PHU NT HOI 6 U 0 (T IBM NGAT NAT
(Tdng thudt)
Do Trong Quang^
Ndi din phu nur theo dao Hdi, ngudi ta nghT tdi thdn phdn nhiing con ngudi bj trdi budc bang ludt 11 tdn gido khde nghiet hay bi phdn bilt ddi xir. Nhung ai dd din Iran ngdy nay hdn diu ngac nhiln khi thdy phu nii dugc hudng nhilu quyln ty do hon d nhiing qudc gia khde thugc Trung Ddng, Tuy nhien, ndi nhu thi khdng cd nghTa Id cudc ddu tranh cho nii quyln d Iran da dat ket qua trgn ven. Con dudng phy nii Iran di cdn nhieu trd ngai can khde phuc dl bdo ve quyln con ngudi ciia minh.
Mgt sd tdc gid viet vl phu nii Iran thudng cd hdm y chinh tri. Theo hg tbi nlu khdng cd cudc chien tranh Apganixtan thi phu nii nudc dd khdng dugc gidi phdng, cho nen neu mdt cudc tdn cdng xdy ra tai Iran thi thdn phdn phu nii d ddy se thay ddi. Hg ndi rdng, nhdn ddn Iran hiln thdi rat bat man, chi chd mdt su can thiep cua Hoa Ky Id qudn chiing phdn no se viing lln ldt nbdo chi do thdn quyln ciia giao sT. Hg kl ra nhirng boat ddng phdn khang ciia phu nur dl chiing minh dieu hg du dodn, nhung that ra chang phu nii ndo tdn thdnh cudc can thiep ciia My, vd khdng mudn Hoa Ky tiep tuc giiip dd cdc phdn tir md ngudi Iran cho Id kl thii trong nudc, nhu nhdm ly khai hay phong trdo Mujahedeen-e Khai.
Vj the phu nir Iran trong qua trinh ljch sir
Tinh trang phu nur tai Iran va d thi gidi Hdi gido ndi chung khd phiic tap, vi the vd vai trd ciia hg biln ddi nhilu qua
Npyen c ^ bp nghien ciiu Vi?n Thong tin KHXH.
thdi gian, liln quan den nhiing nhdn td nhu phuang thiic sdn xudt, sic tdc vd giai cdp. Kinh Kor'an, ma ngudi Hdi gido simg dao coi la ldi day ciia ddng Tiln tri Mohammad, chiia dyng ca nhiing ddi mdi quan trgng lan mdt sd ban cbl ddi vdi phu nii, nhung ndi chung khdng bd hep hem cdc tmyIn thdng tdn gido duong thdi, kl ca dao Do Thai vd dao Thien chiia. Nhiing ban chi niia dugc dua thim vao day d nhiing the ky ddu tiln ciia dao Hdi, liic tuc che mang vd su tach bilt phu nii trd thdnh ly tudng. Mdt sd nha tu tudng Hdi gido cd quan diim ghit ddn bd, nam vd nii gidi dugc ddi xir khdng cdng bang vl phdp ludt. Nhung mat khac, phu nur cd the giur tai san rilng, vd thudng ra tda dn dl bdo vl quyen ciia minh.
(15 thdi ky ddu ciia dao Hdi, vi the phu nil da biln ddi, nhung day la do chiu anh hudng cac tap tuc phi-Hoi gido phd bien trong cdc ddn tdc d Xyri, Irac vd Iran, ke cd dan Do Thai vd ngudi theo dao Tbiln chiia. Tuc che mang vd sdng tach biet ciia mdt sd phu nii dd thi da cd tu lau trudc khi dao Hdi xudt hiln tai cdc vung nay.
Hinh phat nem da den chit vi tdi ngoai tinh dugc du nhap vdo dao Hdi tir dao Do Thai, vd day la dieu chiia Gilxu ndi vdi ngudi Do Thdi dl ngdn hg nem vien da ddu tiln. Thdm chi biln nay, nhilu tuc 11 liln quan tdi phy nii, thudng ggi Id tuc 11
"Hdi gido", that ra da xudt hien d nudc An Do theo dao Hindu, d khu vuc chdu Phi khdng theo dao Hdi vd mdt sd vimg ciia chau Au. Luat shar 'ia dugc van dung tiiy theo cdch gidi thich khac nhau, phdn anh hodn canh lich sir thay ddi.
