THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT
PHAT HIE\, Xif IY CAC VU AN THAM 6 TAI SAN:
THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC HAN CHE, BAT CAP
Nguyin Thi Hif rfng*
* ThS. Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi cao.
Th5ng tin bki vilt:
Tir khoa: •tham nhung, khai to, dieu tta, truy to, xet xir, toi tham 6 tai san Lich su bdi viet:
Nhanbai : 30/10/2018 Bien tap : 07/12/2018 Duyetbai : 09/01/2019
Thuc tien hoat dpng phong, chdng tdi pham tham 6 tai s^n cho thay, nhung ton tai, han che trong viec phat hien, khdi td, dieu tra^
truy to, xet xii cac vu an tham 6 tai san la niot trong nhiing yeu to gop phan lam phat sinh, gia tang so vu va so ngircri pham tpi tham 6 tai san tren thuc te. Chinh vi vay, viec chi ra nhOng ton tai, han che trong hoat dong phat hien, xvr ly tdi tham 6 tai san la co sd can thidt de cac chu the phong ngira toi pham dua ra duac nhiing giai phap can ca, hieu qua, gop phan Iam giam dang ke tdi tham 6 tai san a Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Article Infomation:
Keywords, prosecution, investigation, prosecution, trial; act of embezzlement of property
Article History:
Received : 30 Oct. 2018 Edited : 07 Dec. 2018 Approved : 09 Jan. 2019
Abstract
Prevention, fighting of the corruption related crimes in practice show a number of shortcomings, limitations in recognizing, prosecuting, investigating, prosecuting and adjudicatmg corruption cases. These shortcoming can be seen as crucial causes leading to the large number of of corruption cases and the number of offenders of actual embezzlement of property. Therefore, pointing out the shortcomings and IimitaUons in recognization and handling of corruption crimes is a necessary ground for crime prevention subjects to come up with basic and effective solutions, which might provide contribution to significant reduction of the corruption crimes in Vietnam m the coming time.
P
hat hien, khdi td, diSu tra, truy td, xet xii cac vu an tham d tai san la nhiing boat ddng ca ban nham kip thdi xii ly ngudi cd hanh vi pham tdi, thu hSi tai san ciia Nha nude bi chiem doat, dam bao boat dpng dung dan ciia cac co quan, td chiie, don vi kinh t^ nha nude. Day la cac hoat dpng thuc hien quygn lyc nha nude, khdng chi tryc tiep chdng lai nhiing ngudi thyc hien hanh vi tham d tai san, ma cdn cd tac dung ran de, phdng ngira ddi vdi cacthanh vien khac trong xa hpi. Chinh vi vay, khi cac boat ddng nay dupe thyc hien ch4t lupng, hieu qua, dap iing duac nhiing yeu cku thuc tiln dat ra, se gdp phan tao them mdt y^u td quan trpng de nang cao hieu qua phdng ngira ddi vdi loai tpi pham nay.
N^upc lai, khi boat ddng phat hien, khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xii cac vy an ve tdi tham d tai san cdn cd nhiing tdn tai, ban che nhat dinh thi khdng chi la lire can lam giam hieu qua eua boat ddng phdng ngira ddi vdi loai
— - — . NGHIEN CUU ] c q 65(381)13/2019 ^ L A P P H A P I V U
THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT
tdi nay, ma d miic dp nhat dinh nd cdn la ySu td tieu eye cd vai trd lam phat sinh, gia tang tdi tham d tai san. Thue te boat dpng phong, chdng tdi tham d tai san a nude ta trong nhung nam vira qua cho thay, mdt so tdn tai, ban ch8 trong viee phat hien, khdi td, dilu tra, truy td, xet xir cac vy an tham d tai san da gdp ph4n lam phat sinh, gia tang loai tdi pham nay.
1. Nhimg bSt cap, han che trong viec phat hien, sir ly cac vu an tham 6 tai san
Thic nhdt, viec phdt hien cdc vu dn tham d tdi sdn cdn chua kip thdi
Trong boat ddng phdng, chdng tdi tham d tai san, phat hien kip thdi hanh yi tham d tai san ciia ngudi cd chiic vu quyen ban la viec lam cd y nghia quyet dinh ddi vdi viec ngan chan tdi pham. Bdi le, thyc tien td tung cac yu an tham d tai san cho thay: trong hau bet cac vu an tham d tai san, cac hi can, bi cao deu nhieu lan thyc hien hanh vi pham tdi, cd khdng it vu an keo dai trong nhilu nam vdi sd tien chiem doat la dac biet Idn mdi bi phat hien, xu ly. Tren ca sd nghien eiiu 585 ban an hinh sy xet xii sa tham cac vy an tham d tai san trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 2008 - 2017, thdi gian phat hien cac vy an tham d tai san duoc xac dinh d cac muc nhu sau: 6 thang ke tir kbi xay ra tdi pham: 58 vu, chiem 10%; 12 thang ke tii khi xay ra tpi pham: 97 vu, chiem 16,5%;
24 than^ ke tii khi xay ra tdi pham: 125 vy, chiem 21,3%; 36 thang ke tu khi xay ra tdi pham; 196 vy, chiem 33,5%; tren 36 thang ke tir khi xay tdi pham: 109 vy, chiem 18,7%'. Tir cac ty trgng nay cho thay, khdng cd vy an nao duac phat hien ngay sau khi tdi pham xay ra; hau het cac vu an tham d tai san thudng dupc thuc hien trong mdt thdi gian dai, hoac da thyc hien nhung sau mdt thdi gian dai mdi bi phat hien.
