So 11 (241)-2015 N G 6 N N G C & Ddi S 6 N G 39
VAI TRO c m TO TINH THAI N H ^ THU'C V d l CAC CHIEN LlTgfC LICH SV* AM TINH TRONG GIAO
TIEP DOI THOAI ANH - VIET
EPISTEMIC MARKERS WITH NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN DIALOGUES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
NGU THI|:N HUNG ( T S ; Dgi hpc Ngogi ngft, Dgi hpc DA NAng)
Abstract: This article addresses the role of the epistemic markers in the negative politeness sfa^tegies in dialogues in English and Vietnamese. From the contrastive analysis of data collected from dialogue extracts m novels, short stories, the article found that English and Vietaamese have at their disposal a wide range of epistemic markers for the use of negative politeness strategies and share some similarities and differences in terms of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features.
Key words: epistemic markers; communicative contract; negative politeness strategies; face, pragmatics.
l . D $ t v d n d l
1.1. Trong giao tilp ngdn tft hdng ngAy, nguM ndi (S; 5|)eaker) tiiudng sft dyng m$t s i don vj ngdn ngft vdi chiic nfing gidp hlnh thAnh lyc ngdn trung, tgo ra hi^u qud tdc ddng din ngudi nghe (H; hearer) vA gidp S hiln Id ^ djnh giao tiep eiia minh. ThAnh phdn thdng tin ngft
Hohnes (1984), Karkkamen (1990) di tiieo hudng nAy vA xAc nh$n chftc nAng vai trd cua cdc tAc bi tinh thAt nh$n thftc trong vi$c bilu hi$n tfnh Ijch sy trong giao tilp.
Ljch sy IA mpt khdi nidm mang thih phi qudt faxing giao tilp, xudt h i ^ d bdt kl m$t nln vin hoA nAo. KhAi ni^m ndy lidn quan din hilu bilt n ^ a ndy, dudi gde dd lidn quan ( ^ kien thftc vA ftng xft phft hpp cua cAc thAnh vidn tuong tdc xA niem tin cda S <^i vdi thih chan xde cda ndi dui^ hdi vA (& trd tiidnh mdt t^iam tiu chhih ciia giao 1S dii vdi thih chan xde cda ndi dui^
m^nh de dupc gpi Id tinh tinh thdi nhgn thuc him 1$ b ^ nhftng phuong ti$n ngdn ngft da dgng vdi tdn gpi chi t i tinh tiiAi nli$n tiiftc (CTTTNT).
1.1 Thih tiiAi n h ^ tiiftc, tiieo Givdn (1989), bj chi phii b ^ mdt hpp ding giao tilp gifta S vA
h$i vA dA trd tiidnh mdt i^igm ftu chhih cua gjao
^ep ngdn ngft. Uieo OrKxhioni, phdp ljch sy cd diftc nAng gift g ^ thih didt hdi hda quan h$ dd (d mftc thap nhdt IA gjAi tda nhftng xung dpt tilm tdng, tit hon nfta IA lAm ngudi nAy trd nAy trd tiidnh cAng dl chju d&i vdi ngudi kia thi cdng tit).
H. 6 cyc nh§n tiiftc, hpp ding chi phii cAc bdch [ddn tiieo D i Hftu ChAu (2001), 256]. Djnh ngh^
n h i ^ cda S lidn quan den vi$c chftng thyc nguin tin vA dd tin c$v cua thdng tin m$nh de (P;
Proposition). Ocapd^ tam If, hpp ding chi phii sy doan chdc chft quan ciia S dii vdi thdng tm giao tilp. d edp dp y djnh l i ^ nhAn vA xA hdi, hpp ding chi phii sy tuong tdc gjfta S vA H lien quan d ^ bAn chdt nhgn thftc cda thdr^ tin gjao tilp: Hii ftng cfta H - ti}r chS tiiAch d i din tiida tiiugn ngdm roi xAc nhgn.
