VIEC THI HANH QUY DINH PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VE AN TOAN, VE SINH LAO DONG DOI v 6 l LAO DONG N C T A I CAC DOANH NGHIEP 6 HA NOI
LAI THI TO QUYEN <*>
Tom tat: Hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh bao gid chng co sa lien quan m$t thiSt vdi an toan lao dong, v$ sinh lao dong. Lao dong na vUa co tu each la mot Mc IWng lao dong tham gia vao qua trinh lao dong san xu^t, dong thdi thvtc hiSn thiSn chdc lam me, lam vO. Xuat phat td nhiing dac Chii rieng- ve tam, sinh ly, sufc khoe, chdc nang sinh de va nuoi con va dac diem chung cua liic iMng lao dong, phap luat lao dong mot mat dam bao quyen binh dang giUa phu nil va nam gidi; mat khac, co cac quy dinh rieng nhkm bao vS lao dong nii trong linh vile an toan, ve sinh lao dong. Bai viet ban ve viec thUc tbi cac quy dinh phap luat lao dong ve an toan, ve sinh lao dong cho lao dong nii tai cac doanh nghiep d Ha Noi, danh gia viec thuc thivaduara mot so giai phap nhkm nang cao viec thiic thi do.
Ttt khoa: An toan lao dong; ve sinh lao dong; lao dong n H; doanh nghiep; dieu kien lam viec; phap luat lao dong.
Abstract: Occupational safety and hygiene are central to productivity. These issues are especially important to female workers as they are not only workers but also mothers, wives, with gender-specific physical and psychological featuures. Law on occupational safety and hygiene must, on one hand, ensure gender equality, but on the other hand, should have regulations exclusively for female workers. This article reviewed how corporates in Hanoi city have implemented the Law on occupational safety and hygiene for female workers. Implications and recommendations were discussed.
Keywords: Work safety; occupational hygiene; female worker; corporate; working condition; law of labor.
Ngay nhan bai: 12/4/2019; Ngay sda bai: 25/6/2019; Ngay dayet dang bai: 20/7/2019.
1. Dat van de dUdc bao ve td't tbi cang kich thich dUdc Mot trong nhUng quyen cd ban cua sUc san xua't. Dieu nay ndi len mdi quan ngudi lao dong ndi chung, lao ddng nU h§ bien chUng giUa qua trinh san xuat vdi (LDN) ndi rieng la dUdc dam bao lao ddng an toan lao ddng. Xua't phat tU nhUng dac trong dieu kien an toan, ve sinh lao dong. thd rieng ve tam, sinh ly, sUc khde, chlic Hoat ddng san xua't kinh doanh bao gid nang sinh de va nudi con va dac diem ciing cd sU lien quan mat thiet vdi an toan chung cua lUc lUdng lao dong (LLLD), Viet lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng. SUc lao ddng la Nam da ban hanh luat phap, cac chinh yd'u to' quyet dinh nha't trong san xua't, do
dd mud'n tie'n hanh san xua't thi phai bao ^ ^hS, Vien Tii di^n hoc va Bach khoa tha Viet Nam vd sUc l a o ddng, ngUdC l a i , Slic l a o dong Email: daniellequyen@gmail.com
sd 0.2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI g ]
sach Uu tien cho phu nU. Vdi muc dich xay dung va ciing cd' luan cU khoa hoc, giiip cho viec danh gia thUc trang phap luat, viec thUc thi cac quy dinh pbap luat ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng ciia LDN; dong thdi, dUa ra cac giai phap de nang cao bieu qua thuc thi cac quy dinh ve dieu kien lam viec cbo LDN theo phap luat lao ddng d Viet Nam. Trong bai viet nay, tac gia se danh gia mot sd' va'n de qua viec nghien ciiu thUc tien tbi hanh cac quy dinh rieng cho LDN ve an toan, ve sinh lao dong theo phap luat lao ddng Viet Nam tai cac doanh nghiep d Ha Noi va dUa ra cac giai phap nham thiic day qua trinh thUc thi phap luat ve an toan ve sinh lao dong ddi vdi lao ddng nU dat hieu qua hdn..
2. Thiic tien t h i h a n h cac quy d i n h r i e n g cho lao dong nii ve an toan, v§
sinh lao dong t h e o p h a p luat lao dong Viet Nam tai cac doanh nghiep of Ha Noi
Cac quy dinh ve dieu kidn mdi tritdng cho lao dong nd
Cac quy dinh ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng dUdc quy dinh tai Dieu 133 den Dieu 152, ChUdng IX, Bo luat Lao ddng nam 2012. Dieu 152, cd nhiing quy dinh di khi xac lap quan he lao dong, ngUdi sii dung lao dong (NSDLD) phai bd' tri cdng viec phu hdp, dam bao an toan sUc khde ciia NLD, trong qua trinh lao ddng ciing phai cd trach nhidm tUdng Ung vdi viec dam bao sUc khde cho LDN. Dieu 160 Bo luat Lao ddng nam 2012 quy dinh ve Cong viec khdng ditdc sd dung lao ddng nd - day la quy dinh mang tinh bat budc nham bao vd tdi da sUc khde, tinh mang cho LDN, la sU quan tam den vai trd va thien chUc lam me cua ho; tuy nbidn, nhin v^ khia canh
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
khac, quy dinh nay cd the khien LDN mat di cd hoi tim kid'm dUdc mot cdng viec co thu nhap dam bao, ban che' tuydn dung ddi vdi mot sd' ddi tUdng, dac biet la vdi nhUng lao ddng trinh dd chuyen mdn kem hoac nbUng ngUdi da lap gia dinh, sinh con, qua do tud'i sinh de mud'n tim kiem cdng viec vdi phu ca'p cao hdn de tang thu nhap... Ben canh dd, Nghi dinh 45/2013/ND-CP cua Chinh phu ban hanh ngay 10/05/2013 ve Quy dinh chi tie't mot so' dieu cua Bg luat Lao ddng ve thdi gid lam vide, thdi gid nghi ngdi va an toan lao dong, ve sinh lao dong cd mdt sd' quy dinh hudng dan cu the cac quy dinh ndi trdn cua Bg luat Lao ddng.
