CONG CHIENG: BIEU TU^ONG CUA CAC DAN TOC THiEU S 6 TRirONG SON - TAY NGUYEN
(Nghien ciru tai huyen Nam Tra My, tinh Quang Nam)
LL/THUyueN
\. Dat van de
Sinh sdng giua dai ngan tham u, nui sdng each trd, ddng bao dan tdc it ngudi d nude ta nhat thiet phai ed mdt phuong tien de bao tin cung nhu de xua dudi eac loai ta ma, thii dir. Cdng ehieng, vi vay, ban dau xuat hien ddng vai trd nhu mdt vu khi, mdt phuong tien thdng tin. Trai qua qua trinh lich sii', am thanh cdng ehieng da trd thanh thanh td van hoa khdng the thieu trong ddi song cua dong bao. Nd khdng cdn chi do'n thuan la nghe thuat ma edn mang am hudng eua hdn thieng sdng nui, danh thue sire sdng eua cdng ddng va tao them niem tin yeu cudc sdng cho con ngudi.
Nhan thay cai hay, cai dep cung nhu gia trj thiet thue eua cdng ehieng, ea nude va toan nhan loai (dac biet la UNESCO) da rat quan tam. Ngay 25/11/2005, trude su chirng kiln ciia hon 300 dai bilu thude 207 nude thanh vien va mot td chirc phi chinh phii, Tdng Giam ddc UNESCO (Td chirc van hda - Khoa hgc - Giao due eiia Lien Hgp Qude) da long trgng khai mac le edng bd ket qua chgn kiet tac van hda thi gidi thir ba, do ban giam khao quoc tl gom 18 nha van hda danh tilng thi gidi, cdng nhan khdng gian van hda cong ehieng Tay Nguyen cua Viet Nam la kiet tac van hda phi vat thi va truyin khau ciia nhan loai (trong sd 64 hd so dang ky xet chgn).
Vi vay, viec di sau tim hieu van hoa cdng ehieng cua mdt tgc ngudi, d mdt dja ban, se khang dinh hon nira danh hieu kiet tac van hoa eua the gidi; va quan trgng nu'a la de, mot mat cd sir dai ngd hgp ly han, mat khae bao luu ban sac van hoa da dang cua cac dan tdc tren dat nude Viet Nam.
2. Vai net ve ljch su nghien ciru cong ehieng
Tir thap nien 30 eua the ky XX, mot vai hgc gia Phap da luu tam den van de cdng ehieng nhu P. Huard, G. Codonamis vdi cdng ehieng Mndng Mar, J. Dournes vdi cdng ehieng Gia-rai. Sau ngay dat nude giai phdng, da cd mot sd cdng trinh nghien ciru ve cdng ehieng dudi ca gdc do Dan tgc hoc, Xa hdi hgc va am nhac. Dd la luan van ve cdng Mudng ciia Pham Dire Lgc, luan van ve cdng Ba-na cua Leu Kim Thanh, bao cao khoa hge ed tinh chat sa khao ve mdt sd bo ehieng cdng d Gia Lai - Kon Tum ciia Kpa Ylang... (Din theo Td Vu, 1994).
Trong budi tga dam khoa hgc qude te ve "Gia trj van hda eiia nhac eu gd bang dong eua Viet Nam va cac nude trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A", do Vien Van hda - Thdng tin to ehuc (ngayl 2/10/2004, tai Ha Ngi), nhilu thanh qua cua eac nha khoa hgc trong va ngoai nude da duge dua ra ban luan. Cd nhirng bao cao da di sau nghien ciru ve cdng ehieng trong ddi sdng eiia tirng dja phuang d
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd4 - 2008 23 Tay Nguyen, nhu Vii Ngge Binh vdi cdng
ehieng d Gia Lai, Tran Canh Dao vdi cdng ehieng d Lam Ddng, Pham Cao Dat vdi cdng ehieng d Kon Tum... Ddng thdi, cung cd nhirng bao cao mang each nhin ehung, danh gia tdng the ve edng ehieng, nhu "Cdng ehieng tii' gdc nhin nhan hgc (dan lieu eac dan tdc Trudng So'n - Tay Nguyen)" cua Nguyen Hiru Thdng, "Gia trj van hda ciia cdng ehieng d Viet Nam" eiia Nguyen Thuy Loan... Va mdt sd tac gia da tim hieu edng ehieng dudi gdc do am thanh hgc, nhu: Vii Nhat Thang, Bill Trgng Hien, Dang Hoanh Lan...
Nhin ehung, he thdng nghien cuu tren la kha day dii, de cap den mgi linh vuc trong sinh boat cdng ehieng. Tuy nhien, cac cdng trinh nghien eiiu d tren hau het deu tap trung d khu vuc Tay Nguyen. Rai rac cd mdt sd bai viet ve cdng ehieng ciia dan tdc Mudng d Hda Binh, cae dan tdc d Nghe TTnh, dan tgc Cham d Phii Khanh... Rieng ve Quang Nam hau nhu chua tim thay bai viet nao dii d dang cu thi hay khai quat. De ed each nhin day dii va trgn ven ve van de cdng ehieng trong sir ddi sanh vdi Tay Nguyen va trong bii eanh ehung eiia ca nude, ehiing tdi da chgn huyen Nam Tra My, tinh Quang Nam lam dja ban nghien cuu; ddng thdi soi xet van dl nay dudi gdc do bieu tugng van hoa.
3. So' luo'c vl dja ban Nam Tra My - Quang Nam
Nam Tra My la mot trong nhirng huyen vimg cao cua tinh Quang Nam, duge tach ra til' huyen Tra My' vao nam 2003.
