CHINH TRi - LUAT
PHONG TRAO CANH TA MY LATINH VA VAI TRO CUA NO DOI VOfl VIEC GIAI QUYET VAN DE KINH TE - XA HOI
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y Latinh la khu vufc dia ly k h i ldn h i t d i u tif Mexico d Bic My de'n Nam My, vdi tdng dien tich tren 20,5 trtieu km^ v i dan so' khoang tren 500 trieu ngudi.Khu vUc nay cd 33 quo'c gia dpc lap va 14 vumg lanh thd. O day, trii ngUdi Brazil ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha, cdn ngUdi dan cic nUdc va viing lanh thd cdn lai deu ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha. Tuf d i u nhiing nam 1990, trong khu vufc da xua't hien xu the thien t i va nd ngay cing manh len thanh mpt t r i o luu vio nhiing nam d i u the ky XXI. Khdi dau la thing ldi cua Hugo Chavez trong cupc b i u cuf Tdng thd'ng Venezuela nam
1998 den nay da cd chin nUdc do cic ding canh t i cim quyen. Hien tUdng nay la mpt diem sang, dUdc dac biet lUu y trdng ddi sd'ng chinh tri the gidi hien nay ma cic chinh tri gia v i gidi nghien cifu gpi la "Si^ chuyen ddng ve phia ta d My Latinh"\
1. Sii phat trien cua phong trao canh ta My Latinh
Trong nhUng nam cudi thap nien 80 va d i u thap nien 90 cua the ky XX, sii sup do cua Lien Xd va cic nUdc xa hpi chu nghia Ddng Au da anh hUdng tieu ciic den lufc lUdng canh t i My Latinh. Do la thdi gian ma h i u het cic ding ccng sin, cic d i n g c i n h ta va liic lupng tien bp khu viic deu rdi
ThS. Nguyin Thi Hanh Vien Nghien ciCu Chdu My
vao tinh trang khung khoang va mat phUdng hudng. Do mat chd diia ve tinh than va vat chat nen nhieu dang gap khd khan ve tai chinh, ve viec giao due tu tudng cung nhU viec cung cd' xay diing td chufc dang.
Song, tuf cud'i thap nien 90 cua the ky XX de'n nay, cac lufc lUdng canh ta d My Latinh da budc vao giai doan phuc hdi va gianh t h i n g ldi trong cac cupc b i u cuf tdng tho'ng, hang loat chinh phu do cac dang c i n h ta nim quyen da dUdc thanh lap. Dd thiic suf la budc p h i t trien mdi cua phcng trid canh ta My Latinh va nd da trd thanh mpt hien tUdng dang lUu y dac biet trong bd'i canh the gidi hien nay.
Khdi dau la t h i n g ldi cua dng H.
Chavez trong cupc h i u cuf tdng thd'ng nam 1998 d Venezuela, tiep theo la: Chile nam 2000, Brazil nam 2002, A r g e n t i n a nam 2003, P a n a m a va U r u g u a y n a m 2004 v i Bolivia nam 2005.
Dac biet, nam 2006 dUdc coi la nam ghi dam dau an t h a n h cdng cua trio lUu canh ta My Latinh vdi viec gianh t h i n g ldi cua nam lanh tu canh t i . Suf kien khdi d i u gay chan dpng dU luan qudc te va cd y nghia ldn dd'i vdi phong t r i o nam 2006 la, tai Bolivia dng Morales ufng cuf vien cua dang Phong trao di len chu nghia xa hpi (MAS) gianh t h i n g ldi trong cupc b i u cut tdng
thd'ng cud'i nam 2005 va len n i m quyen tuf dau nam 2006. Ong trd thanh vi tdng thdng ngudi da dd dau tien trong lich suf 180 nam dpc lap cua Cong hda Bolivia. T h i n g ldi cua dng la thang ldi cua nhan dan lao dpng dau tranh ddi quyen dan sinh, dan chil, chd'ng ngheo ddi va bat cdng trong xa hpi.
