IMHAIM OUYEIM V A P H A T TRIEIM COIM IVGUOI
(Trich dich tic Bdo cdo phdt trien con ngudi todn cau ndm 2000)
Vu Huong Linh/j^ac J/c/z*
Tu do con ngu&i la muc dich chung vd dong luc chung ciia quyen con nguai vd phdt trien con nguai. Phong trdo vi quyen con nguai vd phong trdo vi muc tieu phdt trien con nguai dd timg co nhimg truyen thong vd chien luge rieng. Nhimg khi thong nhdt lgi trong mot su lien kit rong l&n hem, phong trdo ndy co the mang lgi cho phong trdo kia mot ndng lugng m&i vd sue manh mdi. Sau day Id phdn luge dich tinh hinh thuc hien nhdn quyen vdphdt trien con nguai cUng nhu nhiing yeu cdu ddm
bdo cho sicthuc hien do tic nay ve sau.
Cdc quyen con ngudi va su phat trien con ngudi ca hai deu budng tdi dam bao cho nhimg tu do co ban. Quyen con ngudi bay td mgt y tudng tao bao rang tat ca mgi ngudi deu cd quyen yeu cau (nhiing sap xep) xa hdi bao ve hg khdi su cha dap (lam dung) va tudc doat nghiem trgng vd bao dam cho hg quyen tu do ddi vdi mdt cudc sdng cd nhan pham.
Ngugc lai, phat trien con ngudi la mgt su tien bg nang cao kha nang ciia con ngudi:
md rdng lua chgn va cdc co hdi, vi the mdi ngudi cd the hudng tdi mdt cudc sdng dugc tdn trpng va gia tri. Khi su phat trien con ngudi va quyen con ngudi ciing tien bd, ca hai se cung cd cho nhau md rdng kha nang ciia con ngudi va bao ve cac quyen va tu do CO ban ciia hp.
Cho din tan 1990, phat triln con ngudi va quyen con ngudi van di tren hai con dudng song song ca ve mat khai niem va ve thuc tien boat ddng: mdt ben thi hau nhu bi chi phdi bdi cac nha kinh te, cac nha khoa hgc xa hdi va ca nhirng nha lam chinh sach, mpt ben thi chiu anh hudng manh me tii phia cac nha boat ddng chinh tri, luat su, va cac triet gia. Hg frien khai nhiing chien luge khac nhau trong phan tich va hanh ddng:
mgt ben la tiln bd vl kuih te vd xa hdi, mdt ben la dp luc chinh tri, cai each phap luat va
* Bao cao phat tri^n con ngirdi 2000.
van de dao diic. Nhung ngay nay, khi ca hai hdi tu (thdng nhat) lai trong khai niem va hanh dgng, su phan tach chuang trinh nghi sir ciia phat trien con ngudi va quyen con ngudi da dugc thu hep lai. Su iing hg ve mat chinh tri cho mdi ben ngay cang tang lam xuat hien nhiing co hdi mdi cho mdi ben va su lien ket mdi.
Quyen con ngudi cd the lam gia tang them gia tri cho chuong trinh nghi su ciia phat trien con ngudi. Quyen con ngudi quan tam tdi trach nhiem giai trinh de tdn trgng, bao ve va hoan thien cac quyen con ngudi cho tdt ca mgi ngudi. Tmyen thdng ciia quyen con ngudi mang lai nhiing cdng cu va thd cbl phap ly - luat phap, bg may tu phap va qua trinh td tung nhu nhirng phuong tien bao dam tu do vd phat trien con ngudi.
Cac quyen cdng dem lai tinh hgp phap dao diic va nguyen tdc cdng bang xa hgi cho muc tieu phat trien con ngudi. Cach tiep can dua tren quyen giiip chuyen su uu tien sang cac ddi tugng dl bi tudc doat va loai trir (tay chay) nhat, dac biet la sir tudc doat do phan biet doi xii. Nd eung chuyen hudng quan tam sang nhu cau thdng tm va tieng ndi chinh tri ddi vdi tdt ca mgi ngudi nhu la mgt van de phat trien, va sang cac quyen cdng dan va quyln chinh tri nhu nhirng phan khdng the thilu dugc ciia qua trinh phat trien.
Cdn phat trien con ngudi thi dem lai mpt
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudt s64 (37) 2008 33
Vu Huang Unh
vien canh nang ddng lau dai cho sir hoan thien cac quyln. Phat trien con ngudi hudng su quan tam tdi bdi canh kinh te xa hgi ma trong dd quyen cd the dugc thuc hien hoac cd the bi de dga. Khai niem va cdng cu ciia phat trien con ngudi cung cap mdt thang danh gia cd he thdng ve rao can (sir kiem che) tir yeu td kinh te va the che ddi vdi viec thuc hien cac quyen con ngudi, cung nhu cac ngudn va chinh sach nham vugt qua dugc nhiing kiem che dd. Vi the cd the ndi, phat trien con ngudi gdp phan xay dung mgt chien luge lau dai cho sir thuc thi quyen con ngudi.
Tdm lai la, phat trien con ngudi la can thiet (nen tang) cho sir thuc hien quyen con ngudi, vd quyen con ngudi cung rat can thiet (co sd) cho sir phat trien con ngudi day dii.
Ndi khac di, nhan quyen va phat trien con ngudi ciing chia se mdt quan diem va muc dich chung la bao dam ty do, hanh phiic va nhan pham cho tat ca mgi ngudi d tat ca mgi nai. Cu the la bao dam cdc tu do sau day:
1. Tu do thoat khdi su ddi xii phan biet ve gidi, chiing tdc, sac tdc, ngudn gdc dan tdc (ddng ddi) va tdn giao.
2. Tu do thoat khdi ngheo nan thieu thdn, dugc hudng thu mdt cudc sdng tdi tiiieu.
3. Tu do phat trien vd thuc hien tiem ndng con ngudi ciia ban than.
4. Tu do thoat khdi noi sg hai doi vdi mgi de dga den su an toan ca nhan, khdi su tra tan, bat bd tuy tien va nhiing hanh vi bao luc khac.
5. Tu do thoat khdi su bat cdng va bao luc ve mat luat phdp (khdng chiu bat cdng hoac bj ddi xii trai phap luat).
6. Tu do tu duy, phat bieu va khdng bi ban che tiiam gia vao viec ra quyet dinh vd lap hdi.
7. Tu do cd viec lam nhat dinh, khdng bi bdc lot.
Tren thuc te, viec thuc hien cac tu do nay da dat dugc rat nhieu thanh qua, tuy con
dudng phia tmdc ma nhan loai phai trai qua de di den dich tu do van cdn kha dai.
Khong bi phan bi^t doi xit - hu&ng tdi su binh dang
Nhirng tien bg ciia the ky XX ve bmh dang - khdng phan biet gidi tinh, chiing tgc, tdn giao, dan tdc hay tudi tac - cd dugc la tir cac phong trao xa hdi. Mdt trong nhiing phong trao quan trgng nhat la phong trao nii quyen cd ngudn gdc tir hang the ky tmdc.