Vimg dat nay nam ben ddng sdng Tranh,
' Tra My, theo y kifin ciia nhieu ngirai, la ten gpi ciia inpt con suli co ten Dakta Nin duge chon dat ten cho viing dat thuoc thi trSn Tra My (cu) \a dan dan doc trai thanh Tra My.
dudi chan day Ngge Linh. So vdi Bac Tra My (huyen thir hai duge tach ra tir huyen Tra My), dja hinh Nam Tra My bao gdm nhieu viing nui cao hon vdi do ddc Idn, ddc ve phfa Nam va thoai dan ve phfa Bac.
Day la noi eu tru ciia da sd cac ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd, bao gdm: ngudi Ca- dong (53,54%), ngudi Xo'-dang (36,17%), ngu'di Mndng (7,26%), ngudi Cor (0,08)"...
Cho den hien nay, ngay chfnh ban than ngu'di Ca-dong d Nam Tra My deu khdng tu nhan minh la ngudi Ca-dong. Trong khi dd, ban Danh muc eac thanh phan dan tdc Viet Nam van xep Ca-dong la mdt nhdm eiia dan tdc Xo-dang. Nghien eiiu cdng ehieng eiia ddng bao Xo-dang. tac gia bai viet nay ed hudng tim hieu ehung ve ngudi Ca-dong edn vdi ly do van hoa cdng ehieng ban da xuat hien rat lau, khi chua cd su tach biet qua Idn trong cdng ddng tgc ngudi, nen nhung cai ehung nhat, nguyen so' nhat van edn tdn tai trong mdi tdc ngudi (xin duge tam ggi nhu vay).
Trong tdng sd 10 xa ciia huyen, chi trii' xa Tra Leng, ddng bao Xo-dang va Ca-dong phan bd hau het d cac xa cdn lai. Ngudi Xo- dang tap trung d 3 xa: Tra Cang, Tra Nam, Tra Linh. Ngudi Ca-dong phan bd d Tra Don, Tra Mai, Tra Tap, Tra Don, Tra Van, Tra Vinh va mdt bd phan xen ke vdi Xo- dang d Tra Cang. Cung gidng nhu nhieu tdc ngu'di khae, ddng bao d day van cdn bao luu nhieu dau an cua kinh te nguyen thuy, gan chat ea nhan vao cdng ddng. Cdng ehieng la mdt bieu hien quan trgng ciia su gan ket ay, trd thanh bieu tugng eiia cae dan tdc thieu sd Trudng So'n - Tay Nguyen.
"• So lieu dien da. do Phong thong l<e huyen Nam Tra Mv cung cap.
4. Cdng ehieng: bieu tuong ciia cac dan toe thilu so Trudng San -Tay Nguyen
4.1. Biiu tuong ve hinh anh cong ehieng v l hinh dang, edng hay ehieng deu cd bl mat la hinh trdn. Theo quan niem ehung ciia nhan loai, hinh trdn la hoan hao vdi nhirng thuoc tfnh tugng trung: "toan hao, thing nhat va khdng ed su phan biet hay phan chia"" (Jean, 2002, tr. 415). d cap do kiln giai khae. ban than hinh trdn tugng trung eho bau trdi vu tru. dac biet trong quan he vdi trai dat: "hinh trdn bieu thi su sinh boat cua trdi. tfnh hoa nhap nang ddng ciia nd vdi vu tru. tfnh nhan qua cua nd. Qua dd, hinh trdn gan ket vdi nhQ-ng bieu tugng ve mot than linh nghieng minh doai trdng van vat ma ngai da cho sir sdng va ludn ludn dieu hanh va dieu khien su sdng ay"' (Jean.
2002. tr. 425). Dieu nay dudng nhu ed tuo'ng dong vdi quan niem trdi trdn dat vudng phd bien d nude ta.
Rieng edng thi dac thii hon. vi nd la mot loai ehieng ed niim, ngudi ta thudng ggi la ciiang {kiiang, coong) hay td vdi y nghia la "cai"" dua tren dac diem hinh dang ciia nd la CO num nhu bau vu ciia ngudi phu nii-.
Cong thudng cd am bdng, neu phdi hgp vdi ehieng mang am tram (ehieng due) se duge xem la cap ehieng chii, hda dieu rlt an khdp nhau. Dieu dang tiec la ngudi Xo--dang d Nam Tra My khdng cd edng va khdng su dung edng cho nen khdng cd cap ehieng ehii. Dan ehieng eiia hg cd thi kich cd khae nhau. ehiee danh trude chile danh sau. nhung dd chi la su phan edng dong deu trong dan nhac. bdi vi khdi 6k\ mdt cudc tau nhac thudng la trdng. Tuy nhien, vdi vai tro la mdt nhac cu so. hinh dang
cdng ehieng trude het phai dam bao cho sac thai am thanh.
Tren edng ehieng hau nhu khdng eo cae hinh anh, md tip trang trf. Cdng ehieng la vat mang gia tri tam linh Idn, la vat thieng le ra phai duge trau ehudt, ve vdi de qua dd the hien tam nguyen cua ngudi dan. The nhung.
cung can phai thay rang, ben eanh la vat thieng thi edng ehieng edn la mot nhac eu vdi yeu eau tien quyet. quan trgng nhat la dam bao do vang. do tram bdng... ciia am thanh.