Trong mdt sd thdi ky cd diln d lich sir
NghlSn ciiU Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008 55
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Iran, cdc 1 di gidi thich ve luat vd p hong tuc diu ddt ra nhiing ban che ddi vdi phu nii. Tuy nhien, n hiing cdng trinh n ghien ciiu mdi, phdn ldn ve nudc Ai Cap thdi ky Ottoman, nudc Tdy Ban Nha Hdi gido vd di chi Ottoman, cho thdy phu nii cd nhieu quyen, ma hg bdo ve d tda dn, hon cdc hgc gid trudc thudng nghT. Mdt sd ngudi theo he phdi Sufi huyIn bi, cimg tin dd cdc nhdm tdn gido thieu sd, ciing ddi xu vdi phu nii cdng bdng hem. Tile thay, cdc van kiln phdp ly chii yeu, co sd ciia nhiing kit ludn mdi dd vl vi the phu nur, chua dugc tim thdy nhilu dl tim bilu lich sii Iran tiln-hiln dai.
Chiing ta hien nay biet rang cd nhiing nhdm Thd NhT Ky-Mdng Cd timg xdm chilm Iran cimg nhieu noi khde tai Trung Ddng vd Nam A. Hg thdng tri d day mgt thdi gian ddi b at ddu tir the ky XI, va danh cho nhilu phu nii mdt vai trd tuong ddi binh dang. Trong nhilu trudng hgp, nhiing phu nii ndy thdm chi trd thdnh ngudi cai tri trin thuc tl tai Iran, d nudc Ai Cap Mamluk, Nam A vd de che Ottoman. Mat khde, dnh hudng ciia gido sT d Iran ciing nhiing noi khde thugc Trung Ddng tir cudi thi ky XIX da budc phu nii phdi cd cdch an mac vd iing xir lac hdu hon, vd da cd nhiing trudng hgp xet xir gia trudng hon.
Tu lieu ciia chiing ta vl phu nur Tmng Ddng tiln-hien dai cho thdy, gidng nhu d hau hit cac xa hdi tir Dia Tmng Hdi din Nam A, phdn ldn cdc cudc hdn nhdn ddu tien diu do cha me vd ngudi than sap dat.
Phu nii lay chdng sdm, mdt phan di trdnh nguy CO bi mat trinh. Ndng ddu tri phdi 11 thugc me chdng, vd cd vi thi niu sinh dugc con trai bdo vl minh. Tai mdt sd khu vuc bd lac sdng du cu, nhat Id nhiing vimg ndi tilng Thd NhT Ky, vi thi phu nii binh dang ban vd cd nhilu dnh hudng ban, trong khi cdc bd lac khac gia trudng
chat che hon, nhung d bat cii ddu hdu bet phu nil ciing dugc quy trgng, vi hg la nhiing ngudi me cd the lam tang siic manh va sy tiep ndi ciia ddng tgc.
Mgt sd hgc gia nhan manh mat tieu cue ciia thdi hiln dai ddi vdi nu gidi, ke cd chii nghia phdn biet chiing tdc hiln dai, vd sy each ly nhiing phu nii di cu tir ndng thdn ra thdnh phd, nhung thuc ti khdng hin nhu the. Nhiing thay ddi vl kinh ti vd xa hdi do chii nghia tu ban mang lai ciing dem theo dilu kiln dl chdm diit che do nd le, va de phdt triln gido due, viec ldm vd hoat dgng cdng cdng cho phu nii. Ndi chung, Iran vd khu vyc Trung Ddng ciing phdt trien, tuy mudn hon Tdy Au, nhiing yeu td kinh tl vd vdn hda cua thdi hiln dai, bao gdm ke hd dl phu nii dugc binh dang ban.
Tai Tay Au, sau nhiing cudc chien tranh giura ngudi Thien chiia gido vd Tin Idiih d thi ky XVI va XVII, dai khdi gidng nhu xung dot giiia hai gido phdi Shia vd Surmi cua dao Hdi ngdy nay, nhieu ngudi d phuong Tdy ddn ddn trd nin the tyc hon va it siing dao hon. Cudi cimg, tir giiia the ky XX, ngudi ta viit bd y nghT cho rang mdt sd nhdm ngudi sinh ra da uu vilt hon cac nhdm khac. Nhung y kiln cho rang phu nur yeu dt ban vd kem thdng minh van dugc mdt sd nhdm tdn gido duy tri tai Hoa Ky, vd chdng cd gi 1 a khi y nghT dd van tdn tai d nhiing ngudi hgc van thap tai Trung Ddng, kl cd Iran. Tuy nhien, mdt sd hgc gid gdn day bat dau thira nhan rang, nhieu phu nii thugc giai cap binh dan d Iran da dugc lu^t le vd tap tue truyin thdng ciia dao Hdi che chd, nhiing phu nur dd canh gidc vdi cudc sdng hien dai hda da gay cho bg nhilu van de rac rdi hon cdi lgi.
