Sir tham gia ciia tre em trong cac van de lien quan den han than
Bui Phirong Thanh'*'
Tom tat: Bdi viit tap trung phdn tich quan niem ciia tre em vi viec nghe lai ngudi Idn;
nhirng rdo cdn tre em gap phdi khi bdy td y kiin hay tham gia vdo nhirng hogt ddng lien quan den tre. Nhin chung tre em dua ra quan niem khdng nhdt thiit phdi nghe Idi ngudi lan trong mgi vdn de lien quan din ban thdn. Nhihig rdo cdn cdn tro su tham gia cua tre em bao gdm cd yiu td chu quan vd khdch quan, xudt phdt tic bdn thdn tre cUng nhu tu phia gia dinh, nhd trudng. Nhdn thiic vd ky ndng ve su tham gia cua tre cdn hgn ehe, tre ddnh phdn Idn thdi gian cho viee hgc tap thay vi tham gia cdc hogt dgng khac. Ben canh do, phu huynh chua nhdn thiic hit dugc quyen tham gia cUng nhu y nghia cua su tham gia cua tre em vdo cdc vdn di lien quan din chung. Vdn eon tdn tgi sugido due gia dlnh theo md hinh gia trudng ddc dodn, cha me quyet dinh thay cho con cdi nhirng vdn di cua eon. Tir phia nhd trudng, thdy cd chua thuc su hieu vd tgo diiu kiin di tre em tham gia vdo cdc hogt ddng vd thiiu mdt ca chi an todn di tre em bdy td y kiin.
Tir khoa: Tre em, Sy tham gia, Van de tre em
Abstract: The paper analyzes children's views of listening to adults as well as the barriers they face on expressing their opinions or participating in children-related activities. Children generally have the notion that they do not necessarily listen to adults in all matters related to them. Obstacles that hinder children's participation include both subjective and objective factors, arising from the children themselves as well as from the family, the school The children's awareness and skills about participation are limited as they spend most of their time studying instead of participating in activities. In addition, parents are not fully aware of children's rights to participate in issues related to them as well as its significance. The educational function ofthe family yet follows the patriarchal model in which parents make every decision in place of their children As for school education, teachers do not really understand and facilitate children to participate in activities and there is a dearth of safety mechanism for children to express their opinions.
Keywords: Children, Participation, Children-related Issues
'•' TS., ViSn Nghien cuu Thanh nien; Email: thanhxhh26@gmail.com
28 Thong Hn Khoa hoc xa hoi. so lO.suiJ 1. ©at van de
Tre em CO quyin t h i hien chinh kiln eua minh v l nhirng vdn d l anh hudng d i n ban than ciing nhu cd quyin ndi len tilng ndi cua minh va cdn dugc ldng nghe, ghi nhdn. Bdi tre em cd kha nang hmh thanh quan diem, nhin sy vat, hien tugng, cac van de theo each ciia rieng mmh. Tre em Cling CO nhiing each giai quylt van d l theo cdch rieng cua tte. Tii khi sinh ra, tte em trai nghiem cudc sdng va hgc tap vdi nhiing ngudi khac trong cac cdng ddng nhu gia dinh, nhd ttudng, dia phuang,... Tre em la nhiing ngudi cimg cap thdng tin chinh, la cac chuyen gia ttong cupc sdng cua chinh cac em (McNaughton, 2002) va thuc sy Id ngudn tu vdn tdt nhdt cho nhiing van de dnh hudng din tre (Osborn & Bromfield, 2007).
Dieu do cho thay tdm quan ttpng cua sy tham gia ciia tte em cung nhu viec tre ndi len tieng noi cua minh trong cac van de lien quan ban thdn.
Tuy nhien, thyc te khdng phai tre em nao ciing cd the bay td y kien ve nhiing vdn de ciia minh, ma trong mdt sd gia dinh, trudng hpc tte era chu yeu nghe loi cha me, thdy cd. Bai viet tap trung lam ro quan niem ciia tte em ve viec nghe loi ngudi Idn trong mdt sd van de lien quan den ban thdn va nhirng rao cdn khi tre em bay td y kien va tham gia cac hoat ddng lien quan den tre'.
