NGHIEN ciru - TRA O DOI
HOAN Tffl!N PHAP LUAT THI HANH AN DAN 611
v l C U O N G c n f Kl BI!N TAI 6AN CHUNG'"
TRAN PHUONG THAO*
Tom tdt: Ke bien tdi sdn, trong do cd ke bien tdi sdn chung Id mgt trong nhimg bien phdp cumig chi cdn thiet dugc dp dung de thi hdnh dn ddn sy tren thuc tien. Bdi viit nghien cihi vd danh gid cdc quy dinh cda phdp lugt thi hdnh dn ddn sy Viet Nam hien hdnh vi cuong chi ke bien tdi sdn chung.
tham khdo thuc tien thyc hien de nhgn biet mgt sd khd khan, vudng mdc trong hogt dgng cuong chi ke biin tdi sdn chimg, trin ca sd do di xudt mgt sd kien nghj nhdm hodn thien phdp lugt, ndng cao hieu qud cua cu&ng chi ke biin tdi sdn chung trong cdng tdc thi hdnh dn ddn su d Viet Nam.
Tir khod: Cu&ng che; ke bien; tdi sdn chung; thi hdnh dn ddn sy
Nhgn bdi: I0/5/20J9 Hodn thdnh bien tgp: 10/12/2019 Duyet ddng: 24/12/2019 IMPROVING THE LAW ON ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL JUDGEMENTS REGARDING COERCIVE MEASURE OF DISTRAINT OF COMMON ASSETS
Abstract: Distraint of assets including distraint of common assets is a neccessary measure applied for enforcement of civil judgements in practice. The paper studies and evaluates current legal provisions on enforcement of civil judgements regarding distraint of common assets unde and on that basis it offers some proposals for improving the related law and raising the effecitiveness and efficency of the coersive measure of distraint of common assets in enforcement of civil judgements in Viemam.
Keywords: Coercion; distraint; common asset; enforcement of civil judgements
Received: May 10^, 2019; Editing completed: Dec l(f, 2019; Accepted for publication: Dec 2t, 2019
1. Quy S{nfa cua p h a p luat thi h a n h an nghia vy tra tien theo b i n an, quyet dinh da d i n s v Vi^t N a m ve cv&ng c h i ke bien dot cd hieu lye, hg ed tii s i n d l thuc hien nghia vdi t i i san c h u n g cua ngirdi phai thi h a n h vy dd nhung hg lgi khdng ta nguyen thyc an vdi ngudi k h a c hien.^^* Trong THADS, ke bien tai san de Ke bien tai s i n d l tiii hanh i n d i n sy THADS la bien phap dugc Nha nude su (THADS) la mgt trong nhiing bign phap dyng d l b i t huge ngudi phai thi hanh an phai cudng chi, dugc c h i p h i n h vien i p dung thuc hien nghia vy. Vi t h i , c i c quy dinh cua tiong tiirdng hgp ngudi phii thi hinh an cd phap lugt THADS v l cuong che ke bien tai
^ san la CO sd phap li khdng the thilu khi thyc
*Gifing vien, Trirfrng Bai h^cLult H^ NOi ^ i ? " ^jen phap nay. Cac quy dinh cua phip E-mail: tranphuongthao@hiu.edu.vn lugt ve cuong che ke bien tai san the hien (1). NghiSn cuu ndy dugc thyc hi^n trong khuon kh6
D I tdi nghiln curu khoa hgc cAp co sd: "Cdc bi?n
phip cuang chS thi hinh nghTa vy W ti^n theo Lujt ^^^ ^^ ^..^ ,^,„^ ,„^, ,^,.
thihtah4ndansuV,«tNam»,TmemgDi,.h,cLu§t ^^,^^:^,Nxb.C6ngannhSndan,2018,tr.251.
H4N0i,2O19.
NGHIEN CW - TRA O Bdi
"kf thugt phdp li nhdm tgo dung niim tin "'^^
cho ngudi dugc thi hanh in ndi rieng vi ngudi dan trong xi hgi ndi chung vao gii trj phip li thyc te ciia cac quylt dinh tiong bin an, quylt dinh cd hieu luc phap luit. Hilu mgt cich cu the han, cuong chi ke bien tai sin hay cic quy dinh ciia phip luit THADS ve cuong che ke bien tai sin se iam chim dirt tinh trgng ngudi phai thi hanh an chdng ddi, cd tinh khdng thyc hi^n nghia vy hoac tranh dugc vigc ngudi phai thi hanh an tiu tan tai san, khdng chiu thi hanh an.