Quan n i ^ ciia Givdn phdn dnh d$c trung ngft dyng cua tinh thAi nh$n tiiftc: dd IA sy tham gja cfta S vA H vAo hogt d ^ tuong tdc trong giao ti^ dii thogi vA sy £ l u b i ^ tiiAi dd nh$n thftc dii vdi thdng tin gjao tilp. CAc ng^en cftu khAo sdt cAc don vj b i ^ < ^ tinh th^ nh|in tiiftc cfta
ciia Orecchioni khdi qudt dupe nhftng ^ mA cAc Lakof^ Leech vA Brown vA Levison w c|ip trudc dd. CAc tiiAnh vidn ^ tiiftc rAng, d l till hi^n tinh ljch sy, hp i^iAi thda mAn cAc nhu cdu till d l ^ duong thih vA Am thih ciia ngudi khdc, vA ding tiidi bAo v$ till d i ^ cua bdn tiiAn ntinh. Tuy n h i ^ S ddi khi muin ho$c bAt bu$c phdi tiiyc h i ^ cAc hAnh vi d& dpa thl di$n (domg &ce tiireatening act: FTA). £)l trdnh sy mgo h i ^ ndy, S sft dyng cAc diien lupc ljch sy duong tfi^
^ s h i v e strategy) nlu till d i ^ duong tinh bj de dpa, vA d i i ^ lupc Ijdi sy Am tinh (n^ative sbategy) n ^ till d i ^ &n tfnh bj de dpa.
1,3. GAn vdi ^ dp chu quan cua ngudi sft dyng, cAc CTTTNT cd till dM^ xem xdt tft hai
40 N G 6 N N G f & D 6 I S 6 N G s i 11 (241)-2015 hudng chhih: dyng hpc ngdn ngft
(pragmalmguistics) vA dyng hpc xA hpi (sociopr^matics. Trong phgm vi bdi vilt ndy, chung tdi tbn hilu nhQng d ^ dilm tuong ding vd dj bi?t v l kit hpc, ngh& hpc vd dyng hpc gifta cAc phuong tifn bilu dgt tinh thih thAi nhgn thiic ciia hai ngdn ngft Anh vA Vi^t, xdt d phgm vi cAc chiln lupc ljch sy gjao tilp dii thogi. Vi$c khAo sAt chi t|ip trung vAo phdn dyng hpc ngdn ngft lien quan din cAc phuang ti$n bilu dgt cAc hAnh d$ng Idi ndi vA cAc ^ nghta lien nhan (uiterpersonal meaning), cy the IA cAc chiln lupc Idi ndi vA cdc chi to i^dn ngft tAng cudng hay ldm mIm hda lyc ngdn tnii^
cfta hAnh ddi^ Idi-ndi.
Ngft li$u trong d l tAi dupc thu thgp tir cAc nguin: CAc mlu dii thogi tiong cAc tmy^n
Bdng 1 Cdc phuong ti^n bieu dgt tinh thdi nhgn thdc trong TAvdTV
ngAn, tilu thuylt Vdi kit quA phAn tich, midu tA, d l tAi tiln hAnh dii ehilu d l tim ra sy luong ding, dj b i ^ gifta cAc i^uong ti$n bilu dgt tinh thih thdi nh§n thftc trong tiing Anh(TA) v4 tiing Vi§t (TV) tiieo chftc nAng bilu hi?n tfnh Ijch sy trdn cAc binh d i ^ dA d l cgp.
2.KhAosAtvAkltquA
11. Cdc phuang ti$n biiu dgt dnh thdi nk0n th&c trong TAvdTV
Trudc hit, tS phAn tich cAch (King cda cdc CTTTNTcho cAc chiln lupc ljch sy Am tinh dl tAi xdt vai trd cfta chftng d i i vdi hi$u lyc ngon trung theo 2 nhdm vdi 2 mftc dd fdiAn bi^t v^
tinh khA nAng vA dd doAn chAc d l d d mftc d$
hiln Id ^ djnh giao tilp ciia S vdi H.