Kdm theo do la danh muc cdng vide khdng dudc s^ dung LDN, dUdc quy dinh tai Thdng tU so 26/2013/TT-BLDTBXH cua Bo Lao dong thuong binh va xa hoi.
Thdng tu 26 neu tren dUdc xay dUng tren cd sd ke thiia chinh sach da dUdc ban hanh nham phu hdp vdi thUc te, tren quan di^m bao ve sUc khde cua LDN, dam bao tudi tho lao ddng, phong tranh nhiing rui ro sUc khde LDN, thai nhi va em be, cung nhu xem xet den cd hdi vide lam cua LDN.
Ve CO ban, Thdng tU 26 khdng bd sung them cac chUc danh mdi khdng dUdc sii dung LDN so vdi Danh muc dUdc ban hanh tai Thdng tu lien tich so' 40/2011/TTLT - BLDTBXH - BYT ngay 28/12/2011 ciia Bd Lao ddng ThUdng binh va Xa hoi - Bo Y te' vg Quy dinh cac dieu kien lao ddng cd hai va cac cdng viec khdng dudc sii dung LDN, LDN cd thai hoac dang nudi con dudi 12 thang tuoi
Ben canh dd, Cbinh p h i da ban hanh Nghi dinh so' 95/2013/ND CP 22/8/2013 quy dinh xii phat vi pham S
S6 8-2019
LAI THI TO QUYEN chinh trong linh vUc lao ddng, bao hiem
xa hoi va dUa ngUdi lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec d nUdc ngoai theo hdp ddng;
trong dd quy dinh tai Diem g, Khoan 2, Dieu 18 vi pham quy dinh vd' sii dung lao dong lam cdng viec khdng dUdc sii dung LDN theo quy dinh tai Di^u 160 ciia Bp luat Lao dong vdi mUc phat ttf 10 - 20 trieu ddng.
Tai cac doanh nghiep (DN) tren dia ban thanh pho' Ha Noi cd the tha'y, viec dam bao an toan, ve sinh lao ddng, cai thien di^u kidn va mdi trUdng lam viec cho NLD dUdc quan tam, y thUc thUc thi cac quy dinh ve an toan, vd sinh lao ddng dUdc nang len. Cac ngh^, cdng viec nang nhpc doc hai, cac DN hl,u nhu khdng bd tri LDN dam nhiem. Nam 2014, cd 30.000 cd sd san xua't dUdc do kidm tra mdi trUdng lam viec v6i gin 500.000 mau do, trong dd: 11% so' mlu khdng dat tieu chuan ve sinh cho phdp vdi phan Idn tU cac yeu td' bui, rung va didn trUdng. Vidn Nghien ciiu Khoa hgc Ky thuat bao bg lao dong ciing dUa ra ket qua sau kbi danh gia ve tinh hinh d nhidm mdi trUdng tai 1.000 cd sd san xua't vdi 68% phan xudng san xua't d nhiem nhidt, d nhidm bui vdi 20%, d nhidm hdi khi ddc hai vdi 17%,..., rat nhieu phan xUdng d nhidm ddng thdi tu 2 yd'u to' trd len. Tinh trang d nhiem mdi trUdng gay ra cac benh vdi ty le cao nhu: viem miii, vidm xoang, viem phe' quan, viem phoi (40,26%); cac benh dUdng tieu boa (14,35%); benh v^ xUdng, cd, khdp (12%)<^>...
Ket qua phong va'n 300 ca nhan trong cac DN thudc 5 nganh kinh te cho thay*^', did'u kidn lao ddng (DKLD) cd anh hudng xau den NLD. Cd 46,8% sd'y kien dUgc hdi
cho rang d DN ciia ho cd yeu td DKLD gay anh hudng xa'u de'n sUc khde. Cac yeu td gay anh hudng xa'u pho bien nha't xep theo thU tu nhu sau: Bui (70,4%); vi khi hau (ndng bUc khd chiu - 53,7%; do am cao - 23,1%), on (52,8%), rung (18,5%), hdi khi ddc (18,5%), cac yeu td khac (13%). Ben canh cac yeu td DKLD khdng thuan Idi, cdn mdt sd yeu to nguy hiem dd gay tai nan lao ddng trong qua trinh lam viec can dUdc cac DN quan tam de tranh nbUng tinh hud'ng xau cd the xay ra dd'i vdi sUc khoe cua NLD. Trung binh, cd 92,1% ndi rang DN thudng xuyen cai tien hoac mgi ngUdi ciing tham gia cai tien lien tuc cac yeu td' DKLD, 7,5% y kien cho rang viec cai tien la khdng thudng xuyen va 0,4%
cho rang DN khdng cai tid'n.