Thang ldi quan trpng tiep thed cua phong trio cinh ta My Latinh l i tai Chile, h i Bachelet ifng cuf vien cua dang Xa hpi thudc Lien minh trung ta da giinb thang ldi trong cupc b i u cuf tdng thd'ng Chile vdng hai ngay 15 thing 1 va trd t h i n h nut tdng thd'ng diu tien trong lich suf qud'c gia Nam My niy.
Suf kien ndi bat va cd y nghia dac biet quan trpng trong nam b i u cuf sdi dpng 2006 cua phong trao cinh ta khu vufc la chien thang vang dpi trong vdng nam t u i n cud! nam cua cic ufng cuf vien dang cinh t i : tai Brazil dng Lula da Silva t i i dac cuf nhiem ky hai trong cupc h i u cuf tdng thd'ng ngay 29 t h i n g 10 vdi so phieu b i u cao hdn sd vdi t h i n g ldi ma dng giinh dUdc bd'n nam trUdc (2002); tai Nicaragua, ngUdi difng d i u ding Mat tran giii phdng dan tpc Sandinc (FSLN) dng Ortega die cuf tdng thd'ng ngay 5 t h i n g 11 v i 11 nham chufc tdng thd'ng chinh thutc vao t h i n g 1 nam 2007; tai Ecuador utng cU vien canh ta Correa thuoc Lien minh Da't nUdc gianh 70% phieu bau v i trd thanh Tdng thd'ng Ecuadcr ngiy 26 t h i n g 11; va tai Venezuela, eng H.
Chavez tai die cuf nhiem ky ba hen tiep vdi t h i n g ldi vang dpi tai cupc bau cuf ngay 3 t h i n g 12.
Nam 2007, cung la nam cac dang canh ta My Latinh gianh them t h i n g ldi d Guatemala, ong A. Cclom, iing cif vien cua dang Canh ta Doan ket Hy vpng Quoc gia da gianh t h i n g ldi trong vdng hai cupc bau cuf tdng thd'ng vdi 52,77% phieu b i u .
Nam 2008, iing cuf vien cua Lien minh canh ta Paraguay dng Ph. Lugo da triing cuf tdng thd'ng gianh 41% so vdi 31% cua ufng cuf vien dang Bio thu cim quyen tuf hdn 60 nam trUdc dd.
Nam 2009, c i n h ta My latinh tie'p tuc gianh t h i n g ldi tai El Salvaddr - n h i bid Mauricid Funes, ufng cuf vien Mat tran giai phdng dan tpc Farabundd Marti- giinh thang ldi trong cupc bau cuf tdng thd'ng ngay 15 t h i n g 3, d i n h bai ifng cut vien canh hUu Rodrigo Avila, ngUdi cua Lien minh Dan tpc ccng boa (ARENA), da trd t h i n h mpt suf kien qud'c te, khang dinh sut tie'p tuc cua xu the "ta boa" d My Latinh.
Nhu vay, chi trcng mpt thdi gian n g i n (tif 1998 de'n nay) khu vufc My Latinh da cc 14 chinh phu cinh ta dUdc thanh lap - chiem 1/3 sc' nUdc tren luc dia chau My. Suf kien niy cd tic dpng rat ldn dd'i vdi viec thiic day suf phat trien cua lufc lUdng cinh ta tren the gidi, nha't l i trcng bd'i cinh hien nay khi phcng t r i d cdng s i n va cdng nhan qud'c te chUa thufc suf thoit khdi cupc khung khoang sau sic ke tif cud'i thap ky 90 cua the ky XX. Ddng thdi, diy la thang ldi cc y nghia rat quan trcng phan i n h niem tin va sii ung hp ngiy cang tang cua cac t i n g ldp nhan dan dd'i vdi dUdng lo'i dpc lap dan tpc, dan chu v i suf tien bp xa hpi cua liic lUdng c i n h t i My Latinh, cung nhu danh da'u suf chuyen bien tich ciic va xu the p h i t trien mdi cua khu viic.