O Iran vd nhilu qudc gia Trung Ddng khde cudi thi ky XIX va dau thi ky XX, dd cd mdt sd phu nii va dan dng tien
Phu nOHoi giio..
phong ddu tranh cho quyin ciia phy nii, nhu ddi md trudng hgc cho con gai, vi con gdi cho din bdy gid van chi dugc day dd d nhd. Nhiing mat khac ciia nur quyin ciing dugc cdc td chiic phu nii, cdc ddng phdi td, ke cd ddng Xd hdi vd dang Cdng sdn, ciing nhung ngudi ddn tdc chu nghTa tien bg ung hd. Mgt cdng chiia thugc vuong trilu Qajar la Taj al-Saltaneh da trd thdnh ngudi theo chii nghia xa bdi vd de lai mdt tap ky su quan trgng.
Tmdc ndm 1925, Iran cdn lac bdu bon nhilu so vdi cdc nudc Tmng Ddng ven bd Dia Tmng Hdi. Reza Shah, ngudi hiing da ndi len bang cudc ddo chinh do ngudi Anh iing hd nam 1921, vd len ngdi vua nam 1925, bat ddu thi hdnh mgt chucmg trinh h ien dai hda nhanh chdng, bao gdm nhiing thay ddi trong vi thi ciia phu nur, tuy chi cd mdt vdi ddi mdi trong bg luat gia dinb nam 1935 dua tren ludt shar'ia. Nhiing ddi mdi dd chi md rdng chiit it CO sd dl phu nii cd thi dya trin dd md xin tda dn cho ly hdn. Ludt cdn cam con gdi Idy chdng khi chua din 13 tudi.
Mgt ludt hdn nhdn thi hdnh nam 1935 ddi hoi kit hdn phdi dang ky. Vile dat ludt dudi su kiim soat cua nha nudc chii khdng phdi ciia ulama (gido sT dao Hdi) la mdt ddi mdi quan trgng, nhung thi lyc dpc lap van tdn tai ciia cdc ulama thupc giao phdi Shia tai Iran cd nghia la, su thay ddi ndy cudi cimg bi phii nhdn bon d mpt sd nudc Tmng Ddng khde.
Chinh phu cua Reza Shah phdt trien tmdng hgc cho phu nii, thdnh lap mdt tmdng dai hgc cho ca nam ldn nii, thiic ddy viec ldm cho nii gidi vd khuyin khich hg tham gia choi thi thao. Ong cdm phu nii che mang sau mdt chuyin cdng du nam 1935 sang Thd NhT Ky, d dd nhd lanh dao Ataturk phan ddi nhung khdng cam che mang. Cdnh sdt dugc lenh xl bd khdn triim dau ciia phy nur dao Hdi,
nhung sau khi Reza Shah bi ngudi Anh vd ngudi Nga budc phai thoai vi nam 1941, thi phu nii thugc tdng Idp binh dan va tiiu thuong lai triim khan len ddu. Sau cdch mang Hdi gido nam 1979, giao cljii Khomeini cimg bat budc phu nii triim khan.
Reza S hah t dp trung cac td chiic phu nii dudi sy gidm sdt ciia bodng gia, vd khdng cho phep cdc dang ddi lap, nhdt la cac ddng phdi td, dugc tilp tuc boat dgng.
Sau khi Reza Shah thoai vi, cdc td chiic tdn gido phdi hiiu vd cdc dang phdi td deu khdi phuc boat ddng trong mdt thdi ky dan chii hon, tu nam 1941 din 1953.
Ddng Tudeh, dugc qudn chiing iing hd rdng rai va cd khuynh hudng cdng sdn, dua vdn dl quyln phu nii vdo cuong ITnh ciia minh. Tuy nhien, cudc qudc hiiu hda ddu lira trd thdnh mdi quan tdm chii ylu ddi vdi ngudi Iran, vd da dua Thu tudng Mossadegh ciing Lien minh Dan tdc ciia dng len cdm quyln tir nam 1951 den 1953. Trong lien minh ciia dng cd cd cdc phdn tir tdn giao va mdt sd phdn tir dan tdc chii nghTa phai huu, khdng tdn thdnh ludt iing hd phu nur, thi Id chuong trinh cdi cdch ciia dng khdng de cap den quyln phu nii. Nam 1953, ngudi My giiip con trai Reza Shah Id Mohammed Reza tien hdnh ddo chinh, vd trong nhiing nam ddu chi do cai tri dgc dodn ciia Mohammed Reza, vdn dl phu nur ciing khdng dugc dl cap.
Nhung thang tram trong vi the cua phu nir Iran
Tir ndm 1960 din 1963, mdt sd cudc cdi cdch dugc tiln hanh, quyln bdu cir ciia phu nil dugc thuc biln, vd nam 1967, quyin phu nii vi hdn nhdn, ly di va trdng nom con cdi dugc cdi thien ddng kl theo Ludt Bdo vl Gia dinh (FPL), mgt dao ludt dugc thdng qua lai vd cimg cd thim nSm 1975. Nhung ludt nay tao dilu kiln cho
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 57
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phu nii xin ly hon, han chi tuc da thS cua dan dng, cho phep con cai theo bd hay theo me do tda an thi tuc quyet dinh. De trdnh va cham cdng khai vdi luat shar 'ia, cdc diiu khoan cai each cua FPL dugc ghi vao giao udc hdn nhan. Tudi kit hdn ciia phu nii nam 1965 Id 15, tang Ien nam 1975 la 18; tudi kit hdn ciia nam gidi nam 1965 la 18, tang len nam 1975 la 20.