2. Phiro^ng phap va khach the nghien cihi Cdc dir lieu thuc tien trong nghien eiiu nay dugc thu thap chu yeu bdng phieu trung cdu y kien hgc sinh trung hpc co sd tren dia ' Cac s6 lieu, bang, bi£u, y kien thao luan nhom sii dung trong bai viet dugc tong hop tii ket qua khao sat thuc te cua DS tai cip Vien "Nghien ciiu phat trien cac hinh thtic thiic dSy 'tieng noi tre em' ve cac vin de lien quan din tre em" do lac gia lam chii nhiem, Vien Nghien cuu Thanh nien chii tri, thuc hien nam 2018.
ban cac tinh/tiidnh Lang Som, Phii Yen va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vao tiidng 9/2018.
Ben canh dd, phuang phap thdo ludn nhdm (TLN) vdi giao vien va hpc sinh ciing dugc thyc hien nhdm bd sung thdng tin djnh tinh cho ket qua nghien ciiu them phong phu-
Dfi lieu sau khi thu v l dugc xii If bang phdn mIm SPSS for Window phien ban 22.0 vdi cac phep thdng ke, mo ta, trung binh, tuang quan. Kilm djnh Chi-Square (X^) dugc dimg d l tim hieu mdi lien he giiia cac nhom khdch thi theo dac diem gidi tinh, khu vuc sinh sdng, dia ban khdo sat. Ben canh dd, nghien ciru sir dung phep kiem dinh T-Test va Anova d l so sanh sy khac biet ve gid tri tnmg binh cua nhdn thiie vdi cac nhom bien sd gidi tinh, khu vuc sinh song, dia bdn khdo sat.
Khach t h i dugc lya chgn ttong mau nghien ciiu la 450 hgc sinh trung hgc co sd.
Ca cdu mau cy the nhu sau: Ve gidi tinh:
Nam chiem 4 1 , 1 % (185 ngudi); nit chiem 58,9% (265 ngudi). Khu vyc sinh song:
Thanh thi chiem 36,9% (166 ngudi); ndng thdn 6 3 , 1 % (284 ngudi). Dia ban: Lang Son chilm 33,3% (150 ngudi); Phii Yen chiem 33,3% (150 ngudi); Thanh pho Hd Chi Mmh chilm 33,3% (150 ngudi).
3. Ket qua va ban luan
3.1. Quan niem cua tre em vi viec nghe Idi ngudi Idn trong cdc vdn di lien quan den bdn thdn
Tu dien Petit Robert dinh nghTa: vdng Idi Id nghe va lam theo y mudn cua ngudi khac (Dan theo: N g u y i n Khanh Tmng, 2016). Nghien ciiu ciia Nguyen Khanh Trung (2016) khi so sdnh giao due gia dinh giiia phu huynh Phap va phu huynh Viet Nam da chi ra rang, dudng nhu giao due gia dinh va nha trudng hien nay d Viet Nam dang uu tien giao due su vdng lai.
Trong cac gid tri uu tien chuyin tai cho
oif mom gia cua rre em.. 29 con cai, cac bdc cha me Viet nhan manh
trudc tien din sy vang Idi, ngoan hien, hieu tiido, le nghTa, kinh tten nhudng dudi...
Trong khi dd, vdi cac gia tri uu tien, phu huynh Phdp lai nhdn manh trudc het su tdn trgng ngudi khac (tdn ttpng nhiing ddc dilm rieng cua ngudi khac, sy khac biet cua ngudi khac, cac vdn hda khac nhau), lich thiep, ttach nhiem, quan tam, chia se phuc vu ngudi khde, tinh lien ddi trong cpng dong vd xd hdi,...
Trong nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi, quan niem vl su nghe Idi ngudi Idn dugc tim hilu thong qua gia dinh cho rdng tte em nen nghe Idi ngudi Idn ttong mpi van de lien quan din ban than cdc em vdi ba miic dp ddng tinh: 1/ Khdng ddng tinh = 1 diem; 2/
Phan vdn = 2 diem; 3/ Ddng tinh = 3 diem.