Viec phat hien cac vu an tham d tai san ehua kip thdi la do su tae dpng eiia nhieu nguyen nhan, hong dd nguyen nhan chu yeu la do nhting ban che, bat cap ciia phap luat ve phdng, ehdng tham nhiing. Cy the nhu sau:
- Quy dinh ve cdng khai, mmh bach tai san mang tinh liet ke, thieu tinh bao quat ca ve pham vi, ddi tuong dan den tinh tr^g, mot sd chu the cSn phai cdng khai, minh bach tai san nhung lai khdng thyc hien nen khdng kip thdi phat hien duac sy bien dpng bit thudng ve tai san;
- Quy dinh ve xir ly trach nhiem cua ngudi dimg dau ca quan, td chirc, dan vi khi de xay ra tham d trong co quan, td ehiie, don vi minh cdn chung chung, thieu cu the, chua khuyin khich duac tinh chii ddng ciia ngudi dung diu trong viec phat hien, phdng ngira tham d tai san;
- Quy dinh vl ca che phat hien tham d tai san thdng qua cac boat dpng chinh nhu kilm tra, thanh tra nha nude, kiem toan nha nude va giam sat chua phii hap, chua phat huy dupc vai trd, chirc nang ciia mdi eo quan trong viec kip thdi phat hien cac vu an tham d tai san;
- Quy dinh ve td cao va giai quyet to eao cdn ehua day dii, chua cd co che de phat huy dupc su tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong vice phat hien hanh vi tham d tai san cua ngudi cd chiic vy, quyen ban.
Thie hai, ty le khdi td vu dn, khdi td bi can cdn thap so vdi sd luang tin bdo, td giac tpi pham, kien nghi khdi td
Theo quy dinh ciia phap luat td tung hinh su, tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kien nghi khdi td la mdt trong nhiing can eii de xem xet viec khdi td vu an hinh sy. Khdi td vu an hinh sy, khdi td hi can ve tdi tham d tai san la kit qua ciia vice giai quyet tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kien nghi khdi td khdng chi phan arih dp chinh xae ciia cac can eii khdi td, ma cdn la yeu td true tiep tae ddng den miic dp an cua loai tdi pham nay. Thuc tiln boat ddng giai quyet td giac, tin bao lpi pham, kiln nghi khdi td va khdi td vu an, khdi td hi can ve tdi tham d tai san trong nhijng nam qua cho thay, trong khoang thdi
Ngudn. Tir 585 ban an hinh su so tham xet xu cac bi cao ve tpi tham o tai san.
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LAP P H A P ^ Sd 5(381)13/2019THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT gian 10 nam tir nam 2008 din nam 2017, sd
tin bao, td giac tpi pham, kiln nghi khdi td phai giai quylt la 4.505 viec/ 8.276 ngudi;
h-ong khi dd sd vy an, sd bi can khdi td trong ciing thdi dilm la 2.796 vy, chilm 62% va 5.030 bi can, chilm 60,7%^ so vdi sd viec va so ngudi bi td giac, kiln nghi khdi td. Con so h-en cho th4y cd sy cbgnb lech dang kl ke giua ty le khdi td vu an, khdi td hi can vl tpi tham d tai san so vdi sd lupn§ tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kiln nghi khdi td. Dilu nay cd the dan den nguy ca bd Ipt ngudi cd hanh vi tham d tai san, gay nhiing tac ddng tieu cue den hieu qua phdng, chdng loai tdi nay d nude ta hien nay.
Tinh trang nay dien ra bdi cac nguyen nhan sau:
- Do chii the ciia tdi pham la ngudi cd chire vy, quyen ban, viee thuc hien hanh vl tham d tai san thudng lien quan den nhieu ngudi, nhieu bd phan, khau hoat ddng khae nhau va thudng dupc che day bang nhung thil doan het sire tinh vi, khd phat hien.
- De xae minh dupe mpt tin bao, td giac hoac kien nghi khdi td cd dii can cu de khdi td vu an, khdi td bi can ve tdi tham d tai san hay khdng, ca quan tien hanh td tung phai ed mpt khoang thdi gian can thiet de xac minh lam rd.