Theo Bao cao tong hdp viec thuc bien chinh sach LDN nam 2018 Ha Ngi thi tha'y:
Hien cd 77 DN lam viec trong mdi trUdng nang nhgc, doc hai nguy hidm, keo theo 3.734 LDN dang lam viec trong dd; Sd LDN lam cdng viec nang nhoc kbi mang thai tU thang thU 07, dUdc chuyen lam cdng viec nhe hdn hoac dUdc giam bdt 01 gid lam vide hang ngay ma van hUdng du lUdng la 333 ngUdi. Tinh trang kha phd bien didn ra d cac DN cd quy mo san xua't nho chinh la: Dieu kien lam viec cua cong nhan trUc tiep san xua't cham dUdc cai thien, tinh trang cong nhan phai lao dong thu cdng, nang nhgc, lam viec trong mdi trUdng khong dam bao an toan, ve sinh lao ddng.
"' Benh nghe nghiSp: Khong nen xem thudng!, Cong thong tin dien tik Bo Y te.
'^' Thuc hiSn trach nhiSm xa hoi trong Imh vifc an toan, bao ve sUc khoe va bao ve moi trUdng cho ngiidi lao ddng d cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, Cong thong tin dien td Bo Lao dong - Thadng binh va Xa hoi.
sd 8-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI g |
Ve phitdng tien bao ve ca nhan trong lao dong
De bao ve a n toan sUc khoe cua NLD t h i t r a n g bi phUdng tien bao hp lao ddng cho N L D la mot va'n de can dUdc q u a n t a m va t h u c bien h a n g dau. Day la nhiing bien p h a p t r u e tie'p bao vd ddn t i n h m a n g va sUc khde cua N L D n e n khdng co cac b i n h thUc k h a c t h a y the', n h u p h a t tien, thoa t h u a n khdng c i n sii dung.
T r o n g cac D o a n h n g h i e p ngoai n h a nUdc ( D N N N N ) , c h i n h sach ve b a o hp lao dong cdn r a t b a n che', mdi cbi dUng lai d viec c u n g ca'p q u a n ao bao hp va k h ^ u t r a n g lao ddng. Theo mot n g h i e n cUu cho tha'y, cac phUdng t i e n ca n h a n dUdc ca'p c h u y e u la: q u d n ao bao hp lao d d n g (89,7%); k h ^ u t r a n g b a o bd lao d d n g (57,1%), giay dep b a o hp lao ddng (50%);
g a n g t a y bao hd lao d d n g (57,1%); k i n h bao hp lao ddng (21,7%). T u y vao d a c t h u tUng DN, viec ca'p p h a t t r a n g t h i e t hi bao bd la k h a c n h a u , cd D N d i n h ky 6 t h a n g A i n , cd DN 1 n a m / l ^ n ; ddi vdi cac v a t d u n g cd dp b a o mdn n h a n h va gia t h a n h r e t h i chii y e u dUdc p h a t t h e o t h a n g hoac quy. Ket q u a cho tha'y, ky cap p h a t t h e o n a m cd ty le 67,5%; t h e o quy la 19,3%; va t h e o t h a n g la 13,2%^-^'.
Vay, t r u n g b i n h cac v a t d u n g dudc p h a t h a n g n a m .
B e n c a n h t r a c h n h i e m t r a n g bi p h u d n g tien, h u d n g d i n sii dung, d i n h ky kiem t r a cac phUdng t i e n bao vd ca n h a n t r o n g q u a t r i n h l a m viec, NSDLD cdn p h a i td chUc h u d n g d a n N L D sii d u n g t b a n b t h a o cac phUdng t i e n dd trudc khi cap p h a t va k i e m t r a c h a t che q u a t r i n h sii d u n g ciia NLD.
T a i cac D N thupc 5 n g a n h k i n h te"^^' t h i p h a n Idn cac DN q u a n t a m den viec t h i e t
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
l a p bd m a y p h u t r a c h cdng t a c an t o a n , bao ve sUc k h o e cho N L D , vdi 93,2% so y kien ddng y r a n g D N cd p h a n cdng l a n h dao p h u t r a c h va'n de n a y , t r o n g dd: n g a n h D a Giay - D e t M a y la n h i e u y kien nha't vdi 97,6%, va t h a p nha't la Dich v u ThUdng M a i (84,3%); va cd t r u n g b i n h de'n 95,5% DN cd bd p h a n l a m cdng t a c a n toan, ve sinh lao ddng. Dieu n a y cho tha'y, D N thUc sU cd q u a n t a m de'n viec t h i e t lap bd m a y l a m cdng t a c a n t o a n , ve s i n h lao ddng. Ve cdng t a c hua'n l u y e n a n t o a n , ve s i n h lao ddng, cd ra't it y k i e n cho r a n g c h u a bao gid dUdc hua'n l u y e n a n t o a n , ve s i n h lao ddng. M d t so D N n g a n h Thiiy s a n va Dich v u - ThUdng m a i dUdc hua'n l u y e n t u 2 - 3 n a m m o t lan, d a sd' dUdc hua'n l u y e n tU 6 t h a n g - 1 n a m / 1 l a n . N h i n c h u n g h a u h e t L D N d e u dupe t a p hua'n ve cac cdng t a c a n t o a n , ve s i n h lao dpng*^'.