Diem ciia thang do dao ddng tii 1 den 3, vdi dilm tmng binh chung la 2. Tuong iing vdi ba miic dp nhu tren, diem trung binh cdng thap cd nghia xu hudng khdng ddng tinh cang cao, the hien quan niem ciia tre em ve viec cdn thiet bay td y kien ciia minh ttong cdc vdn de lien quan den ban thdn thay vi nghe loi ngudi Idn trong mpi tmdng hgp.
Ket qud nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi cho thay, nhin chung tte em trong cudc khao sat da dua ra quan niem khdng nhat thiet phdi nghe Idi ngudi Idn ttong mgi vdn de lien quan den bdn than tre. Dieu nay dugc the hien d diem tmng binh la 1,94 (diem trung binh nay nhd ban 2). Tre em ciing can phai dupe bay td y kien, quan diem ve nhiing vdn de lien quan den ban than minh.
Va ban ai het, tre em thuc su la ngudn tu vdn tdt nhdt cho nhiing van de anh hudng tryc tiep den chiing (Osbom & Bromfield, 2007). Ket qua nay ciing khdng dinh cho sy thay ddi dan ttong quan niem cua tte em ve viec nghe Idi ngudi Idn. Tmdc ddy, ttong mdt thdi gian dai chiu sy anh hudng ciia
nen giao due Nho gido ma d do su ton ti, ttat ty dugc de cao, tte em phai tuyet dii nghe Idi ngudi Idn ma khdng cd quyin bay td y kien cua ban thdn, ngay cd vdi nhihig dieu khdng phii hgp. Tuy nhien, theo kit qua thdo ludn nhdm, hien nay tre em da dua ra nhiing quan diem ro rdng ve viec khong nhdt thiet phai nghe Idi ngudi Idn trong mpi trudng hgp: Tui con ciing lan rdi cd phdi nhu con nit cdp I ddu md cdi gi cung phdi nghe, chung con cUng cd chinh kiin rieng chic. Ddi khi nhiing dieu khdng phii hgp md cu bdt chung con lam theo thi sao dugc g.
Vi du nhu di hgc thim, bd me etc bdt con phdi di hgc ddn nhung md con khdng thich, con thich di hgc vo. Bd me lgi bdo con gdi thi phdi thi ndy, the kia nhung bd me phdi theo sd thich cua con chic (TLN tre em, Tp.
Hd Chi Minh).
Bang I: Y kien tre em ve viec nghe loi ngiriri Ion trong mpi van de li€n quan den ban than STT
1 2
3
4 Tieu chi
Chung Gioi ti'nh (p<0,001) Khu vyc sinh sSng (p-0,8)
Bja han (p'<0,001)
Nam NO- Nong thon (n-284) Thanh thi (n=166) Lang Son (n-150) Phii Yen (n-150) Tp. H«
Chi Minh (n=150)
Diem trung b i n h x 1,94 2,18 1,78 1,94
1,95
1,67
1,93
2,23 Do lech chuan
0,77 0,71 0,76 0,76
0,77
0,67
0,77
0,76
Tim hieu quan niem cua tre em tiieo cac nliom, pliep ki^m dinh T-test, Anova clio tMy sir khac biet co y nghia thong ke khi so sanh sir khac biet trong quan niem
30 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi. so 1Q.20t9
gida cae nhdm tte em theo gidi tmh va dia cua mdi ngudi dan, gay can ttd su tiiam gia ban khdo sat (Bang 1). Cu thi nhu sau: thuc sy cua tte. Mdi quan he "von cd" gii^
Ve mat gidi tinh: Tre em gdi cd quan ngudi Idn va tte em dya tten thii bdc cao niem khdng nhdt thilt phai nghe Idi cha me ban cua ngudi Idn vl mat quyin lyc, dia vi, ttong mgi ttordng hgp cao hon tte em ttai, do tudi, quan he hp hang dugc duy tti ttong the hien d dilm trung bmh ciia nii (1,78) suit cupc ddi dudi nhung hhih thiic khde thdp hon CLia nam (2,18). nhau (UNICEF, 2010).