; ^ n g f t Pbinmg '
Anh Vi^t
r& cd the, chdc ehdn, hdn Id, tdt nhien Id, qud nhiin Id, tdt yiu Id, rd rdng Id, tdi chdc ehdn Id, theo tdi, thu thgc, toi thdy/cam doan. X ndi rdng TAng cudng
(Booster) - cd hi^u lyc tinh thAi m^nh
mtat, will, certainly, realty, surely, obviously, awfully, definitely, indeed, teribly, very, Fmsure, I believe, I bet, I know, Ido believe
dgng thuc gid dfnh cua cdu diiu ki^n, may, might, possibly, probably, perhcps, maybe, just, a little, kind of, sort of, a bit, I think, I siq>poseJ guess, 1 suspect, I wonder
cd thi, cd leid, cd khi Id, hinh nhuld, dgi khdi Id, cOng nin, thi phm, toi ngHt, tdi dodn, tdi do, nghe don, nghe ddu, nghe bdo, ngudi ta don rdng ding hai mdt ti, mdt chdt, hai bj
Gidm nh^
(Downoner) - cd hi^u lyc tinh tiiAi ylu
Dl xAc Ilp nhftng vat fard chftc nfing cy till hon cho cAc phuong ti$n bieu hi$n cAc chiln lupc ljch sy ciia vdi nhftng hdnh ddng cd nguy CO de dpa thl di$n chiing tdi sd sft dyng cAc quy tAc hdi tho^ cfta Lakoff, quy tAc tinh ljch sy cfta Leech vA cAc phi n i ^ ljch sy eiia Brown
& Levinson lAm co sd tham khdo fatit^ quA binh phAn tich CTTTNT.
11 Cdc chiin luge Ifch s^r dm tinh sit dgng cdc CTTTNT yiu
2.2.1. Gidm hi^u lgc chi trich
Trong nhftng tinh huing mA m$t \b\ phAt bilu cd hi$u lyc rtiiu m$t hAnh ddng chi trich, p\A b b h hudng vAo H vA cd khA nAng de dpa thl di^n cda nguM nAy, vA S dy cdm dupc sy xAm phgm cA nhAn cfta minh thl chien lupc gjAm hl$u lyc chi tiich cd thl dupc vgn dyng da bAo vd till di$n Am tinh cfta H. Vf dy:
(1) / suppose it seems pretty naive to start that way. [6, 103] {Tdi nglSrdng \^ ddu kieu nhu v|ly thl c£ERg hai ngAy tho).
(2) You were just a little crazv. [7,288]
( Phdi, hdm dd em hd dien mgt ti thdi).
(3) Seems like his langua^ gets worse ever' year. Showin' off, leuess. [9.117] (E rdng mli nAm dng fin ndi thdm thd IS, mp ndi, co /^dltr$
thidn hg).
(4) Perheqa vou weren't very wise with him sometimes. Men are queer creatures, and one has to know how to manage them. [8, 55]( C6 li ddi khi em khdng dupc khdn ngoan vdi dt^
ta cho Ifim. Ddn dng IA nhftng nguM kl qu$c vi ngudi ta phAi bilt cAch dilu k h i ^ hp).
(5) / wish you weren't so damned monosyllabic. [8, 76] ( Ifdc g2 anh dftng c6 nhAt gftng nhu ^ y ) .
S6ll(241)-2015 NG6N NGf & D6H S6NG
41
(6) You're a ffeat boy, Ettore. But Pmt^aid you're a militarist.p, 116\( Ettore, anh cd Idng tit lAm, nhung tdi e rang anh IA mdt tay quan phi^).
Ddy IA nhftng ddnh gjd ve nhihig m$t te nhj cua ngudi khAc mA cAc doi tdc tiiyc h i ^ vdi mpt sy nhgy cdm dupc "ddnh ddu" vA do v|ly cdn cd sy dilu chinh vA khing chi. Rd rAng S dA chpn cdch ndi cdng khai d l thyc hidn FTA vA sft dyi^
cAc CTITNT ylu dl bu dip vi?c vi phgm Quy tic ca tyng (Approbation) cfta Leech. Cy thl cdc tdc tdi guess, 1 suppose, seem, Tm c^aid, I wish d dau PN vd cdc tdc titjttst, a little, a bit (like) dftng ngay trudc vj tft chi tinh chdt tidu cyc cd tdc dyng gidm dd hien lp tinh xde thyc cfta ndi dung m ^ <^ ding thdi Idm dju di lyc ngdn trung cfta hdnh ddng md hi^u lyc xuydn ngdn cda nd cd till Idm mdt Idng H.
