SU' NGHIEP VA TU' TU'ONG HO CHi MINH
QUAN DIEM CUA CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH VE XAY DUNG DOI NGO TRJ THUTC
ThS NGL^ EN THANG LOI
1. Ngay tir nhirng nam 20 cua thS k>- XX. H6 Chi Minh da chi ro vai tro quan trgng cua tri thirc doi \oi sir thanh bai cua each mang. Trong tac pham Duong Kdch menh (1927). Nguoi chi ro nguyen nhan Cach mang Phap that bai la: "Trong 3 Ian each menh. 1789. 1848. 1870. diu vi dan can dam nhieu. nliimg //•/ thirc it (TG nhan manh). cho nen de tu ban no Igi dung"' va Nguoi khang dinli lai luan diem ciia Lenm
"khong CO ly luan each mang thi khong the co phong trao each mang".
Ho Chi Minh chi ro trgng trach cua doi ngii tri thirc trong each mang dan tgc dan chu la: "Ngoi but cua cac ban ciing la nhirng M! khi sac ben trong sir nghiep pho chinh. trir ta. ma anh em \an hoa \ a tri thirc phai lam ciing nhu la nhiing chien sT anh dung trong cong cuoc khang chien de gianh lai qii>en thong nhat va dgc lap cho To
Bdi Ho den du cuoc hop mat mifng Xudn \d chuc mCmg nam m&i cac nhan si.
tri thuc. van nghe sTnhan dip Tei (ngdy 3 - 2 - 1962)
quoc"-. Do vay. theo Nguoi. tri thirc phai guong mau di dau tren cac mat tu\en truyen. pho bien duong loi. chinh sach va lam guong de phat dong phong trao thi dua thuc hien duong 16i cua Dang va Nha nuoc:
"Cac ban la bac tri thirc. cac ban co trach nhiem ve \ ang \ a nang ne la lam cai guong cho dan trong mgi \ iec. Dan la da dSu tranh mot each rat diing cam. le tat nhien gioi tri thirc phai dau tranh dung cam bon nira de Hgc \ len CT-HC Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh lam guong cho nhan dan .,3
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Trong each mang XHCN. nhan thirc ro nhung kh6 khan thach thirc ciia mot nuoc tir nen san xuat nho di len CNXH. Nguoi chi ro
\ai tro cua tri thirc: "tri thirc phuc vu nhan dan bay gio Cling can. khang chien kien quoc cung can. lien len CNXH cang can. tien len cong san chu nghia lai cang can" , "Muon xay dung CNXH phai co hgc thirc"^
Nguoi khang dinh: "Tri thirc la von quy bau cua dan tgc. 6 nuoc khac nhu the. o Viet Nam cang nhu the"^. Tir diic ket lich sir.
Nguoi neu luan diem c6 tinh quy luat: "...
cdch mang rdt can tri thirc vd chinh ra chi co cdch mang mai biet trong tri thirc" .
Theo Ho Chi Minh, thanh to quyet dinh cau true nhan each tri thirc la pham chat dao dire, chinh tri. y thirc trach nhiem xa boi, gan bo voi dan tgc. Chinh vi the Nguoi luon khang dinh dao dire la goe. Ho Chi Minh khong CO sir so siinh "dire do" va "tiinh do", de cao hay coi nhe giii:a dire va tai ma thuong xuyen gan chat hai thanh to "tai - dire", "co tai - CO dire". Neu co dire ma khong co tai thi lam viec gi cung kho; pham chat dao dire klio the hien dugc Iren thuc te. Nhimg co nang lire ma khong CO pham chat dao dire each mang thi co the mat phuong huong, lam nhiing dieu co hai cho dat nuoc. Nguoi khang dinli: "Tri thirc dang trgng la tri thirc bet long phuc vu each mang. phuc vu nlian dan"''.
Pham chat dao dire ciia "tri thirc moi". "tri thirc tien bg". "tri thirc tien hen".... la y thirc thai d(i va the hien tren hanh dong: can R^iem, liem chinh, trung thuc. hieu thuc lien, co trach nhiem xa hoi. y ihirc ve Igi ich ciia dan tgc va giui gui nhan dan lao dong. Trong do, pham
chat hang d^u la: "can co lap truong tu tuong diing""^, dii tri thirc khong phai la mot t ^ g lop.
giai cap dgc lap nhung "Mot nguoi trong xa hoi khong the ngoai giai cap. "sieu giai cap"
dugc"" ma phai dung \'e giai cap nhat dinh.