Cd bg ludt cua Reza Shah lan FPL deu khdng cho phep dang ky kit hdn tam thdi. To chiic Phu nu Iran va ngudi diing ddu Id Mahnaz Afkhami thudng bi phy nil chdng quoc vuong chi trich, nhung nhin lai, thi vi?c hg lam dugc nhieu ngudi coi la tich cyc. Mdt thugng nghj sT, diing dau Hgi Nii luat gia Iran, la ngudi chiu trdch nhiem dy thdo vd trinh bdy dao ludt.
0 Iran, cUng nhu tai Thd NhT Ky, Tunisia, Syria, I raq va A i Cap, nha cam quyen hien dai hda dd thuc hi^n nhiing cdng viec quan trgng de phu nir dugc hgc hdnh, dugc tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng, va cd vai trd binh dang hem trong luat gia dinh. Ddng thdi, hg kiem soat vd tap tmng boat dgng vd bdo chi cua phy nil dgc lap, ddt tat ca boat dgng cua nG gidi dudi su giam sdt cua chinh phii, lam ndy sinh c dc h inh thiic chong doi khde nhau ciia ddn dng vd phy nOr, tuy nhiiu phy nur img hg nhiing ngudi cai trj dd md rgng quyin cua hg.
Trong nhQng ndm sau chiin tranh, sy chong doi phan ldn tir phia td, rat manh d nhieu nudc, vd t^i mgt so quoc gia nhu Iraq va Ai Cap, tham chi lan vdo chinh phii mgt thdi gian, T^i Iran, sy chong doi thudng d cac giai cap binh dan va tieu thuong, nhiing ngudi phan ldn gin bd vdi cdc hinh thiic sdn xuat vd budn ban co tmyen hen vdi cdng nghiep hi?n d^i, co quan chinh phu hodc djch vy, Tu nhflng ndm 1970, phong trdo phdn khdng cua
quan chiing Iran mang mgt hinh thiic
^ chinh tri ton giao mdi, ddi khi ggi la chu nghia Hdi giao.
V Tai Iran, mac dau td chiic Hdi giao chu nghla khdng lau ddi nhu d Ai Cap va mgt sd nude Arap khac, nhung nd nhanh chdng trd thanh quan trgng khi Khomeini xudt hien sau mgt cudc ndi day cd co sd chinh tri-tdn giao nam 1963. Nam 1978, mgt phong trao quan chung chdng qudc vuong manh len, thu hiit nhieu phdn tir cd xu hudng the tyc va nhiing ngudi cdn sdt lai cua Lien minh Dan tgc. Phe ddi lap
' f r r
nhan manh nhiing yeu to vdn hda ma nhiiu ngudi coi la Hdi giao chu nghia, Mgt so phu nu the tuc nhiing ndm 1970 triim khdn vd che mang de td y chdng qudc vuong. Nhung ngudi cd xu hudng the tyc tuy tin rang Khomeini vd cdc gido sT khdng cd kha ndng cdm quyin, nhung hg iing hg phong trao cua dng di ndm mgt lyc lugng quan chiing cd thi lam thay ddi ca ban chi do cai tri dgc tdi va khdng dugc ldng dan cua qudc vuong.
Tuy vay, sau khi len cam quyen thdng Hai 1979, Khomeini cat diit quan he vdi cac ddng minh the tuc vd canh ta cii, khoi phyc tda an va luat Hdi giao. Budc dau tien thuc hien vi?c che mang bi ddng dao phu nur phdn doi nhan ngay Phy nil Qudc ti 8/3 ndm 1979, nhung cupc phdn ddi bj nhiing ddm ddng khac chdng lai, thi Id vifc che mang dan dan dugc thyc hi?n lai.
Tinh hinh phy nii sau khi lyc lugng ciia Khomeini thing lgi hoi thdng Hai 1979 bgc Ig tat cd cac mau thuan trong cuOc cdch mang, Cdch m ^ g dugc tien hdnh nhan danh ngudi "nghlo kho", ung hg nhiing bien phdp cdi thign cuge song dan ngheo nong thon vd thdnh thj. Nhihig ngudi "phdi td Hoi gido", cung nhu Khomeini, qud thdt dd thanh thyc trong CO ging ciia hg, nhung mdt khde, hg
Phy nOHoi gido...
khdng cd mdt cdch nhin binh ddng vl quyln phu nii. FPL chang bao Idu bi vd hieu hda dl nhudng chd cho cdch gidi thich dao Hdi trong cdc bd ludt ciia Reza Shah, theo dd thi quan tda tdn gido thay thdm phdn the tyc xit xir cdc vdn di gia dinh, tuy da cd tda dn ddc biet gidi quylt vdn de hdn nhdn vd gia dinh. Chi mdt vai diem trong FPL dugc giii lai.
