hinh thflc sinh hoat kinh td va ddi sdng. nhUng dac triing cd ban trong van hoa cugi Hoa Binh, van hoa Bac Sdn the hien chUa dUdc rd net trong cac di tich sd ky da mdi d Nam Trung (^udc.
Nha khao cd hoc Trung Qud'c Tran Nai Hiin. trong cdng trinh nghien cflu ve moi ([uan hg giUa cac van boa sd ky da mdi va da gifla d vung Linh Nam, Trung Qudc vdi van boa Hoa Binh, van boa Bac Sdn da ndi den sii gan gui trong cac
dac trflng van boa gifla hai vflng, nhflng theo dng, cac di tich sd ky da mdi Nam Trung Qud'c khdng phai la nhflng di tich Hoa Binh thflc sfl, bdi thieu nhflng loai hinh cdng cu dac trUng Hoa Binh, Bac Sdn (4).
Day chinh la dieu khien chung tdi rat ban khoan. bdi xet dUdi gdc do sinh thai, canh quan va mdi trUdng khu viic mien nui phia Bac Vict Nam g i n nhU ddng nha't vdi khu viic mien nui phia Nam Trung Qud'c. Ndi each khac, day la he sinh thai thd'ng nha't, khdng bien gidi. Ve logic hinh thflc thi cd the xet doan rang, rat cd nhieu kha nang tim tha'y cac di tich dang Hoa Binh, Bac Sdn d nhflng mien giap bien gidi bai nUdc. Dieu dang tide la cho den nay trong nhflng tU lieu ma chung toi cd dflde, thi nhUng vung tren van la nhflng diem trang trong sii hieu biet eiia chung tdi. Trfldc mat, nhflng tai lieu khao cd hoc Nam Trung Qud'c cho tha'y sfl hien dien ciia ddng ky nghe "gid'ng Hoa Binh" tdn tai kha pho bien d vung Lfldng Quang.
O day cflng cIn lam rd cd nhflng yeu to'van boa gid'ng nhau la do dieu kien tii nhien, hoac do trinh do ky thuat quy dinh nhu cU tru trong hang ddng, sii dung pho bien nguyen lieu da cudi gia cdng cdng cu, cd phuOng thflc kiem sdng nhu nhau. Ben canh dd, cd nhflng yeu td van boa chung khac duOc tao bdi sfl tiep xuc xa hdi nhfl tang tuc chdn cat ngUdi chet, ky thuat che tac cdng cu, nhflng ky
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009Mdi quan he van hda...
n a n g k i e m so'ng, y thflc cdng ddng, ca'u t r u e xa hgi c u n g n h i e u yeu to' v a n hoa vat c h a t va p h i v a t c h a t m a t a ehfla dUde biet.
Mac dfl vdi nhflng tfl lieu h i e n cd ehfla cho c h u n g t a m d t h i n h a n h rd r e t nao ve v a n h o i H o a B i n h , Bac Son d Hoa N a m , nhflng d i e u cd t h e k h l n g d i n h la gifla cfl d a n v a n b o a Hoa Binh, v a n boa B l c Sdn va cac cfl d a n di tich sd ky da mdi N a m T r u n g Qud'c cd md'i lien he n h a t djnh. Hg c u n g n h a u chia se n h u n g ngudn ldi s a n b i t , h a i lUdm tU nhflng v a t rflng r d n g Idn v a t r a o cho n h a u nhflng kinh n g h i e m sdng e I n t h i e t , t a o n e n phfldng thflc sdng H o a B i n h gid'ng n h a u . Su tiep xuc t h u d n g x u y e n gifla cac n h d m cU d a n t r e n d a de lai t r o n g gia tai v a n boa cua hg n h U n g yeu t d van boa g i n gui.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chu Qudc Hung. 1994: Bdn ludn lgi ve vdn hod Bgch Lien Dgng. Trung Nhat cd nhan loai dfl sU tien van boa uyen nguyen quan he qud'c te hgc t h u a t nghien t h u a t hoi luan van tap. Trung Qud'c Qud'c te quang ba xuat ban xa (Tieng Trung)
2. Ha Hflu Nga. 2001: Vdn hod Bac Sdn.
Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hgi. Ha Ndi.
3. Hoang Khai Thien (chii bien) 2003: Do dd cu Bdch Sdc. Van vat xuat ban xa. Blc Kinh, 2003 (tieng Trung).
4. Ha Nai Han (1991): Sd bg bdn ve mdi quan he vdn hod gida sd ky dd mdi, dd giUa d khu Llnh Nam vdi vdn hod Hod Binh, Bdc Sdn d Viet Nam. Ky niem Hoang Nham Dong phat hien tam thap chu nien tap van luan. Quang Chau, (tieng Trung).
5. Ha Van Tan. 1990: NgUdm, Lang Rongien vd Bgch Lien Dgng. Nhiing phat hien mdi khao cd hoc 1990. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi, tr.45-48
6. Ha Van Tan. 1994.- Hoa Binh d Dong Nam A: vdn hoa, nhdng vdn hoa hay phdc hdp ky thuat. Khao cd hgc so' 3, tr.2 - 6.
7. Ha Van Tan (chu bien). 1998: Khao cd hgc Viet Nam. Tap 1. Thdi dai da Viet Nam.
Nxb Klioa hoc xa hoi. Ha Ngi.