Thang ldi cua phcng t r i d cinh ta My Latinh thdi gian qua cd mpt so' dac trUng ndi hat sau:
i) Nhutng t h i n g ldi ma lufc lufdng cinh ta gianh dUdc deu thdng qua b i u cuf hdp hien, dUdc qud'c te cdng nhan va gianh suf tin nhiem kha cao cua cut tri. Bieu hien la hai vi Tdng tho'ng
H.Chavez (Venezuela) va Lula da Silva (Brazil) da tai dac cuf hai, ba nhiem ky lien tiep; nhieu iing cuf vien gianh thang ldi vdi so' phieu vU(3t trpi do'i thu. Vi du. dng H.Chavez dac cuf tdng tho'ng vdi sd' phieu img hp l i 62%o tai cupc b i u cuf t h i n g 12 nam 2006, trong khi dd doi thu l i dng Manuel Resales chi giinh dUp'c 38% so' phieu va da nhanh chong cong nhan ket q u i bau cif khong co suf gian lan.
ii) Thang ldi cua lufc lUdng canh t i My Latinh da gop p h i n tich ciic hda ddi Sd'ng chinh tri theo hudng dan chu, d i n dan t h o i t ly khdi sii chi phoi cua chil nghia de qud'c. nha't la My. Ddng thdi, nhieu nUdc tuyen bd' hudng tdi muc tieu xay diing chu nghia xa hpi. Mac du, budc d i u t h a n h q u i dat dUdc d mdi nUdc vdi nhiing mifc dp k h i c nhau. Sii phan biet cd bin dupc xac dinh tren hai phUdng dien: mgt Id, mufc dp cai cich dan chu - nhutng cii each mang tinh chat xa hpi chu nghia ma ngifdi ta gpi la
"mau dd" va nhung cii cich theo hUdng tien be song it nhieu con mang dau an cua kieu dan chu phUdng Tay - gpi la "miu hdng": hai Id, mufc dp thoat khdi sii phu thuoc vac cic nUdc de qud'c trUdc het la My.
lii) Nhieu tdng tho'ng cinh ta vd'n xua't than hoac trUdc dd da cd quan he gin gui vdi cic t i n g ldp nhan dan lao dpng. Tong thd'ng Lula Da Silva - Brazil xua't than la ngu'di thd luyen kim va la ngUdi lanh dao mpt phcng trac cong doin nUdc nay. Tong tho'ng Morales - Bolivia hien nay la ngUdi da dd. xuat than tif gia dinh thd md va cung la ngUdi lanh dao nghiep doan.
Tdng thdng H.Chavez - Venezuela dUdc menh danh la "vi tdng thd'ng cua ngUdi nghed", bdi dng cd nhieu nd lufc giup nang cac ddi sdng nhan d i n khong chi trong nUdc ma cdn dd'i vdi ca cac nudc khic trong khu vufc.
iiii) Mac du, con co quan niem chua tho'ng nhat va khac nhau ve mau sic cua chu nghia xa hpi, con dudng va bien phap hUdng tdi chu nghia xa hpi d cac nUdc My Latinh, song diem khac biet rd net cua phong trao canh ta My Latinh vdi cac nUdc thudc Ddng Au va Lien Xd cu la khong cd suf dap khuon, sao chep. giio dieu va xet lai ddi vdi chil nghia xa hpi. NgUdc lai, hp rat mem mdng, linh boat, sang tao va kien tri cho cic muc tieu xa hpi chu nghia da de ra.
Nhu vay, tuf nam 1998 den nay, thong qua bau cuf dan chu, d My Latinh da cd 14 qud'c gia do dang cinh ta cam quyen, trong dd co bd^n qud^c gia cdng khai tuyen bo' di theo con dudng xa hpi chu nghia, hudng tdi suf cong bang, binh dang, tuf do cho mpi ngudi dan. Suf kien nay khdng nhutng d i n h da'u suf "doi m i u " tren ban dd chinh tri the gidi, vdi sii trdi day cua l i n sdng tU tudng thien t i tai khu vufc nay ma cdn chifng td mpt xu hu6ng mdi dang d i n hinh thanh - xu hUdng di len chu nghia xa hpi.