K e t q u a k h a o s a t ciia L i e n d o a n Lao ddng t h a n h phd' H a Ndi cbo t h a y , cac d o a n h n g h i e p vCra v a n h o t r o n g cac l i n h VUc: xay dUng, dien, giao t h d n g v a t r o n g k h u cdng n g h i e p (KCN) la cac D N c h u a t h u c hien n g h i e m cac q u y d i n h c u a p h a p l u a t ve a n t o a n , ve s i n h lao dong. Cac Idi vi p h a m chii ye'u: k h d n g kid'm t r a , t u siia m a y mdc d i n h ky, k h d n g k i e m d i n h t h i e t hi cd yeu c a u n g h i e m n g a t ve a n t o a n lao
<^> Hoang Thi Nga (2012), "Tac dong cua chinh sach xa hoi tdi ddi s^ng n a cong n h a n lao dong trong cac doanh nghidp ngoai n h a nu6c hien nay". Tap chi Xa hdi hgc, so'4 (120), tr.46. ' '
"' Thac hien trach nhien, „~ hoi trong Imh vuc an toan ban ve sue khoe va bao ve n,6, truing cho nguU bo dong a cac doanh nghiep ViSt Nan, rg„„iu- \- d i e „ r t B 6 L a „ d o „ g - T h ™ g M „ h v " x s M ' "
'" Thac Men trach nhiem xa hoi trong n„k . toar,. bao ve sctc khoe va bio ve „,6, trnon^\ "" ""
lao dong i cac doanh nghiep Viet Nan, S l t " ^ "
ffien rt B6 Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa S "^ " -
Sii 8-2019
LAI THI TO QUYEN ddng trUdc khi dUa vao sii dung, khdng
hua'n luyen ANVSLD,... Sd' lUdng ngUdi lao dong dUdc huan luyen ve cdng tac an toan, vd sinh lao ddng dat ty le tha'p so vdi tdc dp chuyen dich cd ca'u lao ddng va cdn nhieu NLD chUa dUdc tap hua'n.
Cac DN trong KCN thi cho tha'y: tinh trang NLD phai lao ddng thu cdng, nang nhpc, lam viec vdi cac may mdc, thiet bi lac hau chid'm ty le cao; van cdn nhieu DN, nha't la khu vUc FDI khdng thudng xuyen hua'n luydn ve an toan ve sinh lao ddng (ATVSLD) cho NLD, vi pham phap luat ve bao hp lao ddng. NbUng DN sii dung nhieu LDN ve gia cdng may quan ao, tui xach,...
thudng tap trung san xua't trong cac nha xUdng Idn vdi sd' lUdng len de'n hang nghin ngUdi nhUng yeu cau ve dieu kien mdi trUdng lam viec khdng dat yeu c^u, nhU:
nhiet dp, khong each ly dUdc mui ciia keo dan hda chat,... Tu the lam viec cua LDN 6 mot so' nganh nghe dac thu phai ngdi lam vide vdi thdi gian dai, thao tac ddn dieu,... de gay met mdi, phat sinh cae benh anh hudng de'n siic khde ciia LDN...
Vdi thUc trang ve mdi trUdng, dieu kien lao ddng va viec thUc hien cac quy dinh ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng nhu tren cbinh la nguyen nhan din de'n nhieu nguy cd tai nan lao ddng, benh nghe nghiep ddi vdi LDN. Theo thdng ke nam 2018, sd' ngUdi mac benh nghe nghiep tren dia ban thanh phd la 89 ngUdi, 6 thang dau nam 2018, Ha Ndi dUng dau ca nUdc ve cd so' ngudi chet vi tai nan lao ddng (TNLD). Nguyen nhan chinh de xay ra tai nan lao ddng chet ngudi tdi tU NSDLD chiem 50,7%
(khdng xay dUng quy trinh, bien phap lam viec an toan; khdng hua'n luyen ATLD hoac hua'n luyen chUa diy du; thidt hi sd 8-2019
khdng dam bao ATLD; khdng trang bi phuong tien bao ve ca nhan trong lao ddng; do td chtic lao ddng va DKLD); tii NLD chiem 15,49% (vi pham quy trinh quy chu^n ATLD; khdng sii dung phUdng tien bao ve ca nhan); dac biet, khdng cd vu TNLD nao dupe chuyen hd sd de nghi khdi td'^\ Tuy nhien, con sd' thd'ng ke ke tren la chUa cbinh xac, thUc te' cdn cd the nhieu hdn, so' DN bao cao tinh hinh TNLD chUa eao so vdi tong sd' DN dang boat ddng san xua't, kinh doanh. Ha Ndi la mot trong nhflng ndi bao cao sd' lieu chua d^y du, mdi nam chi cd khoang 10% DN bao cao ve cac vu tai nan lao ddng, cdn rat nhieu DN khdng bao cao bdi nhieu ly do nbu bg khdng xay ra tai nan lao ddng hoac cho rang nbUng vu TNLD la nho, khdng dang ke, khdng tinh la TNLD nen khdng can bao cao.
Tat ca cac vu tranh chap lao ddng va ngiing viec tap the xay ra khdng diing trinh tU, quy dinh cua pbap luat nbUng thudc pham vi quan he lao ddng va cd cd sd pbap ly nen cd ban nbUng kien nghi cua NLD ve tien lUdng, tien thudng, phu ca'p, chat lupng bUa an ca,... da dUdc ngudi sii dung lao ddng dap Ung.