Nhu da biet, de ehinh ehieng, chi can gd hoac ehgc nhe xung quanh ehieng la cae nghe nhan cd the Vcm thay ddi duge am thanh ciia nd. Do ldi ldm ciia mat ehieng anh hudng rat Idn den am thanh phat ra. Cd le vi vay ma bao nhieu nhac cu tir trude den nay deu rat hiem khi thay xuat hien hoa van trang trf. Phai chang dd la ly do khien cho be mat cdng ehieng khdng cd mdt hinh anh nao? Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhan mdt each toan ven trong su so sanh vdi trdng ddng thi van de that khdng don gian. Chi tren mat trdng ddng thdi ma chang chjt biet bao nhieu la hinh anh: hinh ehd, hinh chim, hinh thuyen, hinh ngudi, cac hoa van... Le nao no khdng anh hudng den am thanh ciia trdng?
Dieu khae biet eua trdng va ehieng nam ngay trong cau tao, hinh dang cua chiing. Dii la loai trdng gi, cd cdng nang, hinh dang chat lieu khae nhau ra sao thi cau tao cua trdng cung bao gdm hai thanh phan ca ban phue vu chirc nang bd gd, dd la mang rung va thiing cdng hudng. Mang rung de go len dd lam phat ra am thanh. Thiing cdng hudng de gia tang chat lugng va cudng do am thanh. Vi vay, neu nhu ehieng am thanh duoc tao ra chii yeu bang be mat thi am
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hge sd4 - 2008 25 thanh ciia trdng la sir edng hudng ciia nhieu
yeu td, ma quan trgng nhat la phan hoi d trong than trdng (thiing cdng hudng). Cd le vi vay ma mat trdng (mang rung) khdng ed tac dung ehi phdi nhieu den am thanh ciia trdng nhu ddi vdi ehieng.
Mdt sd ehieng neu ed trang trf thi chi duge phep trang trf d thanh ehieng. Qua trinh khao sat dien da cho thay, hinh anh trang trf tren ehieng duy nhat la hai con thaeh siing (than lan) nam ddi dau nhau thdng qua quai xach ehieng. Than lan trong cai nhin ehung eiia the gidi la tugng trung eho nhu'ng gi tdt lanh, linh thieng. Chang ban, ngudi Bantou d Kasai eho rang nam mdng thay than lan la se sinh con trai.
trong khi cac dan tdc lang gieng cua hg la ngudi Lulua va ngudi Luba lai xem "da than lan la tiii dung thude mau nhiem".
"Ngu'di Melanesien coi than lan la mdt trong bdn dng td tao nen bdn giai tang trong xa hdi... Dan eac dao d eo bien Toroies thi eoi than lan la than khai hoa, chfnh than ed dai da dem lira den cho loai ngudi" (Jean, 2002, tr. 874).
C) cae nude Dja Trung Hai. than lan duge xem la ban eiia con ngudi. Cae chir tugng hinh cd Ai Cap da diing hinh eon than lan dl thi hien ehu tdt bung. "Than lan la mo tip trang trf 6ugc lap di lap lai trong nghe thuat Chau Phi Den. C> day nd duge xuat hien vdi tu each ke khai hoa. lam lien lac hay lam sii' gia eho than thanh"" (Jean. 2002.
tr. 874). Than lan la sir gia ciia than linh.
duge khae chain tren cdng ehieng la vat ndi kit vdi trdi dat. thin thanh. Nhu vay, dat trong trudng hgp edng ehieng vdi tu each la vat thieng thi day qua that la sir tuong giao kha thii vi.
Mat khae, dat trong binh dien van hoa Viet Nam, hinh anh than lan lam ehiing ta lien tudng den eau chuyen Thaeh Siing - Vuong Khai, vdi ndi dung phan anh ket qua eiia nhirng ke giau cd, keo kieL khoe khoang tu cao nghi rang minh cai gi ciing ed. Neu suy rdng ra, cdng ehieng ciing la mdt vat lien quan den eiia cai ciia ddng bao eac dan tdc thi ban nd cd mdi quan he gi do vdi hinh anh tren.
Tuy nhien, tat ca chi dirng lai d mue do phdng doan, suy luan. Hon nua. dau dieu dd chfnh xac hay chua chfnh xac deu khdng quan trgng trong viec tim hieu, nghien cii'u bieu tugng edng ehieng Xo-dang vi ban than hg khdng san xuat hay che tao cdng ehieng.
Tat ea hinh dang, chat lieu la do ngudi Kinh d ddng bang lam ra. Vi the, nhu'ng bieu tugng lien quan den hinh dang, chat lieu, trang trf mang y nghTa ehung eho toan the 54 cdng ddng dan tdc Viet Nam. Nd da khdng the thieu trong chiec trdng ddng eiia dan tdc.
Hinh anh nhirng nhac edng vdi tu the danh ehieng tren trdng Ngge Lii I la mdt minh ehirng xac dang nhat. Nhirng gi ciia ddng bao ehi cd the la chiec ehieng sau khi da ehinh sira am thanh, gan lien vdi each danh Cling nhu khdng gian, bdi canh the hien...
Chfnh nhung yeu td dd mdi hun diie, ket tinh thanh bieu tugng eho dac trung van hoa ngudi Xo-dang.
4.2. Bieu tuong ve dm thanh edng ehieng 4.2.L Bieu tirgrig cho cudc sdng ciia mdi tdc ngudi
Cdng ehieng d Quang Nam ndi ehung va Nam Tra My ndi rieng tuy khdng ed tam ed nhu d Tay Nguyen - vdi quan niem nlu
khach den Tay Nguyen ma chua mdt lan duoc nghe ehieng edng thi eiing nhu la chua den day, nhung nd lai ed the la bieu tugng eho cudc sdng eiia tii-ng tgc ngudi, trong dd CO ngudi Xa-dang. Ndi nhu vay hoan toan khdng cd nghTa la chi ngudi Xo-dang mdi cd edng ehieng. 0 day, phai nhan manh rang, mdi tgc ngudi deu ed mdt sac thai rieng. Khi nghe bai nhac ehieng. ngudi dan binh thuong CO the nhan ra dd la cdng ehieng ciia tdc ngudi nao va hg dang tien hanh nghi le hay boat ddng van hda gi. Vi vay, qua cdng ehieng eiia ngudi Xo-dang, mdt ngudi am hieu ed the cam nhan duge the u'ng xir vdi tu nhien. xa hdi (the gidi quan, vu tru quan) cua ddng bao Xo-dang.