PhAn tich ngft ngjua ngtt dyng oia cdc PN tinh tiiAi hda vdi cmi true / wu/i P vkTmt^wdV cho thdy S hien 1$ th^ dp khdng mong muon hay nd bdnh m$t sy tinh thyc tgl neu d P, vA i:^ng tiidi bdy td sy mong muin mpt IdiA nfing hl^n thyc mQt sy tinh bong till gidi phAn thyc thu$c cAc the gidi khA hftu. Chdng hgn nhu vdi / wish P, S khdng chi bAy td tiiAi dd cam kit ring P IA giA ngyy, khdng diing vdi thyc tgi tiong thl gidi d dAy-vA-bAy gid mA cdn hAm f rAng minh muin sy tinh ndu d P dupc hi$n thyc hda vd S sd hgnh phftc nlu P Id ddng theo thl gidi thyc hftu.
Cd till tiidy PN vdi I'm afraid P vd / wish P thl hi$n cAc ehilu kfeh trAi ngupc v l dyng hpc:
tiong khi cAi thft nhdt hiln 1$ sy Idi xa, nd b'Anh sy tinh ndu d npi dung P cfta S thl cdi thft hai ehi bdo mdt sy hudng vpng, tilp c§n P.
Trong giao tilp doi tiiogi tieng Vi§t cAc PN sau dAy dirpc xem IA cd hidu lyc d Idi cfta mpt hAnh d$ng chi b^eh vA cd the lAm mit m$t H.
Xdt cdc PN sau:
(7) Gdp ^ vdi hg Id d^g. Nhung cdu ndi chtiy^n rdc rudi Id cQnehai qud ddng. [3,203]
(8) Khdng khde md lgi bdt nd nam via hi?
Cdu hai bi... Ido ddy. [2,168]
(9) Md ndy... hhih nhu cdi mdi ddy cdff cda cdu, cdi cdch ndi ndng nhu chd dn vd mdm,...
dy, xin Idi nhd, cda cdu cOng doi khdc di tfd phdi. [2,306]
(10) Chi tiic cdi ten sdch rdt dd. NgttyinKhdi tiidng nhu khdng biit ddt tin cho nfHtng dua con tinh thdn cua minh. [1,122]
f i n Cdc bdc dy ^m Sy. vd diui cSne hai dai dgt. [1,202]
(12) Ngf^ ndi ve huu khdng f^i vigidmdld vi ngSc Nghe ndi nhd nude bdy gid chi nhdn bien chi nhiing ngudi tri tudi vdi cd hpc thdi. [4,209]
Trong PN ti^ cd till nh$n tiidy mftc dp him 1$ tmh chAn xAc cfta nhgn ^ n h bdi S dupc gidm di da dd md tgo ra tft v i ^ sft dyng cdc quAn ngft vA trp tft hai, dttang nhu, cOng hai, hen bf, hinh nhu, nghe ndi. CAc ddn vj ngdn ngft nAy cd tdc dyng gjdm nh^ hi$u ftng tidu cyc cda Idi chi trich vdi cdc til midu td nhu: qi4d ddng ldo, dii khdc, khdng biet ^ tin s&^h, ngoc.
M$t khdc, de nhgn fliay mpt ^km tuong ding vdi tiing Anh IA khi Idi chi trich nhAm vdo ngirdi thft ba, S cung sft dyng diiln lupc ldm c^u hay iSng trdnh vdi cAc tAc tft ylu nhu ducmg nhu, ding hai, r^he ndi,... d (10) - (12). Trong vfin hda V i ^ Nam, nhQng tinh huing [diAi nghe sy chi ftfch i^iudi Ididc IA mpt sy "chju tr^".
V l m$t eft p h ^ , sy vfing mAt chu ngft trong k ^ cdu philm chi Nghe ndi P bong TWvhltis smd that P trong TA ldm cho nguin chi trich trd tiidnh khdng xde djnh vA cung dti ra ring S trAnh dp d$t c ^ tdi ddnh ddu q u y ^ lyc dil trich ldn sy tilp nh§n ciia ngufri nghe.