. Hign nay, bien phap cudng chi ke bien tai san dugc ghi nhan tgi khoan 3 Dilu 71 va dugc cy the hoa trong nhilu dilu lugt khac tgi Chuong IV Luit THADS nam 2008, sua ddi, bd sung nim 2014 (sau day ggi la Lugt THADS nam 2014). Tai san bi cudng che ke bien ^e thi hanh an cd the la tai san thugc sd hftu rieng cua ngudi phii thi hinh an nhung ciing cd the la tai san thugc sd hihi chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh in ddi vdi ngudi khic. So vdi cuong che ke bien ddi vdi tii san rieng cua ngudi phai thi hanh in, viec cuong che kS biSn tii sin li tai san thugc sd huu chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh an ddi vdi ngudi khac thudng khd khan, phiic tgp han. Vi the, viec cudng che ke bien ddi vdi tii san chung nay phai dugc thyc hien theo dung cac quy dinh ciia Luit THADS nam 2014 vi cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh Lugt THADS nam 2014 nhu Nghi dinh cua Chinh phii sd 62/2015/ND-CP ngay 18/7/2015 quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi hanh mdt sd dilu cua Lugt THADS (ggi tat li Nghi
(3). Nhd phip ludt Viet - Phdp, Hgi thdo: "Phdp lugt vi thi hdnh dn ", Hd N^i, ngdy 24, 25/8/1998, tr. 7, 8.
djnh s6 62/2015/ND-CP), Thdng tu lien tich cua Bg tu phap,. Toi'in nlian dan tdi cao, Vien kilm sit nhin dan toi cao so 11/2016/TTLT-BTP-TANDTC-VKSNDTC ngay 01/8/2016 quy dinh mgt s6 vin dl ve thu tiic thi hanh an dan sy vi phoi hgp lien nganh trong THADS (sau day ggi tit la Thdng tu lien tich sd 11). Thyc trgng phap lugt vl cudng che kd bien tai san chung ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an vdi ngudi khac dl thi hinh dan sy ndi bat d cic ngi dung sau:
Ve tai sin chung dugc cudng chi ke biSn de thi hinh in dan su
Cho den hign tgi, cic van ban phap lu£tt thi hanh an din su chua cd dieu luat quy dinh cy the tai san chimg bi cuong chi ke bien dl thi hanh an bao gdm nhimg loai tai san nao.
Neu hieu theo quy dinh tai Dilu 207 Bg lu$t dan sy (BLDS) nam 2015 thi tai san chung bi cudng che ke bien de thi hanh an dan su la tai san thudc sd hihi chung. Trong khi dd, "sd hieu chung la sd hiru cua nhieu chd sd hOu ddi vdi tdi sdn. So hint chung bao gdm sd hihi chung theo phdn vd sd him chung hgp nhdt. Tdi sdn thugc hinh thuc sd hitu chung Id tdi sdn chung". Tren thyc te, cic trudng hgp tii san thudc sd hiiu chung cua nhieu chu sd hihi cd the li tii san chung cua vg chong, tai san cdng ti, tai san chung ciia thdn, lang... Hien tgi, Dilu 74 Luit THADS nSm 2014 cd quy dinh vl tai san chung b; xac dinh, phan chia, xir li de thi hanh an, tuy-^
nhien, vi chua cd quy dinh cu the nen viec xac dinh tii san chung dugc hieu theo nhieu each khic nhau. Theo cich hieu dan gi^
nhit, tii sin chung dugc xic dinh li tii sin thugc quyin sd hihi ciia nhilu ngudi. Quyen sd hflu tii san cua nhilu ngudi nay thudng
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi
oao gdm c i c q u y i n cua nhilu ngudi doi vdi tai san nhu quyen sii dyng, quyin chilm hihi, quyin dinh dogt. Tuy nhifin, do cd nhthig logi tai s i n dgc bigt chi dugc n h i nude cdng n h i n cho chu t h i quyin sii dyng (vi dy nhu quyin sii dyng dat) ndn tii s i n thudc sd hihi chung n i y eon cd the hieu l i tai san thugc quyin su dyng chung ciia nhilu ngudi.
N g o i i ra, khi ke bien t i i s i n chung theo quy dinh tgi D i l u 74 Lugt THADS n i m 2014 thi cdn can phii th^ng nhit h i l u tii s i n chung la tai san cua ngudi phai THADS vdi ngudi khac ma ngudi k h i c dd khdng phii la ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vy trong ban an, quylt dinh dang dugc td chiic thi hanh, bdi nSu l i ngudi cd quyin lgi, nghia vy trong ban an, quyet dinh dang dugc td chiie thi hanh thi ban than hg dS cd tu cich duong sy tirong THADS ( l i ngudi dugc thi h i n h i n hoac la ngudi phai thi b i n h i n ) , sau n i y neu cd m i u thuin, tranh c h i p gi v l vigc thyc hien quyin, nghia vu trong ban an, quylt dinh eua toa thi khdng the quy dinh bugc hg phai khdi kien lgi, yeu cau toa an giai quyet lgi v l tai san dd dugc.**^ Vdi each h i l u nay, cac trudng hgp tii san chung cda ngudi phii thi h i n h i n vdi nhimg ngudi k h i c trong cac vy an chia thira k l , vy an hdn nhan gia duih da dugc toa an giai quylt sg khdng thuOc trudng hgp tai san chung dugc xac dinh, phan chia, xu li theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014.
(4). Ho Qudn Chfnh, Hodn Thanh Hoa, "K6 bien, xu If tdi sdn thuOc s* httu chung cua ngu6i phdi thi hdnh dn - Mpt s6 vdn d^ t£r th\rc tien", Tgp chi tod dn difn tu, https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/phap-luat/ke-bien-xu- ly-tai-san-thuoc-so-huu-chung-cua-nguoi-phai-thi-hanh- an-mot-so-van-de-tu-thuc-tien, truy c§p 03/5/2019 .