2. Mot trong nhirng cong viec dau lien cua lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc khi tro ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) la mo cac lop huan luyen cho thanh nien (trong d6 phan Ion tri thirc).
Nguoi lira chgn mot so thanh nien di hgc cac lop ve ly luan chinh tri. quan su a Lien X6, Trung Quoc... dao tao thanh nhiing nha lanh dao xuat sac ciia each mang Viet Nam.
Ngay sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, Nguoi da chi dao Chinli phu mo lai cac truong dai hgc va mo mot so truong moi.
Truong Dai hgc Y - Dugc va mot so trucmg chuyen nghiep a Phii Thg, Dai hgc du bi Van khoa a Thanh Hoa...
Cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap ket thiic thang Igi, de dap img yeu cau nhiem vu thai ky moi. giao due dai hgc dugc phat trien voi quy mo Ion. Nliieu truong bo tiic van hoa cong nong va pho thong lao dong dugc mo. tao nguon de ngay cang co dong cong nong va bg doi dugc vao dai hgc a trong nuoc va dugc giri di dao tao 6 nuoc ngoai. Tir nam 1960, cong tac dao tao dugc mo rgng voi qu>' mo Ion. Nam hgc 1964 - 1965, nuoc ta co 16 truong dai hgc, voi 26.100 sinh vien; 128 truong trung hgc voi 95.400 hgc sinh'^. De dap img yeu cau phuc vu khang chien, Viet Nam da dao tao bang van can bg chinh tri, can bg khoa hgc quan su.
Ciing voi phat tnen dao tao a trong nuoc, viec dao tao o nuoc ngoai dugc chu trgng va dat nhieu ket qua qucin trgng. Ngay sau khi
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nuoc nha dgc lap, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh co chu truong giri hgc sinh ra nuac ngoai hgc tap. Nguofi giri thu cho Bg truong Bg Ngoai giao Hoa Ky (1- 11 - 1945). trong thu viet:
"Nhan danh Hoi Van boa Viet Nam, toi xin dugc bay to nguyen vgng ciia Hoi, dugc giri mot phai doan khoang nam muoi thanh nien Viet Nam sang My voi y dinh mot mat thiet lap nhung moi quan he van boa than thiet voi thanh nien My va mat khac de xiie tien viec tiep tuc nghien cim ve ky thuat, nong nghiep cung nhu cac hnh vuc chuyen mon khac"'^.
Vi nhieu ly do. Chinh phu Hoa Ky luc do da khong thiet lap quan he ve van hoa. giao due voi Viet Nam.
Tir nam 1950, sau khi dat quan he ngoai giao voi cac nuoc, Viet Nam da giri nhieu hgc sinh sang cac nuoc XHCN hgc tap. Tir nam 1951 dn 1986, CO 207.020 luu hgc sinh tai Lien X6.
Ho Chi Minh nhieu Ian viet thu tham hoi. gap go. an can can dan luu hgc sinh. Trong "Thu giri cac chau luu hgc sinh Viet Nam a Matxecrva" (19-7-1955). Nguoi can dan: "Cac chau hgc ky thuat va hgc tieng Nga can nhan ro minh hgc cot de phuc vu To quoc, phuc vu nhan dan. Hgc nganh nao ciing can phai can cir vao nhu cau ciia To quoc, ciia nhan dan ma dinh.
khong the tiiy theo so thich rieng cua minh"''*.
Nguoi chii truong bo tuc chinh tri va dua tri thirc tham gia khang chien, phuc vu nhan dan de "anh em tri thirc ciing biet trgng lao dong. cung biet lam lao dong hgp thanh mot khoi voi cong nong. nang cao trinh do cong nong ve van hoa ly luan"'^. Vi vay, tri thirc da hang hai xung phong ra tien tuyen chidn dSu, lao dong san xuat. hgc tap. xay dung y thirc
phuc vu cong nong, cai tao tu tuong, sira doi loi lam viec, phk\ dki tra thanh tri thuc each mang.
Chii trgng dao tao toan dien doi ngii tri thuc. H6 Chi Minh yeu cm thanh nien tri thue phai xac dinh dong co hgc tap dung din, tky trir 16i hgc "danh lai", hgc "cot de dugc manh bang de lam ong thong, ong phan, linh luong nhieu, an ngon, mac dep.
ThS thoi, s6 phan dan tgc the nao, tinh hinh thi gioi biSn d6i th6 nao, khong hay, khong bi6t gi hit"'*'. Voi tri thirc each mang,
"danh" va "Igi" phai gan voi phuc vu each mang, phuc vu nhan dan. Nguoi an can chi bao thanh nien "... can dat lai cau hoi:
- Hgc de lam gi?