0 day cdng ehieng khdng gan bd vdi moi khfa canh ciia cudc sdng mdt each rd rang. Vdi tu each la mdt bieu tugng, thilt nghi, nd phan anh eho cai gi, vi sao lai phan anh, dai dien cho cai dd mdi la van dl cln sang td. Ndi cdng ehieng la bilu tugng ciia toe ngudi Xo-dang la mot each ndi bao quat, rdng Idn, ehung ehung, khd djnh hinh, khd gidi ban. Tuy nhien. phai chang vln cd thi chap nhan duge khi ly giai vai trd. tam quan trpng ciia edng ehieng trong ddi sdng ciia cong ddng dan tdc Xo-dang.
Nhu da de cap a tren, nghe tilng ehieng co the biet duge cong dong ky dang trong di. lgc hay hi. no; dong thdi, moi dan tdc ed mdt dan ehieng rieng vdi sd lugng rieng. Ngudi Xo-dang ua ehudng dan ehieng theo so chan kem them mot trdng giir nhip eho dan ehieng. Vdi thanh phln khae nhau nhu vay. tat nhien se tao am thanh khae nhau. Ngay ca trudng hgp hy hiru nhat la hai tdc ngudi cd thanh phan, so lugng cdng ehieng gilng nhau di chang nira thi qua each
danh, qua bai ban ciing cd the xac djnh duge dd cd phai la nhac ehieng ciia ngudi Xa- dang hay khdng. Hon nira, dieu dd cdn lien quan den phong tue tap quan, quan diim tham my, dae trung am nhac cua timg tdc ngudi, ehieng edng da tran vao mgi khia canh cudc sdng con ngudi eua cdng ddng;
ehi cd edng ehieng mdi dam duong duge vai trd phan anh da chieu cuge sdng nhu vay. Va edng ehieng se mai la tieng ndi, dac trung quan trgng xac djnh ta la ta, ta la ngudi Xo- dang chir khdng phai la ngudi Ba-na, Gie- Trieng hay bat cu' tdc ngudi nao khae.
4.2.2. Bieu tugng cho sir sdng tgo vdn hod, dm nhgc
Xuc cam nghe thuat am nhac xuat phat tir nhung kinh nghiem giao tilp ciia eon ngu'di vdi thue te ddi song xa hdi. Trong qua trinh nhan thire thi gidi thien nhien va ddi sdng xa hgi, eon ngudi nhan thly sir khae biet giira hien tugng nay vdi hien tugng khae, giira qua trinh van ddng nay vdi qua trinh van ddng khae. Tii' nhung thai do, cam xiic khae nhau eua tirng tdc ngudi tao nen nhung bieu thi khae nhau vl sir vat va hien tugng nay, hoac su vat hien tugng kia ciia ddi sdng xa hdi. Tat ca nhu'ng dilu dd da tao nen tinh dan tdc eiia sir sang tao van hoa edng ehieng.
Mdi tgc ngudi deu ed nhung bd edng ehieng ciia rieng minh vdi kfch thude, cau tao thang am, sd lugng don vi tham gia trong dien tau khdng gidng nhau. Qua kit qua khao sat, dieu tra d mdt sd xa thuge huyen Nam Tra My, sd lugng va ten ggi cdng ehieng co su khae nhau. Bd ehieng Idn nhat eua xa Tra Tap la 5 chiec, Tra Bdi la 7 chile, Tra Nam la
10-12 chiec. Tra Mai la 3 chile.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 27 0 Tra Tap, bd ehieng 5 ehiee ed ten ggi phd lit, phd anh. phd chj. (3 Tra Nam. bd dua tren do Idn cua ehieng (xem Bang 1). ehieng duge sir dung thdng dung nhat la 9 cai, Trong dd, ehieng phd edn duge xip lam 3 loai: vdi ten ggi va do Idn khae nhau (xem Bang 2).
Bang 1: Bd ehieng d Tra Tap
STT
1. Chieng 1 2. Chieng 2 3. Chieng 3 4. Chieng 4 5. Chieng 5
Ten dan toe
Phd
Chieng Prong Chieng Prudn Prdng Chieng Prudng Chieng Prudng
Dac diem am thanh
Am trong Am trong Hoi tram Hai tram Rat tram
So do Dudng kinh
(cm) 30 37,5 39,2 50 50
Do cao (cm)
5 6 6 7 7
Do day (mm)
2 3 3 3 3 Ngudn: Tu lieu dien da.
Bang 2: Bd ehieng d Tra Nam
STT
1. Chieng 1 2. Chieng 2 3. Chieng 3 4. Chieng 4 - due 5. Chieng 4 - cai 6. Chieng 5 - due 7. Chieng 5 - cai 8. Chieng 6 - due 9. Chieng 6 -cai
Ten dan toe
Prong Neng Neng
Deng Prong Pong Chai
Chai Duong Duong Prong Prong
So do Dudng kinh
(cm) 29 30 31 33.5 35 38 36 36 37.5
Do cao (cm) 5 5 5 5,2 6.5 5,5 5,7 6,5 5.5
Do day (mm) 1,5 1.5 1,5 2 2 2 2 2 3 Ngudn: Tu lieu dien da.