N h u v i y , d l viec cudng e h l ke bien tai san chung theo quy dinh tai Dilu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014 dugc dung d i n va cd hieu qua cao thi tai san chung hi cudng c h i ke bien de thi hanh an dan su la nhiing tai san thugc sd hihi, su dyng cua ngudi phai thi hinh an vdi ngudi k h i c m i "ngudi khac" do phai la ngudi khdng lien quan den ban an, quylt dinh dang dugc td chuc thi hanh, khdng phai la mdt duong sy trong ban an, quylt dinh dugc thi hanh.
- Ve nguyen tie ap dyng bien phap cudng che ke bien ddi vdi tai sin thudc sd hihi chung ciia ngudi phai THADS vdi ngudi khic
Thdng thudng, c a quan, td chiic THADS s6 cudng che k% bien ddi vdi tii sin thugc sd hihi ridng cda ngudi phii THADS trudc v i chi cudng che ke bien tai san thugc sd hihi chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh i n vdi ngudi khic khi tii s i n rieng cua ngudi phai thi hanh an khdng du, khdng cd de thi hanh nghia vu hoac do yeu cau cua ngudi phai thi hanh an va xet thiy yeu cau niy khdng gay khd khan cho c a quan thi hanh an. Sd di phai xac dinh day la mgt nguyen tic bdi nhin chung, xet ve sy thugn lgi thi viec cudng che ke bien ddi vdi tii s i n rieng cua ngudi phii thi hanh i n dan su se thuin lgi, de ding hon so vdi cuong che ke bien tai san chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh i n d i n su vdi ngudi khac. Thdng thudng, tii san rieng cua ngudi phai thi hanh i n dan sy se la ddi tugng d i u tiSn cua bign p h i p cudng che ke bien tii sin.
Tuy nliien, thuc tien cho thay se cd trudng hgp ke bien tai san rieng khdng du d l ngudi phai thi hanh i n d i n sy thuc hien nghTa vu, thgm chi hg khdng cd tai s i n rieng de thyc hien nghia vy hogc ngudi phai thi hanh i n
85
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl
chu ddng ydu cau ke bidn tii san chung trudc va ybi ciu niy khdng hi gay khd khin gi cho CO quan, td chiic thi hanh an thi duong nhien tixjng nh&ng trudng hgp nay phai xic dinh tii chung cua ngudi phii thi hanh in vdi ngudi khic la ddi tugng cua bien phap cuong chi ke bien tai sin. Nguydn tic nay ciing da dugc thi hign trong hudng dan tgi khoan 2 va 4 Dilu 24 Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND-CP: Co quan flii hanh an dan su chi kd bien, xu li ddi vdi tai san chung la quyin sd dung dit, nha d va tai sin khac gan lidn vm dit khi cic tai san khac khdng dii de thi hanh an hoac khi cd dl nghi cda ngudi phai thi hinh in ve vigc ty nguygn de nghj ke bien tai san cy thi trong sd nhilu tai san mi khdng giy trd ngai cho viec thi hanh an vi tii sin dd du dl thi hinh an, cac chi phi lidn quan. Thii tyc ap dyng cho trudng hgp niy li chip hanh vien phai Igp bien ban giii thich cho ngudi bi cudng chd ke bien tii san chung vl vigc hg phii chiu mgi chi phi lien quan den vigc xii li tii san do va tien hanh k€ bidn tai san dd thi hinh an. Ngudi phai thi hanh an sS bi hgn che quyen thyc hign giao dich doi vdi cac tai san khac cho din khi thue h i ^ xong nghia vy thi hanh an.
Ridng vdi trudng hgp ngudi phai THADSia doanh nghigp thi theo khoan 5 Dieu 24 Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND-CP, "Co quan thi hdnh dn ddn su chi ke bien tdi sdn khdc cua doanh nghiep phdi thi hdnh dn, neu sau khi da khau trie tdi khodn, xu li vdng, bgc, dd quy, kim khi quy khdc, gidy td cd gid cua doanh nghiep dang do doanh nghiep qudn li hogc dang do nguoi thu ba giii md vdn khdng du di thi hdnh dn, tru trudng hgp bdn dn, quyit dinh cd quyit dinh khdc hogc duang sif cd thoa thugn khdc ".
Nguyin tic chi cudng chi ke bien tai san chung cua ngudi phai THADS vdi ngudi khac khi cac tii sin khic khdng cd, khdng dii dl thi hinh an ho$c khi ngudi phii thi hanh an ed tii sin chung cd yeu ciu ke bien tai sin chung mi yeu ciu nay khdng gay trd ngai, khd khSn cho co quan thi hanh an ciing phan nao dugc the hien qua quy dinh tgi khoan 1 Dilu 95 Luat THADS nam 2014 nhu sau: "Viic ki biin nhd a Id noi o duy nhdt cua nguai phdi thi hdnh dn vd gia dinh chi dugc thuc hi^n sau khi xac dfnh ngudi do khdng cd cdc tdi sdn khdc hogc cd nhung khdng du di thi hdnh dn, trie trudng hgp ngudi phdi thi hdnh dn ddngy ke bien nhd a di thi hdnh dn ".
Nhu v$.y, ve nguyen tac chung, tai san thugc sd huu ridng ciia ngudi phai THADS phai dugc cuong ehl ke bien trudc, tai san chung chi bi cudng chi ke bien khi ngudi phai thi hanh in khdng cd, khdng dii tii san rieng de thi hinh in hoac do chinh ngudi phii thi hinh in yeu ciu cudng che k€ bien tai sin chung.