112. Trdnh dp dgt hen thuc
Cd till ndi, bit ki mOt Idi tiiydn b i vl kiln thftc IA m$t sy d& dpa, hay hdnh d^ng phuong hgl din thl di$n ciia ngudi khdc. Ngudi nghe thudng bj mdt ip lyc phAi ti^ nhgn vd b i sung k i ^ thiic mdi vA nhu v^y sy [^An ftng lgi m^t lyc dp d$t IA cd till xAy ra, d$c b i ^ IA khi kiln tiiftc nAy mAu thudn hay khAc b i ^ vdi thi dilu dA cd hay dyng chgm den nii n i ^ ri&ig cfta hp. CAc CTTTNT ylu cd chftc nAng lAm gjAm d$ hiln Id sy chic chfin chft quan vA ding thdn ldm dju di lyc ngdn tnmg cfta hdnh ddng khdng djnh mdt khi S tin ring H cd mdt quan Aim, nilm tin trdi ngupc. Vf dy:
(13) A: / tfunk you are trying to say somethii^: I don't know what U is, but Tm not sure tha's the best way ofsc^g it by means cf painting (Tdi n ^ dng dsa% c i ndi mpt <filu ^
42 NG6N NGC & D 6 I S6NG s i l l (241>-201S I dd.Tdi hodn todn khdng biet nd IA cAi ^ , nhung
tdi khdng tin chdc cdch tit nhdt dk ndi nd ra IA h^i hpa).
(...) / think I know why you surrendered to your feeling for Blance Strove (Tdi nglu bAy gjd till ^ i hieu dupc tai sao dng dS dk m ^ cho thih cdm budng trdi theo Blanche Sfaxieve).
(...) Do you know your^lf? Perhaj^ it is Truth and Freedom thjt you seek, and for a moment you thought that you might find release in Love (CWnh dng cd bilt khdng? Ctf 0 dd chfnh Id Chan If vA Ty do, IA <£eudng < ^ g tim, vA cd mpt liic ndo dd dng dA nght ring dng dA tim ^ tiiodt noi Tinh ydu. [8,146-147]).
Trong tiing Vi$t, nhQng nh$n xdt ft nhilu chftng td hilu bilt vl cudc sing cd nguy co lAm cho H cAm tiidy bj coi IA "mft tit" vA S cd till bj xem Id "lAm elm thidn hg". Cdc PN dudi day diu dua ra nhQng nhgn djnh v l kiln thftc, hilu bilt cupc song vA thdng tin nAy hudng vAo H tgo ra mdt dp lyc nhdt djnh bu^c hp {^idi tilp n h ^ mdt cAch miln cuOng. Cdc [diAt bilu vl gidi thuylt, xAc tin cda mpt ngudi d (14), trinh dp ddnh giA chdt lupng cua cAc tAc pham vAn i ^ ? (15), (16) Id nhftng vdn d l nhgy cdm vA gAy tranh cAi, do vgy dupc S binh bAy nhu nhttng sy tinh thudc phgm trd khA nfing vdi cAc tdc bi ylu nhu tdi ngln, hinh nhu. T h ^ dif mpt tiiydn b i bi tud cung dupc ngyy trang bAng tdc tft Tdi co cdm gjdc nhu d (16):
(14) A: Sdng chd nhgt em vdn di li diu. [60, 417]
B: Nhung hinh nhu ^di thttvet tdn gido cda cgu khdng de cgp din sd m4nh,
(15) Gidi tri, tdi nglu, khdng phdi m{ic dich cuoi cimg cda vdn hgc. [1,235]
^ (16^ Toi cd cdm gidc nhiing chityin hay rdtdt diu ddn het vi cugc thi d vdn ngh? qudn dpi [1, 252]
Trong cdc tiudng hpp muin ftdnh dp d§t kiln thftc, S sft dyng cdc tdc tft tinh thdi mA hda m$t thdi dd tri nhgn sy tinh cd khd ning hi^n tiiyc trong mdt tiie gidi tiem nfing. Ve dyng hpc, nlu PN cda S vd tinh hay hftu y dyng chgm dka lAnh
^ a k i ^ thftc hay mQt khfa cgnh nh$y cdm tiiudc t$p hpp cAc thl (fieu cua H, h i ^ ihig FTA ciia nd sd duN^c ldm dju di mpt mftc dp nhdt djnh. Dilu
i^y [Aft h m vdi cA 3 quy tAc cfta Lakoff vA quy tic khidm ton cua LeedL
13,Ckiatbtp>clicksgrdmtinhv^dgngcdc CrJTNTmgnh
2.3.1. Nhdn mgnh diiu bdt lpi vi bdn thdn ngudi ndi
Trong giao tilp ddi tiiudng cdc d i ^ bat Ipi ^ bdn thdn cd Idiuynh hudng ^hipc che d$.y nhung nguydn tic khidm tin vA tiidnh th$t <mg tii6i cQng dupc cholA ^ trung vin hda ftng xft ci^
thdnh vidn gjao tilp. EHeu ndy thl h i ^ bong cdcPN sau dAy trong ti^g Anh. Vf dy:
(lTiDaHing.rmawfidtvstt^ndbutwht>isthe batman in the bathroom! [7,255] (NAy anh, em hdi hoi n^ ngdn m$t ti itiid, IA tgi sao dng chii qudn lgi d trong b u ^ tfim nhu v$y?).