v l dia ban khdo sat: Tre em d Lang Nghien ciiu ciia Dd Ngpc Phuong Son (dilm ttimg binh 1,67) thi hien quan (2009) cung da chi ra nhiing can ttd ve dao niem vl viee tte em cdn dugc bay td y kiln <5'iC) vdn hda tmyen thdng va loi song pho thay vi nghe theo Idi ngudi Idn hodn toan biln anh hudng din viec thyc hien quyen cao ban d Phii Yen (1,93) vd tiianh phd Hd he em nhu: l6i sdng gia ttudng, ndng ve Chi Minh (2,23). ton ti, thii bac ttong gia dinh, dong hg,
Ben canh dd, ket qud khao sat ciing cho ldng xd. Tre em thudng de chdp nhdn sy dp thdy yeu td khu vuc sinh sdng khdng tao dat ciia ngudi Idn, thieu ty tin vd thu dpng ra sy khac biet cd y ngbTa thing ke khi so tmdc quylt dinh ciia ngudi Idn; thieu ky sanh quan niem ciia tte em giira khu vyc nang bay td y kiln, ky nang hda ddng va ndng thdn va thanh thi. Tiic la giiJa tre em ddi thoai vol ngudi Idn.
sinh sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn va thanh thi Ve phia tte em, ket qud khdo sat cho thay, khdng cd khoang each vl quan niem ttong 64,1% tte em tham gia khao sat tu nhdn thay viec nghe Idi ngudi Idn. cac em cdn thieu ky nang, 54,9% con thieu 3.2. Nhiing rdo cdn tre em gap phdi kiln thiic khien cho viec bay td y kien ciing khi bdy td y kien va tham gia cac boat ddng nhu tham gia vao cac hoat dpng cdn ban che.
lien quan din tre em Ben canh dd, tte em phdi chiu nhieu dp lyc tii Tim hieu ve nhiing rao cdn tte em gap vien hpc tap, do dd khdng cd nhieu thdi gian phai khi bay td y kien vd tham gia cdc boat tham gia vdo cdc boat dpng khac (ty le nay ddng lien quan den tte em, ket qua khao
sat cho thdy, tte em va giao vien ciing dua ra nhiing rdo cdn ttong viec bdy td y kien, quan diem, sy len tieng ciia tre em. Nhiing yeu td rdo can
chiem 13,3%), bdi ddi vdi cac em hoat dpng hpc tap dugc im tien hem cd (Bieu 1).
Ve phia khach quan: tte em cdn thieu su ling hp tu phia cha me va nha tmdng, xuat phat tir
chinh bdn thdn tte em vd xudt phat tir cha me, nha trudng. Nen vdn hda Viet Nam vdi nhiing quan diem va thdi quen tmyen thdng da an sdu vdo tiem thiic
Bieu 1: Nhirng rao can doi vol t r e em t r o n g vifc b a y to f kien vk t h a m gia h o a t dong lien q u a n den t r e em (Ty le % )
Tre em khong c6 Ihin gian giroi loTi khong ISny nghe va xem xet phan ho
Nha tmong khong iing ho cac hoat d^ng Cha m? khong ung hp vi s(/ anh hucmg hqc lap Tre em IhiSu kiea thiic Tre em thi4u ky nSng
Sy tham gia ciia tre em..
hp lo ldng viec tham gia cac hoat ddng ciia tte em se anh hudng den viec hpc tap cua tte. Ngudi Idn khdng ldng nghe, phdn hdi y kiln cua tre ciing la mot rao can khiln tre khdng mudn bay td y kien ciia bdn than.