Cac quy dinh khac ve dieu Iddn lam viec cho lao dong nd
Ben canh cac quy dinh ve an toan va ve sinh lao ddng ndi chung, phap luat lao ddng Viet Nam cd quy dinh ve nhUng dieu kien lam viec (DKLV) khac phuc vu cbo nbUng nhu cau thiet yeu cua LDN tai ndi lam viec. Dieu 154 Bp luat Lao ddng 2012
<®' D^y mi tai nan lao dong, benh nghe nghiSp: Ttt nhiing hoat dong ca the, thiet thuc, Bao Lao dong T h u do Onhne.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHU Q
quy d i n h ngudi sii d u n g lao ddng ed n g h i a v u bao d a m cd dii hudng t a m va hudng ve s i n h p h u hdp tai ndi lam viec. Khoan 4, Dieu 7 cua Nghi dinh 85/2015/ND-CP quy d i n h "NgUdi sii d u n g lao ddng lap d a t phdng vat, trU sQa me p h u hpp vdi dieu kien thUc te' tai ndi l a m viec, n h u cau cua LDN va k h a n a n g cua ngUdi sii d u n g lao ddng". Tuy nhien, n g a y s a u kbi Nghi dinh 85/2015/ND-CP dupe b a n h a n h t h i dUde cac chuyen gia d a n h gia cao ve cac c h i n h sach Uu dai L D N song ciing cd n h i e u y kien ciing cbi r a mdt sd' vUdng mac k h i thUc bien Nghi dinh nay. Viec quy d i n h ve viec budc d o a n h nghiep p h a i xay dUng n h a t a m , phdng v a t trU sUa t r o n g k h u vUc D N ra't khd de t h u c h i e n bdi thUc t e k h d n g c a n t h i e t cd n h i e u loai phdng, loai buong d ta't ca nhUng ndi ed sii d u n g LDN.
H a n g n a m , cae ca'p cdng doan t h a n h phd' H a Ngi deu phd'i hdp hieu q u a vdi n h i e u cd quan, ddn vi to chUe cac boat ddng t h a m k h a m , tU va'n, n a n g cao kie'n thUc cham sdc sUc khde cho LDN. Tai cae DN, n h i n chung vide thUe hien cae quy dinh ve an toan, vd sinh lao ddng, an t o a n sUe khde, cham sdc sUe khde cho L D N dupe q u a n t a m thUc hien. DN cd cho t h a y q u a n ao; n h a t a m vdi 46,8%; n h a vd s i n h la 85,4%. DN khdng cd chd t h a y q u a n ao cho nU la 33,1%, khdng ed n h a t i m : 53,2%;
k h d n g cd n h a ve sinh 14,6%. T a i nhUng D N c h u ye'u t u y e n d u n g LDN n b u det m a y t h i cd tdi 52,9% n h u c^u cd n h a t r e . Cac DN c h u t r g n g xay d u n g n h a ve sinh cho NLD la 81,5%, k h o n g cd n h a ve s i n h la 18,5%; n h a t a m dUdc xay la 27,5%, cdn DN k h d n g cd n h a t a m d ndi l a m viec chie'm 72,5%; sii d u n g nude may chie'm t y t r g n g 63,2%'^\ T u y nhien, theo Bao cao
Q ] N H A N LUC KHOA HOC XA HH
t o n g l u a n n a m 2012 D§" t a i C h a m sdc sdtc khde cho L D N t r o n g cac K C N va Vai t r d cua Cdng doan'^' t h i thUe t e cho tha'y: t y 1§
N L D dUdc k h a m sUe k h d e d i n h ky h a n g n a m t h a p , t a p t r u n g c h u ye'u d cac D N n h o va t u n h a n , n g u y e n n h a n chii ye'u do k i n h p h i b a n h e p va sU q u a n t a m de'n siic k h d e N L D chUa diing mUc. Sd v u T N L D , s d ngUdi m a c b e n h n g h e n g h i e p va sd b e n h mdi ve n g h e cd x u hUdng n g a y c a n g t a n g . T r o n g dieu kien lao d d n g ndng, cac D N bo"
t r i cho cdng n h a n nUde u d n g , n h a v e s i n h nhUng lai chUa h d p ly bdi k h o a n g each k h a xa so vdi vi t r i l a m vide; cd D N vdi dac t h u s a n p h a m k h d n g dUde n h i e m ^ m n e n k h d n g cbo p h e p N L D m a n g nUdc v a o k h u vUc l a m viec, hoac ed quy d i n h m d t d a y c h u y e n chi cho p h e p 2 ngUdi di ve s i n h mot luc, a n h h u d n g Idn de'n siic k h d e c u a LDN. Ve viec c h a m sdc sUc k h d e cho LDN, m d t sd D N td chUe k h a m chi m a n g t i n h b i n h thUc, k h d n g d u dieu k i e n de p h a t h i e n b e n h t a t , chi cd t h e d u de p h a n loai sUc k h d e cho N L D .
N a m 2017, ca nUdc cd g a n 2,2 t r i e u NLD dupe k h a m sUc k h d e d i n h k y t a i cae cd sd y te'. Ket q u a cho tha'y, N L D d a t siic khde loai 1 chiem 2 4 , 1 % ; loai I I va I I I la 68,4%; cdn lai la loai IV va V*^>. Cac b e n h n g h e nghidp t h u d n g mac: Hoi c h i i n g d a u bong, d a u lung, d a u b a vai, t h o a i h d a ddt
'^ Thuc hien trach nhi&m xa hoi trong Jmh vUc an toan biove s & khoe va bao vd moi trudng cho ngUdi laa dong a cac doanh nghiep Viet Nan^, Cong thong t i n dien t a Bo Lao dong - ThUdng b m h va Xa hoi - B^o cao t6ng l u ^ n (2012), Chan. s6c sUckkoe cho LDN trong cac khu cong nghi§p va Vai ^ - '
V J ^ N Z ' '^""" ''"'• "™^ ""'^ ^°^" 1^:;;":
slin-ZOig
LAI THI TO QUYEN song CO do tu the ngdi lam viec nhieu gid;
hien tUdng khung xUdng chau boat dong kem do ngdi nhieu nen thudng phai md de;
viem dudng tiet nieu, sinh due do udng qua it nUdc... Trong khi chi cd 20,4% trong tong so* hdn 61.000 cd sd lao ddng thuc hidn bao eao ve mdi trUdng va siic khde ngUdi lao dong cd lap ho sd ve sinh lao ddng va chi cd 5.400 cd sd san xua't trien khai quan trac mdi trUdng lao ddng. Dieu nay ndi len thUe trang chUa quan tam dung mUc de'n siic khde NLD cua cac DN.