- Viec tien hanh xac minh tin bao, to giac, kien nghi khdi td ddi hdi phai cd sy phoi hop cua cac ea quan chuyen mdn d eac ITnh vyc khac nhau, hoac sy hd trp cua eac trang, thiet bi hien dai. Trong khi dd dieu kien thuc tl vl thilt bi, phuang tien k^ thuat hd trp eho boat ddng nay cdn ban che;
- Quan he phdi hpp giua ca quan td tung vdi cac ca quan chuyen mdn cdn mang ti'nh tu phat, chua dupc dieu ehinh bdi nhiing quy dinh ciia phap luat nen co quan td tung
cdn cd phan hi ddng.
Thu ba, viec gidi quyet vu dn cdn keo ddi do quan diem cua cdc ca quan td tung khdng thdng nhdt trong viec xdc dinh tdi danh, hoac phdi chd ket qud gidm dinh tu phdp, hade do viec thu thap chiing cu cdn gap nhieu khd khan
Tien dp giai quyet cac vu an tham d tai san la mdt trong nhiing yeu td tac dpng tryc tiep den hieu qua boat ddng chdng tdi pham va tac dung ran de phdng ngira ddi vdi cac thanh vien khac trong xa hpi. Thuc tien boat ddng chdng tdi tham d tai san trong nhiing nam qua cho thay, viec dieu tra, truy td, xet xu hau bet cac vu an tham d tai san cdn keo dai trong nhieu nam, khdng chi lam mat di tinh kip thdi cua yeu cau phdng, chdng tdi pham, ma cdn tao ra sy hoai nghi cua du luan xa hdi va cac tang lap nhan dan ddi vdi cac ca quan, ngudi tien hanh td tung. Viee giai quyet cac vu an tham d tai san keo dai la do su tac ddng cua nhieu yeu td; trong do, mpt sd yeu td cd tinh phd bien la:
- Sy thieu thdng nhat trong viee xac dinh tdi danh giiia cac co quan tien hanh td tung dan den phai keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vu an. Dd la viec khdng chiing minh hoac chua dii ca sd de chiing minh dau hieu ngudi cd chiie vy quyen han chiem doat tai san ma hp dupc giao quan ly, nen da dan den tinh trang tranh chap giiia tdi tham d tai san va cd y lam trai quy dinh cua Nha nude ve quan ly kinh te gay hau qua nghiem trpng.
Day la mdt trong ly do ciia viec tra hd sa de dieu tra bd sung giiia cac ca quan tien hanh td tung, lam keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vy an trong nhieu nam-*.
Theo thdng ke cua Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao, trong thdi gian 10 nam tu nam 2008 din nam 2017, sd vu an tham d tai san phai tra bd so de dieu tra bd sung do viec xae dinh tdi danh chua dam bao can cir viing
BaocaoldngkitcdrigtacnamcuanganhlCiemsatnhandantirnam2008d^nnam2017, trang 6. Ngudn. Cue Thdng ke tdi pham, Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao.
Chang han nhu vu an Dang Ngoc Thanh va ddng pham tham d tai san tai Tdng cong ty Xay dung MiSn Trung, vu an duoc khdi td nam 2008, sau nhiSu lan dieu tra bd sung, huy an Si diSu tra lai dSn oSm 2016 vu an mdi dugc dua ra xet xu va ban an da cd hiSu lire phap luat
NGHIEN Cim
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THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT
tdi nay, ma d mire dp nhat dinh nd cdn la y l u td tieu cue cd vai trd lam phat sinh, gia tang tpi tham d tai san. Thyc te boat ddng phdng, chdng tdi tham d tai san d nude ta trong nhiing nam vua qua cho thay, mdt so tdn tai, ban che trong viec phat hien, khdi td, dilu tra, truy to, xet xii cae vy an tham d tai san da gdp phan lam phat sinh, gia tang loai tdi pham nay.
1. Nhirng b a t c^p, han che trong viec p h a t hien, xur ly cac vu an t h a m d tai san
Thu nhdt, viec phdt hien cdc vu dn tham d tdi sdn cdn chua kip thdi
Trong boat ddng phdng, chdng tdi tham d tai san, phat hien kip thdi banh yi tham d tai san ciia ngudi cd chiic vu quyen ban la viec lam cd y nghia quyet dinh ddi vdi viec ngan chan tdi pham. Bdi le, thyc tien td tung eac yu an tham d tai san eho thay: trong hau bet cac vu an tham d tai san, cac bi can, bi cao deu nhieu lan thyc hien hanh vi pham tdi, cd khdng it vu an keo dai trong nhieu nam vdi sd tien chiem doat la dae biet Idn mdi bi phat hien, xir ly. Tren co sd nghien ciiu 585 ban an hinh sy xet xu so tham cac vu an tham d tai san trong khoang thdi gian tii nam 2008 - 2017, thdi gian phat hien cac vu an tham d tai san dupc xac dinb d cac miic nhu sau: 6 thang ke tir khi xay ra tpi pham: 58 vu, chiem 10%; 12 thang ke tir khi xay ra tdi pham: 97 vu, chiem 16,5%;
24 thang ke tir khi xay ra tdi pham: 125 vy, chiem 21,3%; 36 thang ke tir khi xay ra tdi pham: 196 vy, chilm 33,5%; tren 36 thang ke tir khi xay tpi pham: 109 vu, chilm 1 8 , 7 % ' . T u c a c t y trpng nay cho thiy, khdng ed vu an nao duac phat hien ngay sau khi tdi pham xay ra; hau het cae vu an tham d tai san thudng dupc thyc hien trong mdt thdi gian dai, hoae da thuc hien nhimg sau mdt thdi gian dai mdi bi phat hien.