- v l thil tyc xac dinh phan chia, xd li phin sd huu cua ngudi phai thi hinh an trong khdi tii sin chung.
Vi li tii san chung cua ngudi phai THADS vdi ngudi khac nen khi cuong che ke bien tai san chung nay cd the xay ra hai trudng hgp: 1) Xai sin chung dd chua xac dinh dugc phin quyen sdf huu tai san, phin quyin sir dyng dit ciia ngudi phai thi hanh in 2) Tii san chimg do da xac dinh dugc phin sd huu, sii dyng cua cac chu sd huu, su dyng chung. Thu tyc can thyc hign trong moi trudng hgp cy the dS dugc quy dinh chung tai Dieu 74 Luit THADS nam 2014 va dugc
86 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi
hudng dan cy till ban tgi khoin 2 Dilu 24 Nghi dinh so 62/2015/ND-CP, cy thi la:
Thu nhdt, theo khoin 1 Dieu 74 Lugt THADS nim 2014, d6i vdi tiTidng hgp tai sin chung ciia ngudi phai thi hinh in vdi ngudi khic bi cudng chi ke bidn ma chua xic dinh dugc phin quyin sd hihi, phin quyen sii dyng ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an, chip hanh viSn thdng bao dl ngudi phai thi hanh in vi nhiing ngudi cd quyin sd h&u chung ddi vdi tii sin, quyen sii dyng dit ty thoa thuin phin chia tii sin chung hoic ydu ciu toa an giai quyet theo thu tuc td tyng dan sy. Het 30 ngiy, ke tir ngay nhgn dugc thdng bio ma cac bdn khdng ed thoa thuin hoic thoi thuin vi phgm quy dinh tgi Dilu 6 cua Lugt nay hoac thoi thuin khdng dugc va khdng yeu ciu toi an giii quyet thi chap hinh vien thdng bio cho ngudi dugc thi hanh an cd quyin yeu ciu toa in xic dinh phan quyen sd hihi tii sin, phan quyen sir dyng dat cua ngudi phai thi hinh an trong khoi tai san chung theo thd tyc td timg din su. Hit thdi hgn 15 ngiy, kl tir ngiy nhgn dugc thdng bio ma ngudi dugc thi hanh an khdng yeu ciu toa an giii quylt thi chip hanh vien yeu ciu toi an xic dinh phan quyin sd hthi tii sin, phin quyin sir dung dat ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an trong khdi tai sin chung theo thu tyc td tyng din sy. Chip hinh vien xii li tii san theo quylt dinh cua toa an.
Cy thi hoa quy dinh tren, Dilu 24 Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND-CP hudng dan hiy thugc vao tiing loai tai san chung ma xac dinh, phan chia, xd li nhu sau:
+ NIU tai san chung bi cuong chi ke bien la eua vg chong thi chip hanh vien xac dinh phin sd hihi cua vg, chong theo quy
dinh ciia phap lugt ve hdn nhan gia dinh va thdng bio cho vg, chdng bilt. Thdng thudng, chap hanh vien se dya tren nguyen tic chia ddi gia tri tii san va sau dd thdng bao cho vg hoac chdng ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an bilt.
+ Neu tai san thudc quyen sd huu, quyen sir dyng dit chung cua hd gia dinh thi chip hanh vien xac dinh phin sd hiiu, su dyng theo so lugng thanh vien ciia hd gia dinh tgi thdi diem xic lip quyen sd hiiu tai san, thdi diem dugc nhi nude giao dit, cho thue dit, cdng nhgn quyen sir dung dat, nhan chuyen quyen su dyng dat, sau dd chap hanh vien thdng bao kit qua xac dinh phan sd hihi, sii dyng cho cac thinh viSn trong hg gia dinh biet. Trudng hgp vg hoac chdng hoac cac thanh vien hg gia dinh khdng ddng y vdi viec xac dinh cua chip hanh vien thi cd quyen y6u cau toa an phan chia tai san chiong trong thdi b^n 30 ngay, kl tir ngay dugc thdng bao hgp Id. Hit thdi hgn nay ma khdng cd ngudi khdi kign thi chap hanh vien tien hanh ke bien, xii li tai san va tra lgi cho vg hogc chdng hogc cac thinh vien hd gia dinh gii tn phan tai sin thugc quyen sd hiiu, sit dyng cua hg.
+ Vdi cic tai san chung khac thi thyc hien theo quy dinh chung tgi khoan 1 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 da neu tren. Nhu vgy, trir trudng hgp la tii sin chung eua vg chdng, ciia hd gia dinh, cac tai san chung khic chua xic dinh dugc phin quyin sd hiiu tii sin mi ngudi cd quyen sd hiiu, su dyng chung khdng thoa thuan dugc viec phan chia tai san thi chip hanh vien chi ke bien, xd li tai sin sau khi da cd ban in cua toa in vl viec xac dinh tai san chung.
Thie hai, trudng hgp tai sin bi cudng ehl ke bien thugc sd hiiu chung nhung da 87
NGHIEN CUV- TRAOBdl
xac dinh dugc phan sd hiiu cua cac chiT sd huu chung thi vigc xii li tai san dd thyc hien theo quy dinh tgi khoan 2 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 nhu sau:
+ Ddi vdi tii san chung ed t h i chia dugc, chap hanh vien ap dyng bien phap cudng che p h i n tii san tucmg ling vdi p h i n sd hihi ciia ngudi phii thi h i n h an.