K i t qua thdo ludn nhdm phan anh rd ban ve nhiing rdo can trong viec len tieng va tham gia ciia tre em vao cdc hoat dpng lien quan den chiing: Chung con nghT rdo cdn vd kho khdn lan nhdt ddi vdi tui con Id su iing hd tir phia ngudi Idn. nhd trudng, thdy CO vd cha me. Bdi niu khdng cd su ling hg thi chung con khdng thi tham gia hay td chiic dugc hogt ddng gi. Nhu trudng con ndm trong hem ngudi Hoa, phu huynh Iao dgng chdn tay Id ehiiyiu nen khdng tao dieu kien cho tre em tham gia vdo cdc hogt dgng. hg bdo d nhd de giup do cha me bdn hdng. Vd gido vien chu nhiim cUng Id mdt rdo cdn cue Idn. Vi du lop con cd mgt bgn du thi phu trach gidi xudng phdng di dn thi gido vien chu nhiem khdng cho, cd chu nhiem ggi dien cho phu huynh bgn do ndi la bgn do hgc sa siit de bgn dy khdng dugc tham gia md thuc ti khdng phdi vgy. Hay neu chdng may bi diim hoi thdp thi se bi do tdi cho tham gia hogt ddng (TLN tre em, TR Hd Chi Minh).
Nhu vay, tre em ciing da chi ra rao can xudt phat tir phia ngudi Idn, cy the la viec cha me va thdy cd khdng ung hd tte tham gia vao cac hoat dpng. Ben canh do, la cdc yeu to ve dia diem boat dpng, thdi gian, sy hudng dan ciia ngudi Idn: Dia diim hogt ddng cUng la mdt khd khdti ddi vdi chiing con. Vi du nhu bdc bdo ve vd dudi tui con ra de bdc cdn ngu hogc hit gid hgc Id dudi tui eon ve khdng cho d lgi trudng. Chiing con ciing khdng cd ngudi Ion hd trg tham gia ciing cdc hogt dgng, cd cd Tdng phu trach nhung cd cUng rdt ban vd nhiiu viec nen khdng the cd nhiiu thdi gian cho tui
con dugc. Vdn de gid giac cUng Id mdt rdo cdn bai tui con di hgc thim gid gidc khac nhau nen khd de tap trung, nhiiu bgn thi ehii trgng vdo viec hgc qud miic khdng mudn tham gia vdo cdc hogt ddng (TLN tte em, Tp. Hd Chi Minh).
Mot y kien tir ket qud thao luan nhdm cho biet ve rao cdn khien tte cdn e ngai bay td y kien do la cam thdy thieu su lang nghe tir phia thay cd, ngudi Idn: Khi tui con trao ddi cdc thdy cd ludn cd y nghT khdng ldng nghe, thdy ed ludn nghi tui con con nhd hogc bia chuyin. cdn day chiing con ra xa, cho rdng tui con tu nghT ra. Ddi khi chung con cUng mudn dugc thdy cd phdn hdi vi nhiing y kiin cua chiing con. Vidu gid chdo cd dieu gi Idm dugc thi ndi ludn con cdi gi khdng lam dugc cung im ludn. Id di khdng ndi din. gidi quyet dugc hay khdng cung khdng ndi vd Id di (TLN tre em, Tp. Hd Chi Minh).
Dac biet, mdt rao can ciing khd quan ttpng ma cac em de cap den Id mdi tmdng an todn hay su bao ve cac era khi bdy to y kien, nhu cdu chuyen dudi day dugc chia se trong cupc thdo ludn nhdm: Dieu md tre em khdng ddm chia se con nghidd la su an todn khi chdng con ndi ra vd chung con ndi ra lieu ed gidi quyit dugc gi khdng. Nhu vica rdi mgi ngudi chac cd nghe ndi din mdt chi da ndi ve viec cd gido dgy todn 3 thdng khdng ndi, sau do chi dy bi mgi ngudi ndi ra ndi vdo rdi bi tdy chay, edc phuong tien truyen thdng thi dua tin qud nhiiu vi chi dy Idm dnh hudng rdt Idn din tinh thdn vd cugc sdng cua chi. Hay nhu d trudng con, khi mdt be ndi vi cdng tin cua trudng cd vdn de vd cd mgt dodn kiim tra ve Idm viic, sau dd kit ludn khdng cd vdn di gi vd be do bi Ban gidm hieu nhd trudng ggi len ndi vd hdi tgi sao lgi ndi nhu vgy. vach ra nhiing dieu khdng tdt dnh hudng den nhd
32 Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hoi. sd 10.2C19 trudng. Thuc ra con thdy cdng tin cd vdn
de that nhung nhd trudng lgi trach moc be do (TLN tte em, Tp. Hd Chi Mhih).