Nhung khi phu nii trong qudc hdi vd nhiing co quan khde len tilng yeu cdu, thi cac ludt ll tn'dc khi cd FPL, bao gdm tyc da the, quyln trdng nom con cdi ciia ngudi bd, vd vile ddn dng de ddng ly di vg, cd nhilu bdt cdng phdi dugc thay ddi.
Nhieu nhdn td ddn din sy khdi phyc ddn quyln phy nur, kl cd phu nii thugc giai cap binh dan vd tieu thuong dn mac theo loi cd tmyln. Khdng cdn cam thdy bi khinh thudng vi che mang, nhiing phy nii nay budc vdo cudc sdng cdng cdng mdt each ty nhien. Chuong trinh chinh phu md rgng gido dye vd y tl cho tdt cd mgi ngudi rdt cd lgi cho phu nii.
Mac ddu gido dye vd y tl dd dugc thiic day phdn ndo trudc cdch mang, nhung chinh phii phdt triln them cdc ddi y tl vd tmdng hgc d cdc ldng mac vd khu vyc do thi tmdc kia it dugc quan tdm, khuyin khich xda nan mil chii, vd dat nhilu tien bp dac bilt vl gido dye cho nS gidi.
Nhiing chuong trinh nay mdu thuan vdi viec tmdc kia chinh phii ngdn cdn, thdm chi cdm dodn phu nii hgc mgt sd mdn d tmdng dai hgc vd khdng cho tuyin dyng phy nii trong nhilu ITnh vyc. Qua cdc thdp ky sau, nhiing han che ndy timg budc bi xda bd, phy nii dugc gido dye vd dpng viln trd nen tich cue boat ddng hon tmdc, nhilu ngudi ra tda dn bdo vl quyln kinh tl vd trdng nom con cdi cua minh.
Ludt Hdi gido dugc diln che hda khong ndi tdi tdt cd cdc tmdng hgp, cd mgt sd tmdng hgp md FPL, cimg nhiing
ludt khde thien vl phy nii trudc kia gidi quyet, bdy gid van tilp tuc dugc dp dung.
Tuy nhien, ludt Hdi giao dugc phuc hoi da hgp phdp hda mdt so tap tuc bdt lgi cho phu nii, trong dd nhiiu tap tyc da bi FPL bdc bd. Trong sd cdc tap tyc dd cd hinh phat nim dd din chit nhiing dan dng vd ddn bd da lap gia dinb md van vi pham dilu cam trong kinh Kor'an vi ngoai tinh, tap tyc cho phep ddn dng don phuong ly hdn nhung chi cho phip dan bd ly di khi cd hai ben thda thuan hoac dugc tda dn quylt dinh, tyc giao quyln nudi con cdn nhd cho ngudi chdng vd cho gia dinb chdng nlu ngudi ndy chit, vd coi ddn bd chi bang nira gid tri dan dng trong ldi khai tmdc tda, vd quyln thira ki.
Nhieu hgc gid da chiing minh rdng, dilu khodn ciia kinh Kor'an vl tgi ngoai tinh dugc dat ra cdt dl che chd cho ngudi bi budc tdi, vi nd yeu cdu phdi cd ldi thii nhdn ciia ngudi dd hoac phdi cd bdn nhdn chiing nhin thdy tan mdt ngudi dd pham tgi. Cdc cdng trinh nghien ciiu vl khu vyc Tmng Ddng tmdc kia ciing cho biet, hilm cd tmdng hgp kiln cdo vl ngoai tinh d hdu hit cdc xa hdi Hdi gido, rat it cd viec xir phat bang nim dd. Mdt sd ngudi hiiu biet ludt Do Thdi ndi ring, hinh phat nem dd phdn ldn chi la Iy thuyit chii hilm cd trong thyc tien. Vua Suleiman d thi ky XVI, ching ban, dd thdng qua mdt bd ludt khdng quy djnh viec hdnh quyit bode hdnh ha thi xdc.
Theo dng thi diiu dd phii hgp vdi ludt Hdi gido, chi trimg phat tgi tinh dye hodc nhiing tdi khde bdng mgt khodn phat va, ciing ldm Id dudi di.