Viec phat hien cac vu an tham d tai san ehua kip thdi la do sy tae ddng cua nhilu nguyen nhan, trong dd nguyen nhan chii ylu la do nhimg ban che, bat cap cua phap luat v l phdng, chdng tham nhung. Cy the nhu sau:
- Quy dinh v l cdng khai, minh bach tai san mang tmh liet ke, thilu tinh bao quat ca ve pham vi, ddi tuong dan den tinh trang, mdt sd ehu the can phai cdng khai, minh bach tai san nhung lai khdng thyc hi^n nen khdng kip thdi phat hien duac su bien ddng bat thudng ve tai san;
- Quy dinh ve xir ly traeh nhiem ciia ngudi diing dau c a quan, td chuc, dan vi khi de xay ra tham d trong ca quan, td ehirc, dan vi minh cdn chung ehung, thieu cu the, chua khuyen khich dupc tinh chii ddng cua ngudi diing dau trong viec phat bien, phdng ngiia tham d tai san;
- Quy dinh ve eo ehe phat bien tham d tai san thdng qua cac boat ddng ehinh nhu kiem tra, thanh tra nha nude, kiem toan nha nude va giam sat chua phu hap, chua phat huy dupc vai trd, chirc nang ciia moi co quan trong viec kip thdi phat hien cac vu an tham d tai san;
- Quy dinh ve td cao va giai quyet td cao cdn chua day dii, chua ed c a che de phat huy dupc su tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong viec phat bien hanh vi tham d tai san cua ngudi cd chiie vu, quyen ban.
Thie hai, ty le khdi td vu dn, khdi td bi can cdn thap so vdi sd luang tin bdo, td gidc tpi pham. kien nghi khdi td
Theo quy dinh cua phap luat td tung hinh sy, tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kiln nghi khdi td la mot trong nhiing can cii de xem xet viec khdi td vu an hinh su. Khdi td vu an hinh sy, khdi td hi can ve tpi tham d tai san la ket qua ciia viec giai quylt tin bao, td giac tpi pham, kien nghi khdi td khdng ehi phan anh dp chinh xac ciia cac can cii khdi td, ma cdn la yeu td tryc tilp tac dpng den miic dp an ciia loai tdi pham nay. Thuc tien boat ddng giai quyet to giac, tin bao tdi pham, kiln nghi khdi td va khdi td vy an, khdi td bi can ve tdi tham d tai san trong nhung nam qua cho thay, trong khoang thdi
I Ngudn. Tir 585 ban an hinh su so tham xet xii cac bj cao ve tdi tham d tai san.
M
l NGHlfeN Cini . I L A P P H A P ^ S65{381)T3/2019T H U t TIEN PHAP LUAT gian 10 nam tir nam 2008 din nam 2017, sd
tin bao, td giac tpi pham, kiln nghi khdi td phai giai quylt la 4.505 viec/ 8.276 ngudi;
frong khi dd sd vu an, so hi can khdi td trong cung thdi dilm la 2.796 vy, chilm 62% va 5.030 bi can, chilm 60,7%^ so vdi sd viec va so ngudi bi td giac, kiln nghi khdi td. Coii so h-en eho thay cd sy chenh lech dang kl kl giira ty le khdi td vy an, khdi td bi can ve tpi tham d tai san so vdi sd lupng tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kiln nghi khdi td. Dieu nay CO the dan den nguy ca bd Ipt ngudi cd hanh vi tham d tai san, gay nhiing tac ddng tieu cue den hieu qua phdng, chdng loai tdi nay d nude ta hien nay.
Tinh trang nay dien ra bdi cac nguyen nhan sau:
- Do chu the ciia tdi pham la ngudi cd chirc vu, quyen ban, viec thuc hien hanh vi tham d tai san thudng lien quan den nhieu ngudi, nhieu bd phan, khau hoat ddng khac nhau va thudng dupc che day bang nhung thil doan het siic tinh vi, khd phat hien.