Cudc dau tranh chdng phan biet ddi xii cung mang lai cac quyen dan sir va dan tdi cac phong trao chdng phan biet chiing tgc tiren khap the gidi.
-Hon 3/4 nudc tren the gidi da phe chuan CEDAW va Cdng udc qudc te ve xda bo mgi hinh thiic phan biet chiing tdc (ICERD) 165 nudc da phe chuan CEDAW va 155 nudc da phe chuan ICERD
- Cac the che va chuan muc phap ly quoc gia ve tung van dl cu tiie da dugc thilt lap va ban hanh d Australia, Canada, An Do, New Zealand va My. Day la nhiing nudc cd sd lugng dan sd la ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, ngudi ban xii va cac bd tdc ngudi chiem mgt phan kha ldn.
Tuy nhien su phan biet ddi xii tren co sd gidi, dan tdc, chiing tgc va tudi tac van cdn tdn tai d khap noi tren thi gidi.
- Cl Canada nam 1991, tudi thg tmng binh ciia dan dng Inuyt la 58 tudi, thdp ban tudi thg tmng bmh ciia dan dng Canada 17 nam tudi (75 tudi).
-O Han Qudc, luong ciia phu nii chi bdng khoang 3/5 luong ciia nam gidi - mgt su chenh lech phd biln d nhilu nudc.
-Theo thdng ke ciia canh sat, cd tdi hang tram vu bao luc, pham tdi va phan biet ddi xii ddi vdi dan nhap cu va cac dan tdc tiiieu sd d Diic, Thuy Diln va cac noi khac d chau Au.
Khong bi thieu thon - hudng tdi mot mice song day dii
Tren thi gidi da cd rat nhilu tiln bg ti-ong
34 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008
Nhdn quyen..
viec lam cho hang trieu ngudi thoat khdi canh ddi ngheo va cai thien mirc sdng.
-Tii nam 1980 din 1999, tinh hinh suy dinh dudng da giam, ty 11 tri nhe can d cac nudc dang phat triln da giam tii 37% xudng 27% va sd tre cdi xuong ciing giam tir 47%
xudng 33%.
- Tu nam 1970 den 1999, d khu vuc ndng thdn ciia cdc nudc dang phat trien, ty le ngudi dugc sii dung nudc sach da tdng len ban 4 ldn, tir 13% den 71%.
- Mdt sd nudc da cd nhiing tien bg dang ke trong viec giam ddi ngheo: Tmng Qudc giam dugc tu 33% (nam 1978) xudng 7%
(nam 1994).
Tuy nhien tinh trang ddi ngheo vdn cdn tdn tai d nhilu noi.
- Tren thi gidi cd 1,2 ty ngudi sdng trong dilu kiln ngheo ddi (tinh theo thu nhap) sdng bang tien chua tdi 1 dd-la/ngdy.
-Hon 1 ty ngudi d cac nudc dang phat trien khdng dii nudc sach dl dung va hon 2,4 frieu ngudi sdng trong dieu kien thieu ve sinh.
Dirffc tu do phdt trien va thuc hi^n tiem nang cua bdn than
Trong the ky XX da cd nhiing thdnh tuu ldn chua tiing cd vl phat trien ngudn luc con ngudi.
- Tren todn the gidi cd 46 nudc vdi ban 1 ty ngudi dat dugc su phat triln con ngudi d miic cao.
- Trong vdng 3 thap ky gan day, d cdc nudc dang phat tiien, tudi tiig tmng binh tang lln 10 nam: tu 55 tuoi (nam 1970) len 65 tudi (nam 1998). Ty le ngudi ldn biet chir da tdng len gdp ddi: tir 48% (1970) len 72%
(1998). Ty le chet ciia ti^e so smh cimg giam dugc ban 2/5 til 110 tiudng hgp ti-en 1.000 ti-e (1970) xudng cdn 68 tmdng hgp ti-en
1.000 ti-e so sinh (1998).
- Ty le thuc ve sd nhap hgc d bac tieu hgc vd tmng hgc da tang tir 50% (1970) len 72%
(1998).
^ Tuy nhien nhirng tiln bd nay la khdng deu giira cac khu vuc va nhdm ngudi trong ciing mgt nudc.
-Khoang 90 trieu tre em bd hgc giiia chimg d bac tieu hgc.
-Din cudi nam 1999 cd gan 34 Uieu ngudi nhiim HIV, trong dd cd 23 trieu d viing can Sahara chau Phi. Tu6i thg tmng binh sau nhirng tien bd to ldn nhirng nam
1970 dang bi tut xudng.
Khong chju sa hai - khong bj de dga an ninh cd nhdn
Khdng cd khia canh an nmh con ngudi nao lai quan trgng nhu viec bao dam khdng de xay ra van de bao luc than the. Tuy vay d cac nudc giau cung nhu nudc ngheo, ddi sdng con ngudi van bi de dga do bao luc.
Cac phong trao xa hgi dan su da nhieu nam van dgng du luan xa hdi nham triet tieu nhiing mdi de dga dd, chang ban lap ra cac nhdm banh ddng qudc te. Quyen dua ra lenh dinh quyen giam giir, mgt cdng cu chdng lai viec giam cam vd ly ngay nay da cd mat d nhieu nudc. Cac dieu luat chdng hiep dam da nghiem ngat hem. Nhiing tien bg ldn la bang chiing ve su tdn trgng quyen con ngudi.
- Cac vu tra tan giam di d nhieu nudc. O Honduras sd vu tra tdn bao cao vdi IJy ban bao vl Nhan quyln da giam tir 156 vu/nam (1991) xudng 7 vu/nam (1996).
- Sd cudc xung dot vG trang giam 55 cudc (1992) xudng 36 cudc (1998).
- Bd nhiem bao cao vien dac biet ve bao luc chdng phu nir da cd vai trd to ldn trong viec nang cao y thiic xa hdi vd thiic day thay ddi chinh sach xa hdi ve van de nay.
Tuy vay van cdn nhimg mdi de dga ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi d khap noi Uen the gidi. Dd la nhimg mdi de dga tir cac cudc xung dot tii su dp biic ve chinh tii va tinh trang gia tang tdi pham va bao luc.
- Tinh trung binh trin toan till gidi cii 3 phu nir thi cd 1 ngudi da tiing phai chju bao
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf s64 (37) 2008 35
vo Huong Linh
luc trong quan he gia dmh.
- Moi ndm cd khoang 1,2 tiieu phu nir va ti-e em gai dudi 18 tudi bi budn ban vi muc dich tinh due.
-Khoang 100 trieu tre em sdng va lam viec trin dudng phd.
- Khoang 300 nghin tre em di linh trong nhung nam 1990 va 6 trieu em da bi thuong trong cac cudc xung dot vii trang.
Khong phdi chju bdt cdng. Neu /(hong CO che do phdp quyen vd he thong tuphap cong bdng thi phdp lugt ve quyin con ngu&i khong coy nghia gi
Tuy nhiln ciing da cd nhirng tien bd ve mat the cbl.