Diiu phu nii sg nhdt trong cdc xa hdi Tmng Ddng khdng phdi Id luat Hdi gido hay sy trimg phat cua tda dn, md la su vi pham quy tac danh dy. Quy tdc dd khdng nim trong ludt Hdi gido, ma cd ngudn gdc bg lac, phdn ldn dugc giai cdp binh
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dan chdp hdnh. Theo quy tdc dd, thi danh dy ciia dan dng se bi xiic pham neu phy nu trong nhd khdng giu dugc sy trong sach vi tinhdyc, nhdt Idem gdi v d c o n gdi. Chdng nhiing ngoai tinh vd loan ludn, md chi vi pham nhiing dilu cdm ky nhd nhat ciia quy tac ndy ciing cd the bi ngudi than gilt chit. Nhung vy gilt ngudi vi q uy t dc danh dy dd hilm cd d cdc giai cdp gidu cd vd Tdy phuang hda, vd hinh nhu it phd biln tai Iran hon d mdt sd xa hdi Tmng Ddng khac. C5 Iran, con gdi leu ldng cd thi bi gia dinh xua dudi, mdt sd trd thdnh gdi diem.
Phdp ludt cd nhiing thay ddi quan trgng, song mdt vdi nhd nghien ciiu thudng cudng dilu lln rdng nil gidi dugc lgi thi d ludt ly hdn hiln hdnh hon d FPL. Diing Id phu nii luc ly hdn cd quyln kinh tl cao bon d FPL, nhung quyen nudi con lai thien vl ddn dng vd thdn thich ciia ngudi dd bon, tuc da the vd hdn nhdn tam thdi ciing phd biln hen. Mdt sd khde ddnh gid thdp tdm quan trgng ciia nhiing ddi mdi, chi nhdn manh vi?c phy nur bi ngugc dai. Mdt sd niia ndi rdng cudc ddu tranh ciia phu nil, cd dan dng tham gia, da cdi thien ddng ke vi tri phdp ly ciia nil gidi, nhung trong khi dd, tyc da the, quyln nudi con cua ddn dng, vd nhiing binh phat ve boat ddng tinh due vd xd hdi vdn tdn tai, du hilm hon trudc. Gid tri ciia phy nil chi bdng nira ciia dan dng khi ldm nhan chiing hay khi thira ke. Nlu nhiing cudc cdi each dem lai sy binh dang nhu mdt sd ngudi khdng dinh, thi cdc nhd boat ddng ciia nii gidi da chdng tap tmng vdo su bat binh dang vl phdp ludt trong cudc van ddng ldn ciia hg bit ddu tir ndm 2006.
Mot so thanh turn cua phu nir Iran Mdt ITnh vyc thay ddi Id boat dgng ciia nii gidi. Tmdc each mang, boat ddng dd phan ldn thu biit nhiing phu nii thi tuc
diing trong cac dang phai hoac cac nhdm da Tdy phuang hda. Nhiing nam trudc khi kit thiic cudc chien tranh Iran-Iraq vd trudc liic Khomeini qua ddi ndm 1979 Id thdi ky bdo thu ddi vdi nur gidi, nhung nhiing ndm 1990 da cd cdc thay ddi quan trgng. Dudi su lanh dao ciia Tdng thdng Khatami tir nam 1997 den 2005, cdc td chirc phy nil dugc thanh lap nhieu, ke cd nhung NGO (td chiic phi chinh phii) trong nhieu ITnh vyc md nii gidi quan tdm. Trong nhiing nam ddu sau cdch mang, nhiing phy nur vdn Id bd con than thich cdc nhdn vat trong chinh phy thudng cd mdt vai trd ldn, nhung nhieu phy nii khde sau dd kit hgp vdi hg trong nhieu hinh thiic boat dgng.
Mdt mat cd tdc ddng ddi vdi nii gidi Id chinh sdch han che sinh dl ciia chinh phu. Vi ddn sd tang qud nhanh, ndm 1989 chinh phii thyc hiln mdt chuong trinh ke hoach hda gia dinb cd the coi la thdnh cdng nhdt thi gidi, bao gdm ca viec gido dye tinh due cho cd ddu chii re tmdc khi cudi, phat khdng dung cu trdnh thai, vd ngimg trg cap cho con cdi sau diia thii ba.
Do qud trinh do thi hda nhanh chdng va viec gido due con gai dugc md rdng, tudi kit hdn tmng binh dugc nang len vd ti le sinh sdn d Iran dugc ha thdp rdt nhiiu trong vdng mdt thdp ky. Cimg vdi viec md thim nhilu nghe cho nii gidi, ti 11 sinh sdn thap nay khien phu nil cd nhieu CO hdi kilm viec ldm ban.
