LICH sir-VAN HOA
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SUY NBHI VA KIEN NGHj
VE PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA VA CON NGiltl VIET NAM TRONG QUA TRlNH HOI NHAP Q U U C T !
PGS. TS DO TIEN SAM Vien Nghien cUu Trung Qudc
Q
ua tim hieu va phan tich sir phat trien van hda va con ngudi d mdt sd nude Ddng A, chiing tdi rut ra mdt sd bai hpc kinh nghiem va de xuat kien nghj ve phat trien van hda va con ngudi Viet Nam trong qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te nhu sau:1. Can the hien tinh than "tien ciing thoi dai" trong nhan thirc ve vai tro va tac dung cua van hoa doi voi sy phat trien kinh te - xa hoi.
Sir phat trien nhanh chdng cua khoa hpc cdng nghe va xu the lan rdng cua toan cau hda da va dang dat ra trudc cac qudc gia - dan tdc nhiing ca hdi va thach thue mdi chua tung cd.
Dieu dd budc cac qudc gia - dan tdc phai khdng ngung ddi mdi tu duy - nang nhan thue
cua minh len ngang tam thdi dai, de tan dung va khai thac ca hdi, ddng thdi han che va giam thieu nhung thach thue ddi vdi su phat trien ben vung.
Trong cac nude Ddng A, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Malaixia va Xinhgapo... da hdi nhap qudc te kha sdm. Trung Qudc ia nudc hdi nhap mudn ban, nhung tu khi tien hanh cai each va md cira cudi nam 1978 den nay, nude nay cung da nhan thue va tan dung tdt nhiing co hdi do toan cau hda dua lai nen da phat trien nhanh chdng. Hp cho rang, cudc canh tranh giua cac nudc trong bdi canh toan cfu hda hien nay la canh tranh qudc luc tdng hop - tuc sue manh tdng hgp qudc gia, bao gdm ca sue manh Cling (kinh te, quan su...) va sue manh m^m (van hda, the che chinh tri...). Do nhan thirc
DOTIENSAM
nhu vay, cac nha lanh dao Trung Qudc da di den khing dinh ring - van hda la mdt tieu chi quan trong ciia sue manh tdng hop qudc gia;
ddng thdi ti6n them mdt budc - dat van de
"nang cao sue manh mem van hda qudc gia".
Day la mdt bieu hien cua tinh than "tien cimg thdi dai" va cung la mdt ggi md dang chii y ma Viet Nam cd the tham khao khi nhan thirc ve vai trd ciia van hda trong qua trinh day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda; ddng thdi ciing th6 hien linh than tich cue va chu ddng hdi nhap kinh tc qudc te hien nay.
Vi vay, chung tdi de nghi cac van kien trinh dai hdi 1 I ciia Dang ta. cung nen ghi rd: Vein hoa Id moi tieu chi quan trgng cua sice nigiih Idng hup qudc gia. ndng cao siic manh nieni vdn hoa qudc gia.
2. Muc tieu ciia xay d u n g van hda la vi con nguoi, vi vay can nhanh chdng xay dung he thdng gia trj md'i, qua do gdp phan xay d u n g con ngudi mdi thich ling vdi nhung bien doi moi cua tinh hinh dat n u o c va quoc tc.
Van hda la san pham ciia con ngudi, do con ngudi sang tao ra, sau dd trd lai phuc vu con ngudi, vi con ngudi. Tuy nhien, tiiy theo dieu kien lich su cu the ciia dat nude a nhung chang dudng phat trien khac nhau. muc tieu ,\av dirng van hda qua dd gdp phan xay dung con ngudi, Cling khac nhau.
O Xinhgapo, Chinh phii nudc nay da tich cue xay dung he thdng gia tri chung. Nam 1991. sach trang gia tri chung do Chinh phu dc nghi da dupe Qudc hdi phe chuin. He thdng
gia tri chung nay bao gdm: (1) Qudc gia trudc cdng ddng, xa hdi, ca nhan; (2) Gia dinh la don vi ca ban ciia xa hdi; (3) Ung hd edng ddng, tdn trpng ca nhan; (4) Ddng thuan, khdng xung dot; (5) 1 lai hda dan tdc va tdn giao.
Ndi dung cot ldi cua 5 gia tri chung neu tren la thdng qua su hai hda giua gia dinh, edng ddng, tdn giao...trong xa hdi, de duy tri va thue day qudc gia dn dinh, tir dd xay dung mdt he thdng quan niem gia tri dac sac Xinhgapo.