-Tuyen ngdn the gidi ve quyen con ngudi da khoi ngudn cho nhieu hiln phdp ciia cac nudc mdi dgc lap (A Phi) vao nhiing nam 1950, 1960. Va thdi gian gdn day, Campuchia, Nam Phi, Thai Lan va hau het cac nudc Ddng Au va cdc nudc ddc lap thugc khdi thinh vugng chung (CIS) da bd sung cac dieu khoan vdo hien phap ciia minh. Ai Cap mdi day da trd thanh nudc thii hai ciia cdc nudc A Rap sau Tunisia cdng nhan quyen ly hdn cho phu nir. Khoang 66 nudc da bai bd hinh phat tii hinh ddi vdi tdt ca cac loai tdi pham.
-Luat phap ciia nhieu nudc da thay ddi nham tang cudng bao vl nir quyen. Nam 1995, viec siia ddi Dao luat cdng dan ciia Botswana cd trich cam kit ciia chinh phii ddi vdi CEDAW, da cdng nhan con ciia nhiing phu nir kit hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai cd quyen dugc khai sinh theo tu each cdng dan ciia me.
- Cdc vu kiln ma xa hgi quan tam: ve cac van de giao due va mdi tmdng d nhirng nudc nhu An Do dugc coi la rat quan trgng trong viec bdo dam cac quyen kinh tl va xa hgi ciia con ngudi.
-Cac nhan vien giam sat ve quyln con ngudi lam vile d hon mdt chuc nudc.
Mae dil vay dudng di van cdn dai d nhieu
nudc, viec thuc hien cdng ly van cdn gian nan vi chua dii nang lire ve the che.
- Trong sd 45 nudc cd dir Ueu cd tdi hon 1/2 chi cd chua ddy 10 tiidm pban/100 nghui dan.
- Thdi gian tam giir chd xet xii tmng bmh nam 1994 la 60 tuan d Mexico, 40 tuan d Hungary va 30 tuan d Cdng hda Czech.
Tu do tham gia, phdt bieu vd thdnh lap hiep hgi
Trong the ky XX, cac quan dgi tan bao cdc chinh the phat xit va cac nha nudc mgt dang chuyin che da cd nhirng vi pham quyln con ngudi tdi te nhat. Tuy vay nhd nhimg cudc dau tranh manh me hau het cac chinh till xau xa nay da nhudng cho cho cac chinh the dan chu.
- Nam 1975, 33 nudc da phe chuan Cdng udc qudc tl ve cac quyen dan sir va chinh tri: den nam 2000 con sd nay la 144 nudc.
- Cii 5 ngudi thi cd 1 ngudi tham gia vdo mdt td chiic dan su xa hgi. Tham gia td chiic theo ddi ddi ngheo qudc gia, bdi ndng dan, hdi ngudi ban xii cac iiy ban tin cay vd hda giai sau cac tuih hudng xung dot, d cdc dia phuong: hiep hgi ciia nhiing ngudi thue nha, hdi cha me hgc sinh, hdi nhiing ngudi su dung nudc, va cac ddi giir trat tu cdng ddng.
-Mgi ngudi ciing ddi hdi nhieu hon ve tinh minh bach va trach nhiem, trong nhieu tmdng hgp thi khung phap ly cd tac dung.
Hiln phdp mdi ciia Thai Lan cho phep mpi ngudi ddi hdi cac quan chiic tham nhQng va lam viec khdng tdt phai chju trach nhiem ve viec lam ciia minh, 50 chii ky chdng lai bat ky mdt ddng thai xem xet lai nao cua qudc hgi. C) Brazil, Tda Phiic tiidm Lien bang ket hgp vdi CO quan lap phap cd quyln kilm ti-a tat ca cac khoan chi tieu ciia chinh quyen tmng uong.
-Vdo nam 1900 khdng cd nudc nao co che do phd thdng ddu philu cho toan dan (trudng thanh) ngdy nay hdu het mgi nudc deu cd.
36 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi so 4 (37) 2008
Nhdn quyen..
- Tir 1974 din 1999, cdc he thong bdu cii da dang da triln khai d 113 nudc.
Toan bd nhirng dilu ndy diu Id bdng chiing ciia tiln bd vl tu do nhung vdn cdn nhimg that bai va nguy co can giai quylt.
- Khoang 40 nudc khdng cd he thdng bau cu da dang vd cdc nin dan chii van cdn mong manh. Vdo nhirng nam 1990 mdt sd nudc da quay lai cbl do khdng bdu cii.
-Vao nam 1999, 87 nhd bdo vd nhirng ngudi boat ddng tmyIn thdng da bj gilt hai khi dang lam nhiem vu.
Tu do ldm viec - khong bi boc lot
Nhiing phuang thiic sinh kl hieu qua vd phii hgp dem lai cho ngudi dan cd dii dilu kiln chi phi dl mua cac loai hang hda vd dich vu. Nhimg boat ddng nay ldm cho con ngudi cd dugc siic manh xa hgi thdng qua viec Cling cd pham gid vd ldng tu trgng ciia hg. Chiing cung mang lai siic manh chinh trj ciia con ngudi bdng cdch lam cho hg cd the tac dpng din boat ddng ra quyet dinh d noi lam viec vd xa hon nira.
- Trong thap ky vira qua, van de viec ldm tren thi tmdng lao dpng chinh thiic da cd nhiing tien bd dang ke. Sd viec lam gia tang hdng nam ciia Tmng Qudc trong giai doan 1987-1996 la 2,2%: ldn hon tdc dp gia tdng luc lugng lao ddng la 1,5%. Ty le tuong tu d An Do la 2,4 va 2,2%.
- Co hdi vile lam d cdc nudc dang phat frien da dugc md rdng thdng qua su ldn manh ciia cac doanh nghiep thugc khu vuc khong chinh thiic, cac thi tmdng tdi chinh nhd vd cac boat ddng phi chinh phii.
- Toan bg bdn cdng udc ve cam ep budc lao ddng vd phan biet ddi xii trong tuyin dung vd cdng vi?c da dugc 140 nudc phe chuan.
Tuy nhien van cdn nhirng van de nghiem ti-png.
- It nhat da cd 150 trieu ngudi lao ddng ti-en todn thi gidi bi tiiat nghiep vdo thdi
diem cuoi nam 1998. Ty le tiidt nghiep la khac nhau giira cdc nhdm dan tgc - d Nam Phi, ty 11 that nghiep d nam gidi ngudi Phi nam 1995 Id 29%, cao hon vai lan so vdi ty 114% d nam gidi da trdng d nudc nay.
- O cac nudc dang phat trien cd khoang 205 trieu lao ddng tre em trong dd 140 trieu tri em trai vd 110 trieu tre em gai.
Nhung thach thirc moi doi voi cac quyen tu do ciia con nguoi
Cac su kiln gan day dem lai nhiing lan sdng thay ddi vdi cdng nghe tmyen thdng va thdng tin mdi, nhimg luat 11 vd thi chi toan cau mdi vd su tang tdc ciia qua trmh hdi nhap kinh tl toan cdu. Vdi su kit thiic ciia Chiln tranh lanh, biic tranh kinh ti chinh tri va xa hdi da cd nhiing thay ddi nhanh chdng vd can ban. Bdi canh mdi md ra nhiing co hdi mdi chua timg cd. Tuy nhien, van dl an todn vd tu do ciia con ngudi cung gap phdi su de dga mdi.