+ Ddi vdi tii san chung khdng thS chia dugc hogc neu viec p h i n chia lam giam ding ke gia tri eua tai san, chip hanh vien cd the ap dyng bien phap cuong che doi vdi toan bd tii s i n va thanh t o i n cho chii sd huu chung edn lgi g i i tri p h i n tii san thudc quyin sd h&u cua hg.
- v l uu tidn m u a tai san ciia chii sd hiiu chung
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Dieu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014, chu sd hiru chung dugc quyen uu tien mua phan tai san cua ngudi phai thi hanh i n trong khdi tai san thudc sd hihi chung. Cu the, trudc khi b i n tai san lan d i u ddi vdi tii san thugc sd hihi chung, chip hanh vien thdng bao va djnh thdi hgn cho chu sd hiiu chung mua phan tai san cua ngudi phai thi hinh i n theo g i i da dinh tiong thdi hgn 03 thing ddi vdi bit dgng san, 01 thing doi vdi dgng san. Ddi vdi nhung lan b i n tii s i n tilp theo thi thdi hgn la 15 ngiy, k l tir ngay dugc thdng b i o hgp le. Trong thdi hgn 05 ngiy lam vigc, ke tir ngay hit thdi hgn uu tien ma chii sd hiiu chung khdng mua tai san thi tai san dugc ban theo quy dinh tgi Dilu 101 Lugt THADS.
Khoan 7 D i l u 2 Thdng tu lien tjch sd 11 cdn hudng dan cy the: trong thdi han 05 ngay iam viec, ke tir ngay nhan dugc ket qua thim dinh gia, chap hanh vien thdng bao cho
chu sd hiiu chung quyin uu tien mua phan tai san ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an theo quy dinh tgi khoan 3 D i l u 74 Lugt THADS. Khi chu sd hihi c h u i ^ ddng y mua tai san ke bien thi thu tyc phM dugc thyc hien theo Dilu 7 Thdng tu lien tich sd 11 nhu sau: doi vdi tai san la b i t dgng san va dgng san phai dang ki quyen sd hiiu, quyen sir dyng, chip hanh vien ra quyet dinh b i n tai san cho chu sd hiru chung; doi vdi t i i san l i dgng san nhung khdng phai dang ki quyen sd hiiu, quyen su dyng, chap hanh vien lap bien ban giao tai san cho chu sd hiiu chung.
2. N h u n g thach thu-c dgt r a tir thyc tien ap d u n g v i mgt so kien n g h | nham hoan thi^n c i c quy dinh ve c u o n g che kS bien tai san c h u n g
Dugc xac dinh la mgt trong nhGng each thiic ma nha nude sd dyng de tranh viec ngudi cd nghia vu tra tien ngoan cd, khdng chiu tuin theo hieu luc ciia b i n in, quyet dinh da tuyen,*^^' bien p h i p cudng che ke bien tai s i n chung da dugc cy the hoa bang cac quy dinh khac nhau trong phap luit thi hanh an Viet Nam. M$c du hien nay phap luat Viet Nam da cd quy dinh ve cudng che ke bien ddi vdi tai s i n chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh i n vdi ngudi khic, ddng thdi da cd quy dinh ve quyen u u tien mua phan tai san cua ngudi phai thi h i n h an tirong khoi tai san thugc sd hiiu chung nhung thuc tien ap dyng cac quy dinh nay dang bgc Id nhiing khd khan, vudng m i c c i n dugc giai quylt. Cac khd khan, vudng m i c nay thuc su la nhung thach thiic cho cdng t i c THADS, iam cho
(5). Nhd phdp ludt Viet - Phdp, Tdi li?u tham khdo vi thita phdt lgi vd thi hdnh dn, Hd Ngi, 1997, tr. 32.
TAP c m LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl viec cudng chi ke bien tai san chung nay
chua dat higu qui nhu mong mudn, cy thi li:
Thu nhdt, phip luit THADS Vi^t Nam hien dang thilu quy dinh cy thi, rd ring vl tai san chung va cic logi tii sin chung trong THADS.
Nhu da phin tich d tren, vi cho din nay phip luat THADS van chua cd quy dinh cy till thi nao li tii sin chung trong THADS, tii san chung bi kd bien y^l li bao gom cac logi tii sin gi nen trong thyc tiln ap dyng Dilu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014, xic dinh ve tii san chung khdng thdng nhat trong thuc tien THADS. Viec xac dinh tai sin chung tiong THADS khdng the chi dua vio quy dinh khai quit cua BLDS nam 2015 vl tai san chung, do dd, de viec ip dyng Dieu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 dugc diing vi thdng nhat thi trong thdi gian tdi, Lugt THADS cin cd quy dinh bd sung ve van de niy theo hudng tai san chung bi cudng ehl ke bien de THADS la nhung tai san thugc sd hiiu, sii dyng cua ngudi phii thi hanh in vdi ngudi khic mi
"ngudi khic" dd phii li ngudi khdng lien quan den ban an, quydt dinh dang dugc td chiic thi hanh, khdng phai la mdt duong sy trong ban an, quylt dinh dugc thi hanh.