Chieng cua ngudi Xa-dang a Tri Nam vl sd lugng nhieu hon chieng eua ngudi Ca-dong d Tra Tap; ngugc lai. do Idn cua tirng ehieng thi lai khiem tdn hon.
Ngudi Xa-3ang a Tra Gang' cd bg eh,'§ng day dii la 12 cai. Ten ggi cua nd tuo'ng tu nhu d Tra Nam. chi khae eo them hai cai chieng Idn nhat. ggi la Pruong va De' g Prong eung bao gdm hai loai: due \a ca Mdt cap ehieng due - cai nhu vay se ed ha vai trd khae nhau. Mdt cai am tram (due) cdn duoc ggi la tdp xa mdt cai am bdng (cai) cdn ggi la td. Khae vdi cac chieng le. mdt cap chieng due - cai nhu vay duge xem la cap chieng ehu vdi kfch thude tuong duong nhai. So vdi ddng tdc eiia minh d Tay Ng'.:ven thi ehieng cua ngudi Xo-dang d N a - Tra My thude loai trung binh. khdng qui nho nhu ehieng mong (thude loai ehieng
\\d:n) va khdng qua Idn nhu chieng can (thuoc loai chieng meh) - la hai loai ehieng cue ngudi Xo-dang o Tay Nguy en".
Chiec chieng eua ngudi Xo-dang d Na-. Tra My ciing vdi mot trdng tao thanh mot dan chieng tuong ddi Ion. Trdng {xi co) CO :nat lam bang da son duong: phfa ngoai duge dan bang may. phfa trong lam bang then cay ddi khoet ldi. tao thanh hinh bau du:: d hai dau nhd. phan giiia phinh len.
Khic vdi trdng ciia ngudi Kinh. trdng eiia ngirdi .Xo-dang duge danh bang tay: ngudi ta ;.nud'ng dimg cae ngdn tay va mu ban tay de danh trdng. Trong dan nhac. trdng duge dr.r.h dau tien. den nhjp thir 3 cua trdng thi chieng vao. Trong dirge danh lien tuc hoa cing tieng chieng tao nen am dieu don dap;
La nai deu gom co 4 chieng l^hong num. co each ehe
;ie. ten goi giong nhau. chi khae nhau vi du-onng kinh lona \a thanh.
cac dieu mua eung xen lan tao nen sac thai tuai vui cho cac dip le hgi.
Cach de'nh hay sir dung chieng cung the hien su se.ng tao eiia mdi tdc ngudi. Phan Idn "ngudi Tl} Nguyen danh cdng chieng chii yeu trong tir the khoac cdng vao vai, hay tay trai nam day buge chieng neu chieng eo kfch thude \ire sire xach"" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin. 2005. tr. 189). Ngudi nhac cdng khoac chieng vao vai. dau hoi eiii ve phia trude, tay phj,: dimg diii gd hay diing nam dam tac ddng \ao mat chieng. Hg cd hai each chai chie:ig bang. Mdt la, dimg nam dam, tay phai dam vao mat ngoai ciia chieng trong liic diing ban tay- hay ngdn tay trai xoa hoac dat vao mat trong ciia chieng. Hai la, dimg diii gd mat trong cdn tay trai xoa mat ngoai. Trong cac le hgi. cac nhac edng cua dan chieng vira di vira nhun nhay, lam thanh mdt dudng trdn bao quanh bieu tugng trung tam thieng. .Mdt vai tdc ngudi dimg chieng treo. chieng dat tren gia va dien tau trong tu the dirng hay ngdi cd djnh. Cdn d Quang Nam. cu the d Nam Tra My, ngudi Xa-dang cd 3 each danh eo' ban sau:
- Thir nhat, mdc day treo vao ngdn cai cua tay trai, liic nao den phien thi dua ngang tam ngue de danh.
- Thir hai. eung mdc day vao ngdn cai ciia tay trai nhu vay nhung hg de bap tay tua vao mat ngoai ciia chieng. Khi nhac cdng cam diii danh vao mat trong thi ehieng cd xu hudng chuyen ddng doi ra ngoai. gap bap tay trai kim lai. tao ra am thanh khae la. Cach danh nay tao ra hien tugng bdi am - chan nua am thanh. tao ra do t 'rung, t rung...
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd4 - 2008 29 - Thir ba, tuong tu nhu each thir hai
nhung hg diing eiii tay dl dd.
Ddng bao Xo-dang d Nam Tra My khdng diing each xoa mat chieng, cung khdng dimg nam dam danh vao mat ngoai, cung khdng khoac day vao vai nhu mdt sd tdc ngudi a Tay Nguyen. Cach diln tau nay, vi vay, cd ve linh dgng ban, ddng thdi cd the tao nhieu sac thai bieu cam khae nhau. Cach danh thir nhat se tao ra am thanh trong treo, vang ddi trong khi each danh thii' hai va thir ba lai tao nen do dam cho am thanh.
Neu nhu bien che dan nhac ciia phan Idn eac tdc ngudi d Tay Nguyen bao gdm mot bd phan cdng num dam nhiem be tram va mdt bd phan chieng bang dam nhiem giai dieu thi dan nhac ciia ngudi Xo-dang d Nam Tra My chi ed mdt dan chieng hoan toan la chieng bang (khdng cd chieng niim) dam nhiem giai dieu, phdi hgp vdi trdng de giu' nhjp eho dan ehieng. Mac dau khdng cd cdng niim dam nhiem be tram nhung tieng ehieng van dam bao duge do vang, do tram bdng can thiet eiia ban nhac. Dieu dd khdng phai la don gian bdi vi ddi hdi phai CO kha nang, tu duy am nhac de cd the irng xir linh hoat trong mgi tinh hudng.