Nhimg cudc xung dot trong nudc gia tang: sd vu xung dot vu trang len din dinh diem Id 55 vu vdo nam 1992 vd ngugc vdi cam giac ciia rat nhilu ngudi, con sd nay gidm xudng nhung vdo nam 1998 van cdn 36 vu ldn. Theo udc tinh da cd den 5 trieu ngudi chet trong cac cudc ndi chien vao nhimg nam 1990. Tren todn the gidi vao ndm 1998, cd ban 10 trieu ti nan qudc te, 5 trieu ngudi phai di chuyin chd d giira cdc vung trong nudc do xung dot, Chi rieng so ngudi chet va di chuyin chd d khdng ndi len dugc bet su vi pham quyen con ngudi trong cac cudc xung dot nay vi con sd nay cdn liln quan din vile phd bien tinh trang hdm hiep vd tra tan nira.
Su chuyin ddi v i kinh te vd chinh Ui: su chuyin ddi theo hudng dan chii mang lai tiin bd vi quyen con ngudi. Nhimg tien bd ndy lai dang bi de dga bdi xung dot sac tgc, gia tdng ngheo ddi, bat binh dang vd cang thang xa hdi. Cdc kit cdu chinh phii chua
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008 37
Vu Hudng Linh
ben viing vd da bi suy ylu di rat nhilu. Su chuyin ddi vd sup dd ve kinh ti da phd hdng nhirng dam bao ve quyln kinh tl va xa hdi.
Bdt binh ddng va ngudi nghio bj gat sang bin li: Bdt binh dang vi thu nhap tdng hon tiii ky tmdc, khac xa so vdi ty 11 tmdc dd.
Khoang each vi thu nhap ciia nhirng ngudi giau nhat va ngheo nhat la 3 lan vdo nam
1820, 35 ldn vdo nam 1950, 44 ldn vdo nam 1973, vd 72 lan vdo 1992. Mdt nghien ciiu vi phan bd thu nhap giu:a cac hd gia dmh cho tiiay bdt binh dang gia tang rat manh vdi su suy sup ve he sd Gini: tir 0,63 nam 1988 len 0,66 ndm 1993*. Hd ngdn each giiia ngudi giau va nghIo tdng lln d nhieu nudc.
Nga tang tir 0,24 lln 0,48 (1887-1888 din 1993-1995); Thuy Diin, Anh va My tdng ban 16% tii nhung nam 1980 din ddu 1990;
khu vuc My La tinh cung cao: 0,57 d Ecuado, 0,59 d Brazil vd Paraguay. Trong khi dd tang tmdng kinh tl bi tri tre d nhilu nudc dang phdt triln: tdng tmdng tinh theo thu nhap ddu ngudi giai doan 1990-1998 cd gid tri am d 50 nudc, trong dd cd 1 nudc thugc OECD.
Cdn CO nhitng cdch tiep can m&i, tao bao nhdm thuc hien dugc todn bo cdc quyen con ngu&i, dieu chinh cho phii hop v&i nhirng cff hpi va dieu kien thuc te cua ky nguyen todn cau hoa, phii hgp v&i cdc tdc nhdn m&i mang tinh toan cdu vd nhitng lugt le todn cau m&i
Thuc hien todn bd cdc quyen la muc tieu ciia the ky XXI, Tuyin ngdn the gidi ve quyen con ngudi da de cap van de nay tir ban niia the ky tmdc day. Thi gidi ngay nay cd y thiic, ngudn luc vd kha nang de dat muc tieu nay.
Cdc quyen tu do ciia con ngudi chua bao gid dat dugc mdt each tu ddng. Gidng ' Gia tri 0 la binh ding tuy?t dii, 1 la bat binh ding tuyft doi.
nhu thdi ky dau cdc tiin bd trong the ky XXI se dat dugc thdng qua cac cudc ddu tranh ciia con ngudi chdng lai cdc gia tri bdt ddng va cdc vy vi pham lgi ich chinh tri vd kinh te. Cac phong trao ciia con ngudi va nhdm xa hgi dan su se ddng vai trd tien phong tu dd nang cao y thiic xa hgi vi nhirng sir vi pham quyen con ngudi va lam tang dp luc thay ddi luat phap vd chinh sdch. Dilu kiln ky thuat vd cdc xa hdi md da tao ra nhirng co hdi to ldn trong viec thdnh lap mang ludi va xay dung lien minh cho nhiing boat dgng nhu vay.
Can cd 7 ylu td chinh de cd dugc mpt each tiep can rdng hon trong dam bao quyen con ngudi:
1. Cdc nu&c cdn tang cu&ng the che xa hpi nhdm dam bdo cdc quyen tu do cua con ngu&i - v&i cae chudn muc thiet che, /(hung phdp ly vd moi tru&ng kinh te ho trg, chi rieng viec ban hdnh lugt phdp thi hoan toan Id chua dii
Chi rieng cdc dieu luat thi khdng the dam bao dugc ve quyen con ngudi. Can cd cac thiet che hd trg qua trinh luat phdp, chdng han can cd mdt nen van hda va cdc chuan muc xa hdi va dao diic de hau thuan cho cau tnic phap ly chii khdng phai Id de dga nd.
Mdi tmdng kinh te ho trg cung rat quan trgng. Nhieu nhdm xa hdi ciing nhu chinh phii cd thi bd sung cho siic manh cua cac the cbl xa hdi nay.
Cdc chudn mue: cac nha lanh dao cdng ddng chiic sac tdn gido lanh dao doanh nghiep cac bac cha me giao vien, tdt ca deu cd vai trd trong viec xay dung cac chuan muc vd giii gin cac gia tri tdn tirgng phdm gia til do vd binh dang cua con ngudi. Tdt ca cac ddi tugng nay ciing diu cd quyin va nghTa vu ciia mmh. Vi mat tinh thdn, nha nudc cung phai khuyen khich boat ddng nay.
Nhieu nudc da dua giao due quyen con ngudi vao tat ca cac tiardng phd tiidng. Va
38 NghiSn cAi Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008
Nhan quyen..
viec gido due y thiic vl cac quyen con ngudi cung dugc trien khai theo nhilu cdch khac.
Cdc thiet che: Quyen tre em khdng dugc dam bao neu khdng cd cdc thilt cbl dii manh vd boat dgng bilu qua. Dd khdng chi la tmdng hgc vd tmng tam y te ma cdn phai la cac thilt cbl phdp ludt - noi thuc hiln vd chuyen mdn hda cdc boat ddng dang ky khai sinh. Nha nudc cd trach nhiem dam bdo su tdn tai ciia cdc thilt cbl nay vd su hgp tdc qudc tl cd thi giiip tang cudng cdc thilt che CO ban vd hd trg nang cao nang luc ciia cac thiet che dd.