- De xac minh dupc mdt tin bao, td giac hoac kien nghi khdi td cd dii can cii de khdi td vy an, khdi td bi can ve tdi tham d tai san hay khdng, ca quan tien hanh td tung phai cd mdt khoang thdi gian can thiet de xae minh lam rd.
- Viee tien hanh xac minh tin bao, td giac, kien nghi khdi td ddi hdi phai ed sy phdi hap cua cac co quan chuyen mdn d cac Imh vue khac nhau, hoac sy hd trp ciia cac hang, thilt bi hien dai. Trong khi dd dieu kien thye te ve thiet bi, phuang tien ky thuat h6 tra cho boat dpng nay edn ban che;
- Quan he phdi hop giiia ca quan td tung vdi cac co quan chuyen mdn cdn mang tinh tu phat, chua duac dieu chmh bdi nhiing quy dinh eita phap luat nen ca quan td tyng
cdn cd phan bi ddng.
Thie ba, viec gidi quyet vu dn cdn keo ddi da quan diem cua cdc ca quan td tung khdng thdng nhdt trong viec xdc dinh tdi danh, hade phdi chd ket qud gidm dinh tu phdp, hoac do viec thu thap chung cu cdn gap nhieu khd khan
Tien dp giai quyet cac vu an tham d tai san la mdt trong nhiing yeu td ^ c ddng tryc tiep den hieu qua boat dpng chdng tdi pham va tac dung ran de phdng ngira ddi vdi cac thanh vien khac trong xa hdi. Thyc tien boat ddng chdng tdi tham d tai san trong nhimg nam qua cho thay, viec dieu tra, truy td, xet xii hau het cac vy an tham d tai san cdn keo dai trong nhieu nam, khdng chi lam mat di tinh kip thdi cua yeu cau phdng, chdng tpi pham, ma cdn tao ra sy hoai nghi ciia du luan xa hdi va cac tang Idp nhan dan ddi vdi eac CO quan, ngudi tien hanh td tung. Viec giai quyet cae vy an tham d tai san keo dai la do sy tac ddng cua nhieu yeu td; trong dd, mdt sd yeu td cd tinh phd bien la:
- Su thieu thdng nhat trong viec xac dinh tdi danh giiia cac co quan tien hanh td tung din din phai keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vy an. Dd la viec khdng ehung minh hoac chua du ca sd de chimg mirih dau bieu ngudi cd chirc vu quyen ban chiem doat ^ i san ma hp dupc giap quan ly, nen da din den tmh trang tranh chap giua tdi tham d tai san va cd y lam trai quy dinh eiia Nha nude ve quan Iy kinh tl gay hau qua nghiem^ h-png.
Day la mdt trong ly do cua viec tra ho so de dieu tra bd sung giira cac ca quan tien hanh td tung, lam keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vu an trong nhieu nam^
Theo thong ke ciia Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi eao, trong thdi gian 10 nam tir nam 2008 din nam 2017, so vy an tham d tai san phai tra hd so dl dilu tra bd sung do viee xac dinh tdi danh chua dam bao can cii viing
Bao cao tdng ket cdng tac nam ciia nganh Ki6m sat nhan dSn tir nSm 2008 d6n nam 2017, trang 6 Ngudn. Cue Thong Ice toi pham, Vien kiem sat nhan dan tdi cao.
Chang h^n nhu vu an D|ng Ngoc Thanh va ddng pham tham d tai san tai Tdng cong ty Xay dung Mien Trung, vu an dugc khdi td nam 2008, sau nhieu lan didu tra bd sung, huy an d£ di^u tra lai d^n nSm 2016 vu an mdi duoc dua ra xet xii va ban an da cd hieu lire phap luat
S65(381)T3/2019 ^ L A R PHAPl
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THlTC TIEN PHAP LUAT
chac la 453 vu/801 bi can, trong do Vien kiem sat tra la 258 yu/496 bi can, chiem 9%
ve so vu va 9,8% sd hi t;an so vdi sd vy an va sd bi can Ca quan dieu tra de nghi Vien kiem sat truy td; Tda an tra la 195 vu/305 bj can, chiem 7,6% ve sd vy va 6,4% sd bi can ma Vien kiem sat da truy td; trong do khdng it vy an phai sii dyng bet sd lan tra hd so dieu tra bd sung theo luat dinb''. Thuc trang nay cho thay, viec xac dinh tpi danh va thu thap chiing cii viing chac dam bao viec xac dinh chinh xac tdi danh la mdt trong nhiing van de phiie tap, khd thdng nhat trong qua trinh giai quyet cac vy an tham d tai san, la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan lam keo dai thdi gian giai quyet vu an, tao ra nhung tac dpng thieu phan tich cue den bieu qua boat ddng chdng, phdng ngira loai tpi pham nay, cung nhu nhiing phan anh mang tinh tieu cue ddi vdi du luan xa hdi.