"Viec sii' dung chieng bang thanh mdt dan nhac theo GS. TS. Jose Maceda thi d chau A chi cd d Bac Luzon - Philippines va d Tay Nguyen - Viet Nam"" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin, 2006. tr. 308).
Cd thi ndi, sang tao la co sd sinh ton va phat triln eiia van hoa. Mdi eon ngudi, moi tdc ngudi ludn ludn tdn tai va phat trien trong mdt khdng gian va thdi gian nhat djnh, ed moi quan he khang kbit giua mdi trudng rdng va hep, giua cai ed trude va cai cd sau.
giifa qua khir - hien tai - tuo'ng lai. Vi vay, am nhac - nghe thuat cdng chieng ludn ludn mang tinh hien dai va dam da mau sac ciia tiing dan tdc. Nd the hien su sang tao mang sac thai rieng ciia tinh each tdc ngudi, su hoa hgp giira ca nhan va tap the, giua cai cu va cai mdi, giira cai xa xua va cai duong dai...
Mang trong minh cai ehung tir buoi thien di thdi qua khir, khdng diing lai d dd, ddng bao Xa-dang d Nam Tra My da ed gang vun due them nhieu thanl: td mdi de lam giau cho van hoa ciia minh. Trong nhu'ng thanh td mdi ay, lien quan den sinh hoat edng chieng, thi su ddng gdp ve phuong dien ky thuat dien tau, so lugng bien ehe ciing nhu ea eau dan nha; qua la khdng nhd.
4.2.3. Bieu tugng cho quyen uy, uy tin hay sire sdng ciia cdng ddng
"Di ngang qua mdt ngdi lang eiia ddng bao dan tdc ft ngudi, ddi khi ehi nghe qua am thanh ciia cdng chieng, ngudi ta ed the danh gia duge ft nhieu sue manh theo hai nghTa: tiem lire vat chat va sire sdng egng ddng" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin, 2006, tr.
204). Ngudi d diem cu tru lang gieng cd the am tham, ne phue, kieng de; ke thii ed the ehiin chan nghT lai neu cd y do gay han, khi nghe tieng chieng quy ma ch'i; nnan cd the ddi vai ehuc con trau de ed nd. Chfnh chieng Cling da la tfn hieu phd truong tiem lire kinh te, sire manh tu than. Quyen uy, uy tfn hay sire sdng eiia edng ddng, trude het, duge bieu hien d mat vat chat, bdi nhung cdng ddng cang giau cd thi kha nang trao ddi va luu giu' cdng chieng cang cao.
Cdng chieng, tii' lau lam rdi, da duge eoi la mdt thir tai san quy, mdt thu' eiia cai
vat chat de phan biet sir giau ngheo. Mae dau trong xa hdi ciia ngudi Xo-dang chua hinh thanh sir phan hda giai cap vdi quyen lgi ddi khang rd rang, nhung khdng phai vi thi ma khdng ed su phan biet giira tang lap giau cd va nhirng ngudi ngheo khd. Be ngoai. cae tang Idp nay cd the khdng khae nhau nhieu nhirng cai de phan biet chfnh la nhirng vat quy ma hg sa hiru. Chiing duge xem nhu chuan muc de phan biet danh phan.
Trong do, cd nhieu thir, nhung ehieng bao gid ciing dung dau. Trong hang loat truyen CO. trudng ca. dan ea. ddng bao thudng ggi ngudi giau la ke ed nhieu chieng che. Tat nhien. ngoai hai thu' dd ra. edn la trau. bac.
cudm. ma nao. chan. khd ao... nhung dieu quan trgng chinh la phan irng budt mieng ndi ngay hai tir "chieng ehe"" khi de cap den ngudi giau cd. Nd vira la bieu tugng. vira la chuan muc xac djnh. djnh vj trong tiem thire lan y thire cua mdi ngudi.
Cdng duge due ehii yeu bang ddng thau. Nhung mdt sd bd edng cd, theo ngudi dan eho biet. khi due cd pha mdt lugng vang va ddng den thi tieng ngan vang hon. De cd mdt lugng ddng. vang va thue ve due gd khong phai ai mudn cung lam duge. Ddi tugng ay phai la nhiing ngudi dau ddng, dau ho... mdi cd dieu kien. kha nang. Ciing ed noi. cd dan toe, viec tao lap ra mot bd cdng la do cdng lao ddng gdp cua dan ban, do trudng ban dirng ra td ehuc thue hien.
Tat nhien, sd lugng bd chua ndi hit duge: quan trgng d cho nd la chieng gi. Bdi N'i CO nhirng loai chieng ehi ngang gia vdi mot eon trau (thdi gia hien nay khoang vai trieu ddng) nhung eung ed loai chieng gia tri tdi 40 con trau mdt bd. Nhung ehieng lau ddi cd the ed trj gia bang nhilu con trau. con
voi da thuan dudng. Vi du. d ngudi Mndng, ehieng kuanh (ehieng vugn trang) trj gia bang mdt con voi; chieng me drup trj gia bang bdn con trau. Bd chieng a rdp cua ngudi Gia rai cd khi tri gia bang ba muai eon trau. 6 ngudi Gie-Trieng, loai cdng ehieng nao ma chiem tir 15% den 80% dong den thi gia tri tir 35 den 40 con trau hoac bo.