Ndi chung, viec tuan thu quy dinh phap luat ve ATLD, VSLD cua DN chUa nghiem, NLD dUdc tap hua'n ve ATLD, VSLD cd tang hdn trUdc nhUng van cdn each xa so vdi toe do chuyen dich cd c^n lao ddng. Ben canh dd, chinh NLD ciing thd d vdi sUc khde ban than, hg rat mu md ve viec siic khoe hi anh hudng neu lam viec trong mdi trUdng thieu an toan, bi d nhidm, hoac neu dupc yeu cau kham bdnh lai thi sd phat bien cd benh se anh hudng de'n viec lam, thu nhap; do dd, hp khdng cd kien nghi gi neu DN khdng lam trdn nhiem vu trong viec bao dam sUc khde, an toan lao ddng cho hg*^°'.
Dam bao sUe khde cbo NLD nham nang cao nang sua't lao ddng cdn the hidn qua bfia an ca cua NLD tai DN, cha't lUdng eua biia an ca cd anh hudng trUc tiep de'n an toan siic khde cua NLD. Theo khao sat cua Lien doan Lao ddng Thanh phd' Ha Ngi"^', cd khoang 95% NSDLD chi tra toan bp tid'n an ca, 5% NLD phai tra mot phan, nhiing ddn vi td chfic an ca tai chd deu cd nha an, du dung cu che hie'n va bao quan thUc pham tUdi sd'ng hoac da qua chd' bien, thUe ph^m d^u vao deu cd ngudn gdc ro rang. Tuy nhien, cdng tae dam bao vd sinh Stf 8-2019
an toan thUc pham chUa dUpc coi trpng dan den nhieu vu ngd ddc anh hUdng true tiep de'n tinh mang va sUc khde cua NLD;
khau phan an mdi ngay cua cdng nhan chi dap ling dUdc 90% nhu cdu dinh duong va nang lUdng cho lao ddng nam, 70% cho LDN, chat lUdng bUa an tha'p, cd cau khdng can doi, 72% la cha't bdt dudng, ngheo dam, beo, thiia hda chat bao quan, gay anh hudng de'n sUc khde NLD nhU: bi suy dinh dUdng, bao mdn sUc khde va anh hudng de'n chat lUdng lao ddng. Trung binh mdi nam xay ra 17 vu ngp ddc thUe pham tu cac bep an tap the. Giam sat chat lupng bUa an ca cua LDLD Thanh phd' Ha Ndi cho tha'y gia tri bUa an tha'p hdn so vdi yeu c^u cua Nghi quyet cua Tong LDLD Viet Nam, NLD chia se phai an vi ddi chU khdng tha'y ngon mieng. Ly do DN dUa ra la vi dang gap kho khan nen vide cai thien cha't lupng biia an ca cbo NLD la chUa kha thi; nhUng cd le, nguyen nhan khac ciing bdi vi Idi nhuan nen cac DN de cbo cac cd sd cung ca'p thUe an cdng nghiep dung nhUng nguyen lidu, thUe pham trdi ndi, re tien, khdng dam bao de che'bien biia an cbo NLD. Ben canh do, tai Cong ty TNHH Dd chdi CheeWah Viet Nam d KCN Phu Nghia xay ra tinh trang phan ra hai loai sua't an khac nhau cho lao ddng trUc tie'p va lao ddng gian tiep gay ba't binh giUa NLD vdi nhau*^^'. Trong yeu sacb dinh cdng thi bUa an ca dUng thU 2 trong sd cac
""' Benh nghe nghi&p: Khong nSn xem thudng!, Cong thong tin dien til Bo Y te.
' " ' Ngoc Diep - Phildng Thoa (2017), Cac cap cong doan Ha Noi cham lo bUa an ca cho cong nhin, https://baomoi.com/cac-cap-cong-doan-ha-noi-cham - lo-bua -an-ca -cho-cong-nhan/c/2278325 7. epi.
"^' BUa an ca cua ngudi lao ddng: Chat luang qua thi'p!, Bao Ha Noi mfii online.
NH&N LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q |
ly do ciia cac eudc dinh cdng, va h^u het la d cac DN khdng cd cdng doan'^^'.
3. Danh gia chung ve viec thi h a n h cac quy dinh cua phap luat lao dong ve an toan, ve sinh lao dong cua lao dong nii tai doanh nghiep d Ha Noi
Cac ket qua thu ditgc: (1) Nhin mdt each tong the, cae DN da cd nhieu ed' gSng trong viec dau tU trang thie't bi, cai thien mdi trUdng, dieu kien lam viec. Tuy nhien, hieu biet ciia NLD ndi chung, LDN ndi rieng ve va'n de an toan, ve sinh lao ddng cdn ddn gian. (2) Dang va Nha nUdc ed sU tich cue trong vide xay dung ed sd phap ly va cd che thUe thi nham bao vd LDN trong va'n de an toan, ve sinh lao ddng, do do dat dupe nhieu thanh tich, ket qua ve viec bao ve LDN trong linh vUc an toan, vd sinh lao ddng.