2. N g u y e n n h a n dan den si^
hinh t h a n h va thiic day phong trao c a n h ta My Latinh
Theo cac nha nghien cufu qud'c te, suf xua't hien, phat trien va thang ldi cua phong t r i o canh ta My Latinh thdi gian g i n day xua't p h i t tii ba nhdm nguyen nhan chu ye'u sau: 1) Do nhutng hau qua kinh te - xa hpi nang ne cua viec ap dung md hinh
"Chu nghia tuf do mdi"; 2) Vai trd lanh dao cua cic ca nhan lanh tu, cua cac chinh dang canh ta, cac lufc lUdng dan tpc tie'n bp d cac nUdc My Latinh; 3) Su doan ke't va hdp t i e qud'c te cd tac dpng khong nhd tdi sU phat trien va thanh cong cua phong t r i o .
Nhdm nguyen nhdn thd nhdt: do nhiing hau q u i kmh te - xa hpi nang ne cua viec ap dung mo hinh "Chu nghia tuf do mdi" - mpt mo hinh quin ly kinh te xa hpi tU b i n chu nghia kieu My dupc i p dung d at vao khu vufc n i y nhUng nam 1990, tuy cd dat dUdc mpt sd t h i n h tiiu budc d i u ve tang trUdng kinh te, song nhUng mat tieu ciic cua nd ngay cang bpc 16 rat rd net nhU: tinh trang phan hda trong xa hpi, nan ngheo ddi, nan that nghiep, khimg b e i n g kinh te, nd nUdc ngoai, nan tham nhung,... gia tang nhanh chdng, gay ra nhUng xio trpn t r i m trpng trong xa hpi v i khung hoing chinh tri trien mien. Day la mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan cd ban dan den suf p h i t trien va gianh thang ldi cua phcng t r i o c i n h t i My Latinh. Xin dan mpt vii so'lieu:
Tii nam 1981 den nam 2002, tinh trung binh ci khu vufc My Latinh, co hdn 8 nam kinh te tang trUdng am; cic nUdc cd kinh te tang trifdng am kee dai nha't la Venezuela 12 nam, Bolivia va Peru la 10 nam cdn nUdc cd tang trUdng am n g i n nhi't la Chile 3 nam.
Nd nUdc ngdii cua cic nUdc My Latinh tang nhanh: nam 1985 l i 300 ty USD; 2003 la 750 ty USD. Van de nd da trd thanh mpt trdng nhutng r i c can ldn ddi vdi sii p h i t trien cua cic nUdc trong khu viic.
Su phan hda xa hpi va tinh trang ngheo ddi diln ra rat gay git va My Latinh dUdc coi la khu vufc bat binh d i n g nha't tren the gidi. NhUng ngudi giiu nha't chi chiem 10% dan sd song lai sd hutu 48% tdng thu nhap qudc dan, trong khi cung 10% ngUdi ngheo nha't chi co thu nhap b i n g 1,6% GDP.^
Tif nam 1990 den 2003, trong tdng sd hdn 500 trieu dan My Latinh da c6 hdn 225 t n e u ngUdi sd'ng nghee khd (chiem 44%), trong dd 92 trieu ngUdi
sd'ng dudi mufc ngheo khd, 55 trieu ngUdi suy dinh dUdng t r i m trough
Ciing ve van de tren, xin dan them mpt vai so'lieu ve cic khia canh khic:
Brazil l i nUdc cd nen kinh te ldn nhat My Latinh nhUng lai la nu'dc co sii phan phoi thu nhap tdi te nha't the gidi; Venezuela da't nUdc co dieu kien thien nhien Uu dai lai tdn tai mpt nghich ly, qud'c gia n i y cd hdn 30 trieu ha da't ndng nghiep ma phai nhap khau den 70%o lUdng thiic, thufc pham, 80% dat canh t i c dc 5% dai dien chu n i m giU, la nUdc co trU lUdng diu md difng thuf s i u the gidi v i difng thuf nam ve s i n lUdng khai thic nhUng 80% dan so' lai sd'ng d mufc ngheo khd.