(18) Fm awfidh sorry to wafe you up. [6,561 (Th§t idy lAm phien vl d9 ldm anh tiiftc gjdc).
Cdc hdnh vi xm iSi, cdm on, thyc chdt IA ^ S vAo till hg tiiap bAn tiian ntinh tiudc H. Cdc tdc ti mgnh faxmg cAc PN nhu vfiy t^nh ddu tudng minh mftc dd ehdn IhAnh ciia hAnh d$ng n h ^ iii, cdm on. CAc trgng tft terribly, awfully, redly d$t ngfiy tiudc vj tft bi nhgn smry vd vj tft chi mpt thuOc thih tidu cycd^ing cufmg mftc dd Idng tin, sg chAn thdnh cua ngudi ndi.
Trong tiing V i ^ ngudi ndi thudng ddnh d^
chiln lupc nAy bdng cmi true ddng tft ngdn hdnh hay qudn ngft chi m^t mftc dp cam kit cao vdi dilu trdn tinh. Vfdy:
(\9)Dirand nhung qtidthdtld tdi chua lak hit dugc nd. [2,219]
(20) Cht^$n Dien Biin dy md, ndi thuc Hi nunhhidng biit nhieu ldm ddu. [1,13]
(21) Thd thdt! ...Tdi khdng bilt cdch n6i chuy$n sao dio cd duydn vdi phy nft. [S, 53]
Nhhi chung cdu tiuc thd thgc/ qud thgc P tiiudng cd ndi dung P IA mdt dhu bat ^ri, dius tiiilt cua ngudi ndi. Mpt dilu tiift vj d % IA c&
ti^fw^fy/ honestly/ trutl^ly (faking) P c6 till dupc coi IA tuong duong ngft n g ^ vdi &A thgc/ qud thfc/ &a^ dnh P ti^ V i ^ nhung xA v l m$t ngft dyng hdu nhu lgi khdiig xult hi$n trong diln n ^ n vdi chftc nfing thl h i ^ Ijdi si;
dang bAn. Trcmg khi ngudi Anh sft dyng cic tiic bi cd tdm tAc d ^ cyc bd tiong phgm vi nOi dmg m ^ dl till ngudi V i ^ lgi lya c h ^ cAc tAc tft c6
S6 11 (241)-2015 NG6N NGC & B6I S6NG 43
tdm tdc d$ng ngogi vl, nhdn mgnh tlidi đ ndi [Au hpp vdi cA quy tdc 1 vd 4 cfta Leech. Cso tl ning, hiln ngdn thdi đ chAn thdnh nhilu hon, hhih dung bing bdng dudi đy:
2. Cdc chiin luge ljch sg dm tinh vd phttong tijn biiu d^ trong TAvdTV T i ^ V i ^ ChUnhrirrc I NgD-Dg^
Phinrng Ti^ngAoh
tilnNN Ngfi-dgng
Hu6ngH, gjdm bit Igi (hdnhdOngnh$nxA đnh gjd, phe Unh) Tdc tft
ylu
I suf^xjse, I cfi-eđ, I wish I guess, just seems, seems like prê, a little, a bit.
dudng nhuihcTi, dinghai, thindo il>,cdve,c6li^
hcri bi, r^idi ta ndi
Tidnhchi trich
llnh tiidi t i ^ nfing, tinh thdi t^idnthvrc
I think, I think I know, Ím not sure perhaps, moj^
Toir^f^tdicd cdm^dc, hinh nhu, edited khi
Tidnh^i^
Id&i thiic
bit lgi ci^
Tlnhfliditi^iir"
nSngtlnblfadi
;didntinrc
Hudng H,gidm bit lgi ( b d n h d ^ t i ^ b l kiln tiiAc hdn Iflm) Hut'mgS.'nbigbltkri (hdnh dCing cdm on, xin l5ịtfadnhgn) Tdctilr
n^uih
em^itlly, terribly, very
TMthgc^m.