Thu hai, thu tyc xac dinh, phan chia, xu li phin tai sin cua ngudi phii THADS trong khdi tii sin chung quy dinh tgi khoan 1 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 khi Idng vdng, tdn thdi gian, khd thyc hign va khdng thdng nhit vdi hudng dan tai Dilu 24 Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND-CP. Cu till li:
+ Dii CO quan thi hinh in cd iam diing quy dinh: thdng bao cho nhiing ngudi ddng sd hihi bilt vl vigc ke bien tai san dl bao dam cho viec thi hanh in nhung vdi tam li
nggi kign tyng, khdng mu6n mit thdi gian, tiln bac, cdng siic cho vign kign tyng nen ngudi dong sd hiiu thudng khdng thyc hien viec khdi kien de xic dinh phan sd hiiu cua minh trong khIi tai sin chung. Dac biet, trong trudng hgp do thin thiet, cd tim li bio ve quyin, lgi ich cua ngudi phii THADS thi ngudi cd tii sin chung vdi ngudi phii thi hinh in cing khong khdi kign de yeu cau toi in phan chia tai san chung do.
+ Mac du tai khoan 1 Dieu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014 cd quy djnh cic ddng sd huu chung thoa thugn de xic dinh phin cua ngudi phii thi hanh an trong khdi tai san chung nhung vdi tam li khdng mudn thi hanh an ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an thi quy dinh nay it kha thi vi neu hg khdng mudn thoa thugn thi viec thoa thuin khdng the thyc hi$n dugc.
+ Quy dinh hit thdi han 30 ngiy ke tir ngay dugc thdng bao ma khdng cd thoa thugn hoac khdng khdi kien den toa an thi ngudi dugc thi hanh an cd quyen khdi kign cung khd mang lai hieu qim nhu mong muon bdi ngudi dugc thi hanh ciing cd the cd tam li nggi kien tyng hoac cd tam li y lgi vi cho ring nlu minh khdng khdi kien tlu da cd chip hanh vien khdi kien yeu ciu toa in xic dinh phin sd hiiu cua ngudi phai thi hanh an trong khdi tii sin chung.
+ Quy dinh neu ngudi phii thi hinh in, ngudi ddng sd hun chimg khdng khdi kign dl yeu ciu toi an phan chia tai sin chung thi ngudi dugc thi hinh an, chip hanh vien khdi kien din toa an yeu cau toa an xac dinh phan tai sin ciia ngudi phii thi hanh in la bat hgp li vi cac chii thi khdi kign nay khdng the hoac rit khd dua ra dugc nhirng chiing cii chiing minh phin tai san cua ngudi phai thi
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 8/2019 89
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBOl
hinh an trong khIi tii sin chung do khdng phii la chu sd hiiu, sit dyng tai san. Die biet, quy dinh chip hanh vifin phii yeu ciu toi an xic dinh phin quyen sd hihi, sii dyng tii san theo thii ti^c to tyng din sy khi chu sd hihi, su dyng tii sin chung vi ngudi dugc thi hanh an khdng khdi kien bi phan d6i kha nhilu.*^* Chiing tdi cho ring su phin ddi niy la ed CO sd bdi vi$c xac dinh phin tai sin li thim quyen, trieh nhigm ciia toi in, viec yeu cau xic dinh phan tii sin la cda ngudi cd quyin, lgi ich (li duong sy vi nhiing ngudi cd tai sin chung) chii khdng phii li chip hinh vidn. Quy dinh niy cin phii luge bd tiii cic duong sy trong thi hinh an va nhthig ngudi cd tai sin chung mdi khdng y lgi vio chip hanh vien, tir dd cd thi giai quylt nhanh viec thi hinh in. Neu vin giii quy dinh chip hanh vidn phai khdi kien din toa an de yeu ciu xac dinh phin tai san cua ngudi phai thi hanh an trong khdi tii san chung thi cin thilt phai quy djnh bd sung vl cac van de lien quan nhu tu cich to tung ciia chip hanh vien, nhiem vy, quyin han cua chip hanh vien trong qui trinh td tyng tai toa an, tgm ling an phi vi an phi... Hien nay, Lugt THADS nim 2014 va eae van ban hudng dan chua cd cic quy dinh cy the ve cic ngi dung nay nen quy dinh chip hanh vien khdi kien den toa an dang ggp rat nhieu vudng mic tien thyc tien ap dyng.
+ Vi thil tyc xic dinh phin tii san cua ngudi phai thi hanh an trong khdi tii sin chung quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dilu 74 Luit (6). NguySn Minh, "Thi hdnh dn tdi sdn chung nhu thi ndo", Bdo di4n tu dgi bieu nhdn ddn, http://dai bieunhandan.vn/ONA-BDT/Newsprint.dpx?newId=
413625, truy c§p 03/5/2019.
THADS nim 2014 khi long vdng, it tinh kha tiii nen da dSn din he qui tit ylu li tdn thdi gian cho vigc thyc hign thu tuc dd. Cic flidi hgn duge quy dinh nhu bet thdi han "30 ngiy", hit thdi hgn "15 ngay" &h ngudi dugc thi hinh an, chip hinh vien khdi kien yeu ciu phin chia tii sin chung li qui dai va khdng can thiet. Cac thdi hgn nay nen sira lai theo hudng nit ngin dt vigc xac dinh tai san chung dugc nhanh chdng hon.