Su cdng nhdn vd thi hdnh phdp ludt:V\QC cong nhdn phdp luat mang lai siic manh phdp ly cho nhirng ddi hdi mang tinh dao diic ve quyen con ngudi vd thiic ddy he thdng phap ly trong vile thuc hien quyen con ngudi. Nlu vile phu nii ddi dugc ddi xii cong bang khdng dugc cdng nhdn vl mat phdp ly thi hg khdng thi dua ra yeu cdu ve nhiing biln phdp chdng phan biet ddi xii.
Tmdc hit, chinh phii cd trach nhiem trong viec tham gia till cbl quyen con ngudi qudc te vd thiet lap cac khung phap ly qudc gia.
Moi tmdng kinh tl can tao dilu kiln cho viec tiep can nhilu quyln chii khdng phai Id de dpa dilu dd. Can cd cac ngudn luc kinh te de trd luong cho giao viln vd nhdn vien y tl de ho trg cac tham phan va ddp iing mgt sd nhu cau khde. Vi vay nin kinh te tang hudng la rat quan trgng ddi vdi van de quyen con ngudi nhat Id d cdc nudc ngheo.
Tuy vay su tang tmdng phdi la vi ngudi ngheo, vi cdc quyln ciia con ngudi vd phdi mang tinh ben vimg.
2 Viec thuc hien todn bp cdc quyin con ngu&i doi hoi su ddn chu, tiec la phdi bao gdm ca viee bao ve quyen cua cdc nhom thieu so, dem den su rieng biet ve quyen luc vd dam bdo trach nhiem xa hpi, khong the chi dimg & cdc cuge bau cit b&i nhu vay Id chua dii
Trong hai thap ky qua chiing ta da chiing kiln nhirng thay ddi ldn vdi su chuyin ddi sang cdc chinh till dan chii. Mac dii vay, su chuyen ddi dan chii non not nay van cd nguy CO bi ddo ngugc. Vi vay can phai cd quan nilm rdng md hon ve cdc nhu cdu dan chii, ciing 5 dac diem sau day:
Xem xet den cdc nhdm thieu sd: Dl dam bdo quyen con ngudi cho tat ca mgi ngudi can phai cd cac nen dan chii mang tinh tap hgp chii khdng chi la dan chii ciia nhdm da sd. Nhieu nen ddn chii cd bau cii da dang nhiing lai gat cac nhdm thieu sd ra khoi nhilu khia canh ciia viec tham du chinh tri trong cac co quan lap phap trong bg may ngi cdc, trong quan ddi.
Su tdch rieng quyen luc: Khi su dgc lap ciia bd may tu phap khdng du dam bao thi con ngudi khdng thi dugc hudng su bao ve phap ly khdi nhimg bdt cdng va xam pham vl quyln con ngudi ciia mmh. Trong cac nen dan chii yeu su dgc lap vl chiic nang la van de sdng cdn ciia nen dan chii da thanh phan.
Xd hoi ddn su m& vd truyin thdng ddc lap, tu do: Viec giam sat cdng khai vd tiach nhiem ciia chinh phii la co ban, nhung d nhieu nudc, xa hdi dan su va tmyen thdng dai chiing van cdn ylu ve mat tbi che. Cdc phuang tiln tmyen thong thugc su quan ly ciia nhd nudc d 5% sd nudc. Theo td chiic qudc tl Tu do vl trao ddi thdng tin Toronto, mdi nam cd khoang 1.500 vu tan cdng cac nha bdo dugc bao cdo.
Minh bach trong viec ra quyet dinh: Vi?c ra quyit dinh kinh ti tiong dieu kiln ddng cua la vi pham quyln tiiam du chinh tri vd de bi sai lech do tdc ddng ciia quyln luc chinh tii vd ddng tiin. Nd tao ra mdt mdi tmdng chin mudi cho su that bai vl quyen con ngudi. Su tiiiiu dan chii ndy Id pho biin trong viec ra quyit dinh kmh ti ti-ong cdng ddng qudc gia vd todn cdti, till hiln trong viec gidi tda cac khu nhd 6 chudt khiin ngudi dan bi mat nha
NghlSn ciiu Con ngUdI s64 (37) 2008 39
VQ Huong Linh
a mdt cdch phi ly, xay dung cac dap nudc lam ngap lut nhd ciia va mgng vudn, phan bd ngan sdch theo kiiu uu tien cap nudc cho cac khu nhd ciia tang Idp trung luu chii khdng phai la cdc khu nha d chudt viec chat pha cay cdi pha hiiy mdi tmdng cdc gieng dau lam d nhiim nhirng canh ddng va ddng sdng noi ngudi dan sinh sdng.
Kiem che su thao tiing quyen luc cua ddng tiin: Tat ca cac nudc gidu hay nghIo, lac hau hay ndng ddng, hay dang trong qua trinh chuyin ddi diu phdi ddi mat vdi nhirng thdch thiic dl bdo dam tieng ndi ciia mgi ngudi diu dugc nghe thdy, vugt len trin nhimg lo toan thudng nhat va quyen luc hdnh lang cua hdi ddng thanh phd vd vugt lln tren cac ddc lgi.
3. Xoa doi gidm ngheo khong phdi chi la mpt muc tieu cua phdt trien, no cdn Id thdch thuc trpng tdm ciia vdn de quyen con ngu&i trong the ky XXI
Viec tra tan mdt ca nhan ndo dd rd rdng se day lln ldn sdng phdn ddi ciia xa hdi nhung cdi chit ciia hon 30 nghin tri em moi ngdy ma hdu hit la cd thi ti-dnh dugc, lai chdng dugc chii y don gian vi ngudi ta khdng thi nhan bilt dugc sir ddi ngheo ciia nhimg diia tri ndy.
Xda ddi ngheo Id mdt thach thiic ldn trong van de quyln con ngudi d thi ky XXI.
Miic sdng tdt, dinh dudng ddy dii, cham sdc siic khde, gido due, cdng viec tdt vd dugc bao ve tmdc nhirng tai uong khdng chi la muc tieu phdt trien ma cdn Id vdn di quyin con ngudi.
Trong sd rat nhiiu that bai vi quyin con ngudi phd bien Id su phii nhan cdc quyin kmh tl, xa hdi va van hda nay. Cd khoang 90 trieu tri em khdng din tmdng d bac tiiu hgc. Khoang 790 trieu ngudi bi chit ddi va khdng dugc bdo ddm an ninh vi luong thuc thuc phdm. 1,2 ty ngudi sdng vdi miic chua ddy 1 dd-la/ngdy (1993 PPPUSD). Ngay
trong cdc nudc thanh vien ciia OECD cung cd khoang 8 trieu ngudi thieu dinh dudng.
Chi rieng My da cd khoang 40 trieu ngudi khdng cd bao hiem y te, 5 ngudi tmdng thanh thi cd 1 ngudi that hgc.
Ba uu tien ve quyen con ngudi va chinh sach phat trien:
- Dam bao cac quyen dan sir vd chinh tri - tu do ngdn luan, hgi hgp va tu do tham du - lam cho ngudi ngheo cd quyen ddi cdc quyen xa hdi, kinh te va van hda ciia minh.