Tinh trang that nghiep va te nan xa hpi ngay cang gia tang: nam 1990, ty le that nghiep l i 7,5%, den nam 2003, con sd nay l i 10,7%. Khu vufc My Latinh "ndi tieng" la ndi s i n xuat ma tuy ldn nha't the gidi. Ddng thdi, day cung la khu vufc cd ty le ngUdi mu chu xep vac h i n g cao tren the gidi, tren 50 trieu ngUdi.
Nhu vay cho tha'y, cupc khimg being kinh te, t i i chinh s i u sac, cung vdi nhUng khoin nd chdng chat da gay nhutng bat dn ldn ve chinh tri - xa hpi d nhieu nUdc My Latinh vac cudi thap nien 90 cua the ky XX, da dat cac nUdc nay ben bd vUc cua suf sup dd kinh te, dan den suf bat binh va that vpng trong cic t i n g ldp nhan dan lao dpng ve chu nghia tu do mdi. Diy dUdc cdi la mpt trong nhutng nguyen nhan sau xa dan den suf p h i t trien va t h i n g ldi cua phdng trad thdi gian qua.
Nhdm nguyen nhdn thd hai: vai trd cac c i nhan lanh tu cua cic ding cinh ta, cic lufc lUdng dan tpc tien bp d cic nUdc My Latinh la met trong nhUng yeu td rat quan trpng trong viec tap hdp lufc lUdng, thufc tinh y thiic chinh tri - xa hpi cua quan chung nhan dan.
dinh hudng dudng lo'i va phUdng thufc da'u tranh thich hdp dUa phcng trao gianh t h i n g ldi. Day dUdc cci la nguyen nhan quan trpng, quyet dinh suf thanh cdng cua lufc lU(3ng canh ta trong cic cupc bau cuf. TrUdc het, liic lUdng canh ta da tim ra hinh thifc da'u tranh phui hdp trdng tinh hinh mdi, tif hdat dpng vu trang chuyen sang van dpng q u i n chung nhan dan, thiic hien lien ket cic phong t r i o di'u tranh dan chu va tien bp khic trong nUdc va khu vufc da'u tranh tren nghi trUdng vdi cic chinh sich, muc tieu dUdc long dan, gUdng cao ngpn cd dpc lap dan tdc, dau tranh ddi quyen dan sinh, dan chu, binh dang xa hpi chd'ng chu nghia thufc dan mdi, bao ve ldi ich dan tpc. Dac biet, cac dang c i n h ta My Latinh da lien ket t h i n h lufc lUdng rpng rai, gUdng cao ngpn cd ddan ke't khu vufc theo tu tudng cua Jose Marti v i Simon Bolivar. Vi du, t h i n g 4/2005, cac nha lanh dao Cuba va Venezuela da thanh lap khdi lien ket
"Giai p h i p Bcliva cho chiu My - ALBA" v i chUa d i y hai nam sau, da cd them hai nUdc gia nhap td chufc n i y (thing 4/2006 Boliva va t h i n g 1/2007 Nicaragjua). Day l i mo hinh mdi cua suf hdp tic, hd trd l i n nhau cung p h i t trien d khu vufc va l i ddi trpng vdi td chifc "Mau dich tuf do chau My - FTAA". Hay, Diln dan Sac Paulo la mpt trong nhutng hinh thifc lien ke't, t i p hdp liic lUdng ri't hieu qua, da thu hut dUdc tren 140 dang va td chiic chinh tri tren the gidi tham gia. Ngoii ra, de trao ddi, danh gii tinh hinh khu viic n h i m dUa ra dudng ldi, hinh thufc dau tranh phii hdp, canh ta My Latinh cdn td chifc nhieu hdi thao qudc te nhU: "Cac dang va mpt xa hpi mdi" do dang Lao dpng Mexico chu tri hang nam, hpi nghi "Toan c i u hda va nhiing van de cua p h i t trien" do Cuba dang cai. v.v...