+ Theo quy dinh tgi khoan 1 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nim 2014, thu tuc xac dinh, phan chia tai san phai duge thyc hien tiieo dung trinh ty: Trudc hit, ngudi phai thi hanh an va ngudi cd tai sin chung ti^ thoi thuan phan chia, nlu khdng tu thoa thuin phin chia dugc thi ngudi phii thi hanh an va ngudi cd tai san chung yeu ciu toa an phin chia. Nlu ngudi phii thi hanh an va ngudi cd tai san chung khdng yeu ciu toa an phan chia thi ngudi dugc thi hanh an se y€u ciu toi an phan chia.
NIU ngudi duge thi hinh in cQng khdng yeu cau toi in phan chia thi chip hanh vien se yeu cau toi an phan chia. Tuy nhiSn, diem c khoin 2 Dilu 24 Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND- CP lai cd hudng din Chap hanh vien se phan chia trudc, cy thi la: "Ddi voi tdi sdn thugc quyen sd hOu, sie dyng chung cua vg, chdng thi chdp hdnh vien xac dinh phdn sd hihi ciia vg, chdng theo quy dfnh cua phdp lugt ve hdn nhdn vd gia dinh vd thdng bdo cho vg, chdng biet". Hay "Ddi vdi tdi sdn thudc quyen sd hieu, qi^in su dung ddt chung cda hg gia dinh thi chdp hdnh viin xdc dfnh phdn sd hihi, sie dung theo s6 lugng thdnh vien cda hd gia dinh tgi thdi diim xdc lap quyin sd hihi tdi sdn, thdi diim dugc nhd nude giao ddt, cho thue ddt, cdng nhdn qi^in su dung ddt.
90 TAP c m LUAT HQC SO 8/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl nhdn chuyin quyin sit dung ddt" NIU vg,
, chong ho^c cic thinh vien hg gia (£nh khdng ding J? vdi viec phan chia ciia chip hinh vien thi mdi cd quyen yeu ciu toi an phin chia tai san chung trong thdi hgn 30 ngay, kl tii ngay dugc thdng bao hgp le. Hit tiidi ban niy mi khdng ed ngudi khdi kien thi chip hanh vien tiln hanh kS bien, xur 11 tai san va ti^ lgi cho vg hoac chdng hogc cac thanh vi^n hd gia iflnh gii tri phin tai sin thugc quyin sd hiiu, sd dung ciia hg". Hudng din niy khdng chi the hi^n su khdng thdng nhit vdi quy dinh tai Dilu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014 ma cdn till Men sy khdng hgp li, cin phai sda dii bdi nhiem vy, quyen han ciia chip hanh vien khdng gidng nhu nhigm vy, quyin han ciia thim phan, n^u quy dinh chap hanh vidn ty phan chia tai san dl xac dinh phin sd hihi cua ngudi phai thi hanh an tiong khdi tii sin chung thi quy dinh niy se gay khd khan cho chip hinh vien vi cd ihl niy sinh viec khieu nai, t6 cao ve viec phan chia tai san cua chip hanh vien.
Nhu vgy, vdi nhiing vudng mac, khd khan neu tren khi ip dung khoin I Dilu 74 Luit THADS nam 2014 cho tiiiy, trong tiidi gian tdi quy dinh ve thii tyc xic dinh, phan chia, xd li tii sin chung cin stta theo hudng don gian hem, thdi hgn ngin ggn hon, chi nen giao quyen yeu ciu toa in phin chia tii san chung cho ngudi dugc thi hanh an, ngudi phai thi hanh an hoac ngudi cd tai sin chung vdi ngudi phai thi hinh in, bd hudng dan trong Nghi dinh sd 62/2015/ND-CP vl xic dinh, phin chia tai sin chung.
Thu ba, vigc xic dinh phin sd hiiu cua cic chu sd hiiu chung theo quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dilu 74 Lugt THSADS ciing b0c Id nhung vudng mic khd giii quyet.
+ Vudng mac diu tien khi ip dung diem a khoan 2 Dilu 74 Lugt THADS nam 2014 la: Doi vdi tii san chung da xac dinh dugc phin cua ngudi phii thi hinh an mi cd thi chia dugc thi chap hinh vien cuong ehl ke bien phin tai san tuang img vdi phan sd hiru cua ngudi phai thi hinh in. Vgy dua vio nhung tiSu chi nao dd khing dinh tai san chung do la "tii san chung cd thi chia dugc"
vi "tii sin chung khdng thi chia dugc". Cd y kiln cho ring, tii san khdng chia dugc la tii san khdng the chia ra thanh timg phin dl thyc hidn nghia vu ndn vdi tai san khdng chia dugc thi uu tien thoa thuin cua cic ben.'^* Tuy nhien, hign nay pliip lugt Vi$t Nam chua cd quy dinh vl cic tieu chi chung nen vi€c xic dinh tii sin chung nio cua ngudi phii thi hinh an la tii san chia duge, tai san chung nao cua ngudi phai thi hinh in la tii sin khdng chia duge chua thdng nhit, khd minh bach va de xiy ra tieu cyc.