- Cho den thdi diem hien nay, ddi vdi khdng it vu an tham d tai san, viec giam dinh tu phap cdn gap nhiing khd khan nhkt dinh nhu thdi gian cbd ket qua giam dinh keo dai, cd nhung ndi dung giam dinh phai dupc thyc hien bdi nhieu ca quan chuyen mdn, ket luan giam dinh ve cimg npi dung giiia cac ca quan giam dinh khdng cd sy thdng nhat dan den viec phai giam dinh lai, hoac giam dinh bd sung. Thuc tl boat ddng giam dinh tir phap trong td tung binh su cho thky, cac van de can giam dinh trong cac vu an tham d tai san cd tinh chat phiic tap^ nhieu ndi dung mdi phat sinh, trong khi dieu kien ky thuat, cdng nghe phyc vu cho boat dpng giam dinh cdn ban che, chua dap iing dupe bet nhiing yeu cau ciia tbuc tiln, ed nhung vu an phai trimg cau giam dinh nhilu ndi dung mdi cd ca sd de lam ro hanh vi tham d.
- Thyc tien boat ddng giai quylt td giac, tin bao tdi pham, kien nghi khdi td, khdi td, dieu tra eac vu an tham d tai san cho thiy, viec thu thap tai Heu, chiing cii dl lam rd cac hanh vi chiem doat tai san ciia ngudi cd chiic vu, quyin ban tbirdng gap nhilu khd khan do
da hi tieu hiiy, che giau, hoac hap thiic hda bing cac thu tue thanh, quyet toan. Viee dau tranh khai thae thdng tin tir cac ddi tuong lien quan den hanh vi tham d thudng mat nhieu thdi gian, tri tue do hanh vi pham tdi thudng dupe thyc hien theo mdt vdng trdn kep kin de bao ve, che gi4u cho nhau neti khdng ed tinh than hpp tac vdi ca quan dieu tra. Cac thii doan pham tdi thucmg dupc thuc hien tinh vi thdng qua viec sir dyng cac chiing tir gia de thanh, quyet toan hoac sii dung cdng nghe hien dai de tkt toan cae khoan tien bi chiem doat. Day la nhiing trd ngai anh hudng tryc tiep den tien dp dieu tra vy an, lam eho thdi gian giai quyet vu an hi keo dai ban nhieu so vdi thdi ban luat dinh.
Thu tu, viec thu hdi tdi sdn tham d cdn nhieu bdt cgp,^ hiiu qud thap, chua thuc su cd tdc dung ddi vdi viec phdng ngiea logi tpi pham ndy tren thuc te
Thyc tien qua trinh giai quyet eac vu an tham d tai sati trong nhiing nam qua cho thay, viec thu hdi tai san edn rat ban chi, sd tai san thu bdi dupc chi chilm ty le ikt nhd ve sd vu an va lupng tai san chiem doat.
Ddi vdi nhiing vu an cd thu hdi dupe tai san tham d, thi sd luong tai san thu dupe ehi chiem mpt ty le rat nhd so vdi sd tai san bi chiem doat trong vu an, trong khi ygu cau cua chdng, phdng ngira tham nhiing ndi chung va tham d tai san ndi rieng la phai lam triet de viec thu hdi tai san. Tren ca sd thdng ke tu 585 ban an hinh sy sa tham xet xir eac bi cao ve tpi tham d tai san eho thay, trong so 585 vu an tham d tai san thi cd 115 vy an thu hdi dupc tai san tham d, trong do cd 87 vu an thu hdi duac toan bd taisan tham d (gia tri tai san hi chiem doat la din 1 ty ddng), 28 vu thu hdi dupe mot phan tai san tham d (gia tri tai san bi chiem doat la din 50 ty ddng)^
Viec thu hdi tai san tham d thdp do nhilu nguyen nhan, trong do nguyen nhan CO ban la vice dieu tra cac vy an tham d rdt phiic tap va khd khan, ddi hdi phai cd nhilu thdi gian dk td chice, xac minh, thu thap
4 Bao cao cdng tac nam cua nganh Kidm sH nhan dan tir nam 2008 den nam 2017. trang 8, tldd.
5 Ngudn. Tir 585 Ban an hinh sir so tham ve tpi tham d tai san.
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l NOHIEN CUU .I L A P P H A P - V S65(381)T3/2019
THUt TIEN PHAP LUAT chiing cii, giam dinh va cac boat ddng td
tyng can thilt khac. Nhilu trudng hop banh vi pham tdi xay ra trong thdi gian dai mdi bi phat hien, ddi tuong da ckt giau, tau tan, bap phap hda tai san, hoac da sir dung phan Idn tai san chiem doat dupc dl danh bac, mua CO phieu, dua cho ngudi khac kinh doanh bat dpng san va thua Id nen khi bi phat hien khdng cdn kha nang kh5c phuc hau qua. Ben canh dd, nhieu trudng hpp trong qua trinh giai quyet vy an tham d tai san, dac biet la sau khi khdi td, cac co quan tien hanh td tung chua quyet Het, triet de trpng viec ap dyng cac bien phap cuong che can thiet nen ngudi than ciia bi can, bi eao van cd dieu kien dl tau tan tai san; mat khac, khdng it trudng hpp tai san thani d dang tdn tai d nude ngoai nen viec thu bdi cang gap nhieu khd khan.