8. Ha Van Tan, Nguyen KhIc Sii. 1978:
Vdn hod Sdn Vi 10 nam sau khi phdt hien.
Khao cd hoc. sd4- 1978. tr. 37-50.
9. Ha Van Tan- Nguyin KhIc Sii- Trinh Nang Chung. 1999: Vdn hod Scfn Vi. Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi.
10. Hoang Khai Thien 2003; Do dd cu Bdch sdc. Van vat xua't ban xa, (tieng Trung).
11. Hoang Xuan Chmh (ehii bien). 1989:
Vdn hod Hod Binh d Viet Nam. Nxb KHXH.
Ha Ngi
12. Hoang Uy Van 1991: Nhdng bdng chdng ve hogt dgng ciia con ngUdi thdi ky sdm trong nhdng ldp laterite d Nam Trung Qudc. De tU ky nghien cflu. 4: 373-379 (Tieng Trung).
13. Hoang Uy Van va cdng sii. 1988: Vdn de thdi dgi ciia dd dd Bdch Sdc. Ky yeu ky niem 30 nam phat bien ngUdi boa thach Ma
NRHIFN ClifU TRUNG OUOC Sd 7(95) - 2009
= 63
TRINH N A N G CHUNG
Ba. Van vat xua't ban xa, Peikmg: 95-101 (Tieng Trung).
14. Khau Lap Thanh. 1982: Phdt hien di chi hang dgng thdi dgi dd dd d Dgc Thgch Td, Dddng Xudn, Quang Dong. Khao cd, so' 5:546-549 (Tieng Trung).
15. Ly Quang Chau 1984: Vdn hod trUdc gom d cong vien quo'c gia Khdn Dinh vd
nhdng vdn de lien quan. Tap san khao cd n h a n loai hgc trUdng Dai hgc qud'c lap Dai Loan. (44) : tr 79- 147 (Tieng Trung).
16. Ly Viem Hien -Vuu Nggc Tru. 1975:
Phdt hien do dd cu cu Bdch Sdc Qudng Tay. Dgng vat cd cd xUdng song va ngUdi Cd. Quyen 13. Se 4.1975: 225-228 (Tieng Trung).
17. Mathew J.M. 1964: The Hoabinhian in Southeast Asia and eleswhere. The Australian Natidnal University 1964.
18. Meacham.W. 1978: Shamwan Lamma Island, an arrchaeological site study. The Hong Kong Archaeological Society, l^be Hong Kong Museum of History.
19. Nguyen Khac Sii ,Trinh Nang Chung...2000: Hd Giang thdi tien sd. Sd van boa thdng tin tinh Ha Giang. Ha Giang.
20. Pei.W.C. 1935. On a Mesolithic (?) industry of the caves of Kivangsi. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, vol. XFV, no.3.1935, pp.393-412.
21. Ta Sung An- TrUdng Tieu Hoa. 1987:
Thd bdn ve di ton thdi dgi dd d Bgch Lien Dgng vd nhdng van de lien quan . Nam PhUdng dan tdc k h i d cd. Sol: 161-169 (Tieng Trung).
22. Tang TUdng VUdng. 1989: Hod thgch ngiidi vd di ton vdn hod d hang Dinh Mo,
Dien Dong, Qudng Tay. K h l d cd va Van vat sd4.1989: 1-6 (Tieng Trung).
23. Tang TUdng Vudng 1996 : Di tdn dd cu phdt hien tren them song co d lUu viic song Chdu Giang, Qudng Dong. Tap san Bao tang tinh Q u I n g Ddng. Nha xua't ban Nhan dan Q u I n g Ddng .1996: 10- 23 (Tieng Trung).
24. Tdng PhUdng Nghia.1991: Tong thuat ve di chi Hodng Nham Dgng d huyen Phong Khai, Qudng Dong . Trong Tap luan van ky niem 30 n a m p h a t hien Hoang Nham Dgng, Quang Chau, tr 1-12 (Tieng Trung).
25. Trinh Nang Chung. 1992 : Ddc triing vdn hod Hod Binh trong sd ky dd mdi Nam Trung Qudc. KhIo cd hgc, so' 2-1992: tr 81- 89.
26. Trinh N a n g Chung, Bui Vinh 1996:
Phdt Men them mot dia diem dd cd Hd Giang-Doi dieu suy nghi. Nhflng phat hien mdi khao cd hgc 1995. Nxb KHXH, Ha Noi, tr. 58-60.
27. Tsui Yun- Chang, William Meacham.
1978: Stone polished Artifacts in Shamwan, Lama island-An Archaeological site study.
Journal of the Hong Kong Archaeological Society III.
• 28. Vien Khao cd hgc Trung Qudc.
2003:Di chi Tang Bi Nham, Que Lam. Nha xuat ban Van vat, Bac Kinh (Tieng Trung).
29. VUdng Lenh Hdng. 1982: Phdt hien hod thgch ngUdi co vd do dd d Bdo Tich Nham, Que Ldm". Nhan loai hgc hgc bao.
sol (1), tr. 30-35 (Tieng Trung).
30. Zhang SenShui. 2000: The epipaleolithie in China. Journal of East Asian archaeology. Vol 2; 1-2.2000. pp.51-66