+ Van de chia nhu thd nio li hgp li, ngay ca khi da ed nhihig tieu chi rd rang dl xic dinh rang tai san chung dd la "chia dugc"
nhung thyc tiln cua viec chia niy ciing bgc Ig nhieu khd khan khdng de giii quylt, chia nhu the nio de ket qui phan chia dd khdng bi khieu ngi. Vi dy: Tii san chung cua ngudi phai thi hanh in vdi mgt ngudi khic la mOt thiia dit, thiia dit niy dugc xic dinh la chia dugc, viec phin chia khdng lam giam gii tri thiia dit dd va do tien bd ra la nhu nhau nen phan cua ngudi phai thi hanh an dugc xic dinh la mgt nira thira dat. Tuy nhien, khi chip hinh vien ke bien mdt nua milng dit dd de thi binh in thi se ke bien nua nio cua (7). Nhd phdp lu^t Vift - Phdp, Hqi thdo: "Phdp lugt v.
thihdnhdn", HdN^i, ngdy 24, 25/8/1998, tr. 10, 11.
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBOl
thija dat: niia trong hay nua ngoai, nira phAi hay nira trai boi rat co the hai thua dit c6 dien tich nhu nhau nhung \qi the cOa mSi thua se khac nhau, din den gia tri Ithac nhau.
D I tr^nh bi IdiiSu nai, khi cuong che ke bi6n tai san chung, chap hanh vien thuang chi cuong chi phSn t^ s ^ tuong ung voi phan so hGu cua nguoi phai tlii hanh an Ichi tai san ro r ^ g , de phan ciiia, da duoc phan chia theo ban an, quyet dinh hoac do cac duong su thoa thujln. Con d6i voi tai san chung khong thi cilia hoSc neu viec phan cliia lam giam dang kg gia tri ciia tai san thi chap hanh vien se ap d\mg bien phap cuong chS d6i voi toan b9 tai san va thanh toan cho chu so hthi chung con lai gia tri phan tai san thupc quyin so hGu ciia hp theo quy dinh tai diem b khoan 2 Dilu 74 Lu$t THADS nam 2014.
Tuy nhien, khi 4p dvmg dilm b khoin 2 Dilu 74 Luat THADS 2014 ngu6i ap dyng cung gSp kha nhilu liing tiing bdi rAt kh6 thing nhit vl "tai san chung khong chia dugc" va
"tai san phan chia Itai giam dang kl gia tri ciia tai san". Dl viec cuong che ke bien tai san chung dupe t h u ^ lgi can phai co huong dSn cu the vl van dl nay.
Thu tu, quy dinh vl thoi h?n im tien mua tai san chung tai kho4n 3 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 chua th$t su phii hgp.
Tir quyin tu dinh doat phjn so hiru ciia minh trong kh6i tai san chung dugc ghi nhjn tai khoan 3 Dilu 218 BLDS nam 2015, khoan 3 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nam 2014 quy dinh chii so hihi chung dugc quyen uu tien mua ph4n tii san cua nguiri phai thi htoh an la hgp II nhung thoi han uu tien mua tai san chung la 03 thang d6i vdi bit d^ng sJn, 01 thang d6i vcri dgng san kl tir ngay
dugc thdng bdo hgp le hay d6i v6i nhihig lan bin t4i sin tilp theo thi thiri ban la IS ngay, ke til ngiy dugc thong bdo hgp le 14 qu4 dii, lim mat nhilu thiri gian vi thu tyc M^t khic, quy djnh "trong thdi hgn 05 ngdy ki tir ngdy het thcri hgn im tien md chii sd hmi chung khong mua tdi sdn thi tdi sdn duac bdn theo quy dinh tgi Biiu 101..." ciing li khong cin thilt boi chii s6 hihi chxmg da co thdi han tuong ddi dai de can nhac, quyet dinh. Do vsiy, khoin 3 Dilu 74 Luat THADS nim 2014 cin siia thcri han niy theo hucmg nit ngin lai vi thii tuc ban tai sin ciing chi nit ngin m6t lin dl ning cao hieu qui cua vice ke bien, xir H tai sin chung cua ngucri phii thi hanh an tren thuc te./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Ho Quan Oiinh, Hoin Thanh Hoa, "Ke bien,
xir \i tai san thugc so hiru chung cua ngucri phai thi hanh in - Mgt s6 van dl tir thuc tiln", Tgp chi dien tir ciia Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, https://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/
phap-luat/ke-bien-xu-ly-tai-san-thuoc-so- huu-chung-cua-nguoi-phai-thi-hanh-an- mot-so-van-de-tu-thuc-tien.
2. Nhi phap luit Viet Phip, Hdi thao:
"Phdp lugt vi thi hdnh dn ", Hi NOi, ngay 24,25/8/1998.
3. Nha phip lu$t Viet - Phap, Tdi li$u tham khdo vi thira phdt lgi vd thi hdnh dn, Hi Ngi, 1997.
4. Nguyen Minh, "Thi hanh an tii sin chung nhu thi nio", Bdo dien tir dgi bieu nhdn ddn, http://daibieunhandan.vn/ONA-BDT/
Newsprint.ipx?newld=413625
5. Trudng Dgi hgc Luat Hi Ngi, Gido trinh lugl thi hdnh dn ddn su Viet Nam. Nxb.
C6ng an nhin din, 2018.
92 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2019