Vi cd mdi liln he nhan qua giira nhilu quyin con ngudi nin cac quyen nay cd thi cung cd ldn nhau vd giiip ngudi ngheo chdng lai ngheo ddi. Bao dam cdc quyen dan su va chinh tri tu ban than nd khdng phdi la mpt kit cue - ma la phuong tien hiiu hieu di xoa ddi nghlo. Bao dam tu do cho cac td chiic phi chinh phii, tmyen thdng dai chiing va cdc td chiic ciia ngudi lao dgng cd the giiip rat nhilu trong viec lam cho ngudi nghlo co cho de tham gia qud trinh ra quyit dinh chi'nh tri vdi cac chinh sach anh hudng din cudc sdng cua hg.
- Ddi vdi nha nudc viec dap iing nghTa vu ciia minh ve quyen con ngudi trong tiiuc hien chinh sdch va ra quyit dinh tiic Id ldm hit sure de dam bao cdc quyin kinh ti, xa hgi, van hda cho nhiing ngudi bi thiet thoi nhdt vd dam bao vl sir tham gia ciia hg trong qud ti-inh ra quyit dinh. Quyin cd cho d, dugc cham sdc siic khde vd cac quyin tuong tu khdng cd nghia la ddi dugc hudng mien phi nhimg dich vu nay hay ddi hdi nha nudc phdi cung cdp. Thuc ra day la yeu cdu tiii che xa hdi vd cac chinh sach tao diiu kien tiep can nhirng quxen nay thdng qua gia ca thi tmdng (nhd d) va nhd nudc (giao due tiiu hgc miln phQ.
- Dau tu cac ngudn kinh ti nhdm thiic ddy quyin con ngudi: Cac quyin con ngudi do khoang each tir muc do mien phi thuc ti tdi nhimg yeu cdu vi ngudn lyc can ban do,
40 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi sdi 4 (37) 2008
Nhdn quySn..
xem xet ngdn sdch nhd nudc trong vile cung cap tmdng hgc, giao viln vd tham phan, xem xet cdc doanh nghiep trong viec cung cap cac dilu kien ldm vile ddp iing tilu chuan lao ddng tdi thieu. Khdng cd su liln he duong nhiln ndo giira cac ngudn luc vd quyen con ngudi. Thu nhap cao khdng ddm bao rang d cdc nudc giau khdng cd nhirng vu vi pham quyln con ngudi nghilm trgng, cung nhu thu nhap thap khdng ngan dugc cdc nudc ngheo tao ra tiln bd dang kl.
Tren toan the gidi chi tieu. cdng cho cac quyln kinh tl vd xa hdi la khdng dii va phan bd rat khdng cdng bang. Mdi ndm todn thi gidi can cd thim khodng 70 - 80 ty dd-la de ddp ling nhimg nhu cdu tdi thilu d cdc nudc dang phdt triln. Cam kit 20:20 ylu cau chi 20% ngdn sdch qudc gia vd 20% ngdn sach vien trg vdo ddp irng nhu cdu co ban tren toan cdu. Tuy nhiln, viec chi ndy thuc tl thdp hon rat nhilu: nghiin cihi trin 30 nudc cho thdy tmng binh mdi nudc chi 12-14%
con sd nay. Cdc nudc ngheo can tang tiudng nhanh ban de tao ra dugc cac ngudn luc tai chinh cho viec xda ddi nghlo va thuc hiln quyen con ngudi. Tuy nhiln, chi tdng tmdng kinh tl thdi chua dii. Tang tmdng kmh tl can phai di kem vdi nhirng cdi cdch vl chinh sdch dl dan ngudn tdi chinh vdo boat ddng xoa ddi ngheo vd phat triln con ngudi vd diing cdc ngudn luc tdi chinh nay dl xay dung cdc thilt cbl tao lap cdc chudn muc vd cai cdch cdc dilu luat nham thiic day quyln con ngudi.
Viec bd qua cac quyln kinh tl vd xa hdi CO the pha hdng tu do chinh tri vd dan su vd ngugc lai viec bd qua cdc quyln dan su vd chinh tri cd thi ldm hdng cdc quyen kinh te vd xd hdi trong cdc thdi ky khd khan nhilu nguy CO.
4. Quyen con ngu&i trong the gi&i hpi nhap doi hoi su cong bang. Mo hinh nhd nu&c chju trach nhiem chinh can phdi
dugc m& rpng thdnh trach nhiem ciia cdc yiu tophi nhd nu&c vd trd thdnh bdn phan trong pham vi vugt khoi bien gi&i qudc gia cua nhd nu&c.
Hdi nhap todn cau tiic la nit ngin thdi gian, nit ngan khodng each vd xda di bien gidi qudc gia. Cudc sdng ciia con ngudi se phu thugc lan nhau nhiiu hon. Su tu tri ciia nhd nudc se gidm di do cac quy tdc thuang mai todn cau mdi rang budc cac chinh sdch qudc gia vd su gia tdng anh hudng ciia cdc tiii luc toan cau mdi. Trong qua trinh tu do hda, cdc doanh nghiep vd tap dodn tu nhan ciing cd tdc ddng ldn ban tdi co hdi kinh te ciia con ngudi. Khi the gidi trd nin phu thugc lan nhau nhilu hon, cd nhd nudc vd the luc toan cdu khde diu cd trach nhiem ldn hon.
Cdc nhd nu&c: Cac quyet dinh ciia nhd nudc dil la ve vdn dl ty 11 tiln lai ngdn hang hay viec ban vii khi deu cd nhimg he qua to ldn ddi vdi cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan bin ngodi biln gidi qudc gia.
Cdc thi luc todn cdu: Td chiic thuong mai till gidi co quan Bretton Wood, cdc tap dodn todn cdu, mang ludi NGO todn cau vd gidi tmyIn thdng todn cdu tat cd diu cd tdc ddng quan trgng ddi vdi ddi sdng con ngudi trin todn thi gidi.
Cdc quy tdc todn cdu: Cac quy tac todn cdu da dugc tao dung nhieu hon trin tat cd cac ITnh vuc, tir quyln con ngudi den mdi tmdng va thuang mai. Tuy vay, cdc quy tac ndy dugc dua ra mdt cdch bilt lap vd tiem an su xung dot. Cdc cam kit ve quyen con ngudi can dugc the hiln trong quy tdc thuong mai, nhiing quy tdc gid ddy thuc sy rang budc chinh sdch qudc gia, bdi chiing cd cdng cu bdt budc thi hanh.
Khi cdc qudc gia ddi "mgt nin dan ehii cd sy tiiam gia" dl dam bdo tdn trgng quyln con ngudi thi he thdng chinh quyen todn cau cdn minh bach vd cdng bang, giiip cac nudc nhd va nghlo ndi len tilng ndi ciia minh va
NghlSn ciiU Con ngudt so 4 (37) 2008 41
vo Hu&ng Linh
giai phdng nhirng nudc nay khdi tinh rang bi day ra ngoai le tmdc nhimg lgi ich kinh tl vd edng nghe toan cau
5. Thong tin vd cdc so lieu ihdng ke Id cong cu sire manh tgo ra nen van hoa trach nhiem thdc day viec thuc hien quyen con ngu&L Cdc nhd hogt dpng phong trdo, cdc lugt su, cdc nhd thong ke va cd cdc chuyen gia phdt trien cdn ciing nhau ldm viec v&i cong dong, nhdm muc tieu tgo ra cdc thong tin vd bang chitng co the phd vd mgi rao can ciia su hoai nghi vd thuc day su thay doi trong chinh sdch vd hdnh vi
Thdi dai thdng tm giiip ich rat nhieu cho cudc ddu tranh liln tuc nham thuc hien quyln con ngudi. Mang ludi xa hdi dan su dem lai nhirng ngudn thdng tin mdi. Intemet phd bien nhimg kit qud dd theo each chua tiing cd trong lich sii.