- Hgc de phuc vu ai?
Do la hai cau hoi can phai tra loi dirt khoat.."'^.
3. Voi tu tuong cau hien tai ca trong nuoc va ngoai nuoc, Nguoi tin tuong, thanh tam trgng dung va ton vinh nhiing tri thirc gan bo voi loi ich cua dan tgc. Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Tam thanh cong, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh hai Ian ra chieu cau hien "Nhan tai va kiln quoc" (14-11-1945) va "Tim nguoi tai - dire"
(20-11-1946), moi ggi nhan sT tri thirc hiln ke, tham gia sir nghiep khang chiln, kiln qu6c.
Nhieu nhan sT da dugc Dang va Chinh phii trgng dung, bo hi vao nhieu cuong vi cong tac quan trgng trong cac co quan, to chirc, doan thi.
Chinh phu da doan kit, tap hgp nhan tai, nhieu nhan sT tri thuc timg phuc vu chi do cu dugc Dang trgng dung, giij trgng trach trong Chinh phii. Luat su Phan Anh, nguyen Bg truong Bg Thanh nien trong Chinh phii Bao Dai - Tran Trgng Kim. dugc cir lam Bg truong Quoc phong, Bg truong Ngoai
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thuong. Cu Hu> nh Thiic Khang giiir chirc Bg truong Bg Noi vu. dugc Chii tich Ho Chi Minh tin can giao trgng trach dieu hanh Chinh phu khi Nguoi sang Phap (1946).
Trong nhirng nam thang khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luge. Ho Chi Minh da loi cuon. tap hgp dong dao tri thirc xung quanh Dang va Chinh phii. Nguoi luon chan thanh, coi ma va an can chi bao tri thirc, thuong xuyen gap go tri thirc de huan thi, lang nghe tam tu nguyen vgng ciia tri thirc va tao dieu kien de tri thirc hien ke cho su nghiep each mang.
Nguoi yeu cau phai tap hgp tri thirc vao cac to chirc de ren luyen va phat huy nang lire, von hgc van ciia minh, nhat la nhirng nhan sT tri thirc tieu bieu, dong vien hg cong hien nhieu hon cho each mang. "Lien Viet ra doi da lien ket dugc cac tang lop nhan dan yeu nuac, ca than si dia chii yeu nuac,... Dong thai. Dang da khuyen khich va giiip do cac nha tri thiic tien bg lap ra Dang xa hoi Viet Nam, to chirc nhieu hinh thirc boat dong moi, Doan thanh nien Viet Nam, Doan sinh vien Viet Nam. Hoi van boa lam cho Mat Iran co them nhiing thanh phan moi""*.
Trong khang chien, DNTT dugc bo sung tir nhieu nguon khac nhau. Nguoi da mofi ggi tri thirc Viet kieu tro ve phuc vu To quoc.
Nhieu tri thirc dugc dao tao duoi thai Phap thugc hay du hgc nhu Ta Quang Bim, Phan Anh, Nguyen Van Huyen, Tran Dai Nghia, Pham Hu>' Tliong. Dang Van Ngu. Luong Djnh Ciia... Ky su Tran Dai Nghia da hgc dugc nhieu bi mat ve che tao vu khi eiia Dire, bac sT Tran HCru Tuoc co ban tay vang... nhieu tri thirc len chien khu ciing Dang lanh dao khang
chiea da cong hien tai nang khoa hgc. von hgc van, dong gop co hieu qua cho dat nuoc.
Din nam 1954, mien Bac da co tren 500 nguoi CO trinh do dai hgc va 3.000 co trinh do tmng hgc chuyen nghiep. chu yeu lam trong cac linh vuc giao due. y te, van boa''.
Tiep tuc thuc hien chu truong phat trien giao due, xay dung DNTT gop phan xa>' dung CNXH, dau tranh thong nhat nuoc nha, DNTT tang ca ve so lugng va chat lugng. Den nam 1964, so nguoi co trinh do dai hgc va tmng hgc chuyen nghiep la 30.709 nguoi.
tang gap 10 Ian so voi nam 1954.
Trong khang chien chong My, ciru nuoc, a mien Nam. duoi ach thuc dan moi ciia de quoc My, phan Ion tri thirc van giii' viing tinh than yeu nuoc. y thirc tu ton dan tgc. tich cue dau tranh ve y thirc he. nuoi duong tinh than dan tgc trong cac tang lop nhan dan,... Tri thirc thuc sir la ngoi no ciia phong trao dau tranh chinh tri doi cac quyen dan sinh dan chii,... Nhieu tri thirc yeu nuoc da dimg trong Mat Iran Dan tgc Giai phong mien Nam Viet Nan. hoac co thai do tnmg lap. Chi co mot bg phan do hoan canh ep bugc da tham gia chinh quyen tay sai.