Cac han che, ton tai: (1) H^u he't cac DN ed be thdng may mdc, nha xudng cu ky, lac hau, nhieu day chuyen cdng nghe cd nhieu ba't cap gay anh hudng, nguy hiem ve an toan va sUc khde cho NLD. (2) Hien tUdng vi pham ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng cdn didn ra phd hie'n trong cac DN. (3). Cac tai nan lao ddng, benh nghe nghiep vin cdn tie'p diln, xay ra vdi LDN.
(4) Cae quy dinh ve van de cham sdc sUc khde cho LDN thuc hien chUa td't.
Nguyen nhan:
(1) Do nbu cau ve thu nhap, dam bao ddi sd'ng va ndi lo md't viec nen NLD ndi chung, LDN ndi rieng thudng bd qua cae va'n de lien quan de'n dieu kien lam viec trong linh vUc an toan, ve sinh lao ddng cua minh. (2) Nguyen nhan xay ra tai nan lao ddng, bdnh nghe nghiep ciing de'n tu sU lac hau, cii ky ciia may mdc, thiet bi. (3) Do ngudn tai chinh ciia cac ban hd't E Q N H A N LUC KHOA HOC XA Hfil
cac DN ndi chung cdn eo hep, cung vdi nhan thUe cua cac chu the trong quan he lao ddng ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng eon ban che' nen chua cd sU quan tam diing mUc ve va'n de nay. (4) Mdi trUdng va dieu kien lao ddng ddi vdi LDN chUa td't, va'n dd cai thien mdi trUdng, dieu kien lao ddng cdn phai phu thudc ve dieu kien tai chinh. (5) Chua xay dUng dUdc mdt ed che thUc thi hieu qua chinh sach va phap luat ve an toan lao dong, ve sinh lao ddng cho LDN. ChUa quy dinh rd trach nhidm cua doanh nghiep trong viec tao ra cd che dam bao thuc hien cac quy dinh ddi vdi LDN. cac can bd cdng doan nang lue ban che, ehUa cd nhan thiic diing vd vai trd eua viec dam bao an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng cho LDN trong lao ddng, tbieu ky nang thUe tidn... (6) NhUng ban chd ve ngudn luc khien viec thUc hien cac chUdng trinh va chinh sacb dat hidu qua chua cao. Ddi ngii can bd lam cdng tac binh dang gidi, dam bao an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng cho LDN mdi dUdc hinh thanh, nen cdn ra't thieu ve sd' lUdng va han che ve chat lUpng. Cong tac thd'ng ke, thdng tin bao cao cdn ra't nhidu khd khan do chua binh thanh dUdc he thd'ng cd sd du lidu tren cac linh vUc eua nganh; vide cha'p hanh chd' do bao eao chua nghiem, ehUa kip tbdi.
4. Mot so giai p h a p
Thit nha't, ein cai thien hdn niia ve mdi trudng lam viec va cae didu kien lidn quan nham ban che' nguy cd tai nan lao ddng, benh nghd nghiep cho L D N ' Dilu
'^^' Cac yeu sach dinh cong. T r a n s thfi„ ,.
T ^ g t a . H8 tro pM. J i n ouan hM „ d" ' V quan he lao dong va tijn luong. °°^' '^VC
Sfi 1-2019
LAI THI TO QUYEN nay phu thudc ra't nhieu vao viec dau tU
cd sd vat cha't, trang thie't hi, cdng nghe hien dai d cac doanh nghiep. Tuy nhidn, can chii y de'n vide phat sinh mot sd va'n de mdi trong thdi dai cdng nghiep 4.0 bien nay nhU: viec thtfa lao ddng sau khi ap dung cae cdng nghe hien dai, tidn tidn; ngudn tai chinh d dau de doi mdi, ap dung cong nghe mdi; cac chinh sach thud cho cac cdng cu, may mdc nhap khau,... TU dd, can de ra cac cd che thdng thoang, phii hdp nham muc dich tao dieu kien thuan Idi, hdp ly, thich dang de khuyen kbich doanh nghiep ddi mdi ve cdng nghe.
Thvt hai, nang cao hdn nUa ve nhan thUc cua ngudi lao ddng ciing nhU ngUdi sii dung lao ddng trong viec thuc hien cac quy dinh ve an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng.
Thd ba, cac banh vi vi pham vd an toan, ve sinh lao ddng can dUdc xii ly that nghiem khac bdi tren thUc te, h^u nhu cac vu truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sU eua nhUng ngUdi sii dung lao ddng ve va'n dd nay la rat it.
Tha tit, cac can bp lam cdng tac thanh tra ciing can dUdc lien tuc cap nhat va nang cao ve trinh do trong dieu kien cua eudc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0, nham dap ling nbu c^u nhieu mat cua hoat ddng quan ly nha nUdc ve lao ddng ndi chung va hoat ddng thanh tra an toan, ve sinh lao ddng ndi rieng.
Thd nam, nang cao nang lUc hoat ddng va tuyen truyen van ddng cho nhdm phu nU ndng cot. Theo thie't ke hien nay, mot nhdm 30 phu nU bao gdm cac nU cdng nhan va phu nut nhap cU se duoc thanh lap va dao tao de trd thanh stf 8-2019
cac phu nU ndng cot tai dia phUdng, cd kha nang to chUe cac khdng gian trao ddi va cung ca'p thdng tin, neu ra nhUng nhu cau cua phu nU lam viec trong cac DN.