qud thgc thgc tinh, ndi thgc
TlohdiditiHrc httu 3.Kdtlu§n
Bdi v i ^ <k i^iAn tich cAc vai trd diftc n i i ^ cda cdc tdc tii: tinh tiiAI n h ^ tiiftc tixmg TA vd TV bong cAc chiln lupc ljch sy giao tiep till h i ^ d sdc mgnh cda cdc tdc tft bQe 1$ theo hudng n^hb ciia ndi dung P vA theo hudng S h(^ic H. Cdc ndl& tiiudc P phdn Anh ehilu hudng cd lpi ho$c b ^ Ipi cfta S vA H vA nhu v|ly gdp phdn f^iih hhih bdn chit hdnh d ^ g ngdn bung vk q\xy # i h chiln lupc dm tinh hay duong tbih. Trong h^ tiling hai i ^ n i ^ Anh - V i ^ diu cd cAc nhdm tAc bi mgnh vd ylu t^ huy d$ng cho cAc chftc nfing tAng cudng hay gjdm lyc ngdn trung cua cAc hAnh d ^ g hudi^ din thl d i ^ Am thih cfta cdc thdnh vien tham gia vAo tuong tAc h$i thộ M$c dii Pokuis, Pahno-, Leech chft y nhilu hon den cdc hdnh đng khuyin l$nh vin IA mdi tiudng cfta tinh diAi dgo n^m, kit quA d l tAi cho tiidv cd till v§n dyng mOt s i phuong chAm ljch sy de xdt vai trd cdc CTTTNT tiong cdc chiln lupc ljch sy Sm tinh.
TAl L I ^ U THAM K H A O 1. Brown, P. & Levison, S. (1987), Politeness - some tmiverscds in language usc^e j^tertomena CUP
2. D i HQu ChAu (2001), £)(»'cuong ngdn ngf^
Apc(T$p 2), Nxb GD, HA Ndi
3. Givdn, T, (1989), Kfmd, code and context:
Essciys in prc^condcs, Hillsdate, New Ja:sey:Lawrwce Eribamm Associates Publishers.
4. Hotaies, J. (1984), Hedgmg your bets and sitting m the fence: Some evidence for hedges as sipport structures, Te Reo, No 27, pp. 47- 62.
5. Karidcainen, Ẹ (1990), Face saving and qjistemic modeditỵ Proceedings from tlie seccmd finnish seminar tm discourse analysis, pp: 64 - 76.3
6. Lakofl^ R. (1972), The pragmatics of modality, Pqins fiom the Regicmal Meetings of tiie Chic^o Lmguistics Sociê, Nọ8, pp. 229-247
7. Leedi, G. N. (1982), Princ^es off^ânatics.
Longman. Loidon &New Yoik
8. Ngiiy^ Thj Luong (1995), M^Â f i ^ Ai-rinA dta dut odu dOng di hdi doi vdi viec bieu thf cdc hdnhvingdnngHtrongtiing Fi^/; TCNN (2).
9. Pahno-, F. (1986), Mood and modality, Camtvid^ University Press.
10. F^dns, M. R. (1983), Mođ aqjressions in DANLI|:U:
1. Tran DAng Khoa (1998), Chdn dung vd dii thogị Nxb Thanh nidn.
2. Chu Lai (1993), Phd, Nxb HANdị
3. H i Anh ThAi (1997), Ngudi vd xe chgy dudi dnh trdng, Nxb Hdi NhA vAn Vi§t Nam, HA Ndị
4. Nguyen Huy Thi§p (2001), Tttyin t^
truyen ngdn, Nxb Phy nft.
5. Truyen NgAn Trd (1994) Hdi NhA vfin Vi0t Nam. HANdị
6. Greene, G. (1980), The quyet American, Pengum Books.
7. Hemuigway, Ẹ (1993), A farewell to arms, Everyman's Librarỵ
8. Maugham, W. S. (1996), The moon and six /Knee, Mandarin.
9. Stembeck, J. (1992), The grajpes of wrath, Evwyman's Litearỵ