Mdt khuynh hudng, thudng ggi la thuylt nam nil binh quyin Hdi gido, xudt hiln vao nhiing ndm 1980 d cdc phy nur cd quan he vdi quan chiic chinh phii, vd sau dd md rdng. Nhiing phu nii nay, giong nhu d cdc nudc Hdi gido khac, diing ly le Idy tir kinh sdch dao Hdi, chii khdng phdi vay mugn ciia cdc nhd tu tudng phuang Tdy, dl ddi cdi each vi thi cua nii gidi vd ludt 11 tdc ddng din phy nil.
Phy nOHoi gido...
Mdt sy kien he trgng Id gidi thudng Nobel vi hda binh nam 2003 dugc trao cho bd Shirin Ebadi, mdt ludt su ddu tranh cho quyln ciia phy nii vd tre em. Bd la ngudi Iran dau tien vd ngudi Hdi gido ddu tien nhdn gidi thudng ndy. Mdt sd ngudi coi vile trao gidi thudng dd Id sy chi trich chinh sach cua Hoa Ky ddi vdi Iran, vd Id ddu hieu sy iing hd qudc te cho cupc ddu tranh bdt bao ddng ciia ngudi Iran vi hda binh vd ddn chu. Bd Shirin Ibadi ndi rdng mgt sd bdi tudng thudt d phuang Tdy gdn cho bd qud nhieu boat dpng vd bai viet vi quyen phy nil, trong khi nhilu phy nil diing cdm ciing tham gia vdo ddy.
Phy nil Iran cdn cd vai trd ddng ke trong cdc ITnh vyc van hda khac, trong dd CO nhieu dao diln diln dnh, nhieu nhd tho vd nhd vdn. Nu gidi cd mat d hdu bet mgi nganh nghe, va chiem khodng hai phdn ba sd sinh viln dai hgc. Thdm chi dd cd viec thdo ludn ve chi tieu sd phy nur dugc thu nhdn vdo dai hgc.
Doi vdi nhiiu phu nil, ciing nhu ddi vdi nhieu ddn dng, van de kinh te vd viec lam Id nhiing mdi quan tdm ldn nhdt. Mdt cupc dieu tra ndm 2003 ciia chinh phii vl phu nur tri cho thdy hg lo ldng nhdt vl thu nhap thap (34%), vdn di kinh ti (18%), van dl xa hdi-vdn hda (11%), vd an todn vi cdng vile (9%). Chi 7% coi hdn nhdn la con dudng dl cdi thien cudc sdng.
Thanh nien ddc biet that vgng trong cdc ITnh vyc kinh te vd van hda, nhung hinh thiic phdn khdng ciia hg khdng gidng ngudi ldn tudi.
La phieu ciia phy nil vd thanh nien dugc coi Id quan trgng trong cudc bdu vi tong thdng cd tu tudng cdi cdch la dng Khatami ndm 1997 vd 2001. Tdng thing CO khd ndng ndi ldng nhiing han chi vl vdn hda vd kiem duyet giiip ich cho bao chi vd boat ddng van hda cua phu nil.
nhung dng khdng thi, vd cd le khdng mudn, cdi cdch rdng rai ban. Khdng cd nhiing thay ddi ldn trong ludt lien quan din phy nu dudi thdi Khatami cdm quyln. Khi qudc hdi cdn do cdc phdn tir cdnh td vd phdi giiia chi phoi, hg da thdng qua mdt sd ludt cd lgi cho nil gidi, nhung cdc ludt dd bi Hdi ddng Bdo ve, mdt co quan cd tbi luc rdt ldn, bdc bd. Mdt du ludt cua qudc hdi, nham tang tudi kit hdn tdi thieu ciia con gdi len 15, bi Hdi ddng Bdo vl bdc bd, nhung sau cd su thda hilp vetudi 13.
Mdt sd ngudi thdi phdng nhung diiu ky vgng d Khatami vd phdng dai ndi thdt vgng liic dng khdng chdng lai dugc nhd lanh dao Khomeini ve nhiing van dl nhu dimg b ao luc ddn dp sinb vien. B di tbi, khi nhilu ngudi cd xu hudng cdi each bi tudc quyln iing cir. nhilu nhd cdi cdch khdng tham gia bd philu trong cudc bdu cir qudc hdi ndm 2004, vd mdt sd khde tdy chay cudc bdu cir tdng thdng nam 2005, thi phieu bdu dugc ddn cho mdt qudc hdi bdo thii vd Tdng thdng Ahmadinejad.
Ndm 2006, cdc nhd boat ddng bdo vl quyln phy nil khdi xudng mdt cudc van ddng ggi Id " Mdt trieu Chii ky Yeu c du Thay ddi cdc Dao luat Phdn biet Ddi xir".
Trade cudc van ddng ndy da cd mgt cudc phdn khdng hda binh ngdy 12 thdng Sdu 2006 tai Tehran bi cdnh sdt dan dp dil ddi. Thu thdp mdt trieu chii ky dl img hd vile sira ddi ludt phdp chi la mgt trong nhilu muc dich cua cudc van ddng ndy.