Theo dd, can nang cao them nang luc cho nhom phu nii ndng ed't nay nhU ve ky nang td ehUc mdt budi sinh boat nhdm, ky nang ve cdng tac xa hdi, tap hua'n ve ky nang xvL ly thdng tin va ky nang trinh bay, thuyet phuc de tham gia trong cac cupc dd'i thoai da ben.
Thii sau, xay dUng ddi ngii can bg ngudn. Gdm khoang 60 ngUdi la cae can bd lam vide tai cac trung tam y te, dich vu xa hdi, hanh chinh dia phUdng, trung tam thong tin phap ly, hdi lien hiep phu nii va cdng doan dia phUdng. Hg se dUdc dao tao, tap huan de trd thanh nhUng nhan to' chu chd't, ddng vai trd hd trd cac phu nU ndng cd't va dieu phdi cac trung tam cung ca'p thdng tin d ca'p ed sd. Cae chu de tap hua'n se tap trung ve pbap luat lien quan de'n lao ddng nU, cham sdc sUc khoe, phdng cbd'ng bao lUc.
5. Ket l u a n
Qua nhUng phan tich, danh gia, nghien ciiu tren day cho tha'y, phap luat lao ddng d Viet Nam quy dinh kha ehi tie't, day du cac chinh sach ve an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng cua LDN. Tuy nhien, v i n xay ra tinh trang ba't binh dang, cdn phan biet doi xit va vi pham trong viec thUc hien chinh sach vdi LDN.
Cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve dieu kien vat cha't d ndi lam viec hay nhUng chUa mang tinh kha thi. Phap luat lao ddng Viet Nam cd nhieu quy dinh nham dam bao dieu kien lam viec phii hdp vdi LDN.
Viec thuc thi nhUng quy dinh ve dam bao cd sd vat cha't cbo LDN hay nhUng khd
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM Q
thuc hien. Viec dam bao thUc bien viec khdng s^ dung LDN trong cac cdng viec thudc Danh muc ca'm dUdc thUc hien kha td't. Tuy nhien, do cdng tac thanh tra cdn ban che nen chua kip thdi phat hien va xii ly cae vi pham. Do do, can xay dung cac giai phap ddng bd nham nang cao hieu qua dieu chinh phap luat lao ddng ve an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng cho LDN. Hy vpng, nhUng kd't qua nghien cUu va phan tich eua tac gia se cd ich trong viec nang cao hieu qua thuc thi cac quy dinh ve an toan lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng cho LDN d doanh nghiep tai Ha Ndi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bg Luat lao ddng2012.
2. Nguyin HUu Chi (2005), Hoan thien, thiic thi phap lu$t ve LDN trong doanh nghiep ngoai nha nitdc, Nxb. Tu phap.
3. Hoang Thi Nga (2012), Tac dong cua chinh sach xa hoi tdi ddi sd'ng nd cdng nhan lao dong trong cac doanh nghiep ngoai nha nitdc hien nay, Tap chi Xa bdi hgc, sd 4(120).
4. Nguyin Hdng Ngpc (2012), Ve tuoi nghi huu trong du thao Bg Luat lao ddng (sda doi), Tap cbi nghien cUu lap phap dien tii.
5. Benh nghe nghiip: Khdng nen xem thitdng! cdng thdng tin dien tii Bd Y te.
6. Ha Ngi: Nang cao cdng tac an toan vi sinh lao ddng, Cong thdng tin dien tii Bg Y te.
7. Ddy lui tai nan lao dong, bdnh nghe nghiep: TU nhiing hoat dong cu the, thie't thiic, Bao Lao ddng thu dd online.
8. Cham lo cho ngitdi lao dong: Nhan van trong tiing hoat dong, Bao Lao ddng thu do online.
9. Gin 3.400 luat LDN ditdc truyen thdng vekien thUc svtc khoe sinh san, tinh than, Bao VTC news.
10. Giam sat bUa an ca cua cdng nhin lao ddng - (Ky cuo'i) Khdng dUa nhiing chi phi khac vao chi phi bUa an ca, Cdng thdng tin dien tii Vien Khoa hoc An toan va Ve sinh lao ddng. Tong Lien doan lao ddng Viet Nam.
11. Giam sat bUa an ca cua cong nhan lao ddng, Bao lao dong online.
12. Ngg doc thiic pham gia tang, Bao NgUdi Lao ddng online.
13. Bda an ca cda ngudi lao ddng: Chat liidng qua thap!, Bao Ha Ngi Mdi online.
14. Cac yeu sach dinh cdng, Trang thong tin dien txi Trung tam Hd trd phat trien quan he lao ddng. Cue quan h§ lao ddng va tien lUdng.
15. Thiic hien trach nhiem xa hoi trong linh viic an toan, bao ve sUc khde va bao vd mdi tritdng cho ngitdi lao dong d cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, Cong thdng tin dien tii Bd Lao ddng - ThUdng binh va Xa hdi.
16. Ngpc Didp - PhUdng Thoa (2017), Cac cap cdng doan Ha Ngi cham lo bUa an ca cho cdng nhan, https://baomoi.comyeac- cap-cong-doan-ba~noi-cham-lo-bua-an- ca-cho-cong-nhan/e/22783257.epi.
17. Bao cao tong luan, 2012, Cham sdc sdc khde cho LDN trong cac khu cdng nghiep va Vai tro cua Cdng doan Ban Nii cdng. Tong Lien doan lao ddng Viet Nam.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl
$68-2019