Thif ndm, trong mdt sd trudng hpp.
viec xdc dinh muc dp trdch nhiem hinh su (TNHS) cua bi can, bi cdo cdn chua tuang ximg vai tinh chdt cua hdnh vi, mice dp hdu qud gay ra, chua ddm bdo tinh rdn de vd phong ngiea chung
Xac dinh mire dp TNHS ddi vdi bi can, bi cao trong cac vy an tham d tai san la van de het siic quan trpng, the hien rd su trimg phat, su len an ciia Nha nude, su nghiem minh cuaj)hap luat ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi. Thuc tien boat ddng truy td, xet xu cac vu an tham d tai san trong nhung nam qua cho thay: viec Vien kiem sat nhan dan, Tda an nhan dan cac cap xac dinh miic dp TNHS ddi vdi bi can, hi cao trong cac vu an tham d tai san cdn cd phan chua dam bao tuong xiing vdi tinh chat ciia hanh vi, miic dp hau qua do bi can, bi cao gay ra. Dd la do phap luat quy dinh cdn cd phan chung chung, thieu eu the nen khi xac dinh khung hinh phat de truy td_, Vien kiem sat gap phai nhung khd khan nhat dinh, dan den vice truy td cac bi can theo khung ciia dieu luat cd ph4n nhe ban so vdi hau qua xay ra, chua dam bao sy tuong ximg vdi tinh ch4t cua hanh vi phamtdi. Mat khae, theo quy dinh eiia Bd luat Td tung hinh su nam 2003, Tda an cd thi xet xir hi cao theo khoan khac nhe ban trong ciing dilu luat ma Vien kilm sat da truy td. Chinh vi vay, trong qua ttinh xet
xu cac vu an tham d tai san, mdt sd trudng hpp, Tda an cd the chuyen sang khung hinh phat nhe han hoac ap dung loai hinh phat nhe hon ddi vdi bi cao. Dieu nay khdng chi lam anh hudng den tinh nghiem minh cua phap luat ddi vdi ban than hi cao, ma cdn tao ra nhiing tac ddng thieu tich cue trong viec phdng ngira chung, nhat la ddi vdi nhung vy an dupc du luan xa hdi quan tam thi tinh trang nay da tao ra nhung phan iing, birc xiic hoac sy hoai nghi trong du luan quan chiing nhan dan, lam giam myc dich ran de^ phdng ngira chung cua phap luat, gdp phan thiic day su phat sinh tham d tai san tren thyc te.
2. Giai phap khac phuc han che, bat cap trong phat Men, xw Iy cac vu an tham d tai san
2.1. Hodn thien quy Mnh Luat Phdng, chong tham nhiing vd cdc van bdn lugt chuyen nganh
Hoat dpng phat hien, xir ly ngudi cd chiic vu, quyen han tham d tai san la ddi tupng dilu chinh true tiep cua Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhiing. Luat Phong, chdng tham nhiing nam 2018 dupc Quoc hdi khda XIV tai ky hpp thir 6 da khac phuc dupe nhiing ban che, bat cap cua Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2005 (sira ddi nam 2012), gdp phan quan trpng vao viec nang cao hieu qua dau tranh phdng, chdng cac tdi pham vl tham nhung ndi chung va tdi tham d tai san tai san ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, trudc yeu cau ciia viec dau tranh phdng, chdng cac tdi pham ve tham nhung ndi chung va tpi tham d tai san ndi rieng, gdp phan nang cao hon niia hieu qua boat ddng phat hien, xir ly cac vu an tham d tai san, can tiep tue hoan thien Luat Phdng, ehdng tham nhiing nam 2018 theo hudng sau:
- Md rpng mpt each hpp ly pham vi ddi tupng ed nghTa vy ke khai tai san, thu nhap sang ca ITnh vuc tu cho phii hap vdi quy dinh ciia Bd luat hinh sy nam 2015, sua ddi bd sung nam 2017. Bdi le, theo quy dinh cua Dieu 34 Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2018, ngudi cd chiic vu, quyen ban trong cac doanh nghiep ngoai nha nude chua dupc dua vao de thyc hien nghTa vy
NGHIEN CUU S65{381)T3/2019 ^ L A p P H A P
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THirC TIEN PHAP LUAT
ke khai tai san, thu nhap. Trong khi dd, theo quy dinh ciia Bd luat hinh su nam 2015, sira ddi, bd sung nam 2017 thi nhung ngudi nay cling la cbii the cua tdi tham d tai san.