Thdng tm giiip mdt sd chmh phii dua ra nhiing chinh sdch tdt hon. Thdng tui giiip tang cudng hieu bilt xa hgi vl nhirng rao edn vd cdi gid phai trd, vd tao su ddng thuan xd hdi vl nhiing uu tien ciia qudc gia vd the hiln mong dgi chung. Thdng tm cung ldi keo sy chii y vdo nhimg van dl quyln con ngudi bi lang quen: su cdng bd cac con so thdng ke ve bao luc gia dmh tdi pham do ldng cam ghet vd tmh trang vd gia cu d nhieu nudc da biln trang tiidi ldng yen thanh trang tiidi tranh luan ve nhirng van di nay.
Vd tiidng tm ciing giiip chi ra cdc tac nhdn anh hudng din viec mdt quyin ndo dd cd dugc thyc hien hay khdng: va tao ra nhu cdu tinh den cac tac nhan dd.
Vile xuat hiln khung phdp ly quyin con ngudi qudc tl dem lai nen tang virng chdc cho viec dua ra cdc chi bdo ve nghTa vy phap ly ciia nhd nudc. Mang din nhiing ddnh gia dinh lugng vl khung phap ly nay la tang cudng khd ndng cho cac chinh phii trong viec bilu dugc bdn phdn ciia muih vd vi nhiing hdnh ddng cdn tiiiit di ddp iing
nhirng bdn phdn dd. Diiu nay ciing lam cho xd hdi ddn su ton tai binh dang tmdc tda an va mang lai mdt su iing hd tich cyc.
Viec sir dung cdc chi bao nen tap tmng vdo vile kham phd vai trd vd tac ddng ciia cac yeu td khac bin canh chinh phii. Vile phdn tich d cap dia phuong can tap tmng vdo cdc tac dgng quan trgng, cd tich cue vd tieu cue md hd gia dinh cdng ddng cac phuong tiln tmyen thdng khu vuc tu nhan, xa hgi dan su vd chinh phii tac ra doi vdi sy thyc hien quyln con ngudi.
CJ cap qudc tl, thdng tm la can tiiiit khdng chi ddi vci vai trd niia nhd nudc ma cdn ddi vdi vai trd ciia tan dodn va td chiic da phuong. Ciing can cd cac chi bdo ve tdc ddng ciia nhd nudc - trin tac ddng ciia no ddi vdi cdng dan - nha nudc vdi vai trd la ngudi tai trg vd ngudi cho vay, nhd nudc vdi tu each la ddi tac va ngudi dam phan thuang mai, nhd nudc vdi tu each la ngudi mua bdn vii khi vd ngudi giii gin hda binh.
6. Viee thuc hi$n todn bp cdc quyen cho tat cd mgi ngu&i, & moi nu&c, trong thi ky XXI se doi hoi su cam kit vd hdnh dpng cua cdc nhdm chinh trong xa hpi, do la cdc td chuc phi chinh phu, truyin thong dgi chung, chinh quyen trung uffng va dja phuong, quoc hpi vd cdc thu linh tinh thdn khac
0 moi nudc, nam van de uu tien sau day se giiip thiic day hdnh ddng qudc gia:
-Danh gid thyc trang quyen con ngudi tren pham vi qudc gia de xac dinh cac uu tiln hanh dgng. Nhirng ddnh gia nhu vay dugc dua ra khuyin nghi tai Hgi nghi Vien mac dii mdi chi cd 10 nudc da chudn bi ki hoach triin khai, ti-ong dd cd Uc, Brazil.
Thay vi phan iing tiudc su chi trich ciia cac chinh phii khac vd cdc td chiic NGO qudc ti gid day eac nudc cdn tu dua ra dugc ddnh gid cua mmh - xem xit lai su tiiuc hien tiiyc te trong mdi quan he vdi todn bg nhiing quyen co ban ddnh gia cac ylu cdu tiin bp
42 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s64 (37) 2008
Nhdn quySn..
mang tinh sach luge, xac dinh cac budc tiep theo trong bdi canh ngudn lyc vd thuc ti ciia dat nudc. Tdt nhat la mdt nhdm bao gdm cd xa hgi ddn sy chii khdng chi chinh phii se dua ra nhimg ddnh gia nhu vay bdo cao hdng nam ciia iiy ban Nhan quyen Pakistan Id mdt vi du tdt. Nhieu nudc da dua ra cdc bao cdo phat triln con ngudi qudc gia vd mdt ban danh gid ve quyen con ngudi can phdi la sy ket hgp nhirng phien bdn mdi nhdt ciia cac bao cdo ndy.
- Xem xet lai he thdng ludt phdp qudc gia trong khi ddi chieu vdi cdc quyen con ngudi CO ban ciia qudc te de xac dinh nhirng ITiih vyc can hanh dgng de gidi quyet cdc hd ngSn each vd mau thuan. Nhieu nudc da trien khai nhuung boat ddng rd sodt viec thyc hien CEDAW vd Cdng udc ve quyen tre em. Qud timh nay gid ddy can dugc md rgng - de loai bd cdc dilu ludt the hien sy phdn biet doi xii ddi vdi phu nir hoac vi pham quyln ciia cdc nhdm ngudi khac.
- Sii dung gido dye vd tmyen thdng de khuyin khich phd biln cdc chuan myc vl quyen con ngudi trong todn xa hdi. Vdn dl dat ra la phai xdy dung mdt nen van hda cd y tiiiirc va cam kit vl quyln con ngudi. Nhieu nudc da rdt sdng tao trong kit hgp tuyen tmyen ve quyen con ngudi trong he thdng tiudng hgc.
- Xay dyng lien minh trong iing hd vd hanh dgng. Cac lien minh thiic day thyc hi|n quyen con ngudi da dugc thdnh lap tren todn cau. Nhieu lien mmh dd dugc tao ra de tao dp lyc tien bg ve quyen phu nu", quyen tre em, quyen ciia nhdm thiiu so va cac nhdm CO nhu cau ddc bift, chdng ban nhu nhdm ngudi khuyet tat hoac ngudi cd HIV/AIDS.
To chirc ngudi khuyet tdt qudc tl hi?n dien d 158 nudc, da gdp phan tao nen nhimg tiiay doi ve phdp ludt vd chinh sdch tir Uganda den Zimbabue den cgng ddng chau Au.
- Thiic day mgt mdi tmdng kinh ti ho trg.