Dugc Dang giao due va giac ngg, nhieu tri thirc da gia nhap Dang Cong san, neu guong sang ve long trung thanh voi Dang, voi To quoc va nlian dan. Nhieu tri thirc tro thanh can bg lanli dao cao cap trong cac co quan ciia Dang va Nha nuoc trong cac thoi ky each mang. Cac the he tri thirc Viet Nam da dong gop ximg dang vao qua trinh hoach dinh duong loi, to chirc chi dao thuc hien duong loi each mang Viet Nam, gop phan quan trgng lam rang danh dat nuoc.
(Xetn tiep trang 53)
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TRAO OOl
chuan hoa con thieu nhieu \ e dien lich d i t phong hgc bg m6n. phong thi nghiem thuc hanh. nha giao due the c h i t sin choi. bai t ^ ; Cong tic xay dung truong chuin qu6c gia con gap phii nhifrig kh6 khan, ban che. chu \ eu do kho khin \ e dien tich nhit la a khu vuc noi thanh. Khu vuc ngoai thanh con qui nhilu phong hgc cip 4. phong hgc tam vi long the qui hoach xiy dung truong kh6ng d6ng bg.
Viec thuc hien mo hinh chuyen d6i loai truong mam non bin c6ng theo Luat Giio due chua thuc hien dugc. Che do chinh sich d6i voi giio vien ciia Thinh pb6 (sau khi hgp nhat tinh Ha Tay va mot s6 dia phuong ciia Hoa Binh) chua dugc giii quyet hgp ly. Viec d6i mc^i ve noi dung va phuong phip day vi hgc con chim.
Hien tucmg day them hgc them frin lan, cic hien tucmg lieu cue khic vin con, giy du luan khong t6t cho nganh Giao due TTiu d6. Chit lucrng giao due dai tri ting chim. chua d6ng deu giira noi tlianh va ngoai thanh.
Tuy con nhieu ban che. kho khan, nhimg \'cri fruyen lh6ng ngan nam vdn hien. duoi su lanh dao cua Thanh u\. Giio due Thii d6 vin dang tiep tuc phit trien gop phin thuc hien thing Igi su nghiep CNH. HDH cua Tliu d6 \ a dit nircic.
1. Dang Cong sin Viet Nam: I an kien Dgi hoi dgi hieu todn quoc kin thir J 7, CTQG, H,
1997,lr.89-90
2. Dang Cong sin Viet Nam: Cuimg ITnh .xdy dimg ddt nude trong thai /a qud do len chu nghia xd hoi, ST, H, 1991, fr. 13.
Q U A N D I E M C U A CHU TICH HO CHI M I N H VE XAY D U N G
D Q I N G U TRI T H U C (Tiep theo trang 15)
Phat huy vi tri, vai fro va nhiing dong gop qua cac chang duong lich sir cua din tgc, frong c6ng cuoc d6i moi, DNTT Viet Nam tiep tuc dong g6p nhieu bon nira cho sir nghiep cich mang ciia din tgc. Quin triet siu sic tu tuong H6 Chi Minh ve xi>' dung DNTT, Dang, Nha nuoc ta frong nhirng nim qua thuc hien chien luge xi}' dung va phit huy ngu6n nhin luc, de cao \ai fro ciia tri thirc, chii frgng c6ng tic xi\
dung DNTT. Do ciing la thanh qui to 1cm the hien qui trinh hien thuc boa quan diem Ho Chi Minh \'e xiy dung DNTT.
1. Hd Chi Minh 'Todn tdp, CTQG, H, 2000, T.2, tr. 274
2,3. Sdd, T.5, lT.\3\,3S\
4.Sdd.J.S,lT.225
5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16. Sdd T.7, tr. 39, 33, 33, 25, 37, 398
6..Sdd, J.\0, IT. 306.
7, n.Sd'J. T.4,tr.384, 80.
\0,\\.Sdd 7:6, fr368, 204
12. 19. Do Thi Thach: Phdt huy nguon lire tri thirc nir Viet Nam trong sir nghiep cong nghiep hod hien dgi hod CTQG, H, 2005, fr. 70, 69
17. Ho Chi Minh Todn tdp, CTQG, H, 2000, T. 9,tr. 172-173
18. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dang Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2001, T. 12, tr. 185.
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