- Md rdng pham vi nghia vu ciia ngudi ke khai tai san, thu nhap nham kiem soat mdt each chat che tai san, thu nhap ciia ngudi cd chiic vy, quyen ban. Bdi le, theo quy dinh cua khoan 1 Dilu 33 LuM Phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2018, ngudi cd nghia vy ke khai phai ke khai tai san, thu nhap va bien ddng ve tai san, thu nhap ciia minh, ciia vp hoac chdng, con ehua thanh nien la chua dii;
can phai bd sung them cac ddi tupng la cha, me, con da thanh nien, dng npi, ba ndi ciia ngudi ed nghTa vu ke khai tai san.
- Quy dinh cy the ve hinh thiic xir ly trach nhiem cua nguoi dimg dau, cap phd ciia ngudi dung dau ca quan, td chiic, don vi khi de xay ra tham nhung trong co quan, td chirc, don vi do minh quan ly, phu traeh.
Theo quy dinh ciia khoan 1 Dieu 73 Luat Phdng, ehdng tham nhiing nam 2018, ngudi diing dau, cap phd ciia ngudi diing dau co quan, td chiic, dan vi chiu trach nhiem tryc tiep khi de xay ra tham nhung quy dinh tai Dieu 72 ciia Luat nay thi bi xir ly ky luat hoac bi truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh su. Viec quy dinh nay, mpt mat gay khd khan cho ca quan, ngudi cd tham quyen trong viec lya chpn hinh thiic de xir ly trach nhiem ciia ngudi diing dau trong co quan, don vi de xay ra tham nhiing do hp phu traeh; mat khac, chua dam bao tinh nghiem minh cua phap luat ddi vdi viec xem xet trach nhiem cua ngucri dimg dau. Do vay, Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhung can quy dinh ro trudng hpp nao thi xir ly ly luat, trudng hop nao thi truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh su ddi vdi ngudi diing dau co quan, td chitc, don vi kbi de xay ra tham nhiing trong eo quan, td chirc, don vi do hp quan ly, phy trach.
Ddi vdi cac van ban luat chuyen nganh;
- Hoan thien quy djnh eua Luat Bao ehl nham tieh eye phat huy vai trd ciia bao cbi trong phat hien tham nhiing, g4n vdi trach nhiem ciia co quan bao chi trong viec
phdi hpp, cung cdp thdng tin, tai lieu cho ea quan chiie nang de phuc vu viec xem xet, xii ly vy viec tham nhiing ma bao chi da phat hien, dang tai.
- Hoan thien quy dinh ciia luat hinh su theo hudng quy dinh hpp ly ve gia tri tai san bi chiem doat trong cac khung hinh phat nhim ca thi hda TNHS ciia cac bi cao trong vu an tham d tai san.
- Hoan thien quy dinh ciia Luat Giam dinb tu phap nham dam bao tinb kip thdi va chinh xac cua ket luan giam dinh, tao ca sd can thiet de dam bao tien dp giai quyet vu an tham d tai san.
2.2. Tang cudng suphoi hop giira cff quan tiin hdnh to tung v&i cdc cffquan chimin mon
Thue tien cdng tac dau tranh phdng, chdng tpi pham tham d tai san cho thay, su phdi hop chat che giiia cac co quan tien hanh td tung va co quan chuyen mdn la dieu kien tien quyet bao dam chat luong va hieu qua ciia cdng tac nay. Vi vSy, de tang cudng hem niia sy phdi hpj) giiia cae ca quan ndi tren trong phdng, chdng tdi pham tham d tai san can thuc hien cac giai phap:
- Lien nganh cac ca quan td tung trung ucmg can thiet lap ca che phdi hpp trong viec phat hien, khdi td, dieu tra, truy td, xet xir cac vu an tham d tai san, tao co sd can thiet de lien nganh td tyng dia phuong thyc hien tdt ehitc nang, nhiem vu cua minh trong viec phat hien, xu ly cac vy an tham d tai san.
- Thiet lap co che phdi hpp giua cac CO quan td tung vdi cac co quan chuyen mdn trong viec thu thap cac tai lieu, chiing cii can thiet, ciing nbu dua ra cac ket luan ddi vdi timg ITnh vuc chuyen rndn, nh§m dam bao viec xac rninh, giai quyet tin bao, td giac tdi pham, kiln nghi khdi td, khdi td, dilu tra ngudi cd hanh vi tham d tai san duoc kip thdi, chinh xac, hieu qua.
- Thiet lap co che phdi hpp giira cac ca quan td tung vdi cac co quan giam dinh tu phap trong mot sd ITnh vyc ckn thilt nhu tai chinh, ngan bang, dau tu, xay dyng, diu gia, ddu thau ribam dam bao tinh kip thdi, chinh xac cua ket luan giam dinh •
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