Nhdm nguyen nhdn thd ba: suf doan ket va ung hp cua cac lufc lUdng each mang, tie'n bp trong khu vufc va tren the gidi la mpt trong nhutng ye'u to' khong the thie'u gdp phan thiic day va lam nen t h i n g ldi. Dd la suf hdp tic va giup dd lan nhau cua cac nUdc trcng khu vufc vdi hat nhan ndng cd't l i Cuba va Venezuela: Cuba da hd trd tich ciic cac chinh phu tien he d My Latinh ve giao due, y te, dao tao cin bp (die tao mien phi hang tram ngan sinh vien, cut hang tram lUdt hac sy, giao vien... sang giiip cic nUdc nay.
Chi rieng doi vdi Venezuela, Cuba da cut g i n 40 nghin can bp gdm bic sy, giio vien, nhan vien y te sang giiip dd); Venezuela cam ket dam bic nguon cung cap d i u md vdi gii dn dinh cho cac nUdc My Latinh. Them nuta, suf dn dinh va phat trien cua cac nUdc XHCN cung la ngudn dpng vien, cd vii phong trao dpc lap dan tpc, dan chu va tien bp xa hpi d khu vufc. Cac mdi quan he hiiu nghi, uing hd, hdp t i c binh dang va ciing cc ldi giiia cic nudc XHCN vdi cac nUdc My Latinh cung la nhan to' cd sufc manh thiic day phong trao c i n h ta My Latinh p h i t trien va gat hai nhutng thanh cdng.
3. Vai tro cvia p h o n g trao canh ta doi vdi v i e c giai quyet van de kinh te - xa hoi
An tUdng cua trao luu c i n h ta My Latinh khdng chi diing lai d nhutng thang ldi trong cac cupc b i u cuf thdi gian qua ma van de quan trpng hdn la vai trd "he't siic tich ciic ciia cic chinh phu c i n h ta trong viec giai quyet cic van de kinh te - xa hpi bifc xiic cua cac nUdc. Ngay sau khi nam quyen dieu hanh dat nUdc, tuyet dai da so' cac chinh phui canh ta da tuyen ho' hoac da, tie'n hanh hang loat nhutng cai cich kinh te - xa hpi tien ho n h i m giai
quyet nhUng v a n de cap t h i e t cua xa hpi d a t r a nhU: c h u y e n tuf md h i n h chu n g h i a tuf do mdi s a n g md h i n h k i n h te t h i trUdng k e t hdp g i i i quyet nhutng v a n de xa hpi; tich ciic thufc hien c i c chUdng t r i n h xda ddi, giam ngheo, cai c i c h r u o n g da't, c i i thien dich vu y te, v a n hda, cong ddng, dieu c h i n h l u a t p h i p theo ldi ich qud'c gia va b i d ve q u y e n ldi ngUdi lao dpng, g i i i q u y e t v a n de viec lam... Budc d i u nhUng cai c i c h t r e n da t h u dUdc nhUng k e t q u i k h a q u a n , k i n h te da phuc hdi va c6 budc t a n g trUdng d i n g ke, t i n h h i n h c h i n h t r i cac nUdc dan cn dinh, ddi sd'ng ngUdi d a n dUdc c i i t h i e n tifng budc, ty le n g h e c ddi g i i m . Dieu nay t h e hien:
TrUdc h e t la d Venezuela, chinh p h u cua Tdng thd'ng H. Chavez da thufc hien h a n g loat cai c i c h tien bp ve t h e che, td chufc trUng c i u d a n y ve h i e n p h i p , b a u qud'c hpi, thdng qua n h i e u dao l u a t cd ldi cho ngUdi lao dpng, n h a t la l u a t da't dai. Dac biet, chinh p h u tien h i n h qud'c hUu hda n g a n h d i u k h i - n g a n h k i n h te t h e n chd't cua qud'c gia. Ben c a n h dd, chinh p h u thufc t h i n h i e u c i i c i c h xa hpi tien bp nhU: xda n a n m u chU trong n h a n d i n , xda ddi g i i m ngheo, c i i tao lai n h a d cho ngUdi