Nha nudc cd trdch nhiem can ban trong viec dam bao tdng tmdng Id vi ngudi ngheo, vi cdc quyen con ngudi vd bin viing bing each thyc hien cdc chinh sdch thich hgp vd dam bao rang cac cam kit vd muc tieu vl quyin con ngudi dugc coi Id myc tieu ciia viec dua ra quylt dinh kinh ti. Cdn cd cdc cudc thao ludn cdng khai, md vd minh bach - trong chinh tri trin tmyin thdng dai chiing - nhdn manh vdo tinh trdch nhiem ciia cac quyit dinh chinh sdch cdng.
7. Quyen con ngu&i vd phdt triin con ngu&i khong thi thuc hi$n duffc phd biin neu khong co nhitng hdnh dpng qudc ti manh me hffn, dgc biet Id nhitng hdnh dpng nhdm ho trg cho nhitng con ngu&i va dat nu&c thiet thoi, ldm gidm b&t nhitng bdt binh dang vd xu hu&ng ggt bo mpt sd nhom thieu so ra ngodi le ciia xd hpi
Su phu thugc lan nhau ngdy cdng tang tren thi gidi vd su thieu hut nghilm trgng ngudn lyc vd kha nang d cdc nudc ngheo cdng ldm tang nhu cau can thiep manh hon ciia cdng ddng qudc tl vdo cdc van dl quyen con ngudi. Can cd mdt sy thay ddi ve thai do trin toan cdu thay thi cdch tilp can kieu triing phat dac bilt nhdn manh vdo nlu ten va che bai bang cdch tilp can tich cyc ban trong hd trg thyc hien quyln con ngudi vd cdc dilu kiln trg giiip.
Nam ITnh vyc uu tiln ciia hdnh ddng qudc te
- Ddy manh tiip can dya tren quyen trong hgp tac phdt tiiin khdng kem theo diiu ki?n gi. Hgp tac phdt trien cd the ddng gdp tiyc tiip vdo vi?c thyc hiln quyen con ngudi d cac nudc ngheo theo ba cdch. Cdch thii nhdt Id tdng cudng ho ti-g boi dudng nang lyc cho nin dan chii vd tiiiic ddy cdc quyin dan su chinh tri. Cach tiiii hai Id tang cudng ho ti-g xda ddi gidm ngheo tren phuang dien thu nhap va con ngudi. Cach thii ba la mang lai each tiip can dya ti-en quyen rd rang hon cho
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi »64 (37) 2008 43
vo Huong Linh
ehuang trinh phat triln.
- Vien trg xda ng, tiep can thi tmdng, tilp can cdc ddng tai chinh tu nhan vd su dn dinh trong nen kinh tl todn cdu - tat cd deu la can thiet dl thyc hiln dugc ddy dii cdc quyln con ngudi d nhiing nudc nghlo nhat va kim phat triln nhdt. Huy ddng hd trg hgp tdc qudc te ve quyln con ngudi. Cae phong trdo qudn chiing da thdi thiic du luan xa hdi chdng lai cdc tap dodn da qudc gia coi thudng quyln con ngudi.
- Day manh cac tiep can mang tinh khu vyc. Nhilu sang kiln khu vyc vl quyln con ngudi da dugc dua ra trin co sd nhiing mdi quan tdm vd gid tri chung ciia cac nudc lang gilng. Vi du Hiln chuong chau Phi vl con ngudi vd quyln con ngudi, Uy ban quyln con ngudi chau Phi, Hiln chuong xa hdi cdng ddng chdu Au, Tda dn ndi bd cdc nudc chau My vl quyln con ngudi. cac sang kiln nay can dugc tang cudng va tilp tuc trien khai nham thyc hiln tiem ndng ciia chiing trong chia se kinh nghilm, cam kit chinh tri, hd trg tdi ehinh.
- Bat tay vao nhiing nd lyc mdi nham tao lap xdy dung vd giir gm hda binh. Cdc chinh phii cdn nit kinh nghiem dl dua ra nhimg ho trg chinh trj kip thdi nham gidi quyit xung dot tmdc khi chiing gia tang.
-Cling cd bd may quyen con ngudi qudc te. Cdc quy trinh ciia bd may hiln tai cdn dugc don gian hda va day nhanh tiin do boat ddng. Nhieu dl xudt da dugc dua ra nhdm lam tdng tinh bilu qud vd hieu lue gidm gdnh nang bdo cdo ciia cdc nudc vd hudng tdi sy quan tam ldn ban ve mat chinh sdch.
He thdng Liln hilp qudc ke cd Td chiic Lao dgng qudc tl fLO da tao ra dugc mdt khung thdng tin nhirng lai tiiieu cdc cdng cu bit huge thuc hiln.
Quyln con ngudi cd thi dugc thiic ddy ti-ong vdng mdt phan tu tiii ky tdi. Cdc tiin bd ti-ong till ky qua da chiing minh cho
nhiing khdt vgng to ldn. Tuy nhien, vi sy hgp nhdt ciia the gidi, vi su md rdng ciia cdc xa hdi trong the ky XXI, chiing ta can cam kit manh me hon ddi vdi nhiing yeu cdu chung trong khi van tdn trgng su da dang ve van hda. Dieu nay ddi hdi 6 budc chuyin di ra khdi tu duy thdi Chiln tranh lanh, ldi tu duy phd bien the ky XX.
- Chuyin tu each tilp can lay nha nudc ldm tmng tdm sang tilp can da nguyin, da tdc nhan - trach nhiem khdng chi Id ciia nhd nudc ma cdn la ciia gidi tmyIn thdng, ciia cdc tap doan sdn xudt vd kinh doanh, ciia nha tmdng, gia dinh, cdng ddng vd cdc cd nhan.
- Chuyin tir suy nghT rdng trdch nhiem la ciia qudc gia sang qudc te vd todn cau - tu duy cho rang bdn phdn qudc tl la ciia nha nudc sang cho rang trdch nhiem la ciia the lyc todn cdu.
- Chuyen tir tieu diem la cac quyen dan sy, chinh tri sang quan tam bao qudt hon tdi tat cd cdc quyln, quan tam nhieu hon din ca cdc quyln kinh tl, xa hdi va van hda.
- Chuyen tii viec tao dp luc vd ho tig qudc te theo kieu trimg phat sang kiiu tich cyc hon: tir chd dua vdo vile nlu tin vd che bai sang dua vdo bd trg tich cue.
- Chuyin tii trgng tam chii y Id cdc cudc bau cir da ddng sang chii y din su tiiam gia cua mgi thdnh phan thdng qua md hinh dan chu mang tuih tap hgp.
-Chuyen tii viec coi xda ddi nghlo la muc tieu phdt triin sang coi dd la cdng bing xa hdi, thuc hien cd quyin vd trdch nhiem ciia mgi lyc lugng xa hdi.
Cdng dong tiii gidi can ti-d lai vdi tdm nhin tao bao cua nhirng con ngudi tmdc kia da mo ve quyln con ngudi va quyen cong dan vd da viit ra tiiyen bd chung vi quyin con ngudi. Mdt thien nien ky mdi chi la mpt CO hgi di khing dinh lai tdm nhin dd va di ddi mdi nhiing cam kit tiiuc tien nhdm thuc hien tuyen bd nay.
44 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudf sS4 (37) 2008