Cdn loai cdng chieng ma ty- le ddng den ehi ed khoang 35-40% thi mdi chiec trj gia ngang mdt eon bd hoac mdt eon trau. Ngudi E-de ddi mdt chiec cdng ed num bang bac tuong duong vdi 40 con trau. Ngudi Xa- dang d Nam Tra My thi ft ban: ehieng tot nhat gan bang mdt eon trau gan de. cdn chieng thudng (gdm 6 ehiee thanh la) thi bang mdt eon trau. Ngay nay, mat khoang 4- 5 trieu de mua mdt bd cdng chieng nhu vay.
So vdi cae dan tdc khae, sd tien nay la khong Idn lam, nhung neu dat trong hoan canh ddng bao edn rat ngheo khd thi dd la mdt so tien khdng nhd chut nao.
Cd nhieu ehieng quy la giau cd. la siic manh, duge ngudi khae kinh trgng.
Ddng hg hoac lang nao cd nhieu cong ehieng se duge ddng hg khae, lang khae ne nang, nghe theo. Gia lang ciia lang ay co the duge tdn lam gia lang ehung cho ca mdt vimg. Xuat phat tir tinh da dang trong ddi sdng tinh than eiia ddng bao cac dan tdc thieu sd, cdng ehieng trd thanh bieu tugng uy quyen va vat tu hiru the hien su giau sang, phii quy.
van de dat ra la, khi nhan manh gia trj vat chat ciia edng chieng. vi sao am thanh cdng ehieng mdi la bieu tugng cho quyen uy, uy tin hay sire sdng ciia cdng ddng. chir khdng phai la hinh anh cdng chieng? That ra ve mat hinh anh. cdng chieng khdng cd gia
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 31 trj ve nghe thuat khae cham, hinh thii hay mdt hgp kim ma thdi. Chinh am thanh edng md tip trang tri hoac neu cd thi cung khdng chieng mdi tao nen gia trj Idn tuong duong phai do ddng bao tu lam ra. Vi vay, gia trj vdi hang ehuc trau bd nhu da ndi tren. Cd vat chat ciia cdng ehieng chi cd the duge can the nhan thay rd rang dieu dd qua ehuoi mac do nang nhe ve lugng cua mdt khdi ddng hay xich dudi day:
Dae trung am thanh nhac cu cdng
chieng
^ ^
Diing trong nghi le. sinh boat cdng ddng
^
Duoc xem la vat
thieng
n ^
Trd thanh
vat quy ^ ^
Cd gia trj vat chat Idn
Tieng cdng ehieng vdi nhiing hieu lenh khae nhau. sir dung vao nhii'ng mue dfch khae nhau, nen gan chat vdi ngudi phat ra lenh edng. Trudng thdn, trudng ban phat ra lenh edng de quy tu ben minh nhung ngudi than tin, tap hgp lire lugng hiing hau vi muc dich chien tranh hay san bat thii rirng. Cung qua tieng edng eua ngudi cd uy tfn trong lang ban. mgi ngudi tu hgp. vui choi van nghe, udng rugu can, ca hat, nhay mua.
Trong sinh boat nay. ngudi ta thi thd tai nang. xda di mgi hiem khfch de doan ket, gan bd cae thanh vien trong edng ddng.
Cdng ehieng vdi nhung dac diem khach quan va tac dung vd ciing to Idn ma nd mang lai, nen cd the ndi khdng mot ngudi eo uy quyen. ehuc vu nao trong lang ban ma lai khong ed cdng chieng. Su gan bd huu ca nay da lam eho edng ehieng cd ea hdi duge duy tri va phat trien d cac giai doan trong lich sii.
Quyln uy. uy tfn hay siic sdng cdng ddng khdng ehi bieu Id thdng qua sir giau cd vl vat chat ma nd edn le thude vao su phong phii eiia tinh than, d day ehii yeu la yeu td tam linh va kha nang cd ket cdng ddng. Mac dau cd gia trj vat chat Idn nhung edng ehieng khdng phai mua ve de trung bay hay khu khu
giii' ciia ma ehiing ludn duge dem ra su' dung trong nhung sinh boat, le nghi eiia ca cdng ddng. Nhu'ng liie tieng ehieng vang len, ngudi ngudi trong thdn ban deu mudn diit bd cdng viec cua minh de tu tap, tham gia nhung cdng viec ehung ciia cdng ddng.
Nhung ngudi tinh y qua cdng ehieng cd the nhan ra edng ddng sii' dung nd ed manh me hay khde khoan khdng. Bdi nhirng chang nhac cdng vam vd, nhirng eii danh ehieng dirt khoat la ket qua ciia nhung tiem lue kinh te ciing nhu su ed vii, quan tam lan nhau giira cae thanh vien trong edng ddng.
5. Thay Idi ket luan
Am thanh vang vgng, co eau dan nhac Idn khien eho edng chieng cd tfnh uu viet hon so vdi nhieu nhac cu khae. Trong canh trap triing eiia rirng niii, tieng edng, tieng ehieng "vang xa tir dau lang den cudi ngd, len ldi qua khung eiri ciia tirng gia dinh, den vdi mudn thu trong rirng, den vdi ngudi ddng tdc d lang ben" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin, 2006, tr. 203). Qua hang mAy thi ky.
cdng chieng da chirng td duge vai tro ciia minh. duge tran trgng, gin giir, va dan dan trd thanh bau vat thieng lieng. Ddng thdi.
mang trong minh ehuc nang phue vu cac sinh boat le hdi, tin ngudng. ed ket edng
ddng... edng chieng da trd thanh bieu tugng cho ddng bao Xo-dang ndi rieng va cgng ddng eac dan tdc thieu so khu vuc Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen ndi ehung.