Ben canh dd, ket qua thao ludn nhdm cua giao vien ciing dua ra mdt sd rao cdn ddi vdi tre em ttong viec bdy td y kien vd tham gia cac boat dpng.
Rao cdn trudc tien ciing xudt phdt tir chinh nhan thiic vd sy tao dilu kien tir Ban gidm hieu nhd trudng: Quan trgng do Id nhdn thuc cua ngudi lan vi vdn de ndy. niu nhu ngudi Idn khdng nhdn thuc vd khdng hiiu duge ngay cd la cdc thdy cd cUng chua chac da hieu vd cho rdng day Id su cdn thiet thi tre em rdt khd khdn de lin tiing (TLN giao vien, Tp. Ho Chi Minh). Thuc ra Cdng udc da cd vd Ludt cung dd quy dinh rdt ro ve quyin tham gia cua tre em, quyin duoc len tieng cita tre em, nhung trong thuc te chua thuc hiin dugc la do yiu td nhdn thiic vd vdn hda cua chiing ta Id mgt rdo cdn rdt Idn. Trudc tiin. ngay chinh tre em cUng chua nhdn thuc dugc quyin cua minh nhu thi ndo, lam sao di thuc hien quyin tham gia vd ndi len tiing ndi cua minh. Tre em ciing khdng cd nhiing ky ndng vd kiin thicc di cd the bdy td dugc quan diim ciia minh.
Nhdn thuc tic phia ngudi Idn tic cha me den thdy cd gido. Thdy cd chua chac da hieu dugc su cdn thiet vd quan trgng di tre em tham gia vd lin tiing. Trong gia dinh thi cdng khdng bdi nhdn thuc cua cha me vdn cdn chiu dnh hudng rdt lan tii Nho gido.
Trong gia dinh tre em ludn phdi nghe Idi cha me, im mdt phep thi lam sao ddm len tiing. Do thdi quen trong gia dinh nhu vgy nen tre khd hinh thdnh viec bdy td y kien d nhiing mdi trudng khde. Din trudng thi tre em sao ddm cdi lai gido vien. Su tgo diiu kiin ciia Ban gidm hieu cUng Id mot vdn di. Ddi khi cd nhiing viec gido vien
cdn chdng ddm len tiing ndi gi din cdc ern hgc sinh (TLN gido vien, Phii Yen).
Ben canh do, la ca ehl dam bao viec thyc hien sy tiiam gia ciia tte em nhu the nao, phu huynh cd tao dilu kien hay khong cting Id nhimg khd khan, rao can cho viec cdc em tham gia: Co chi di bdo dam viec thuc hien quyin cUng chua cd. Vi du cd nhiing cugc thi cdc em khdng thich nhung cUng khdng ddm khdng thi vi liin quan din ddnh gid hay thi dua. Bin cgnh do. phu huynh quan tdm nhiiu din viic hgc nen diiu ddng cdc em rat khd di tham gia cdc hogt dgng. cd lop phu huynh cdn khdng cho con lam lop trudng vi ndi rdng khdng hgc hdnh gi sudt ngdy di tap vdn nghe (TLN gido vien, Phii Yen). Trong gia dinh thudng cha me Id ngudi quyit dinh mgi viec liin quan din con cdi bdi tdi nghi cdc em cdn nhd chua du suy nghT chin chdn di cd thi quyit dinh gi lien quan din bdn thdn. Viec hgc ciia con cUng do cha me chu dgng vi trudng. hgc them cUng cha me lo ldng, vd tdi nghT cdc con phdi du 18 mai ed the tu quyit dinh ve viec hgc cho bdn thdn (TLN giao vien, Lang Son).