nghee, n a n g cap h a t a n g cd sd, xay diing t h e m nhieu trUdng hpc mdi, mien p h i va cap nhieu sua't hpc bdng cho hpc sinh, sinh vien ngheo, day m a n h viec thufc hien chUdng t r i n h y te ccng ddng. Vdi viec thufc hien nhutng chinh sach tren, t r c n g t i m n a m dng H. Chavez c i m quyen da t h u dUdc n h i i n g k e t qua d a n g khich le: ty le ngheo ddi da giam til 48,6% xudng cdn 36%; ty le t a n g trUdng k i n h te n a m 2004 d a t 18%, n a m 2005-2006 d a t 9% - 10%, t h u n h a p thufc te cua ngUdi lad dpng da t a n g tdi 445%), den n a m 2005 da k h d n g cdn ngUdi m u c h U l
Tai Brazil, trong nhiem ky dau cua Tdng thdng Lula da Silva (2002-2006), chinh phu c i n h ta da dUa ra mpt so' chinh sach va da dat nhieu t h i n h tiiu quan trpng. Noi bat nha't la chinh sich va bien phap kiem s o i t lam p h i t , duy tri suf p h i t trien kinh te dn dinh, giai quyet mpt sd'van de xa hpi bufc xiic. Van de Uu tien h a n g d i u trong cic chUdng trinh ve xa hpi la "ChUdng trinh trd cap ngUdi nghed", dUdc thufc hien ngay tuf nam 2002, mci n a m chinh phu chi khoang 4 ty USD cho 11,5 trieu hp ngheo vdi tdng so' gan 60 trieu ngUdi, chiem g i n 1/3 dan so' da't nUdc. ChUdng trinh n i y bad gdm mpt sd' bien p h i p thiet thufc nhU: tao ra nhutng thung chuta nUdc d nhUng k h u vufc khd can tren cic vumg lanh thd; hd trd t i i chinh cho nhutng gia dinh ndng dan cd thu nhap t h a p - binh quan dUdi 60 Real mpt ngUdi hay 120 Real cho mpt gia dinh cd tre em dudi 15 tudi. Tuy nhien, khi nhan hd trd, cic gia dinh tren cung p h i i cam ket che con di hpc v i p h i i cho tre tiem chimg dung dp tudi. ChUdng trinh xa hpi "khdng cd ngudi ddi" cua chinh phu Brazil da trd cap 325 trieu USD hang t h i n g cho 45 trieu ngUdi trong tong so' 186 trieu dan nUdc nay. Day la chUdng trinh trd cap xa hpi ldn n h a t the gidi giup h i n g trieu tre em ngheo cd dieu kien dUdc de'n trUdng va dUdc cham sdc y te^ Ngoai ra, Chinh phu r a t chii trpng chinh s i c h p h a t trien kinh te ben vutng di ddi vdi dn dinh xa hpi.
Khi tai dac cuf nhiem ky thif hai, Tdng thd'ng Lula da Silva k h i n g dinh se tiep tuc thiic hien mpt so' chinh s i c h ma trong nhiem ky qua da dat ket qua tdt va c i n thiic day t a n g cUdng d i u tU hdn nUa cho linh vufc xa hpi, tao them viec l i m , day m a n h giao duc, y te, b i c hiem xa hpi, cat giam t h u e di lien vdi kiem scat lam p h i t , cai c i c h nen h i n h chinh tao mdi trUdng d i u tU h a p d i n , tich ciic chd'ng t h a m n h u n g . Dieu n i y
dUdc the hien. khdng lau sau khi bat d i u nhiem ky thuf hai. Tdng tho'ng Lula da Silva cung vdi Npi cac cua minh da dUa ra chUdng trinh: "ChUdng trinh thiic diy tang trUdng". vdi hang loat cic bien phip nham giii quyet van de ngan khong de tinh trang nen kinh te tang trUdng q u i ndng: ddng thdi. tang diu tu phit trien ha t i n g giao thong nhu khdi phuc va phit trien cic tuyen dudng bp v i dUdng sat, giim thue, hien dai hdi nganh s i n xui't nang lUdng trong nUdc nham t r i n h tinh trang thieu nang lU(3ng trong s i n xua't.