Cdn d Trung Qude, trudc day trong bdi canh phat trien theo md hinh kinh te ke hoach truyen thdng theo dd sd huu toan dan vdi hai hinh thirc nha nudc va tap the ddng vai trd chii dao, thi vice phat ddng cudc van ddng "ngii ai"
(nam yeu) . trong dd cd yeu quy vd bao ve ldi .san cdng cua Mao Trach Ddng la phu hop.
Nhung khi dat nudc da chuyen sang thdi ky indi cai each va md eira. xay dirng kinh tc thi trudng mot nen kinh tc gan lien vdi phap luat (phap tri). thi vice dc xuat bdi dudng nhung cdng dan "bdn ed""', trong dd cd ndi dung "co ky liigi' la rat can thiet. Gid day, dirng trudc nhung bien ddi mdi eua tinh hinh the gidi, dat nudc va ciia ban than Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc, Tdng Bi thu Hd Cam Dao neu len quan niem mdi "tam dieu vinh nhuc" , ddng thdi .xcin day la gia tri hat nhan eiia CNXH, cung la rctt kjp thdi va dimg dan.
Day Cling la ggi md ma Viet Nam cd the tham khao. Vi vay chiing tdi de nghi: Tren cd sd ke thira truyen thdng tdt dep ciia cha dng (nhu nhan nghTa...), tiep thu nhung gia tri hat nhan trong tu tudng dao dire Hd Chi Minh
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NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010Mot sd suy nghi va kien nghj
(nhu Can kiem liem chinh, chi cdng vd tu...), ddng thdi tham khao nhirng gia trj phd bien ciia van hda Ddng A (nhu coi trpng gia dinh, coi trpng cdng ddng, qudc gia - dan tdc...), tir dd nghien euu va xay dung mdt he thdng gid tri mdi cho thdi ky mdi cua Viet Nam - khi dat nudc da hdi nhap sau rdng vao nen kinh te toan cau.
3. Mudn phat trien ben virng, can gan ket, long ghep van hoa vol kinh te, chinh trj, xa hoi va bao ve moi trircmg
Phat trien ben vCrng da va dang trd thanh muc tieu ma cac qude gia - ca phat trien va dang phat trien theo dudi.
Thue tien Trung Qudc cho thay, van hda do khdng dugc gan ket ngay tir dau va dat trong cac chien luge phat trien kinh te, nen da dan den tinh trang lam hang gia, hang nhai, hang kem chit lugng, khdng chi gay tdn hai den Igi ich ciia ngudi tieu dung, ma cdn lam mat uy tin qudc gia. Trong ITnh vuc chinh tn cung vay, mdt chi'nh quyen - mac du dugc Dang cir dan biu, nhung do nhieu dja phuang, ITnh vuc cd nhirng thiet chd va hanh vi thieu "than thien vdi cdng dan", nhat la cd mdt bd phan can bd cdng chuc, vien chiic thoai hda, bien chat... da lam giam Idng tin cua ngudi dan ddi vdi chinh quySn va td chire Dang, tham chi quay lung lai vdi td chuc Dang va ehinh quyen. Dac biet, trong ITnh vue bao ve mdi trudng, do chay theo Igi nhuan trudc mat. nhieu doanh nghiep da khdng coi trong bao ve mdi trudng, lam cho mdi trudng bi hiiy hoai, ngoai ra cac hanh vi ciia ngudi dan thi§u "than thien vdi mdi
trudng", cung lam cho van de mdi trudng ngay cang nghiem trpng them.
Dac biet, nhirng su kien xay ra d Tay Tang (2008) va Tan Cuang gan day da bude Trung Qudc phai ed nhirng dieu chinh chinh sach dan tde. Trong cac giai doan trudc day, phdt trien duac coi la hat nhdn cua chinh sdch ddn tdc.