Viec edng chieng chi tdn tai ehu yeu d miln nui, khdng lan rdng xudng ddng bang cang khang djnh dac trung ciia ehiing. Cdng ehieng cd mdt vj tri het sue quan trgng trong mpi ITnh vuc ciia ddng bao, the nen, mat cong chieng ciing nhu mat di cdng ddng.
Tuy nhien, tii' khi nude ta budc vao nen kinh te thi trudng. ben eanh nhii'ng thanh tuu ve kinh te, nhieu tinh hoa am nhac cd truyen, trong dd ed am nhac cdng chieng suy giam, can kiet. Van hda cdng chieng la san pham ciia mdt nen kinh te ndng nghiep cd truyen, ky thuat lac hau va phu thude vao thien nhien vdi mdt ddi sdng xa hdi cdn nhieu yeu td huyen thoai va eac boat ddng van hda dan gian mang tfnh cdng ddng cao. Nhung khi kinh te phat trien ho'n, khi anh dien da phii tran lang ban thi dudng nhu am thanh ciia ehieng edng giu'a canh ed quanh ciia niii riing da khdng cdn phii hgp va trd nen lae long. Vi sao nhu vay? Trong cuge sdng hien nay, cai ma ddng bao can thiet nhat la cd vdn de mua sam cdng eu san xuat hien dai nhu may keo, may tudt lua, may bo'm va cac phuong tien sinh boat nhu ti vi, dai, xe may, nha gach... Hg eiing mudn CO edng ehieng trong nha nhung dieu do ddi vdi hg khdng edn quan trgng nhu xua vi nd khdng cd gia trj thiet thue bang nhung vat dung tren. Kha nang tu ehii cuge song cao hon khien cho ddng bao khdng cdn le thude qua nhieu vao thien nhien, khdng edn bau viu vao cac vj than cau mong duge miia. va siic khde tdt... Tat ea nhQ-ng dieu dd lam eho sd lugng cong chieng hien nay dang ngay cang suy giam. Ngay ea trinh dien eung
khdng edn xuat phat tir niem tin, tin ngudng hay thfeh thii eua ea cdng ddng ma chi la sir nudi tiec cua ngudi gia, tham chf ddi liic chi vi lam theo hudng dan ciia nhirng ngudi lam cdng tac bao tdn.
Neu cir de van hoa cdng chieng mai mdt dan nhu vay thi khi tat ca da trd thanh ky ire, khi con ngudi thue su giat minh nhin lai cai rieng de khang dinh ban nga thi tat ca da nhat nhoa. Cai ngheo ve van hoa se dua ddng bao den ngd cut phu djnh chfnh ban than minh. Trong khi dd, vdi ve ddc dao, net dae sac trong each trinh dien, tinh sdi dgng trong tiet tau, loai nhac eu nay ed day dii tu each tham gia vao ddi sdng van hoa va tinh than ciia nhan dan ta ngay hdm nay.
Do dd, bao tdn I a viec rat dang xem trgng, nhung bao tdn nhu the nao cho iron ven thi khdng phai de. Thiet nghT ngoai nhiing nguyen tac can thiet, viec bao tdn edn phai luu y xem xet nhu eau ciia ngudi dan va xac dinh ngudn lire (nhan lire va vat lire).
Phai thay rang ngudi dan mudn bao tdn cdng chieng nhung hg ciing mudn phat trien ddi sdng va dam bao nhu eau vat chat eiia minh.
Se khdng cdn kieu hg chiu ddi khd de danh trau bd ddi lay chieng nua. Chuyen dd la het sue xa vdi vi cudc sdng nay da ddi thay.
Ddng thdi viec mua chieng cdng ve phan phat eho ddng bao eiing chua phai la dieu hay;
cung nhu td chire eac budi trinh dien tren san khau eiing chi la mdt phan, chir khdng the hoan toan, bdi vi van hoa edng chieng chi thue sir la nd khi gan lien vdi khdng gian sinh sdng eiia tgc ngudi. Van hda la cai cd the hgc duge ehu' khdng the lam thay. Vi vay, uu tien dau tu vao dao tao ngudn lue eho nhiing ddi tugng la eu dan ban dia de hg ed kha nang tu bao ve truyen thdng ciia chfnh minh cd le la hudng tdt nhat hien nay.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 33
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Jean, Chevalier (2002), Tir dien bieu tugng vdn hod the gidi: Huyen thoai, chiem mdng, phong tuc, cir chi, dgng the, cdc hinh, mdu sdc, con sd, Nxb Da Nang - Trudng Viet van Nguyen Du.
2. Nhieu tac gia (2004), Vimg vdn hod cdng chieng Tdy Nguyen, Vien Van hoa Thdng tin. Ha Ndi.
3. Phdng thdng ke huyen Nam Tra My (2006), Nien gidm thdng ke huyen Nam Trd My 2005.
4. Dang Nghiem Van (2001), Ddn tdc - Vdn hod - Tdn gido, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi.
Ha Ndi.
5. Vien Van hoa Thdng tin (2006), Cdc nhgc cu gd bdng ddng - Nhiing gid tri vdn hod, Nxb Van hoa dan tdc. Ha Ndi.
6. Vien Van hoa Thdng tin (2006), Kiet tdc di sdn truyen mieng vd phi vat the ciia nhdn loai, Nxb The gidi. Ha Ndi.
7. Td Vu (1994), "Tinh hinh nghien ciru ve edng chieng va mdt vai nhan xet ve edng chieng Viet Nam", Tgp chi Vdn hod Nghe thuat, Sd 1.
Dieu miia cong chieng etia ngudi Ca-tu a huyen Tay Giang, tinh Quang Nam