Nd cdn nhdm gido dye cho phu nil vl nhiing bat cdng md hg hiing chiu, vd dl hiiu nhu cdu cua cdc phy nil binh thudng.
Nhiing ngudi khdi xudng cudc van ddng tuyen bd rdng, muc tieu ciia hg khdng mdu thudn vdi ludt phdp Hdi gido. Ngoai ra, cdn cd mdt chien dich chdng hinh phat nem dd.
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Do Trpng Quang
Tai Mardc da mdt cudc van ddng tuong ty dugc phdt ddng ndm 1992, thu dugc trin mgt trieu chOr ky. Vua Mohammet, len ngdi nani 1999, dd thyc hiln mdt thay ddi ldn vi ludt gia dinh, dugc qudc hdi thdng qua nam 2004. Mgt sd ngudi Iran khdi xudng van ddng chdc bin dd chiu dnh hudng cua tdm guong Mardc, mac ddu chinh phii Iran hiln hdnh khd thay ddi y kiln hon vua Mardc.
Chinh phu Iran cdn thi hdnh mdt sd biln phdp ban chi boat ddng ciia nil gidi, nhu vy ddn dp cudc phdn khdng thdng Sdu 2006, vu bit giam thdng 1 ndm 2007 ba phu nil di An Do theo hgc mdt khda ddo tao vl bdo chi. Nhung nhilu bdi tudng thudt vdn ndi ve cudc ndi loan cua thanh nien chdng nhiing ban che ve vdn hda vd xd hdi, hdnh ddng ciia hg thudng dugc phu huynh ldm ngo. Nhiing bdc phy huynh ndy thdm chi cdn cho phIp cdc nhdm thanh nien dimg nhd minh de ldm nhiing gi hg mudn. Vi the, hdu nhu da cd mdt thda thudn ngdm giila nhd nudc vd xd hdi, de cho nhdn dan cd the phd bd nhilu quy tdc liln quan den cdch iing xir cd nhdn nhung khdng dugc td chiic chdng ddi chinh tri.
Tuy nhien, thinh thodng van cd nhiing cudc ddn dp cdch iing xii. Mgt sd nam vd nur ky gid vd nhd boat ddng da bi giam cdm nhiing nam gdn ddy ve nhiiu ldi budc tgi, sdch bdo bi kilm duyet nhiiu hon, chi cd intemet cdn tuong ddi tu do.
Hinh dnh ve quyen vd vi the cua phu nil Iran cd ldn ldn cd mat tich cue lan tieu cyc. Thi lyc nhiing ngudi theo dudng ldi Cling rdn manh hon, khi nhiing cudc tdn cdng tir ben ngodi de dga Iran, vd tinh hinh ndy tdc ddng din phong trao phu nu.
Cdc nhdm phy nur khac nhau ciing cd nhung yeu cdu khac nhau, Ngudi tre tudi
cd h gc van thudng nhan manh quyen ty do cd nhdn, mdt sd nhd boat ddng cdm thdy hien phdp phai dugc thay ddi cdn bdn de cham dut the lyc ddc dodn cua gido sT lanh dao yd Hdi ddng Bdo ve, mdt CO quan thudng kiem tra chat che ly lich irng cir vien d hau het cdc cudc bdu cir vd bdc bd luat phdp cdi cdch md qudc hdi da thdng qua.
Trong cdc cudc bieu tinh bi lyc lugng chinh phu dan dp nam 2005 va 2006, phy nil da Id mdt lyc lugng hau thudn ddng ke, nhung phdn ldn hg quan tdm nhdt din vdn de kinh te, mdt sd img hd che do vd mgt sd ngdn ngai tham gia mdt phong trdo cd the gdy cho hg rdc rdi. Phong trdo Mdt trieu Chii ky liic dau nhan manh vdo cdi each ludt phap, bay gid qua thdi gian cd thi thay ddi vi nvL gidi cd nhiing mdi quan tdm khde.
Ket luan
Dieu nen chti y Id, nhieu phu nil thugc mgi giai cdp deu dang ty khdng dinh, trong viec ken chgn chdng, viec hgc hdnh vd nghe nghiep, hoac ddu tranh cho nii quyen. Mac dau nhieu ngudi bay gid hinh nhu quan tam den van de cd nhan hon van de chinh tri, nhung sir ty khdng dinh ndy dang gdp phan vdo siic manh cua phy nir dirng Ien bdo ve va md rgng quyln ciia minh.
Tiki Iif u tham khao
1. Ziba Mir-Hosseini. The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran (Princeton University Press, 1999).
2. Iranian, 23 December 2006.
3. New York Times, 1 Febmary 2007.
4. Journal of International Affairs, Spring/Summer 2007.