Nhieu du an phat trien kinh te da dugc trien khai d khu vuc dan tdc thieu sd. Nhung do khdng gan ket van hda vdi kinh te, nhat la viec dua mdt sd lugng Idn ngudi Han len cac vung dan tdc thieu sd, nen tuy kinh te cd phat trien, nhung mdi trudng hay khdng gian van hda cua cac dan tdc thieu sd bj thu hep , tham chi pha va. Dd la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan quan trpng tao nen mau thuan sac tdc, mau thuan tdn giao. Sir tich tu cua nhirng mau thuan nay, hem nira lai bj cac the lire phan ddng ben ngoai kich ddng, xui giuc - da dan den xung dot sac tpc, xung dot tdn giao. Thirc te cho thay, viec giai quyet mau thuan dan tdc, mau thuan tdn giao khd khan phuc tap hon rat nhieu lan so vdi mau thuan giau ngheo, mau thuan chenh l^ch phat trien. Vi vay, trong chuyen di khao sat tai tinh Van Nam, sau khi xay ra sir kien bao loan d Tan Cuong, Tdng Bi thu, Chu tjch Hd Cam Dao da nen len quan diem mdi ve chinh sach dan tdc: Tdn trpng lan nhau, quan tam lan nhau, giup da lan nhau, phat trien ciing nhau.
Day cung la mdt bai hpc, mdt sir ggi md ma Viet Nam can chu y trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te, xa hdi. Bac Hd ciing da nhieu lan nhac nhd va nhan manh, nhung chua dugc thirc thi tdt. Hien nay, toan Dang, toan dan va toan quan ta dang trien khai cudc van ddng "Hpc tap va lam theo tam guang dao diic Ho Chi
DO TIEN SAM
Minh". Vi vay, chung tdi de nghj nen cd nhung chuyen de bien soan ve Bac Hd vdi viec .xay dung van hda kinh te, van hda chinh tri, van hda sinh thai .v.v...Dac biet, cac van kien trinh dai hdi 11 ciia Dang can ghi rd: gan van hda vdi kinh te, nhat la ddi vdi cae du an phat trien kinh te d khu vuc dan tdc thieu sd.
4. Can nhanh chong xay drnig chien liroc hay quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep van hoa vol nhung muc tieu ro rang, chinh sach cu the va giai phap kha thi
Cdng nghiep van hda da va dang trd thanh mdt diem tang trudng mdi eua nhieu qude gia tren the gidi. Trong cudc khiing hoang tai chinh nam 1997 - 1998 d chau A va khiing hoang tai chinh toan cau hien nay, nhieu nude da coi trpng phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, ddng thdi xem day la mdt giai phap de khae phuc khung hoang va phuc hdi tang trudng.
Ngoai ra, cdng nghiep van hda edn la nganh it tieu hao nguyen nhien vat lieu, nen khdng gay d nhiem mdi trudng nhu phat trien eae nganh che tao.
Nhat Ban - ngay tir nam 1995 da xay dung Sach luge chan hung van hda, neu len phuong cham "van hda lap qude" cua the ky 21. Nam 2001, nudc nay da thdng qua Luat ca ban chan hung van hda nghe thuat. Tren ca sd dd - nam 2002 ndi eae Nhat Ban thdng qua Phuong cham ca ban chan hung van hda nghe thuat, trong dd xac djnh van hda giai tri la tru cot.
Hien tai, van hda la san nghiep Idn thu 2 d Nhat Ban - sau nganh che tao, chi^m 18%
GDP. Cac san pham ciia nganh truyen tranh,
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boat hinh Nhat Ban chiem 65% thj trudng the gidi, 80% thi trudng chau Au. Xuat khau cac san pham nay cua Nhat sang MT gap 3 lan xuat khau thep.
Han Qudc nam 1998 cung de xuat Phuang cham van hda lap qudc va nam 1999 cdng bd Luat ca ban chan hung van hda, neu len muc tieu bidn Han Qudc trd thanh nudc Idn ve v^n hda, cudng qudc kinh te tri thurc ciia the ky 2I.Han Qude cung da de ra ehien luge 3 budc phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, theo dd thoi gian 2001 - 2010 se xay dung 10 cdng vien san nghiep van hda, 10 cdng vien san nghifp van hda truyen thdng va 1 - 2 khu cdng nghiep van hda tdng hgp, cd sir gan ket giira san xuat, dao tao vdi nghien cuu khoa hgc.
O Trung Qudc, gan day - cung vdi viec xay dung va phe chuan quy hoach 10 nganh nghe trpng diem (gang thep, d td, det may, luy?n kim mau,...), Qudc Vu vien Trung Qudc d3 chinh thirc thdng qua ve nguyen tac Quy hoach chan hung san nghiep van hda. Dieu nay cho thay, Chinh phii Trung Qudc da nhan thurc dugc vai trd, tam quan trgng va y nghTa ciia viec phat trien cdng nghiep van hda ddi vdi viec phuc hdi va phat trien kinh te.