Trong cac cupc thao ludn nhdm, giao vien cung nhin nhdn nhung rao can den tir chinh cac em nhu sau: Khd khdn Id hgc sinh nhut nhdt chua mgnh dan tham gia, trao ddi chia se vd cd nhiing ngi dung thdy cd cung chua mgnh dgn ndi vai cdc em. Mdt thuc ti khd khdn vdi hgc sinh lap 9 la cdc em khdng cd nhieu thdi gian tham gia cdc hogt dgng do phdi tap trung hoc. nhdt Id cdc em tham gia ddi tuyin. Vdn di dp luc hoc tap, gidng dgy ciing la khd khdn ddi vdi gido vien, hgc sinh chimg tdi Cd nhirng luc phdi ddnh cd thdi gian sinh hogt lop di hgc. Chuong trinh hoc nhiiu chi phdi viic tham gia cdc hogt ddng cua hgc sinh. dp luc hgc tap tic thdy cd, cha me ddn din tre em bi mdt ca hdi tham gia cdc hoat ddng. ca hdi thi hien minh. thi
Stf tham gia ciia tri em... 33
hien nhu cdu, nguyen vgng vdi ngudi lan...
d nong thdn cd mdt khd khdn cUng dnh hudng tdi tre em do la cha me di lam dn xa nhiiu nen su quan tdm ddi vdi con cdi con hgn ehi, hogc nhOng gia dinh cha me vat vd kiim sdng nen thdi gian, su quan tdm cho con khdng cd (TLN giao vien, Lang Son).
Tir kit qud dinh lugng va ket qua dinh ti'nh d tten cd the thdy, nhiing rao can can ttd su tham gia cua tte em ciing nhu han che tte ndi len tieng ndi cua minh va tham gia cac boat ddng bao gdm ca yeu td chu quan va khach quan, xuat phat tir ban than tte cung nhu tii phia gia dinh, nhd tmdng.
Tit phia tre em:
- Nhdn thiic eiia tte em ve quyen tham gia, quyen bay td y kien cdn ban che
- Kien thiic va ky nang cua tre em de thyc hien quyen tham gia cdn chua tdt. Ddi khi tte cdn khdng biet 1dm each ndo de bay to y kien ciia minh, dien dat ra sao, chia se vdiai.
- Danh nhieu thdi gian cho boat ddng hgc tap ban la cac boat dpng khac.
Tic phia gia dinh:
- Nhan thiic cua cha me ve sy tham gia ciia tre em cdn ban che, hg chua nhdn thiic dugc quyen ciing nhu y nghia de tte em ndi len tieng ndi ciia minh.
- Dat ky vpng qua Idn ddi vdi con cai ttong chuyen diem sd, hpc hdnh, thi cii, khong mudn con cai tham gia vao cac boat ddng khac.
- Thoi quen giao due gia dinh theo md hinh gia tmdng, dpc dodn, cha me quyet dinh mpi viee lien quan den con cdi, eon cdi khong cd quyen y kien, chi dugc phep lam theo.
Tuphia nhd trudng:
- Nhdn thuc cua gido vien ve quyen tham gia ciia tte em, quyen len tieng ciia tte em cdn chua tdt.
- Ban gidm hieu nha tmdng chua thyc sy ung hd khi tte em len tilng va thi hien quyen tham gia vao cac boat dpng lien quan den tte em ttong tmdng.
- Ap lyc hgc hanh, thanh tich eua giao vien, nha tmdng ddi vdi hpc sinh qua Idn.
- Chua cd CO che dam bdo sy an toan khi tre bay td y kien cua minh.
4. Ket luan
Tir nhiing ket qud nghien ciiu tten, co the nit ra mdt sd nhdn xet sau:
Nhin chung, phan Idn tte em ttong mdu khao sat cho rdng khdng nhdt thiet phai nghe Idi ngudi Idn ttong mgi tmdng hgp.
Tre em gai cd quan niem khdng nhdt thiet phdi nghe Idi cha me ttong mgi tmdng hgp cao ban tre em trai. Tre em ttong mau khdo sat d Lang Son cho rang cdn bay td y kien thay vi nghe theo loi ngudi Idn cao hon so vdi tte em d Phii Yen va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Cd nhiing rao can xudt phat tir ban than tre em vd tir phia ngudi Idn (khdch quan) khiln tte khdng dam bay td y kien eua minh ve cac vdn de lien quan den ban than.