Nguon vo'n dii chi cho chUdng trinh nay khoing 500 ti Real tUdng dudng khoang 250 ty USD trong bdn nam.
Tai Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua va Chile, cac chinh phu canh t i dxiOc thanh lap deu ddng loat ban h i n h va thufc hien nhutng chinh sach cai each mdi dem lai ldi ich cho ngu'di lao dpng. chu trpng muc tieu p h i t trien kinh te ben vUng. Vi du, Tdng tho'ng Bolivia, ong Morales thufc hien sifa ddi hien phap, tiep tuc dau tranh cho binh dang, hda binh va tien bp xa hpi, bao ve chu quyen va quyen tu quyet dan tpc. tien hanh quo'c hutu boa nganh nang lUdng...
Nhu vay. d nhung nudc c6 chinh phu cinh t i dUdc thiet lap, da dat dUdc mpt sd thanh tilu nhat dinh rat ding khich le trong viec giii quyet van de kinh te - xa hpi nhu tren. Tuy nhien, lufc lifdng canh t i v i n con gap nhieu kho khan v i thich thufc trcng thdi gian tdi. TrUdc het. c i n phai ddng tam hiep lufc de chdng lai chien lifdc tcan ciu cua My noi chung va chinh sich cua My coi My Latinh la "sin sau" noi rieng. Ddng thdi. luc lUdng canh ta khu vufc cin tim ra nhiing phUdng sich hieu qua trong viec thu hut sii ung hp ciia cac t i n g ldp tien bp trong canh hutu. soiig p h i i nang cac
canh giac, dau tranh, cd lap va lam te liet cac the lufc canh hiiu phan dpng lam tay sai cho My, luon tim each pha hoai each mang cua nhan dan My Latinh. Dac biet, dieu cd tinh chat quan trpng nha't la canh t i ndi day cin khac phuc tinh trang phan t i n . loai bd nhUng khuynh hudng k h i c nhau trong ban lanh dao, nhiing tU tUdng khac nhau trong chinh phu lien minh cim quyen, hudng tdi t h i n h lap mpt chinh dang thd'ng nha't that suf cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng.
Tren day la ddi net ve phong trio cinh ta My Latinh nhUng nam gin day. Cd the ndi, suf xua't hien va phat trien cua phong t r i e la mpt thufc te sd'ng dpng tao cd sd cho niem tin vao sii thang ldi cua cupc da'u tranh vi nhutng muc tieu mang tinh thdi dai la hda binh, dpc lap dan tpc, dan chu va tien bp xa hpi. Song, viec giut vutng va phit huy nhiing thanh qua da dat dU(3c la mpt nhiem vu nang ne dang dat ra cho lufc lUdng nay thdi gian tdi •
Chu thich:
1. Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh:
Thong tin nhiing van de ly luan so 20, Ha Noi, 10/2006.
2. Xem "Soi dong My latinh", bao Nhan dan.
ngay 26/12/2006.
3. Tap chi Cong san so'773 (3/2007) 4. Bao N h a n dan, ngay 26/12/2006
Tdi lieu tham khdo
1. Tap chi Chau My Ngay nay cac nam 2003 - 2008 2. Tap chi Cong san cac n a m 2006 - 2008
3. Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, Thong tin nhiing van de Ly luan cac so nam 2006, 2007, 2008.
4. Bao N h a n dan cac n a m 2006-2008.
5. Robert J. Alexander, Latin American politics and Government, New York, 1995.
6. K e n n e t h F. J o h n s o n , Political Forces in Latin America, New york 1968.
7. http://www.cpv.org.vn/print-previevv.asp http://www.tapchicongsan.vn
http://www.dongnai.com