Viet Nam - trong chien luge phat trien vSn hda den nam 2020 cung da dat van de phat trien cdng nghiep van hda. Tuy nhien, van de dat ra la nhung ca che chinh sach va giai phap de phat trien cdng nghiep van hda, ddng thdi vdi do la nhu*ng nganh nghe nao can dugc xem xet, lira chpn de uu tien dau tu va phat trien. Vi vay, ehiing tdi de nghj, tren ca sd chien luge phat trien van hda da ban hanh, Chinh phii nen
NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 5(105) - 2010
Mpt so suy nghi va kien nghi
giao cho mpt sd nganh lien quan soan thao quy hoach phat trien cdng nghiep van hda vdi mdt sd nganh trpng diem nhu nghe nhin, van hda giai tri,van hda du lich...Ddng thdi, nghien cuu lira chpn mdt sd dia ban cd nhieu dan tdc thieu sd cu trii (nhat la dan tdc xuyen bien gidi) xay dung cac cdng vien van hda dan tdc. Cudi cimg la xay dung edng nghiep van hda trd thanh mdt diem tang trudng mdi ciia Viet Nam trong the ky 21.
5. Viet N a m can n h a n h chong xay d y n g chien lircfc phat trien con nguoi toan dien, tap trung mui nhon vao phat trien nhan tai
Trong qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te, cac nude Ddng A da eoi ngudn lue con ngudi cd vai trd quy^t djnh nhat ddn su phat trien eiia qudc gia va cd chien luge phat trien toan dien ngudn lire con ngudi. Chinh vi vay, trong thdi gian qua ngudn nhan luc da gdp phin quan trpng vao thanh cdng cda cac nudc nay trong qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te.
Viet Nam sau hon ba nam gia nhap WTO, mdt trong nhung thach thue Idn nhat van la sy ygu kem ciia ngudn nhan luc. Tinh trang khan hiem nhan tai d tat ca eae ITnh vuc ngay cang sau sic. Tre - ddng nhung yeu ca ve the lire va tri lire la dac didm ndi b§t ciia ngudn nhan luc Viet Nam trong so sanh vdi mdt sd nude Ddng A tai thdi diem hien nay - khi gan ket thiic thap nien d&u ciia the ky XXI. Vi vay, chung tdi de nghi Viet Nam cin xac dinh ngudn nhan luc la ngudn hec thu nhdt, nhanh chdng xdy dimg chiin lu(?c phdt triin con ngudi Viet Nam cd
ve tri tue vd the luc. Trong dd can phai chii trgng xdy dung vd hodn thien chien luac phdt trien nhdn tdi nhu mdt phan quan trpng cua chien luge phat trien ngudn nhan lire. Tren ca sd ehien luge dd, Chinh phii can nhanh chdng hoan thien ca che: phat hien, thu hut, tuyen chpn, bdi dudng, dao tao, su dung, dai ngd, khuyen khich va tdn vinh, bao ve nhan tai. Cac nganh, eae dja phuong can trien khai cu the cae ehinh sach cua Dang, Nha nude thanh cac quy dinh cu the, nham tao mdi trudng cdng bang, canh tranh lanh manh de nhan tai xuat hien, phat huy tai nang, dap ung nhu cau ngudn nhan lire eiia thdi ky mdi, day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc te.
CHU THICH:
' "Nam yeu" ma Chii tich Mao Trach Dong neu len bao gom: Yeu To quoc, yeu nhan dan, yeu lao dpng, yeu khoa hoc, yeu quy va bao ve tai san cong.
^ "B6n co" do Dang Tieu Binh de xuat bao gdm: C6 ly tudng, co d?io diic, c6 van hoa, co ky luat
^ "Tam diSu vinh nhuc" ma Tong Bi thu, Chii tjch H6 elm Dao neu len bao gdm: Lay yeu To.
quoc lam vinh, lam nguy hai cho To quoc la nhyc;
Lly phyc vu nhan dan lam vinh, quay lung lai nhSn dan la nhuc; Lly siing bai khoa hoc lam vinh, ngu ddt la nhuc; Lay cin cii lao dong lam vinh, \\xd'\
nhac la nhuc; Lly doan ket giup d& lln nhau lam vinh, Ipi minh, hai nguoi la nhuc; Lay thanh thyc giQ' chQ' tin lam vinh, chi thIy loi ma quen ... la nhyc; Lly tuan thii luat phap lam vinh, vi pham phap luat loan ky cuang la nhyc; Lly gian kho phin diu lam vinh, xa hoa dSm dang la nhyc.