Thdng qua ket qud nghien ciiu, cd the dua ra mdt sd khuyen nghi sau:
Ddi vdi nhd trudng
- Cdn ddy manh cong tac truyen thdng giiip ndng cao nhdn thiic cho ban giam bieu, gido vien, tong phy trach,... ttong nha trudng ve cong tac giao due, chdm sdc, bdo ve tte em. Nha tmdng cdn cd chii tiruong ung hp vd quan tdm den cac boat ddng thiic day sy tham gia cua tte em, khuyen khich tte em bay td y kiln va ldng nghe, phdn hoi nhiing y kiln ciia tre em mdt each tich cyc.
- Cdn ndng cao ndng lyc, ky ndng giai trinh cho giao vien, tdng phu trach ve phuang phdp giao due tich cue, khuyen khich tre em bay td y kiln. Ludn cd sy ldng nghe, tdn trgng y kiln eua tre em, tao
Thong tin Khoa hQC xa hoi, so 10.2019 dieu kien de tre em d l xudt y tudng, tham
gia vao cae boat ddng, to chiic cdc boat ddng thiic ddy sy tham gia ciia tre era vdi cac budc ho trg tre em, liic nao can ho ttg, liic nao can nit ra dk tre em ty chu va tu quan trong cac hoat dpng cua minh. Cac thay cd can xem xet d l to chiic cdc hinh thiic boat ddng de tte em cd du dilu kien vd nang lyc tham gia.
- Giao due trong nha tmdng cdn cd su cdn bang vd hudng d i n sy phat triln todn dien ddi vdi hpc sinh thay vi thien lech nang ve kien thiic, dilm so vd thanh tich, tao ra dp lyc ddi vdi hgc sinh.
Ddi vdi gia dinh
- Cdn ndng cao nhdn thiic cho cha me vd nhiing ngudi thdn ttong gia dinh ve cdng tdc gido due, chdm sdc, bdo ve tre em.
- Cdn xdy dyng md hinh dan chu trong dd cha me tdn ttpng, ldng nghe nhiing nhu can chinh dang cua con cai, cho phep con cai neu y kien. Cha me can cd su trao ddi, gidng giai thuyet phuc con cdi thay vi dp ddt, cd su nghiem khac cdn thiet nhung khuyen khich dugc tte dpc lap, ty tin.
- Cha me thudng xuyen quan tdm den con cdi vd tao dieu kien cho con tham gia vao cdc boat dpng khac ngodi hpc tap, khdng nen qua coi trgng ve mat thanh tich, diem sd ttong hpc tap de ep buoc tte mdt each khong phii hgp.
- Cha me cdn tham gia cdc Idp ky nang ve giao dye con cai, ttau doi kien thiic de cd cdch thiic giao due con mdt each phu hgp.
Ddi vdi tre em , - Cdn ndng cao nhan thiie cho tte em ve
quyin tte em, quyin tham gia ciia tte em de tte cd thi hilu v l quyen cung nhu y nglua cua viec bay td y kiln, tham gia vdo cac van
de lien quan den ban thdn. , - Cdn ttang bi nhiing ky ndng can thiet
d l tte cd thi tham gia vao cac hoat dpng, to chiic, duy tti cac boat ddng ciia tre em; phat huy dugc su tiiam gia cua tte em ve cdc van de ciia chiing.
- Tre em cdn biet cdn bdng gifia viee hpc tap vd tham gia vao cdc boat dpng khac nhdm ndng cao kiln tinic va cac ky ndng cho tre em phdt huy dugc sy tham gia ciia minh a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. McNaughton, S. (2002), Meeting of minds. Learning Media Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand.
2. Nguyen Khdnh Tnmg (2016), So sdnh gido due gia dinh giira phu huynh Phdp vd Viit Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi.
3. UNICEF (2010), Bdo cdo phdn tich tinh hinh tre em Viit Nam 2010.
4. Osbom, A., & Bromfield, L. M (2007), Participation of children and young people in care in decisions affecting their lives. National Child Protection Clearinghouse Research Brief, No. 6, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne.
